title
Barry Barish: Gravitational Waves and the Most Precise Device Ever Built | Lex Fridman Podcast #213

description
Barry Barish is a theoretical physicist at Caltech and the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - MUD\WTR: https://mudwtr.com/lex and use code LEX to get 5% off - GiveDirectly: https://givedirectly.org/lex to get gift matched up to $300 - BiOptimizers: http://www.magbreakthrough.com/lex to get 10% off - Four Sigmatic: https://foursigmatic.com/lex and use code LexPod to get up to 60% off - Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex and use code LEX to get $5 off EPISODE LINKS: Barry's Nobel Prize entry: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/barish/facts/ Barry's Caltech profile: https://pma.caltech.edu/people/barry-c-barish LIGO's Website: https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/ LIGO's Twitter: https://twitter.com/LIGO PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:08 - Early math and physics questions 10:42 - Enrico Fermi 17:14 - Birth of the Nuclear Age 22:22 - The Fermi Paradox 27:26 - Gravity 44:08 - Philosophical implications of general relativity 51:14 - Detecting gravitational waves 54:28 - LIGO 1:27:25 - Nobel Prize 1:42:14 - Black holes 1:54:34 - Space exploration 2:02:28 - Books 2:11:17 - Advice for young people 2:17:13 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Barry Barish: Gravitational Waves and the Most Precise Device Ever Built | Lex Fridman Podcast #213', 'heatmap': [{'end': 8561.994, 'start': 8485.575, 'weight': 0.718}], 'summary': "Barry barish played a crucial role in the ligo detector, which consists of two detectors 3,000 kilometers apart and can measure a motion 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton to observe gravitational waves caused by cataclysmic events in the universe. the discussion also emphasizes fostering curiosity in science, enrico fermi's impact, the fermi paradox, engineering challenges in precision instrumentation, cern's scientific breakthroughs, potential improvements for ligo, and the concept of black holes and interstellar travel.", 'chapters': [{'end': 51.664, 'segs': [{'end': 51.664, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.05, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Barry Barish,', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 14.033, 'text': 'a theoretical physicist at Caltech and the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves.', 'start': 3.05, 'duration': 10.983}, {'end': 24.356, 'text': 'LIGO, or the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, is probably the most precise measurement device ever built by humans.', 'start': 14.853, 'duration': 9.503}, {'end': 33.358, 'text': 'It consists of two detectors with four kilometer long vacuum chambers situated 3,000 kilometers apart,', 'start': 25.336, 'duration': 8.022}, {'end': 40.461, 'text': 'operating in unison to measure a motion that is 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton.', 'start': 33.358, 'duration': 7.103}, {'end': 44.802, 'text': 'It is the smallest measurement ever attempted by science,', 'start': 41.301, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 51.664, 'text': 'a measurement of gravitational waves caused by the most violent and cataclysmic events in the universe,', 'start': 44.802, 'duration': 6.862}], 'summary': 'Barry barish won nobel prize for ligo, a device 10,000x smaller than proton, measuring gravitational waves.', 'duration': 51.575, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A89.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Barry barish and ligo', 'summary': "Discusses barry barish's key role in the ligo detector, which consists of two detectors 3,000 kilometers apart and can measure a motion 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton to observe gravitational waves caused by cataclysmic events in the universe.", 'chapters': [{'end': 51.664, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Barry barish: ligo and gravitational waves', 'summary': "Discusses barry barish's contributions to the ligo detector, which is the most precise measurement device built by humans, consisting of two detectors 3,000 kilometers apart, measuring a motion 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton to observe gravitational waves caused by cataclysmic events in the universe.", 'duration': 51.575, 'highlights': ['LIGO is the most precise measurement device ever built by humans, with detectors 3,000 kilometers apart.', 'The motion measured by LIGO is 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton.', 'LIGO observes gravitational waves caused by cataclysmic events in the universe.']}], 'duration': 51.575, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A89.jpg', 'highlights': ['LIGO is the most precise measurement device ever built by humans, with detectors 3,000 kilometers apart.', 'LIGO observes gravitational waves caused by cataclysmic events in the universe.', 'The motion measured by LIGO is 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton.']}, {'end': 627.898, 'segs': [{'end': 193.457, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 138.231, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 148.9, 'text': "And I think not just myself, but I think it's typical of scientists like myself that have somehow escaped that.", 'start': 138.231, 'duration': 10.669}, {'end': 151.202, 'text': "Maybe we're still children or maybe we..", 'start': 148.96, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 153.945, 'text': "somehow didn't get it beaten out of us.", 'start': 151.963, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 162.632, 'text': 'But I teach it in college level and to me one of the biggest deficits is the lack of curiosity.', 'start': 154.105, 'duration': 8.527}, {'end': 167.076, 'text': "if you want that, we've beaten out of them, because I think it's an innate human quality.", 'start': 162.632, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 171.471, 'text': 'Is there some advice or insights you can give to how to keep that flame of curiosity going?', 'start': 167.566, 'duration': 3.905}, {'end': 181.082, 'text': "I think it's a problem of both parents, and the parents should realize that's a great quality we have, that you're curious and that's good.", 'start': 171.511, 'duration': 9.571}, {'end': 184.646, 'text': 'Instead, we have expressions like, curiosity killed the cat.', 'start': 181.142, 'duration': 3.504}, {'end': 193.457, 'text': "And more, but I mean, basically, it's not thought to be a good thing.", 'start': 186.534, 'duration': 6.923}], 'summary': 'Scientists like myself see a deficit in curiosity, a great quality to nurture and preserve.', 'duration': 55.226, 'max_score': 138.231, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A138231.jpg'}, {'end': 467.286, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 415.868, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 425.714, 'text': 'What are some questions about the universe that, in the same way that you felt about the ice that today you mentioned to me offline,', 'start': 415.868, 'duration': 9.846}, {'end': 429.556, 'text': "you're teaching a course on the frontiers of science, frontiers of physics.", 'start': 425.714, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 438.963, 'text': "What are some questions outside the ones we'll probably talk about, that kind of yeah, fill you with.", 'start': 430.357, 'duration': 8.606}, {'end': 444.708, 'text': 'uh, get your flame of curiosity up, and uh, firing up.', 'start': 438.963, 'duration': 5.745}, {'end': 445.889, 'text': 'yeah, you know, fill you with all.', 'start': 444.708, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 452.419, 'text': "Well, