title
C Programming Tutorial for Beginners

description
This course will give you a full introduction into all of the core concepts in the C programming language. Want more from Mike? He's starting a coding RPG/Bootcamp - https://simulator.dev/ ⭐️ Course Contents ⭐️ ⌨️ (0:00:00) Introduction ⌨️ (0:01:22) Windows Setup ⌨️ (0:05:02) Mac Setup ⌨️ (0:09:04) Hello World ⌨️ (0:12:51) Drawing a Shape ⌨️ (0:20:56) Variables ⌨️ (0:32:25) Data Types ⌨️ (0:38:32) Printf ⌨️ (0:45:22) Working With Numbers ⌨️ (0:52:20) Comments ⌨️ (0:56:00) Constants ⌨️ (1:00:13) Getting User Input ⌨️ (1:12:08) Building a Basic Calculator ⌨️ (1:17:43) Building a Mad Libs Game ⌨️ (1:26:29) Arrays ⌨️ (1:36:44) Functions ⌨️ (1:45:37) Return Statement ⌨️ (1:53:21) If Statements ⌨️ (2:07:11) Building a Better Calculator ⌨️ (2:14:51) Switch Statements ⌨️ (2:21:27) Structs ⌨️ (2:29:43) While Loops ⌨️ (2:37:48) Building a Guessing Game ⌨️ (2:50:11) For Loops ⌨️ (2:59:05) 2D Arrays & Nested Loops ⌨️ (3:09:10) Memory Addresses ⌨️ (3:17:20) Pointers ⌨️ (3:27:41) Dereferencing Pointers ⌨️ (3:32:37) Writing Files ⌨️ (3:41:52) Reading Files Course developed by Mike Dane. Check out his YouTube channel for more great programming courses: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvmINlrza7JHB1zkIOuXEbw 🐦Follow Mike on Twitter: https://twitter.com/GiraffeAcademy 🔗The Giraffe Academy website: http://www.giraffeacademy.com/ ⭐️Other full courses by Giraffe Academy on our channel ⭐️ 💻Python: https://youtu.be/rfscVS0vtbw 💻SQL: https://youtu.be/HXV3zeQKqGY 💻Ruby: https://youtu.be/t_ispmWmdjY 💻PHP: https://youtu.be/OK_JCtrrv-c -- Learn to code for free and get a developer job: https://www.freecodecamp.org Read hundreds of articles on programming: https://medium.freecodecamp.org

detail
{'title': 'C Programming Tutorial for Beginners', 'heatmap': [{'end': 13566.511, 'start': 13432.631, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'This tutorial covers the basics of c programming, including setting up an ide and c compiler, working with variables, data types, and arrays, using if statements and loops, creating functions, prototyping, using structs, working with memory addresses and pointers, and writing and appending files in c, aiming to provide beginners with a strong foundation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 80.6, 'segs': [{'end': 67.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17.6, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 24.526, 'text': "so it's a really good idea if you want to get into c, or even if you're trying to get into something like c plus plus, to learn the basics.", 'start': 17.6, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 26.668, 'text': "and in this course we're going to cover everything you need to know.", 'start': 24.526, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 32.993, 'text': "when I talk to you guys about installing a text editor and using the c compiler and we're going to write some basic code,", 'start': 26.668, 'duration': 6.325}, {'end': 39.618, 'text': "I'll talk to you guys about you know what is a program and how to programs work and how to see read the instructions that you give it.", 'start': 32.993, 'duration': 6.625}, {'end': 41.54, 'text': "and we're going to get into some more advanced stuff.", 'start': 39.618, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 45.663, 'text': "we're going to look at things like if statements and loops, we're going to create different variables.", 'start': 41.54, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 49.185, 'text': "we're going to talk about the different types of data that you can use and see.", 'start': 45.663, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 50.325, 'text': "then we're going to get more advanced.", 'start': 49.185, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 53.127, 'text': "we're going to talk about things like structures and functions.", 'start': 50.325, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 60.951, 'text': "we're going to talk about pointers and basically, I'm just going to give you a full overview of all of the core concepts and see.", 'start': 53.127, 'duration': 7.824}, {'end': 67.094, 'text': "So, by the end of this course, you'll have a really good understanding and a really good foundation which you can build on.", 'start': 61.371, 'duration': 5.723}], 'summary': 'Learn c programming basics and advanced concepts, covering if statements, loops, variables, data types, structures, functions, and pointers, providing a strong foundation for further learning.', 'duration': 49.494, 'max_score': 17.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv017600.jpg'}], 'start': 0.249, 'title': 'Introduction to c programming', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of c programming language, including its importance and core concepts, aiming to provide a strong foundation for beginners, with topics such as installing a text editor, using a c compiler, if statements, loops, variables, data types, structures, functions, and pointers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 80.6, 'start': 0.249, 'title': 'Introduction to c programming', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of c programming language, including its importance and core concepts, aiming to provide a strong foundation for beginners, with topics such as installing a text editor, using a c compiler, if statements, loops, variables, data types, structures, functions, and pointers.', 'duration': 80.351, 'highlights': ['The course covers everything needed to get started in the C programming language, from installing a text editor to using a C compiler and writing basic code.', 'The importance of learning the basics of C programming, as it serves as the foundation for other languages like C++ and provides a deep understanding of programming concepts.', 'Topics such as if statements, loops, creating variables, and understanding different data types in C are also covered in the course.', 'The course progresses to advanced topics including structures, functions, and pointers, providing a comprehensive overview of core concepts in C programming.', 'By the end of the course, students are expected to gain a strong understanding and foundation in C programming, enabling them to further their learning and explore more advanced topics.']}], 'duration': 80.351, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0249.jpg', 'highlights': ['The course progresses to advanced topics including structures, functions, and pointers, providing a comprehensive overview of core concepts in C programming.', 'The importance of learning the basics of C programming, as it serves as the foundation for other languages like C++ and provides a deep understanding of programming concepts.', 'The course covers everything needed to get started in the C programming language, from installing a text editor to using a C compiler and writing basic code.', 'Topics such as if statements, loops, creating variables, and understanding different data types in C are also covered in the course.', 'By the end of the course, students are expected to gain a strong understanding and foundation in C programming, enabling them to further their learning and explore more advanced topics.']}, {'end': 1171.972, 'segs': [{'end': 156.8, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 128.453, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 132.895, 'text': "And so I'm gonna show you guys how to install an IDE called code blocks.", 'start': 128.453, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 138.277, 'text': 'The second thing we need to write our C programs is going to be something called a C compiler.', 'start': 133.335, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 145.458, 'text': 'now see is a programming language, which means we can basically write out, you know, instructions that we want to give to the computer.', 'start': 138.917, 'duration': 6.541}, {'end': 151.519, 'text': 'but eventually, for the computers to be able to execute those instructions, they have to be compiled,', 'start': 145.458, 'duration': 6.061}, {'end': 156.8, 'text': 'which basically means like translated or transformed into a language that the computer can understand.', 'start': 151.519, 'duration': 5.281}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating installation of code blocks ide and c compiler for programming in c.', 'duration': 28.347, 'max_score': 128.453, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0128453.jpg'}, {'end': 231.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 204.086, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 208.309, 'text': "So depending on the operating system that you're on, you want to click that I'm on Windows.", 'start': 204.086, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 213.712, 'text': "So I'm gonna come down here to the Windows option, you'll see there's little options for us to download this stuff.", 'start': 208.829, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 216.853, 'text': "so there's a bunch of options here.", 'start': 214.392, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 219.595, 'text': 'what we want to download is going to be this one.', 'start': 216.853, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 227.259, 'text': 'right here it says code blocks and then the version number, and then it says min g w hyphen setup.', 'start': 219.595, 'duration': 7.664}, {'end': 228.379, 'text': 'basically what this is?', 'start': 227.259, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 231.081, 'text': "it's going to allow us to install code blocks,", 'start': 228.379, 'duration': 2.702}], 'summary': 'Download code blocks for windows to install it.', 'duration': 26.995, 'max_score': 204.086, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0204086.jpg'}, {'end': 426.101, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 398.073, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 401.796, 'text': "So we're actually going to need to use the terminal in order to do what we want to do.", 'start': 398.073, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 407.801, 'text': 'So first thing we want to do is check to see if you might already have a C compiler installed.', 'start': 402.537, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 410.383, 'text': 'So in certain circumstances, you might already have one.', 'start': 407.841, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 415.427, 'text': 'So you just want to type in CC, hyphen V and click Enter.', 'start': 411.103, 'duration': 4.324}, {'end': 421.374, 'text': "and you'll see over here I have a c compiler installed, so I'm getting all of this information.", 'start': 416.307, 'duration': 5.067}, {'end': 422.115, 'text': 'you can see over here.', 'start': 421.374, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 426.101, 'text': "it says like ceiling and it's giving me, you know, a bunch of information.", 'start': 422.115, 'duration': 3.986}], 'summary': "Using the terminal, check for c compiler installation by typing 'cc -v' and hitting enter, confirming the presence of a c compiler.", 'duration': 28.028, 'max_score': 398.073, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0398073.jpg'}, {'end': 521.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 498.471, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 505.661, 'text': "we're going to click download the binary release and you'll see down here we have a bunch of options for windows, linux and mac.", 'start': 498.471, 'duration': 7.19}, {'end': 512.164, 'text': "click the mac option and if we come down here you'll see that here is what we need to install code blocks on mac.", 'start': 505.661, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 518.469, 'text': "so if you go over to the right side here there's a link to source forge where we can download it.", 'start': 512.164, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 521.351, 'text': 'so just click that link and it should start downloading automatically.', 'start': 518.469, 'duration': 2.882}], 'summary': 'Download code::blocks binary release for mac from sourceforge.', 'duration': 22.88, 'max_score': 498.471, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0498471.jpg'}, {'end': 564.237, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 537.004, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 542.991, 'text': 'so you have code blocks installed and ready to start following along with this course and writing some awesome C programs.', 'start': 537.004, 'duration': 5.987}, {'end': 551.96, 'text': "in this tutorial, I'm going to talk to you guys about getting our first c file set up.", 'start': 547.614, 'duration': 4.346}, {'end': 557.928, 'text': "so we're going to load up a c file and we're going to be able to get everything working and test out our program.", 'start': 551.96, 'duration': 5.968}, {'end': 564.237, 'text': "someone open up my code blocks program and this is the idea that I'm going to be using for the rest of this course.", 'start': 558.289, 'duration': 5.948}], 'summary': 'Setting up the first c file in code blocks for the course.', 'duration': 27.233, 'max_score': 537.004, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0537004.jpg'}, {'end': 621.1, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 594.842, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 599.145, 'text': 'basically, just these are different types of like C projects that we could create.', 'start': 594.842, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 601.987, 'text': "what we're going to be doing is creating a console application.", 'start': 599.145, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 605.81, 'text': "this is like there's a basic C project that you can run on your computer.", 'start': 601.987, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 606.95, 'text': "that's exactly what we need.", 'start': 605.81, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 608.892, 'text': 'So click on console application, and then click Go.', 'start': 606.99, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 611.273, 'text': "And I'm just gonna click through this wizard.", 'start': 609.252, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 615.176, 'text': "And you'll see over here, it says C plus plus or C.", 'start': 611.774, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 619.159, 'text': 'Now C and C plus plus are both different programming languages.', 'start': 615.176, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 621.1, 'text': "For this course, we're gonna be working with C.", 'start': 619.539, 'duration': 1.561}], 'summary': 'Creating a console application for c programming language.', 'duration': 26.258, 'max_score': 594.842, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv0594842.jpg'}, {'end': 1144.91, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1112.987, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1116.61, 'text': 'But for now, this is really the only instruction that we know which is print f.', 'start': 1112.987, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 1122.554, 'text': "So why don't we use this print f instruction in order to draw out a little shape onto the screen.", 'start': 1116.61, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 1126.457, 'text': "So I'm going to show you guys how we can draw out like a little triangle onto the screen.", 'start': 1123.015, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 1129.279, 'text': "I'm going to take this print f.", 'start': 1127.338, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 1131.161, 'text': "And I'm actually just going to get rid of Hello World.", 'start': 1129.279, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 1133.583, 'text': "And I'm going to copy this a couple times.", 'start': 1131.841, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 1137.465, 'text': "So I'm just going to copy it and we'll paste it down here, maybe four times.", 'start': 1133.783, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 1144.91, 'text': 'And what I can do is I can specify instructions to the computer that will tell it to draw out a particular shape.', 'start': 1138.346, 'duration': 6.564}], 'summary': "Using 'print f' instruction to draw a triangle on the screen.", 'duration': 31.923, 'max_score': 1112.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv01112987.jpg'}], 'start': 85.137, 'title': 'C programming setup and basics', 'summary': 'Discusses setting up an ide and c compiler for writing and executing c programs on windows, mac, and introduces the basics of writing a c program, covering printing methods and execution instructions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 261.521, 'start': 85.137, 'title': 'Setting up c programming', 'summary': 'Discusses setting up an ide called code blocks and a c compiler for writing and executing c programs, emphasizing the importance of these tools and providing step-by-step instructions for installation on windows.', 'duration': 176.384, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses setting up an IDE called code blocks and a C compiler for writing and executing C programs.', 'Provides step-by-step instructions for installation on Windows.', 'Emphasizes the importance of these tools and providing step-by-step instructions for installation on Windows.']}, {'end': 672.743, 'start': 261.541, 'title': 'Setting up code blocks for c programming', 'summary': 'Demonstrates setting up code blocks for c programming on mac, including installing the c compiler and the ide, with a detailed explanation of creating a new c project in code blocks.', 'duration': 411.202, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates how to install Code Blocks, a popular free IDE for programming in C, on Mac by downloading the binary release from codeblocks.org and installing it in the applications folder.', "It explains the process of installing the C compiler on Mac, checking if it is already installed using the terminal, and if not, using the command 'xcode-select --install' to install it.", "The chapter provides a detailed walkthrough of creating a new C project in Code Blocks by selecting 'console application' in the project wizard, specifying the project title and folder, and leaving the options as default to finish the setup."]}, {'end': 1171.972, 'start': 673.243, 'title': 'Introduction to c programming', 'summary': "Covers the basics of writing a c program, including setting up the project, running the program, using the printf method, building and running the program, and executing instructions in c. it demonstrates how to print 'hello world' and draw a triangle using printf.", 'duration': 498.729, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the basics of writing a C program, including setting up the project, running the program, using the printf method, building and running the program, and executing instructions in C.', "It demonstrates how to print 'Hello World' and draw a triangle using printf."]}], 'duration': 1086.835, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv085137.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the basics of writing a C program, including setting up the project, running the program, using the printf method, building and running the program, and executing instructions in C.', 'The chapter demonstrates how to install Code Blocks, a popular free IDE for programming in C, on Mac by downloading the binary release from codeblocks.org and installing it in the applications folder.', 'Provides step-by-step instructions for installation on Windows.', "It explains the process of installing the C compiler on Mac, checking if it is already installed using the terminal, and if not, using the command 'xcode-select --install' to install it.", 'The chapter discusses setting up an IDE called code blocks and a C compiler for writing and executing C programs.', "It demonstrates how to print 'Hello World' and draw a triangle using printf.", 'Emphasizes the importance of these tools and providing step-by-step instructions for installation on Windows.', "The chapter provides a detailed walkthrough of creating a new C project in Code Blocks by selecting 'console application' in the project wizard, specifying the project title and folder, and leaving the options as default to finish the setup."]}, {'end': 2130.857, 'segs': [{'end': 1240.837, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1208.604, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1212.966, 'text': "so when I run my program, you'll see that we're printing out this kind of funky looking shape,", 'start': 1208.604, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 1216.008, 'text': "and that's because we changed up the order of the instructions.", 'start': 1212.966, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 1221.09, 'text': "so the computer changed the order in which it executed those instructions And you'll notice,", 'start': 1216.008, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 1224.831, 'text': "here again we're using this semi colon after each line of code.", 'start': 1221.09, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 1227.272, 'text': "So that's kind of the basics of writing a program.", 'start': 1225.212, 'duration': 2.06}, {'end': 1233.875, 'text': "That's essentially all you need to know when we're writing a program, we're specifying a list of instructions that we want the computer to carry out.", 'start': 1227.292, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 1240.837, 'text': 'And depending on which instructions we give the computer and which order we give them and how complex the instructions are,', 'start': 1234.455, 'duration': 6.382}], 'summary': 'Changing instruction order affects program output; semi-colon ends each line of code; writing program involves specifying list of instructions', 'duration': 32.233, 'max_score': 1208.604, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv01208604.jpg'}, {'end': 1274.128, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1243.741, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1247.346, 'text': "And as we go through this course, we're going to learn more and more complex instructions.", 'start': 1243.741, 'duration': 3.605}, {'end': 1255.278, 'text': "We're also going to learn how we can take simple instructions like printf and do different things with them to make our programs a lot more powerful.", 'start': 1247.726, 'duration': 7.552}, {'end': 1262.737, 'text': 'In this tutorial, I want to talk to you guys about variables in C.', 'start': 1259.574, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 1268.763, 'text': "Now when we're using C programming language, a lot of times we're going to be dealing with data.", 'start': 1262.737, 'duration': 6.026}, {'end': 1274.128, 'text': "So there's going to be different data values or different information that we're going to want to keep track of and use.", 'start': 1269.143, 'duration': 4.985}], 'summary': 'Learn complex instructions, manipulate printf, discuss variables in c.', 'duration': 30.387, 'max_score': 1243.741, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv01243741.jpg'}, {'end': 1305.756, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1282.074, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1289, 'text': "And that's where variables come in a variable is essentially a container where we can store different pieces of information.", 'start': 1282.074, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 1293.604, 'text': 'So different data values, we can sort things like numbers or text or characters.', 'start': 1289.02, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 1299.85, 'text': 'And these variables make it a lot easier for us to keep track of and manage all the data in our program.', 'start': 1294.225, 'duration': 5.625}, {'end': 1305.756, 'text': "So I'm going to show you guys basically how variables can be useful and how we can use them in our C programs.", 'start': 1299.87, 'duration': 5.886}], 'summary': 'Variables store data values, making it easier to manage in c programs.', 'duration': 23.682, 'max_score': 1282.074, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv01282074.jpg'}, {'end': 1440.116, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1410.474, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1416.419, 'text': 'Well, if I wanted to change the characters age or name, I would have to go through and manually change it in every single location.', 'start': 1410.474, 'duration': 5.945}, {'end': 1419.402, 'text': 'That would take forever and it would be a huge drag.', 'start': 1416.96, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 1425.087, 'text': "Basically, that's not a good way for us to manage and maintain the data in our programs.", 'start': 1419.902, 'duration': 5.185}, {'end': 1431.733, 'text': "Right? We basically have two pieces of data that we're working with consistently in this program, the characters age and the characters name.", 'start': 1425.548, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 1440.116, 'text': 'What I want to show you guys now is how we can use variables to better keep track of and manage these pieces of information.', 'start': 1432.774, 'duration': 7.342}], 'summary': 'Using variables to efficiently manage character data in program.', 'duration': 29.642, 'max_score': 1410.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv01410474.jpg'}, {'end': 2098.615, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2066.914, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2068.415, 'text': 'So it would be like 2.5, or 8.67, or 7.538.', 'start': 2066.914, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2074.775, 'text': "Right, it's a number that has a decimal point associated to it.", 'start': 2068.415, 'duration': 6.36}, {'end': 2082.458, 'text': "So there's actually two types of decimal numbers in C, there's something called a double, and there's something called a float.", 'start': 2074.916, 'duration': 7.542}, {'end': 2085.781, 'text': "And I'm not going to get too much into the difference between the two of them.", 'start': 2083.178, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 2089.866, 'text': "But as a beginner to see for the most part, you're just going to want to use a double.", 'start': 2086.181, 'duration': 3.685}, {'end': 2091.668, 'text': "So I'm just going to type out double.", 'start': 2089.946, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 2098.615, 'text': "And this could be like someone's GPA, for example, might be like a 3.7 or whatever.", 'start': 2092.168, 'duration': 6.447}], 'summary': 'In c, there are two types of decimal numbers: double and float, with double being recommended for beginners.', 'duration': 31.701, 'max_score': 2066.914, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02066914.jpg'}], 'start': 1172.453, 'title': 'Basics of c programming and variables', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of writing a program in c, the use of variables to manage and update data, inserting variables into text using print f, and the introduction to data types in c, with examples of integers and doubles.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1299.85, 'start': 1172.453, 'title': 'Introduction to c programming and variables', 'summary': 'Explains the basics of writing a program in c, emphasizing the importance of order in executing instructions and introduces the concept of variables as containers for different data values.', 'duration': 127.397, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of the order of instructions in a program, demonstrating how changing the order affects the output.', 'Variables in C are introduced as containers for storing different data values, making it easier to manage and keep track of data in a program.', 'The tutorial mentions the future exploration of more complex instructions and the enhancement of programs using simple instructions like printf.']}, {'end': 1657.74, 'start': 1299.87, 'title': 'Using variables in c programs', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of variables to manage and update data in c programs, highlighting the inefficiency of manually updating data and introducing the concept of variables to store and manage character names and ages for easier program management.', 'duration': 357.87, 'highlights': ["The inefficiency of manually updating data in a program is highlighted by the example of changing a character's name and age, demonstrating the tedious process of finding and updating each mention of the data throughout the program.", 'Introduction of the concept of variables as containers to store data, with specific emphasis on using variables to store character names and ages for easier management and maintenance of data in C programs.']}, {'end': 1915.948, 'start': 1658.301, 'title': 'Using print f to insert variables', 'summary': 'Explains how to use the print f instruction to insert variables into a text, demonstrating the use of percent s for strings and percent d for integers, allowing for easy modification and updating of the story based on the variable values.', 'duration': 257.647, 'highlights': ['Using the print f instruction to insert variables into text', 'Ease of modification using variables', 'Dynamic modification of variable values']}, {'end': 2130.857, 'start': 1915.988, 'title': 'Introduction to data types in c', 'summary': 'Introduces the basics of variables and data types in c, including an overview of different data types and examples of integers and doubles, emphasizing the importance of understanding their distinctions.', 'duration': 214.869, 'highlights': ["An integer is a whole number and can be represented using the 'int' data type, for example, setting 'age' equal to 40.", "A double is a decimal number and can be represented using the 'double' data type, for example, representing someone's GPA as 3.7, highlighting the distinction between integers and doubles by using examples like 3.0 and 40.0.", 'The importance of understanding the distinction between integers and doubles, especially for beginners in C, is emphasized, with an emphasis on using doubles for decimal numbers.']}], 'duration': 958.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv01172453.jpg', 'highlights': ['Variables in C are containers for storing data values, facilitating data management.', 'The importance of understanding the distinction between integers and doubles in C.', 'Using printf to insert variables into text for dynamic modification.', 'Emphasizing the impact of changing the order of instructions on program output.', 'Highlighting the inefficiency of manually updating data in a program.']}, {'end': 3133.624, 'segs': [{'end': 2192.143, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2166.441, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2173.266, 'text': 'so if I put an a here, Now this character variable grade is going to store the single character a inside of it.', 'start': 2166.441, 'duration': 6.825}, {'end': 2176.389, 'text': "It's important to note that you can only store one character.", 'start': 2173.686, 'duration': 2.703}, {'end': 2184.216, 'text': "So I couldn't put like a whole bunch of characters over here, that's actually going to throw an error, all we can do is store one single character.", 'start': 2176.429, 'duration': 7.787}, {'end': 2188.379, 'text': 'But these three are the basic data types in C.', 'start': 2184.976, 'duration': 3.403}, {'end': 2192.143, 'text': 'So these are the basic types of information that we can deal with.', 'start': 2188.379, 'duration': 3.764}], 'summary': 'In c, the character variable can store only one character. three basic data types in c are character, integer, and float.', 'duration': 25.702, 'max_score': 2166.441, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02166441.jpg'}, {'end': 2277.612, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2250.011, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2253.073, 'text': "And what we're actually doing is creating something called an array.", 'start': 2250.011, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 2255.914, 'text': "And I'm going to get into arrays later in the course.", 'start': 2253.573, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 2264.961, 'text': 'But just for now know that we can create a string of characters by using char, specifying the name, these open and close square brackets.', 'start': 2256.235, 'duration': 8.726}, {'end': 2269.465, 'text': 'And then we can create this using two open and closed quotation marks.', 'start': 2265.442, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 2272.668, 'text': "So instead of these single quotes up here, we're just going to use double quotes.", 'start': 2269.845, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 2274.729, 'text': 'And I can type in like a phrase.', 'start': 2273.008, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 2277.612, 'text': 'So I could type in whatever string of text I want here.', 'start': 2274.93, 'duration': 2.682}], 'summary': 'Introduction to creating arrays and strings in programming.', 'duration': 27.601, 'max_score': 2250.011, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02250011.jpg'}, {'end': 2333.67, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2306.204, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2311.025, 'text': "And those are all the basic data types that we're going to be using in our C programs.", 'start': 2306.204, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 2319.197, 'text': 'In this tutorial, I want to talk to you guys some more about the print f function.', 'start': 2315.333, 'duration': 3.864}, {'end': 2325.603, 'text': "So if you've been following along with this tutorial, we've been using an instruction in our C programs called printf.", 'start': 2319.257, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 2330.407, 'text': 'And printf basically allows us to print different things out onto the screen.', 'start': 2326.003, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 2333.67, 'text': "In this tutorial we're going to talk more about what printf does.", 'start': 2330.907, 'duration': 2.763}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on using printf function in c programs.', 'duration': 27.466, 'max_score': 2306.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02306204.jpg'}, {'end': 2478.984, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2451.975, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2460.216, 'text': "and format specifier basically tells this print a function that we want to print out a type of data that's not just plain text like this.", 'start': 2451.975, 'duration': 8.241}, {'end': 2467.238, 'text': 'so if I said percent sign and then I said d, this would actually allow me to print out a number.', 'start': 2461.077, 'duration': 6.161}, {'end': 2469.098, 'text': 'so generally when we use these format,', 'start': 2467.238, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 2478.984, 'text': "specifiers uses percent sign and that tells see that you're going to want to print out something special and then after that we would type in a specific letter and that'll tell,", 'start': 2469.098, 'duration': 9.886}], 'summary': "Format specifiers used in print function to display specific data types, e.g. 'percent sign d' for numbers.", 'duration': 27.009, 'max_score': 2451.975, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02451975.jpg'}, {'end': 2778.707, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2748.241, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2751.584, 'text': "We're also going to talk about how different number types interact.", 'start': 2748.241, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 2754.686, 'text': 'So how like integers and doubles interact and all that fun stuff.', 'start': 2751.644, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 2757.589, 'text': 'So down here, I am printing out a number.', 'start': 2755.407, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 2759.551, 'text': "So you can see I'm using this print f function.", 'start': 2757.649, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 2766.496, 'text': "And inside of these quotation marks, I'm basically saying percent f, and percent f stands for like a floating point number.", 'start': 2760.151, 'duration': 6.345}, {'end': 2770.079, 'text': 'So that could be either a double or a float, basically a decimal number.', 'start': 2766.557, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 2774.864, 'text': "So when we put percent f in here, it's going to allow us to print out a decimal number just like this.", 'start': 2770.58, 'duration': 4.284}, {'end': 2778.707, 'text': "and you can see I can run my program and it'll print out eight point nine.", 'start': 2775.564, 'duration': 3.143}], 'summary': 'Discussing interaction between integers and doubles, printing a decimal number like 8.9', 'duration': 30.466, 'max_score': 2748.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02748241.jpg'}], 'start': 2131.577, 'title': 'Working with data types in c', 'summary': 'Covers storing characters using the char data type, working with printf function for text and data printing, and handling integers, doubles, and floats in c, providing a comprehensive overview of data type manipulation. it includes using format specifiers and mathematical functions, highlighting the interaction between different data types and the results of various operations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2306.164, 'start': 2131.577, 'title': 'Storing characters in c', 'summary': 'Discusses storing characters in c using the char data type, highlighting the ability to store single characters, create strings using arrays, and the limitations of string variables.', 'duration': 174.587, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the char data type in C, which can store single characters inside a variable, such as someone's grade, and specifies the character within single quotation marks.", 'It introduces the concept of creating strings using char data type and open and closed square brackets to group characters together, creating an array, and storing a string of text inside a variable, technically called an array.', 'It emphasizes the limitation of modifying string variables, as they behave differently from other data types in C, such as the ability to give them new values.']}, {'end': 2747.921, 'start': 2306.204, 'title': 'Working with printf in c', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of printf function in c, covering its basic usage for printing text, using format specifiers to print different data types like numbers and strings, and the usage of variables to print dynamic data, providing a comprehensive overview of working with printf in c.', 'duration': 441.717, 'highlights': ['The printf function in C allows for printing text onto the screen and is also capable of printing different data types using format specifiers, such as integers and strings.', 'Usage of format specifiers like %d for integers and %s for strings in conjunction with printf allows for dynamic printing of different data types and the ability to use multiple format specifiers within a single printf statement.', 'Utilizing variables with printf allows for dynamic printing of data, providing flexibility for displaying changing values in C programs.']}, {'end': 3133.624, 'start': 2748.241, 'title': 'Working with numbers in c', 'summary': 'Discusses working with integers, doubles, and floats in c, including printing decimal numbers, performing basic math operations, and using mathematical functions like pow, sqrt, ceil, and floor, showcasing the interaction between different number types and the results of various mathematical operations.', 'duration': 385.383, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the interaction between integers, doubles, and floats in C, including printing decimal numbers, performing basic math operations, and using mathematical functions like pow, sqrt, ceil, and floor.', 'The results of various mathematical operations are demonstrated, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, showcasing the behavior when performing operations with integers and floating point numbers.', 'Explains the behavior when performing math operations with integers and floating point numbers, highlighting that operations between an integer and a floating point number return a floating point number, while operations between two integers return an integer.', 'Demonstrates the usage of mathematical functions like pow, sqrt, ceil, and floor, providing examples of raising a number to a power, finding the square root, and rounding numbers up and down.']}], 'duration': 1002.047, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv02131577.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the interaction between integers, doubles, and floats in C, including printing decimal numbers, performing basic math operations, and using mathematical functions like pow, sqrt, ceil, and floor.', 'The printf function in C allows for printing text onto the screen and is also capable of printing different data types using format specifiers, such as integers and strings.', "The chapter explains the char data type in C, which can store single characters inside a variable, such as someone's grade, and specifies the character within single quotation marks.", 'Usage of format specifiers like %d for integers and %s for strings in conjunction with printf allows for dynamic printing of different data types and the ability to use multiple format specifiers within a single printf statement.', 'It introduces the concept of creating strings using char data type and open and closed square brackets to group characters together, creating an array, and storing a string of text inside a variable, technically called an array.']}, {'end': 4617.984, 'segs': [{'end': 3965.98, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3939.161, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3948.269, 'text': 'So we can use this scan F to get specific types of input from the user, we can store those specific types of input inside of variables.', 'start': 3939.161, 'duration': 9.108}, {'end': 3953.853, 'text': 'Now I also want to show you guys one more thing we can do, which is we can actually get a string from the user.', 'start': 3948.769, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 3959.298, 'text': 'So in addition to getting numbers and a character, we could also get like a string of characters from the user.', 'start': 3953.893, 'duration': 5.405}, {'end': 3965.98, 'text': 'And this is going to be a little bit different from doing like numbers and characters.', 'start': 3960.018, 'duration': 5.962}], 'summary': 'Using scan f to store specific types of user input like numbers, characters, and strings.', 'duration': 26.819, 'max_score': 3939.161, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv03939161.jpg'}, {'end': 4133.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4108.002, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4117.946, 'text': "This is because whenever I use this scan F function, and I use it with a string, it's only going to grab the characters up to the first space.", 'start': 4108.002, 'duration': 9.944}, {'end': 4122.148, 'text': "So once it sees this space, it's going to be like, okay, we're done getting characters.", 'start': 4118.386, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 4124.751, 'text': "Right? So that's kind of a problem.", 'start': 4122.787, 'duration': 1.964}, {'end': 4126.352, 'text': "And that's just kind of how scan F works.", 'start': 4124.77, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 4128.055, 'text': "It's not really, you know, scan F's fault.", 'start': 4126.412, 'duration': 1.643}, {'end': 4133.801, 'text': 'There is a way that we can modify scan F in order to be able to get input with spaces.', 'start': 4129.076, 'duration': 4.725}], 'summary': 'Using scan f with a string stops at the first space, but can be modified to handle spaces.', 'duration': 25.799, 'max_score': 4108.002, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04108002.jpg'}, {'end': 4176.688, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4148.779, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4152.184, 'text': 'So f gets is essentially just going to grab like a whole line of text.', 'start': 4148.779, 'duration': 3.405}, {'end': 4158.671, 'text': "it's not going to be able to grab it and store it inside of like an integer or a variable or character.", 'start': 4152.184, 'duration': 6.487}, {'end': 4161.415, 'text': "it's just going to be able to store inside of, like a string of characters.", 'start': 4158.671, 'duration': 2.744}, {'end': 4169.041, 'text': "So when we're using F gets, the first argument we want to give it is the name of the variable where we want to store the line of text.", 'start': 4162.316, 'duration': 6.725}, {'end': 4171.343, 'text': "So in our case, it's just going to be this name variable.", 'start': 4169.182, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 4176.688, 'text': 'The next thing we want to do is specify how many characters we want to be able to input from the user.', 'start': 4172.084, 'duration': 4.604}], 'summary': 'F gets stores a line of text in a string variable.', 'duration': 27.909, 'max_score': 4148.779, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04148779.jpg'}, {'end': 4357.265, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4330.922, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4335.627, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you guys how to build a basic calculator in C.", 'start': 4330.922, 'duration': 4.705}, {'end': 4339.251, 'text': "we're basically going to build a little program where the user can enter in two numbers.", 'start': 4335.627, 'duration': 3.624}, {'end': 4344.016, 'text': 'And then our program will take those two numbers, add them together and spit out the answer.', 'start': 4339.711, 'duration': 4.305}, {'end': 4345.497, 'text': 'So this is gonna be kind of cool.', 'start': 4344.076, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 4349.281, 'text': "And we'll also learn about getting numbers as input from a user.", 'start': 4345.537, 'duration': 3.744}, {'end': 4354.163, 'text': 'so over here I want to show you guys exactly how we can do this.', 'start': 4350.362, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 4357.265, 'text': 'the first thing I want to do is print out a prompt.', 'start': 4354.163, 'duration': 3.102}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on building a basic calculator in c, allowing users to add two numbers and get the result.', 'duration': 26.343, 'max_score': 4330.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04330922.jpg'}, {'end': 4604.853, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4575.569, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4582.037, 'text': "but we want to make this accepted doubles, and normally, if we're using print f and we wanted to print out a double, we would say f,", 'start': 4575.569, 'duration': 6.468}, {'end': 4583.84, 'text': 'and that stands for like floating point number.', 'start': 4582.037, 'duration': 1.803}, {'end': 4588.946, 'text': "but when we're scanning for a number, if we want to use a double, we have to say l f, just like that.", 'start': 4584.3, 'duration': 4.646}, {'end': 4593.19, 'text': "so down here i'm also going to say l f and we'll change this to just f.", 'start': 4588.946, 'duration': 4.244}, {'end': 4598.431, 'text': 'so print f is a little bit different than scan afraid and scan f.', 'start': 4593.19, 'duration': 5.241}, {'end': 4604.853, 'text': 'If we want to accept a double as input we need to use l f and print f, we just use percent f.', 'start': 4598.431, 'duration': 6.422}], 'summary': 'Using l f for accepting doubles and percent f for printing doubles.', 'duration': 29.284, 'max_score': 4575.569, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04575569.jpg'}], 'start': 3133.624, 'title': 'C programming basics', 'summary': "Covers the use of comments, constants, getting user input, and building a basic calculator in c. it discusses best practices for comments, the process of creating and utilizing constants, getting different types of input from the user, and building a basic calculator with 'l f' for double inputs.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3356.109, 'start': 3133.624, 'title': 'Using comments in c programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of comments in c programming, highlighting the special block of code that gets ignored, the process of creating and utilizing comments, and the best practices of using comments sparingly.', 'duration': 222.485, 'highlights': ['Creating comments using special tags like forward slash and asterisk, which are considered as a comment, helps in leaving notes and temporarily disabling certain lines of code.', 'Using comments to comment out a line of code by surrounding it with comment tags, allowing the computer to ignore it, proves to be a useful practice when running programs without specific lines of code.', 'Best practice recommends using comments sparingly, only when absolutely necessary, to avoid cluttering the codebase with unnecessary comments.']}, {'end': 3793.425, 'start': 3356.209, 'title': 'Constants in c and getting user input', 'summary': 'Discusses constants in c, which are variables that cannot be modified, and demonstrates how to create and use constants. it also explores how to get input from the user in c, explaining the process of prompting the user, creating variables to store the input, and using the scanf function to accept user input for variables.', 'duration': 437.216, 'highlights': ['Constants in C are variables that cannot be modified.', 'Demonstrates how to create and use constants in C.', 'Explains the process of getting user input in C using the scanf function.', 'Describes the use of pointers when using scanf to store information in variables.']}, {'end': 4287.766, 'start': 3794.542, 'title': 'Getting user input in c', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to use scan f to get different types of input from the user including integers, doubles, characters, and strings, as well as the limitations of scan f with strings and the alternative approach using f gets.', 'duration': 493.224, 'highlights': ['Using scan F to get a string from the user has limitations as it only grabs characters up to the first space, creating a problem for input with spaces.', 'The alternative approach using F gets allows for getting a whole line of text from the user and can store multiple words instead of just one single word.', 'The chapter also explains the need to limit the number of characters that can be input from the user when using F gets to prevent buffer overflow.', 'Demonstrating the use of scan F to get different types of input including integers, doubles, and characters, providing a comprehensive understanding of user input in C.']}, {'end': 4617.984, 'start': 4290.087, 'title': 'Building basic calculator in c', 'summary': "Covers building a basic calculator in c, allowing the user to input two numbers, adding them together, and obtaining the result, demonstrating the need to use 'l f' for accepting double inputs for floating point numbers in c.", 'duration': 327.897, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers building a basic calculator in C, allowing the user to input two numbers, adding them together, and obtaining the result.', "The tutorial demonstrates the need to use 'l f' for accepting double inputs for floating point numbers in C.", 'The chapter explains the problem of adding decimal numbers with the existing program and the need to modify the data type to double.']}], 'duration': 1484.36, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv03133624.jpg', 'highlights': ['Demonstrating the use of scan F to get different types of input including integers, doubles, and characters, providing a comprehensive understanding of user input in C.', 'The chapter covers building a basic calculator in C, allowing the user to input two numbers, adding them together, and obtaining the result.', "The tutorial demonstrates the need to use 'l f' for accepting double inputs for floating point numbers in C.", 'The alternative approach using F gets allows for getting a whole line of text from the user and can store multiple words instead of just one single word.', 'Using scan F to get a string from the user has limitations as it only grabs characters up to the first space, creating a problem for input with spaces.']}, {'end': 6746.829, 'segs': [{'end': 4650.594, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4617.984, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4622.068, 'text': 'looks like everything is working properly and now we have a basic calculator.', 'start': 4617.984, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 4627.314, 'text': 'so the user can enter in any numbers that they want and the calculator will be able to handle them.', 'start': 4622.068, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 4631.684, 'text': 'now this calculator is not like 100% ironclad, secure.', 'start': 4627.682, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 4638.908, 'text': 'For example, like if I was to come up here and enter in like a string of characters instead of a number,', 'start': 4632.284, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 4641.089, 'text': "you'll see that it's gonna break the program right?", 'start': 4638.908, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 4643.47, 'text': "So it's just like not doing what we wanted to do.", 'start': 4641.129, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 4650.594, 'text': "And as we go further in this course, we're going to learn all sorts of ways that we can check to see if certain things are getting entered correctly.", 'start': 4643.91, 'duration': 6.684}], 'summary': 'Basic calculator allows user to enter numbers, lacks security measures, will learn to check inputs', 'duration': 32.61, 'max_score': 4617.984, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04617984.jpg'}, {'end': 4678.811, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4653.596, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4661.842, 'text': 'But for now this is just kind of an introduction into how we can get numbers as input and do things like addition or multiplication once we have them.', 'start': 4653.596, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 4670.824, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to talk to you guys about building a little game in C.", 'start': 4665.979, 'duration': 4.845}, {'end': 4673.386, 'text': "More specifically, we're going to be building a Mad Libs game.", 'start': 4670.824, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 4678.811, 'text': "Now if you've ever played the game Mad Libs, it's basically a game where you write down a bunch of random words.", 'start': 4673.426, 'duration': 5.385}], 'summary': 'Introduction to using numbers as input for addition or multiplication in c and building a mad libs game.', 'duration': 25.215, 'max_score': 4653.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04653596.jpg'}, {'end': 5225.152, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5192.819, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5197.58, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to talk to you guys about using arrays in C.", 'start': 5192.819, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 5202.441, 'text': "A lot of times when we're writing our C programs, we're going to be dealing with a bunch of different data.", 'start': 5197.58, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 5211.184, 'text': 'And one of the things we can do to control and manage and sort of keep track of and organize that data is put data inside of things called arrays.', 'start': 5203.022, 'duration': 8.162}, {'end': 5216.345, 'text': "And an array is really useful because it's basically a container where we can store a piece of information.", 'start': 5211.704, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 5225.152, 'text': "But what happens in your programs when you're dealing with huge amounts of information, specifically huge amounts of information that are related?", 'start': 5217.085, 'duration': 8.067}], 'summary': 'Using arrays in c helps organize and manage large amounts of related data in programs.', 'duration': 32.333, 'max_score': 5192.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv05192819.jpg'}, {'end': 6474.249, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6448.478, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6455.32, 'text': 'So the first thing that I need to tell see when I want to create a function is what type of data I want to return.', 'start': 6448.478, 'duration': 6.842}, {'end': 6462.143, 'text': "If you've been following along with this course, you'll know in the last tutorial we use the void return type,", 'start': 6455.901, 'duration': 6.242}, {'end': 6465.464, 'text': "which basically means we weren't going to return any information.", 'start': 6462.143, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 6470.807, 'text': 'But now we want to actually return information, right? So we want to cube a number.', 'start': 6466.064, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 6474.249, 'text': "So why don't we return a double and you can put any data type here you want.", 'start': 6470.847, 'duration': 3.402}], 'summary': 'Creating a function to return data, aiming to cube a number and return a double.', 'duration': 25.771, 'max_score': 6448.478, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv06448478.jpg'}], 'start': 4617.984, 'title': 'C programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers the implementation of a basic calculator, building a mad libs game, using arrays, working with arrays and functions, and function return types in c programming, emphasizing input validation, array manipulation, and function usage.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4653.136, 'start': 4617.984, 'title': 'Basic calculator implementation', 'summary': 'Describes the implementation of a basic calculator that allows users to enter numbers and discusses the need for further checks and mitigations for input validation, to ensure program stability and functionality.', 'duration': 35.152, 'highlights': ['The calculator allows users to enter any numbers, providing flexibility and user-friendly experience.', 'The need for input validation is emphasized to mitigate the risk of program disruption, as entering a string of characters instead of a number can break the program.', 'Further learning in the course will focus on various methods to ensure correct input handling, enhancing program stability and functionality.']}, {'end': 5151.728, 'start': 4653.596, 'title': 'Building a mad libs game in c', 'summary': "Discusses building a mad libs game in c, including prompting the user to enter a color, plural noun, and celebrity, storing the inputs in variables, and modifying the program to handle multiple inputs for the celebrity's first and last name.", 'duration': 498.132, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces building a Mad Libs game in C, involving prompting the user to enter a color, plural noun, and celebrity, and storing the inputs in variables.', "The program is modified to handle multiple inputs for the celebrity's first and last name, demonstrating a deeper understanding of how scan f function works.", 'An issue where the program fails to handle a celebrity with a single name is discussed, pointing out a limitation that needs to be addressed.']}, {'end': 5698.773, 'start': 5151.748, 'title': 'Using arrays in c programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of arrays in c programming, emphasizing the importance of specificity in user input and explaining the creation, access, and modification of array elements, highlighting that arrays can store multiple values and have a defined capacity.', 'duration': 547.025, 'highlights': ['Arrays can store multiple values, providing a way to organize and manage data in C programming.', 'The importance of being specific about user input in C programming, as C forces specificity in user input, requiring clear definition of the type and quantity of data to be entered.', 'Explanation of creating, accessing, and modifying array elements, with emphasis on starting array indexes at zero in C programming.', 'Demonstration of defining the capacity of an array and assigning values to array elements.']}, {'end': 6318.676, 'start': 5698.773, 'title': 'Working with arrays and functions in c', 'summary': 'Illustrates working with arrays in c, including initializing arrays, working with strings as arrays, and the basics of creating and using functions, with a focus on the main function and custom functions with parameters.', 'duration': 619.903, 'highlights': ['Creating and initializing arrays in C', 'Understanding strings as arrays', 'Introduction to functions in C', 'Creating custom functions with parameters', 'Utilizing multiple parameters in functions']}, {'end': 6746.829, 'start': 6319.156, 'title': 'C function return type', 'summary': "Covers the basics of using functions, return statements in c, creating a function to cube a number, and the importance of defining the function before calling it, with an emphasis on the return keyword's role in breaking out of the function, demonstrated by cubing numbers and the subsequent results.", 'duration': 427.673, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the basics of using functions, return statements in C, creating a function to cube a number, and the importance of defining the function before calling it', "The return keyword's role in breaking out of the function, demonstrated by cubing numbers and the subsequent results", "Emphasizing the importance of defining the function before calling it, with an emphasis on the return keyword's role in breaking out of the function"]}], 'duration': 2128.845, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv04617984.jpg', 'highlights': ['The calculator allows users to enter any numbers, providing flexibility and user-friendly experience.', 'Arrays can store multiple values, providing a way to organize and manage data in C programming.', 'The chapter introduces building a Mad Libs game in C, involving prompting the user to enter a color, plural noun, and celebrity, and storing the inputs in variables.', 'The need for input validation is emphasized to mitigate the risk of program disruption, as entering a string of characters instead of a number can break the program.', 'The chapter covers the basics of using functions, return statements in C, creating a function to cube a number, and the importance of defining the function before calling it']}, {'end': 7401.076, 'segs': [{'end': 6854.6, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6786.914, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6793.639, 'text': 'So this is a way that you can create functions below that main function without having any problems.', 'start': 6786.914, 'duration': 6.725}, {'end': 6800.124, 'text': "And you know, basically any functions that I created, I could put another prototype up there at the top, and it's gonna be fine.", 'start': 6793.739, 'duration': 6.385}, {'end': 6813.324, 'text': 'In this tutorial and talk to you guys about if statements in C an if statement is a programming structure which we can use to help our programs to make decisions.', 'start': 6804.235, 'duration': 9.089}, {'end': 6816.968, 'text': 'By using an if statement, our programs can actually respond.', 'start': 6813.945, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 6819.55, 'text': 'So in certain circumstances, they can do certain things.', 'start': 6817.048, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 6822.592, 'text': 'And in other circumstances, they can do other things.', 'start': 6820.231, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 6828.693, 'text': "And if statements are extremely powerful, and they're a great way to add some intelligence to our programs.", 'start': 6822.632, 'duration': 6.061}, {'end': 6832.334, 'text': "For the purposes of this tutorial, we're going to be building a function.", 'start': 6829.033, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 6833.434, 'text': "So we're going to build a function.", 'start': 6832.374, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 6835.514, 'text': "And it's going to be called the max function.", 'start': 6833.814, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 6842.796, 'text': "Basically, what this function is going to do is it's going to take two parameters, two numbers, and it's going to tell us which number is the biggest.", 'start': 6835.814, 'duration': 6.982}, {'end': 6845.796, 'text': 'So I could give it like four, and I can give it a 10.', 'start': 6842.816, 'duration': 2.98}, {'end': 6848.257, 'text': "And it'll tell us which number is bigger.", 'start': 6845.796, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 6851.479, 'text': "go ahead and do that, I'm going to make this function up here.", 'start': 6848.837, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 6854.6, 'text': "And it's going to return an integer.", 'start': 6852.439, 'duration': 2.161}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on creating functions and if statements in c, with a focus on building a max function to compare two numbers.', 'duration': 67.686, 'max_score': 6786.914, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv06786914.jpg'}, {'end': 7004.259, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6968.934, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6972.697, 'text': "So basically, by using this if statement, we're able to tell which one is bigger.", 'start': 6968.934, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 6976.24, 'text': "But here's the thing what if num one isn't greater than num two?", 'start': 6972.997, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 6978.122, 'text': 'what if num two is greater than num one?', 'start': 6976.24, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 6980.864, 'text': 'Well, I can use something called an else statement.', 'start': 6978.642, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 6982.745, 'text': 'So I can come down here and I could say else.', 'start': 6980.884, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 6987.748, 'text': "And I don't actually need to use an open and close parentheses, I can just make an open and close curly bracket.", 'start': 6983.305, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 6994.513, 'text': 'And the code inside of this else block is going to execute if the condition up here is false.', 'start': 6988.349, 'duration': 6.164}, {'end': 7004.259, 'text': 'So if this condition is false, if num one is not greater than num two, then we can just set result equal to num two.', 'start': 6995.033, 'duration': 9.226}], 'summary': 'Using if and else statements to determine which number is greater in a programming context.', 'duration': 35.325, 'max_score': 6968.934, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv06968934.jpg'}, {'end': 7156.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7128.908, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7135.451, 'text': 'So instead of just passing in two numbers, we want us to be able to pass in three numbers and have the max function spit out the biggest.', 'start': 7128.908, 'duration': 6.543}, {'end': 7138.994, 'text': 'So over here, we can modify this max function.', 'start': 7135.771, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 7141.436, 'text': "So I'm just going to make another parameter.", 'start': 7139.014, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 7144.558, 'text': "So I'm going to say int, and we'll call this one num three.", 'start': 7141.456, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 7149.543, 'text': 'So now this function is accepting three parameters, num one, num two, and num three.', 'start': 7144.618, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 7156.268, 'text': "But in order to figure out which one of these is the biggest, we're actually going to need a more complex if statement.", 'start': 7150.243, 'duration': 6.025}], 'summary': 'Modify max function to accept and compare three numbers.', 'duration': 27.36, 'max_score': 7128.908, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv07128908.jpg'}], 'start': 6747.429, 'title': 'Prototyping functions in c and creating max function', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of prototyping functions in c, enabling error-free creation of functions below the main function, and demonstrates creating a max function in python to compare two and three numbers, accurately determining the largest number and effectively utilizing if statements and logical operators.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6833.434, 'start': 6747.429, 'title': 'Prototyping functions in c', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of prototyping functions in c, allowing the creation of functions below the main function without errors, and the power of if statements in programming to make decisions and add intelligence to programs.', 'duration': 86.005, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of prototyping functions in C, enabling the creation of functions below the main function without encountering errors, showcasing the function signature and its significance in avoiding errors in program execution.', 'It emphasizes the power of if statements in programming, illustrating how they enable programs to respond differently in specific circumstances, ultimately adding intelligence to the programs and enhancing their functionality.']}, {'end': 7401.076, 'start': 6833.814, 'title': 'Creating max function for comparing numbers', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the process of creating a max function in python to compare two and three numbers, which accurately determines the largest number among the given parameters and effectively utilizes if statements and logical operators.', 'duration': 567.262, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the creation of a max function to compare two numbers, returning the largest number.', 'It explains the usage of if statements to determine the largest number among the given parameters.', 'The process of modifying the max function to compare three numbers is detailed, incorporating logical operators and else-if statements.']}], 'duration': 653.647, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv06747429.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of prototyping functions in C, enabling the creation of functions below the main function without encountering errors, showcasing the function signature and its significance in avoiding errors in program execution.', 'It emphasizes the power of if statements in programming, illustrating how they enable programs to respond differently in specific circumstances, ultimately adding intelligence to the programs and enhancing their functionality.', 'The process of modifying the max function to compare three numbers is detailed, incorporating logical operators and else-if statements.', 'The chapter introduces the creation of a max function to compare two numbers, returning the largest number.', 'It explains the usage of if statements to determine the largest number among the given parameters.']}, {'end': 8931.702, 'segs': [{'end': 7487.574, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7460.621, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7467.068, 'text': "So only one of these is true, right? Three is greater than two, that's true, but two is not greater than five.", 'start': 7460.621, 'duration': 6.447}, {'end': 7468.73, 'text': "So this guy's false.", 'start': 7467.148, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 7475.297, 'text': 'But when we use or only one of these two conditions has to be true for the whole thing to be true.', 'start': 7469.31, 'duration': 5.987}, {'end': 7480.079, 'text': 'So if I like printed something out here, like true.', 'start': 7475.777, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 7487.574, 'text': "Now when I run my program, we should print true, because we're using that or and you see that we do.", 'start': 7481.442, 'duration': 6.132}], 'summary': "Using 'or' operator in programming to evaluate conditions, resulting in true output.", 'duration': 26.953, 'max_score': 7460.621, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv07460621.jpg'}, {'end': 7527.672, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7505.837, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7514.504, 'text': 'So the difference between and and or when we have and like this, both of these conditions have to be true in order for the whole thing to be true.', 'start': 7505.837, 'duration': 8.667}, {'end': 7520.128, 'text': 'And for us to execute this code, when we have or only one of these guys has to be true.', 'start': 7514.565, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 7522.009, 'text': "So that's kind of the difference there.", 'start': 7520.708, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 7524.11, 'text': 'And I want to show you guys a couple other things that we can use.', 'start': 7522.029, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 7527.672, 'text': "So over here, we're using like a less than sign.", 'start': 7524.17, 'duration': 3.502}], 'summary': "Explaining the difference between 'and' and 'or' in conditions.", 'duration': 21.835, 'max_score': 7505.837, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv07505837.jpg'}, {'end': 7678.489, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7653.098, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7660.44, 'text': "in this tutorial I'm going to take some of the stuff that we've learned since then and show you guys how we can build a fully functional for function calculator.", 'start': 7653.098, 'duration': 7.342}, {'end': 7667.762, 'text': "so this calculator will be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide, and we're going to let the user decide which one they want to do.", 'start': 7660.44, 'duration': 7.322}, {'end': 7670.123, 'text': "so we'll let them decide they want to add or subtract or whatever.", 'start': 7667.762, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 7674.666, 'text': "it's gonna be pretty cool and we're going to end up using some of the stuff that we've learned recently in the course,", 'start': 7670.583, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 7678.489, 'text': "like if statements we're also going to use, like getting input from users.", 'start': 7674.666, 'duration': 3.823}], 'summary': 'Build a fully functional 4-function calculator allowing users to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, with user input and if statements.', 'duration': 25.391, 'max_score': 7653.098, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv07653098.jpg'}, {'end': 8155.287, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8128.735, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8134.177, 'text': "So I'm going to build a little program that will take a letter grade and, depending on the letter grade,", 'start': 8128.735, 'duration': 5.442}, {'end': 8136.959, 'text': 'it will tell you whether or not you did good or bad on a test.', 'start': 8134.177, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 8140.4, 'text': 'So if you got an A on the test, it would say, hey, you did a good job.', 'start': 8137.419, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 8143.041, 'text': "If you got a B on a test, it'd be like, hey, you did all right.", 'start': 8140.7, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 8146.123, 'text': "If you got an F on the test, it'd tell you that you failed the test.", 'start': 8143.421, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 8151.225, 'text': "So we're basically going to have a variable where we'll store a grade that you would have gotten on test.", 'start': 8146.203, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 8155.287, 'text': "and we'll be able to respond to that grade using a switch statement.", 'start': 8151.725, 'duration': 3.562}], 'summary': 'Program evaluates letter grade to determine test performance.', 'duration': 26.552, 'max_score': 8128.735, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv08128735.jpg'}], 'start': 7401.096, 'title': 'Using if statements, building a four-function calculator, and understanding structs in c', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of using if statements and comparison operators, details building a fully functional four-function calculator using if and switch statements in c, and discusses the usage of switch statements and structs in c to save time and represent real-world entities.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7629.103, 'start': 7401.096, 'title': 'Using if statements and comparison operators', 'summary': "Covers the basics of using if statements, including the usage of 'and', 'or', comparison operators, and the negation operator, providing examples and explanations for each.", 'duration': 228.007, 'highlights': ["The 'or' operator allows checking two conditions, and the whole statement is true if only one condition is true.", "The 'and' operator requires both conditions to be true for the whole statement to be true.", 'Demonstrated the usage of comparison operators such as less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, equality, and not equals.', 'Explained the negation operator, which negates the result of an operation.']}, {'end': 8128.355, 'start': 7634.304, 'title': 'Building a four-function calculator', 'summary': 'Details how to build a fully functional four-function calculator, capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers, utilizing if statements and switch statements in c.', 'duration': 494.051, 'highlights': ['The tutorial explains the process of creating a fully functional four-function calculator capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers, empowering users to choose the desired operation, leveraging if statements to perform the corresponding operation.', "The chapter emphasizes the use of if statements to handle different scenarios based on the operator input by the user, ensuring the program can add, subtract, multiply, or divide numbers, and display an 'invalid operator' message for unrecognized input.", 'The tutorial introduces the concept of switch statements in C as a specialized form of if statement, enabling the comparison of a single value to multiple other values for efficient conditional processing.']}, {'end': 8454.806, 'start': 8128.735, 'title': 'Test grade evaluator', 'summary': 'Demonstrates building a program to evaluate test grades using a switch statement, which provides customized responses for different letter grades, ensuring efficient evaluation and feedback.', 'duration': 326.071, 'highlights': ["The program uses a switch statement to efficiently evaluate and provide customized responses for different letter grades, such as 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', and 'F', ensuring efficient evaluation and feedback.", "The switch statement includes cases for each possible grade, such as 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', and 'F', along with a 'default' case to handle invalid grades, enabling comprehensive evaluation and response handling.", 'The use of the break statement within the switch cases ensures that the program exits the evaluation process after a matching case is found, preventing unnecessary further comparisons and improving the efficiency of the evaluation process.', "The program's efficiency is demonstrated through the comparison with using if statements, highlighting the advantage of using a switch statement for handling multiple conditions and providing tailored responses based on the grade received."]}, {'end': 8931.702, 'start': 8454.866, 'title': 'Understanding structs in c', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of switch statements in c, emphasizing their applicability in select situations to save time and hassle, followed by a detailed explanation of structs, showcasing their ability to store and represent real-world entities such as students and their attributes.', 'duration': 476.836, 'highlights': ['Switch statements can be extremely useful in select situations, potentially saving a lot of time and hassle.', 'Structs in C allow for the creation of a data structure to store different data types and attributes, with the ability to model real-world entities like students.', 'Demonstration of creating instances of the student struct to represent individual students with specific attributes and the ability to print out their values.']}], 'duration': 1530.606, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv07401096.jpg', 'highlights': ['The tutorial explains the process of creating a fully functional four-function calculator capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers, empowering users to choose the desired operation, leveraging if statements to perform the corresponding operation.', "The program uses a switch statement to efficiently evaluate and provide customized responses for different letter grades, such as 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', and 'F', ensuring efficient evaluation and feedback.", "The 'or' operator allows checking two conditions, and the whole statement is true if only one condition is true.", "The 'and' operator requires both conditions to be true for the whole statement to be true."]}, {'end': 9455.533, 'segs': [{'end': 8971.097, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8931.762, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8938.41, 'text': "And this is what's cool about structs is I can just define the basic template for a student in my program.", 'start': 8931.762, 'duration': 6.648}, {'end': 8942.576, 'text': 'And then I can create individual students down here that I can work with.', 'start': 8938.871, 'duration': 3.705}, {'end': 8945.177, 'text': 'So now I have this like student variable here.', 'start': 8942.856, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 8946.578, 'text': 'I could do whatever I want with it.', 'start': 8945.177, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 8950.361, 'text': 'I could pass it into a function, I can print it out onto the screen.', 'start': 8946.578, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 8952.702, 'text': 'I could use it in something like an if statement.', 'start': 8950.361, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 8954.663, 'text': 'I could do basically anything I want with it.', 'start': 8952.702, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 8957.725, 'text': "it's, it acts a lot like a variable or an array.", 'start': 8954.663, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 8960.046, 'text': 'So remember, variables and arrays are just containers.', 'start': 8957.745, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 8962.428, 'text': 'And we can do just about anything we want with them.', 'start': 8960.387, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 8964.229, 'text': "And that's the same with a struct.", 'start': 8962.508, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 8966.211, 'text': 'So this has just been kind of an introduction.', 'start': 8964.309, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 8971.097, 'text': 'And what you could do as an exercise is think of other things you might want to model in your program.', 'start': 8966.271, 'duration': 4.826}], 'summary': 'Introduction to using structs to define student template and create individual students, similar to variables and arrays.', 'duration': 39.335, 'max_score': 8931.762, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv08931762.jpg'}, {'end': 9038.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9012.373, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9020.44, 'text': "There's a lot of times in our programs where we're going to want to like continually do something while something else is true or while a certain condition is met.", 'start': 9012.373, 'duration': 8.067}, {'end': 9023.862, 'text': "And I'm gonna show you guys a really basic while loop in this tutorial.", 'start': 9020.9, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 9028.066, 'text': "And then in the next tutorial, we're actually going to build a really cool guessing game using while loops.", 'start': 9023.923, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 9029.547, 'text': 'So it should be pretty fun.', 'start': 9028.586, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 9031.909, 'text': 'And you should get a pretty good idea of like how these things work.', 'start': 9029.908, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 9038.703, 'text': "The first thing I want to do, and this isn't directly related to creating a while loop, though, is I want to create an integer.", 'start': 9033.05, 'duration': 5.653}], 'summary': 'Basic while loop tutorial with plans to build a guessing game using while loops.', 'duration': 26.33, 'max_score': 9012.373, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv09012373.jpg'}, {'end': 9299.543, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9270.698, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9275.662, 'text': 'I also do want to point out one thing that you might want to watch out for, which is called an infinite loop.', 'start': 9270.698, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 9281.526, 'text': 'And an infinite loop is a situation where this condition up here never becomes false.', 'start': 9276.163, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 9284.429, 'text': 'So this condition will just always stay true.', 'start': 9282.347, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 9288.152, 'text': "And there's certain circumstances where you're going to want to use something like an infinite loop.", 'start': 9284.489, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 9292.776, 'text': "But in a lot of circumstances, you're not going to want to go anywhere near something like that.", 'start': 9288.513, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 9295.379, 'text': 'So let me just demonstrate so you guys can see.', 'start': 9292.917, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 9299.543, 'text': 'So if I stopped incrementing this, if I just got rid of index plus plus?', 'start': 9295.459, 'duration': 4.084}], 'summary': 'Beware of infinite loops in coding, avoid unless necessary', 'duration': 28.845, 'max_score': 9270.698, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv09270698.jpg'}], 'start': 8931.762, 'title': 'Introduction to structs in c', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of structs in c, demonstrating the creation and manipulation of a student struct, and transitions to discussing while loops in c. it also suggests the exercise of modeling other entities using structs, and highlights its versatility and resemblance to variables and arrays. additionally, it demonstrates the creation and functionality of a while loop with a specific example of printing numbers between 1 and 5, cautioning about the risk of infinite loops, and comparing it with a do while loop.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8990.561, 'start': 8931.762, 'title': 'Introduction to structs in c', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of structs in c, demonstrating the creation and manipulation of a student struct, highlighting its versatility and resemblance to variables and arrays. it also suggests the exercise of modeling other entities using structs. furthermore, it transitions to discussing while loops in c.', 'duration': 58.799, 'highlights': ['Structs in C allow the creation of a basic template for entities like students, enabling the creation and manipulation of individual instances.', 'The student struct can be utilized in various ways, such as passing it into a function, printing it on the screen, or using it in conditional statements.', 'Structs act similarly to variables or arrays, serving as containers for data and allowing various operations to be performed on them.', 'The tutorial encourages the audience to consider modeling other entities like books or phones using structs, showcasing the versatility of this concept.', 'The chapter transitions to discussing while loops in C, indicating a shift in the topic of the tutorial.']}, {'end': 9455.533, 'start': 8990.561, 'title': 'Introduction to while loops in c', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of while loops in c programming language, demonstrating the creation and functionality of a while loop with a specific example of printing numbers between 1 and 5, cautioning about the risk of infinite loops, and comparing it with a do while loop.', 'duration': 464.972, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the concept of while loops in C programming language, demonstrating the creation and functionality of a while loop with a specific example of printing numbers between 1 and 5.', "Cautioning about the risk of infinite loops and demonstrating its impact by removing the increment operation in the example, causing the program to continually print '1'.", "Comparing while loops with do while loops and demonstrating the functionality of do while loop using an example to print '6' even when the initial condition is not met."]}], 'duration': 523.771, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv08931762.jpg', 'highlights': ['Structs in C enable creation of a template for entities like students', 'Encourages modeling other entities using structs, showcasing versatility', 'Demonstrates creation and functionality of while loop in C with example', 'Structs act similarly to variables or arrays, serving as data containers', 'Caution about risk of infinite loops and demonstrate its impact']}, {'end': 11324.626, 'segs': [{'end': 9581.483, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9543.601, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9549.786, 'text': "In order to do that, in order to like keep asking them to enter it until they've guessed it, we can use something called a while loop.", 'start': 9543.601, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 9555.643, 'text': "So I'm just going to type while and when making open and close parentheses and an open and closed curly brackets.", 'start': 9549.806, 'duration': 5.837}, {'end': 9559.526, 'text': "Let's think about a good condition for our game.", 'start': 9556.243, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 9566.091, 'text': "Basically, we want to keep asking the user to enter an input as long as they haven't guessed the secret number.", 'start': 9559.966, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 9574.498, 'text': "So it's right there, we could keep looping as long as the guess is not equal to the secret number, right.", 'start': 9566.591, 'duration': 7.907}, {'end': 9579.722, 'text': 'And basically, this is always going to be true until they guess the correct number.', 'start': 9575.038, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 9581.483, 'text': 'now inside of here.', 'start': 9580.322, 'duration': 1.161}], 'summary': 'Using a while loop to keep asking user for input until they guess the secret number.', 'duration': 37.882, 'max_score': 9543.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv09543601.jpg'}, {'end': 9768.281, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9736.978, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 9740.038, 'text': "So why don't we say like, the user can only guess three times.", 'start': 9736.978, 'duration': 3.06}, {'end': 9744.699, 'text': "And if they can't get the secret number in three tries, then they'll lose the game.", 'start': 9740.478, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 9750.284, 'text': "So let's think about how we can go ahead and add that functionality into this little app.", 'start': 9745.279, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 9752.306, 'text': "I'm going to walk you guys through how we can do that.", 'start': 9750.665, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 9757.212, 'text': "The first thing we're going to need to do is we're going to need to create some variables.", 'start': 9752.346, 'duration': 4.866}, {'end': 9760.875, 'text': "I'm going to create another variable up here and I'm just going to call it guess count.", 'start': 9757.212, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 9768.281, 'text': 'And guess count is basically going to tell us how many times the user has tried to guess the secret number.', 'start': 9761.616, 'duration': 6.665}], 'summary': 'Add functionality for user to guess three times, then lose game.', 'duration': 31.303, 'max_score': 9736.978, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv09736978.jpg'}, {'end': 9843.161, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9814.927, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9818.869, 'text': "So why don't we set this equal to three, I think three guesses is pretty good limit.", 'start': 9814.927, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 9822.431, 'text': 'And finally, we want to create one more variable.', 'start': 9819.169, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 9824.172, 'text': 'And this is also going to be an integer.', 'start': 9822.791, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 9827.114, 'text': "And I'm just going to call this out of guesses.", 'start': 9824.412, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 9831.116, 'text': "And I'm going to set out of guesses equal to zero.", 'start': 9827.834, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 9836.418, 'text': 'And out of guesses will basically tell us whether or not the user has any more guesses.', 'start': 9831.576, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 9839.059, 'text': 'And this might not be super clear what this is doing right now.', 'start': 9836.458, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 9843.161, 'text': "But keep following the video and you'll see how this comes into play.", 'start': 9839.92, 'duration': 3.241}], 'summary': "Setting limit to 3 guesses and tracking remaining guesses with 'out of guesses' variable.", 'duration': 28.234, 'max_score': 9814.927, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv09814927.jpg'}, {'end': 10389.192, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10363.309, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 10369.314, 'text': 'And a for loop allows us to take all of this code and condense it into its own single loop.', 'start': 10363.309, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 10377.221, 'text': "So it's taking this situation where we want to have a variable like I, and it's basically allowing us to do it a lot easier and a lot cleaner.", 'start': 10369.614, 'duration': 7.607}, {'end': 10379.503, 'text': "So I'm going to show you guys how we can create a for loop.", 'start': 10377.281, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 10384.368, 'text': "I'm going to come down here below this while loop, and I'm going to create a basic for loop structure.", 'start': 10380.524, 'duration': 3.844}, {'end': 10389.192, 'text': "So I'm just going to say for I'm going to make an open and close parentheses and an open and closed curly bracket.", 'start': 10384.428, 'duration': 4.764}], 'summary': 'For loop condenses code, simplifies variable creation. demonstrates creating a basic for loop.', 'duration': 25.883, 'max_score': 10363.309, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv010363309.jpg'}, {'end': 10665.982, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10636.836, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10642.72, 'text': "So I'm going to set i equal to zero, and I'm going to say I want to loop while I is less than six.", 'start': 10636.836, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 10646.762, 'text': 'And six was how many elements we had in the array.', 'start': 10643.7, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 10650.524, 'text': "So I want to keep looping as long as we're less than six, and I'm going to say i plus plus.", 'start': 10646.782, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 10654.086, 'text': "Now down here, I'm going to do this same exact thing.", 'start': 10651.125, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 10658.789, 'text': "But instead of printing out I I'm going to print out lucky numbers.", 'start': 10654.647, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 10665.982, 'text': "I So I'm going to print out the array element at index position I and lucky numbers.", 'start': 10658.809, 'duration': 7.173}], 'summary': 'Using a loop to iterate through an array of 6 elements and print lucky numbers.', 'duration': 29.146, 'max_score': 10636.836, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv010636836.jpg'}, {'end': 10743.986, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10715.561, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10723.027, 'text': 'But this is a very, very, very, very common situation where we want to loop through all the elements in an array and either print them out or,', 'start': 10715.561, 'duration': 7.466}, {'end': 10724.588, 'text': 'you know, do something to them whatever.', 'start': 10723.027, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 10726.77, 'text': "So that's the basics of working with for loops.", 'start': 10724.829, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 10731.034, 'text': 'And I do just want to say like, anything that you do with a for loop, you could do with a while loop.', 'start': 10726.85, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 10735.258, 'text': 'you know, I basically showed you guys how we transform that while loop into a for loop.', 'start': 10731.334, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 10738.06, 'text': "The thing with for loops, though, is that they're very convenient.", 'start': 10735.558, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 10743.986, 'text': 'So it makes it really easy to do something like this without having to go through all the trouble of creating a while loop.', 'start': 10738.1, 'duration': 5.886}], 'summary': 'For loops are convenient for iterating through arrays, making tasks easier without creating a while loop.', 'duration': 28.425, 'max_score': 10715.561, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv010715561.jpg'}, {'end': 10817.159, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10788.598, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10791.379, 'text': 'So down here, we can create a 2d array.', 'start': 10788.598, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 10797.221, 'text': "And actually the concepts that I'm showing you in this video can apply to multi dimensional arrays.", 'start': 10791.839, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 10802.263, 'text': 'So not only two dimensions, but three, four or five, really as many dimensions as your heart desires.', 'start': 10797.281, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 10806.264, 'text': "So in order to create a two dimensional array, I'm just going to make an array of numbers.", 'start': 10802.283, 'duration': 3.981}, {'end': 10808.787, 'text': "So I'm just gonna say int And we'll give this a name.", 'start': 10806.345, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 10810.429, 'text': "So why don't we just say nums.", 'start': 10808.847, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 10817.159, 'text': "And normally, when we create an array, after we'd say the name of the array, we'd make an open and close square bracket.", 'start': 10811.611, 'duration': 5.548}], 'summary': 'Creating multidimensional arrays, including 2d arrays, with flexible dimensions.', 'duration': 28.561, 'max_score': 10788.598, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv010788598.jpg'}, {'end': 11105.72, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11082.768, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11090.752, 'text': "But if I want to, just like, declare two variables, I can just say i, comma j and that'll declare both variables.", 'start': 11082.768, 'duration': 7.984}, {'end': 11092.793, 'text': "I'm not giving them actual values yet.", 'start': 11090.752, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 11094.654, 'text': "we're going to do that inside these for loops.", 'start': 11092.793, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 11102.338, 'text': 'So I want to show you guys how we can use a nested for loop in order to print out all of the elements inside of this two dimensional array.', 'start': 11095.234, 'duration': 7.104}, {'end': 11105.72, 'text': "So I'm going to say for i is equal to zero.", 'start': 11102.358, 'duration': 3.362}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating nested for loops to iterate through a two-dimensional array.', 'duration': 22.952, 'max_score': 11082.768, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv011082768.jpg'}], 'start': 9455.973, 'title': 'Using loops in python, c, and 2d arrays', 'summary': 'Introduces while loops to build a guessing game in python, demonstrates creating a limited attempts guessing game, explains the use of for loops in c programming, and discusses 2d arrays and nested loops, with specific examples and quantifiable data.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9697.939, 'start': 9455.973, 'title': 'Building a guessing game', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of while loops and demonstrates how to build a guessing game in python using while loops and conditional statements, allowing the user to guess a secret number until they get it right.', 'duration': 241.966, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces while loops as a way to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is true, providing an example of using a while loop to prompt the user to guess a secret number in Python.', 'The guessing game allows the user to input guesses until they correctly guess the secret number, demonstrating the functionality of while loops and conditional statements in Python.', 'The program utilizes a while loop to prompt the user for input and store their guesses in a variable, continuously checking if the guess matches the secret number and providing feedback to the user.']}, {'end': 9854.046, 'start': 9698, 'title': 'Creating a guessing game with limits', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a guessing game where the user has a limited number of attempts, setting a guess limit of three and utilizing variables to track the number of guesses and determine if the user has any more guesses.', 'duration': 156.046, 'highlights': ["Setting a guess limit of three to restrict the user's attempts", 'Utilizing variables to track the number of guesses and determine if the user has any more guesses', 'Incrementing the guess count variable for each user guess']}, {'end': 10202.434, 'start': 9854.566, 'title': 'Limiting user guesses', 'summary': 'Demonstrates a program that limits the user to a certain number of guesses, with the limit set at three, and provides feedback on whether they win or lose the game based on their guesses. it explains the code logic and covers scenarios where the user wins or loses.', 'duration': 347.868, 'highlights': ['The program limits the user to three guesses', 'Feedback is provided on whether the user wins or loses', 'The code uses a while loop to control the guessing process']}, {'end': 10569.722, 'start': 10202.854, 'title': 'Using for loops in c', 'summary': 'Explains the use of for loops in c programming, demonstrating how they allow for the iteration through arrays and other tasks, and showing how a for loop can condense code and make it cleaner and easier to manage.', 'duration': 366.868, 'highlights': ['For loops allow for the iteration through arrays and other tasks', 'For loops can condense code and make it cleaner and easier to manage']}, {'end': 10743.986, 'start': 10570.343, 'title': 'Working with for loops', 'summary': 'Explains how to use a for loop to iterate through an array of lucky numbers with 6 elements, printing out each element in turn, highlighting the convenience of for loops in working with arrays.', 'duration': 173.643, 'highlights': ["The array 'lucky numbers' contains 6 elements.", 'Using a for loop to iterate through the array and print out each element.', 'Comparison between for loops and while loops in array iteration.']}, {'end': 11324.626, 'start': 10748.143, 'title': '2d arrays & nested loops', 'summary': 'Discusses the concepts of two-dimensional arrays and nested loops, explaining how to create, access, and manipulate elements in a 2d array, and demonstrating the use of nested for loops to iterate through the elements of the array, with the example array containing 3 elements and each sub-array containing 2 elements.', 'duration': 576.483, 'highlights': ['Demonstrating the creation of a 2D array and discussing how it can apply to multi-dimensional arrays, with the example array containing 3 elements and each sub-array containing 2 elements', 'Explaining how to access individual elements in the 2D array and providing examples of accessing specific elements using index positions', 'Demonstrating the use of nested for loops to iterate through the elements of the 2D array and printing out all the elements in the array']}], 'duration': 1868.653, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv09455973.jpg', 'highlights': ['The program utilizes a while loop to prompt the user for input and store their guesses in a variable, continuously checking if the guess matches the secret number and providing feedback to the user.', 'The guessing game allows the user to input guesses until they correctly guess the secret number, demonstrating the functionality of while loops and conditional statements in Python.', 'Introduces while loops as a way to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is true, providing an example of using a while loop to prompt the user to guess a secret number in Python.', 'Demonstrating the use of nested for loops to iterate through the elements of the 2D array and printing out all the elements in the array', 'Demonstrating the creation of a 2D array and discussing how it can apply to multi-dimensional arrays, with the example array containing 3 elements and each sub-array containing 2 elements', 'For loops allow for the iteration through arrays and other tasks', "Using a for loop to iterate through the array 'lucky numbers' containing 6 elements and print out each element", "Setting a guess limit of three to restrict the user's attempts", 'The program limits the user to three guesses', 'For loops can condense code and make it cleaner and easier to manage']}, {'end': 12745.215, 'segs': [{'end': 11619.555, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11595.036, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11600.539, 'text': 'So normally, if I was just going to print out like a number, I could say like percent D, or I can say percent C for a character.', 'start': 11595.036, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 11606.023, 'text': "When we want to print out a physical memory address, we're going to say percent P.", 'start': 11601.24, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 11607.844, 'text': 'And this actually stands for pointer.', 'start': 11606.023, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 11610.245, 'text': "We're not going to talk about pointers in this tutorial.", 'start': 11607.864, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 11611.746, 'text': "we're just going to talk about memory addresses.", 'start': 11610.245, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 11613.627, 'text': 'but just know that you need to say percent P.', 'start': 11611.746, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 11619.555, 'text': "and now I'm going to type out the name of the variable whose memory I want to access.", 'start': 11614.668, 'duration': 4.887}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on printing memory addresses using format specifiers.', 'duration': 24.519, 'max_score': 11595.036, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv011595036.jpg'}, {'end': 11930.856, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11902.514, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11905.337, 'text': 'But actually, pointers are extremely simple.', 'start': 11902.514, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 11907.939, 'text': 'And the problem is that they just get over complicated.', 'start': 11905.417, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 11913.203, 'text': 'So what I want you guys to do is I just want you guys to think of a pointer as a type of data.', 'start': 11908.499, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 11914.424, 'text': "That's all it is.", 'start': 11913.703, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 11917.286, 'text': "It's just a type of data that we can work with in our programs.", 'start': 11914.484, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 11920.308, 'text': "It doesn't have to be any more complicated than that, right?", 'start': 11917.486, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 11923.09, 'text': 'I can work with an integer in my program.', 'start': 11920.749, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 11924.712, 'text': 'an integer is a whole number, right?', 'start': 11923.09, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 11927.374, 'text': 'I can work with a double in my program.', 'start': 11925.192, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 11928.795, 'text': 'a double is a decimal number.', 'start': 11927.374, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 11930.856, 'text': 'I can work with a char in my program.', 'start': 11928.795, 'duration': 2.061}], 'summary': 'Pointers are just a type of data that can be worked with in programs.', 'duration': 28.342, 'max_score': 11902.514, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv011902514.jpg'}, {'end': 12013.889, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11981.341, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 11985.982, 'text': "And if you've been following along with this course, in the last tutorial, we talked about memory addresses.", 'start': 11981.341, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 11993.844, 'text': 'And we talked about how all of these variables are actually storing these values at physical addresses on our computers memory.', 'start': 11986.022, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 11998.725, 'text': "So down here, I have this print statement, and I'm just printing out ages memory address.", 'start': 11994.484, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 12006.547, 'text': "and I'm using this percent P and I'm just printing out ampersand, age, and we talked about how this ampersand,", 'start': 11999.585, 'duration': 6.962}, {'end': 12013.889, 'text': "when I put this in front of the variable, basically it's going to give me the physical address in memory where this variable,", 'start': 12006.547, 'duration': 7.342}], 'summary': 'The tutorial explains how variables store values at physical memory addresses.', 'duration': 32.548, 'max_score': 11981.341, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv011981341.jpg'}, {'end': 12469.549, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12438.214, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12442.237, 'text': "So over here, when I'm storing the address of an integer variable, I'm saying int.", 'start': 12438.214, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 12446.26, 'text': "here, when I'm storing the address of a double variable, I'm saying double.", 'start': 12442.237, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 12449.723, 'text': "here, when I'm storing the address of a char variable, I'm saying char here.", 'start': 12446.26, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 12460.4, 'text': "and that's the basics of using pointers and also creating pointer variables and storing memory addresses inside of variables.", 'start': 12451.024, 'duration': 9.376}, {'end': 12469.549, 'text': 'In this tutorial, I want to talk to you guys about D referencing pointers in C.', 'start': 12464.665, 'duration': 4.884}], 'summary': 'Basics of using pointers: addressing int, double, and char variables. tutorial on dereferencing pointers in c.', 'duration': 31.335, 'max_score': 12438.214, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv012438214.jpg'}, {'end': 12688.681, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12661.765, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 12666.389, 'text': "you know you're, you have a pointer, you can dereference it and you basically just get the value that it was pointing to.", 'start': 12661.765, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 12668.512, 'text': "essentially all we're doing.", 'start': 12667.532, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 12671.674, 'text': 'so I want to show you guys how we can do this just normally.', 'start': 12668.512, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 12674.315, 'text': 'so, for example, I have this age variable.', 'start': 12671.674, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 12680.258, 'text': 'if I just typed this out, if I wanted to get the address of this age variable, I could use this ampersand right.', 'start': 12674.315, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 12682.539, 'text': "that's basically what we did up here.", 'start': 12680.258, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 12688.681, 'text': 'but what I could do is I could just dereference this so I can say ampersand age and then I can put a asterisk here,', 'start': 12682.539, 'duration': 6.142}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of dereferencing a pointer and accessing its value.', 'duration': 26.916, 'max_score': 12661.765, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv012661765.jpg'}], 'start': 11325.226, 'title': 'Memory addresses and pointers in c', 'summary': 'Covers accessing and understanding memory addresses in c, explaining the concept, demonstrating how to access and print memory addresses, discussing variable types and pointers, and illustrating the process of dereferencing pointers to access values, providing practical examples and specific values.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11669.359, 'start': 11325.226, 'title': 'Accessing memory addresses in c', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of memory addresses in c programming, explaining how variables are stored in the physical memory of a computer and demonstrating how to access and print out the memory addresses of variables, providing examples with specific values and memory addresses.', 'duration': 344.133, 'highlights': ['Variables in C are used to store and maintain information, such as integers, doubles, and characters.', "The tutorial provides a demonstration of accessing and printing out the memory addresses of variables in C, such as the memory address of the 'age' variable.", 'The concept of memory addresses in C is introduced, explaining how values are stored at specific addresses in the physical memory of the computer.']}, {'end': 12115.656, 'start': 11669.399, 'title': 'Understanding memory addresses and pointers in c', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of memory addresses and pointers in c, demonstrating how memory addresses are accessed and printed using ampersand and percent p, and how pointers are simply a type of data representing memory addresses, offering a simplified understanding of pointers as a type of data and their importance in working with memory addresses.', 'duration': 446.257, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of memory addresses and pointers in C, demonstrating how memory addresses are accessed and printed using ampersand and percent P.', 'Pointers are simply a type of data representing memory addresses, offering a simplified understanding of pointers as a type of data.', 'How memory addresses are accessed and printed using ampersand and percent P.', 'The importance of pointers in working with memory addresses.', 'Demonstrates that a pointer is just a type of data, making it a simplified understanding of pointers as a type of data.']}, {'end': 12380.389, 'start': 12116.296, 'title': 'Variable types and pointers', 'summary': 'Discusses the creation of integer, double, char variables and pointers, including storing memory addresses of variables, with examples of int, double, and char variables being stored in pointer variables.', 'duration': 264.093, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the creation of integer, double, char variables and pointers, with examples of each type being created and stored with specific values such as integer variable with value 30, double variable with value 3.4, and char variable with character 'a'.", 'It details the creation of pointer variables to store memory addresses of other variables, with examples of storing the memory address of age variable in a pointer variable named p age, the memory address of GPA variable in a pointer variable named p GPA, and the memory address of grade variable in a pointer variable named a grade.']}, {'end': 12745.215, 'start': 12380.409, 'title': 'Pointers and d referencing in c', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of pointers, creating pointer variables, and d referencing pointers in c, illustrating the process of storing memory addresses, retrieving information from memory addresses, and dereferencing pointers to access values, with a practical example of printing out the value 30.', 'duration': 364.806, 'highlights': ['The basics of using pointers and creating pointer variables', 'D referencing pointers and retrieving information from memory addresses', 'Practical example of dereferencing pointers and accessing values']}], 'duration': 1419.989, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv011325226.jpg', 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the creation of integer, double, char variables and pointers, with examples of each type being created and stored with specific values such as integer variable with value 30, double variable with value 3.4, and char variable with character 'a'.", "The tutorial provides a demonstration of accessing and printing out the memory addresses of variables in C, such as the memory address of the 'age' variable.", 'The chapter explains the concept of memory addresses and pointers in C, demonstrating how memory addresses are accessed and printed using ampersand and percent P.', 'Demonstrates that a pointer is just a type of data, making it a simplified understanding of pointers as a type of data.', 'Practical example of dereferencing pointers and accessing values']}, {'end': 13571.833, 'segs': [{'end': 12878.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12837.996, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 12843.821, 'text': "And a file mode is basically just going to tell see what we want to do with the file that we're going to open.", 'start': 12837.996, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 12845.622, 'text': "And there's a bunch of different file modes.", 'start': 12844.221, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 12850.266, 'text': 'The three most basic types are R and R stands for read.', 'start': 12846.002, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 12853.387, 'text': "So if I put R in there, it'll mean we want to read the file.", 'start': 12850.706, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 12855.568, 'text': 'W stands for right.', 'start': 12854.307, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 12861.67, 'text': 'So if I put right in there, it means I want to either create a new file, or write over an existing file.', 'start': 12855.688, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 12865.072, 'text': "And there's also a which stands for append.", 'start': 12862.851, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 12867.993, 'text': 'And that means I want to append information on the file.', 'start': 12865.612, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 12870.934, 'text': "In this tutorial, we're going to look at W and A.", 'start': 12868.053, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 12874.535, 'text': 'So what I want to do over here is put in W.', 'start': 12870.934, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 12878.257, 'text': "And right now, employees dot txt, this file doesn't actually exist.", 'start': 12874.535, 'duration': 3.722}], 'summary': 'The tutorial discusses file modes, such as r for read, w for write, and a for append, emphasizing the use of w and a.', 'duration': 40.261, 'max_score': 12837.996, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv012837996.jpg'}, {'end': 12928.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12898.75, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 12901.892, 'text': 'And down here, I want to use another function called f close.', 'start': 12898.75, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 12905.355, 'text': "And basically, what this is going to do is it's going to close off the file.", 'start': 12902.453, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 12908.557, 'text': "So it's going to remove the file from the memory on our computer.", 'start': 12905.415, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 12914.66, 'text': "And if we do make any changes, it'll kind of like save the file and everything will just be kind of like locked in.", 'start': 12909.257, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 12917.682, 'text': "So you always want to make sure whenever you're working with a file that you close it.", 'start': 12914.68, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 12922.065, 'text': 'And inside of this f close function, we just want to pass in this f pointer.', 'start': 12918.222, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 12925.527, 'text': "So I'm just gonna say f pointer right there.", 'start': 12923.045, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 12928.31, 'text': "So let's talk about what's happening here.", 'start': 12926.067, 'duration': 2.243}], 'summary': 'Using the f close function to close and save files in memory, and always closing files when working with them.', 'duration': 29.56, 'max_score': 12898.75, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv012898750.jpg'}, {'end': 13090.133, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13067.505, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13078.089, 'text': "So if you've used the print f function and if you're following along with this course we've been using it throughout the entire course the print f function basically allows you to like print information out onto that console window.", 'start': 13067.505, 'duration': 10.584}, {'end': 13082.91, 'text': 'f. print f is going to allow us to essentially just write information to a file.', 'start': 13078.089, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 13084.251, 'text': 'I need to give this a couple parameters.', 'start': 13082.91, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 13086.231, 'text': 'The first one is going to be this file pointer.', 'start': 13084.291, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 13090.133, 'text': 'In other words, I need to tell this function, you know what it should be writing to.', 'start': 13086.671, 'duration': 3.462}], 'summary': 'The print f function allows printing information onto the console window and writing to a file with specific parameters.', 'duration': 22.628, 'max_score': 13067.505, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv013067505.jpg'}, {'end': 13334.167, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13306.647, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 13311.088, 'text': "And that's basically how we can write to a file and append it to the end of the file.", 'start': 13306.647, 'duration': 4.441}, {'end': 13321.356, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to teach you guys how to read the information from a file in C.", 'start': 13315.171, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 13323.898, 'text': 'In the last tutorial, we talked about writing to file.', 'start': 13321.356, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 13329.603, 'text': 'So we looked at how we could create a file, overwrite a file and append information onto a file.', 'start': 13323.918, 'duration': 5.685}, {'end': 13334.167, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you guys how you can read information from a file.", 'start': 13330.103, 'duration': 4.064}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on reading information from a file in c.', 'duration': 27.52, 'max_score': 13306.647, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv013306647.jpg'}, {'end': 13389.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13352.886, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 13357.271, 'text': "So it's the memory address of this employees dot txt file, which we created in the last tutorial.", 'start': 13352.886, 'duration': 4.385}, {'end': 13367.26, 'text': "And I'm using this f open function, which basically opens this file, and then I'm specifying a file mode.", 'start': 13358.412, 'duration': 8.848}, {'end': 13370.303, 'text': 'we talked about the w file mode and the a file mode.', 'start': 13367.26, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 13372.465, 'text': 'Now I want to talk to you guys about the R file mode.', 'start': 13370.343, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 13373.927, 'text': 'And this stands for read.', 'start': 13372.505, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 13379.312, 'text': "So when I use the R file mode, I'm actually able to read information from the file.", 'start': 13374.467, 'duration': 4.845}, {'end': 13380.272, 'text': 'And this can be pretty cool.', 'start': 13379.352, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 13387.503, 'text': "So in order to read the information of the file, I'm actually going to show you guys how we can read like the individual lines of the file.", 'start': 13381.113, 'duration': 6.39}, {'end': 13389.165, 'text': "So actually, first, let's look at the file.", 'start': 13387.523, 'duration': 1.642}], 'summary': 'Using the r file mode, we can read information from the file to access individual lines.', 'duration': 36.279, 'max_score': 13352.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv013352886.jpg'}, {'end': 13571.833, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 13432.631, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 13438.153, 'text': 'an f gets basically is going to allow us to read the lines of the file one by one.', 'start': 13432.631, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 13442.195, 'text': 'so I could say f gets and I need to give this a few different parameters.', 'start': 13438.153, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 13447.437, 'text': 'the first parameter I need to give it is a place to store the information that it gets.', 'start': 13442.615, 'duration': 4.822}, {'end': 13452.459, 'text': "so this function is going to go and it's going to read the information from the file and it's going to store it somewhere.", 'start': 13447.437, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 13457.063, 'text': 'So the first parameter we need to give this function is where it should store that information.', 'start': 13452.679, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 13461.547, 'text': "So in our case, we're going to store it inside of that align variable that we created up there.", 'start': 13457.143, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 13465.55, 'text': 'The second thing we need to give this is a size.', 'start': 13462.227, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 13470.855, 'text': 'And this is basically just going to be like the maximum size that we can read in.', 'start': 13465.63, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 13472.936, 'text': "So I'm just going to say 255.", 'start': 13470.955, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 13475.479, 'text': 'Basically, this number should match this number up here.', 'start': 13472.936, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 13479.665, 'text': 'and then we also want to give it that file pointer.', 'start': 13476.983, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 13482.866, 'text': "so I'm just gonna say f pointer,", 'start': 13479.665, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 13491.872, 'text': "and basically what this is going to do is it's going to read the first line of the file and it's going to store it inside of this line variable.", 'start': 13482.866, 'duration': 9.006}, {'end': 13502.013, 'text': 'so if I was to come down here and say print f and printed out a string and just print out line, now, when I print outline,', 'start': 13491.872, 'duration': 10.141}, {'end': 13505.476, 'text': "it's actually going to be have the value of the first line in the file.", 'start': 13502.013, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 13512.5, 'text': "so let's run this program and you'll see, over here we're printing out, jim salesman, and if you don't remember,", 'start': 13505.476, 'duration': 7.024}, {'end': 13515.743, 'text': 'that was the first line inside of that, employees dot text.', 'start': 13512.5, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 13520.144, 'text': "So basically, what f gets is doing is it's reading the first line.", 'start': 13516.503, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 13523.065, 'text': "And another thing that it's doing is it's moving this pointer.", 'start': 13520.244, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 13529.366, 'text': 'So remember, this pointer is essentially pointing to where the file is in our memory.', 'start': 13523.585, 'duration': 5.781}, {'end': 13533.408, 'text': 'And whenever we use f gets, this pointer is going to get incremented.', 'start': 13530.067, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 13536.648, 'text': "So it's basically going to move past the first line in the file.", 'start': 13533.448, 'duration': 3.2}, {'end': 13545.281, 'text': 'So if I was to use this again, for example, if I said f gets again when I use this,', 'start': 13537.549, 'duration': 7.732}, {'end': 13549.103, 'text': "it's going to store the value of the first line of the file inside of line.", 'start': 13545.281, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 13553.345, 'text': "And when I use it again, it's now going to grab the second line in the file.", 'start': 13549.483, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 13558.947, 'text': 'So if I print this out now, this should actually be storing the second line in the file.', 'start': 13553.405, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 13566.511, 'text': "So when I run my program, you'll see it's storing the second line Pam receptionist, I can basically do this for all of the lines in the file.", 'start': 13559.007, 'duration': 7.504}, {'end': 13571.833, 'text': "So that's basically how we can use f gets to read the individual lines inside of a file.", 'start': 13566.831, 'duration': 5.002}], 'summary': 'Using f gets to read and store lines from a file, incrementing the file pointer and accessing individual lines.', 'duration': 18.428, 'max_score': 13432.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv013432631.jpg'}], 'start': 12745.255, 'title': 'Writing and appending files in c', 'summary': "Covers writing and appending files in c, including creating, overwriting, appending, and reading files, with emphasis on file modes 'w', 'a', and 'r'. it also demonstrates using functions like fprintf and fgets.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13104.521, 'start': 12745.255, 'title': 'Writing files in c', 'summary': 'Covers how to write to files in c, including creating, writing, and appending to files, and using functions like fprint f to write information to a file, with an emphasis on file modes w and a.', 'duration': 359.266, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers how to write to files in C, including creating, writing, and appending to files.', 'The f open function is used to open a file, and the file modes W and A are discussed for creating and appending to files.', 'The f close function is used to close off the file and save changes made to it.', 'The fprint f function is used to write information to a file, functioning similarly to the printf function for printing to the console window.', 'The tutorial emphasizes the use of file modes W and A when working with files in C.']}, {'end': 13571.833, 'start': 13104.541, 'title': 'Writing and appending files in c', 'summary': "Explains how to write and append information to a file in c, including overwriting, appending, and creating new files, and the use of 'w' and 'a' file modes. it also introduces the 'r' file mode for reading information from a file and demonstrates reading individual lines using f gets.", 'duration': 467.292, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to write and append information to a file in C', "The use of 'w' and 'a' file modes for overwriting and appending", "Introduction of the 'R' file mode for reading information from a file", 'Demonstration of reading individual lines using f gets']}], 'duration': 826.578, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KJgsSFOSQv0/pics/KJgsSFOSQv012745255.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers how to write to files in C, including creating, writing, and appending to files.', 'The f open function is used to open a file, and the file modes W and A are discussed for creating and appending to files.', 'The f close function is used to close off the file and save changes made to it.', 'The fprint f function is used to write information to a file, functioning similarly to the printf function for printing to the console window.', 'The tutorial emphasizes the use of file modes W and A when working with files in C.', 'The chapter explains how to write and append information to a file in C', "The use of 'w' and 'a' file modes for overwriting and appending", "Introduction of the 'R' file mode for reading information from a file", 'Demonstration of reading individual lines using f gets']}], 'highlights': ['The tutorial covers the basics of c programming, including setting up an ide and c compiler, working with variables, data types, and arrays, using if statements and loops, creating functions, prototyping, using structs, working with memory addresses and pointers, and writing and appending files in c, aiming to provide beginners with a strong foundation.', 'The course progresses to advanced topics including structures, functions, and pointers, providing a comprehensive overview of core concepts in C programming.', 'The course covers everything needed to get started in the C programming language, from installing a text editor to using a C compiler and writing basic code.', 'The chapter covers the basics of writing a C program, including setting up the project, running the program, using the printf method, building and running the program, and executing instructions in C.', 'The chapter demonstrates how to install Code Blocks, a popular free IDE for programming in C, on Mac by downloading the binary release from codeblocks.org and installing it in the applications folder.', 'Variables in C are containers for storing data values, facilitating data management.', 'The chapter discusses the interaction between integers, doubles, and floats in C, including printing decimal numbers, performing basic math operations, and using mathematical functions like pow, sqrt, ceil, and floor.', 'Demonstrating the use of scan F to get different types of input including integers, doubles, and characters, providing a comprehensive understanding of user input in C.', 'Arrays can store multiple values, providing a way to organize and manage data in C programming.', 'The chapter discusses the concept of prototyping functions in C, enabling the creation of functions below the main function without encountering errors, showcasing the function signature and its significance in avoiding errors in program execution.', 'The tutorial explains the process of creating a fully functional four-function calculator capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers, empowering users to choose the desired operation, leveraging if statements to perform the corresponding operation.', 'Structs in C enable creation of a template for entities like students', 'The program utilizes a while loop to prompt the user for input and store their guesses in a variable, continuously checking if the guess matches the secret number and providing feedback to the user.', "The chapter explains the creation of integer, double, char variables and pointers, with examples of each type being created and stored with specific values such as integer variable with value 30, double variable with value 3.4, and char variable with character 'a'.", 'The chapter covers how to write to files in C, including creating, writing, and appending to files.']}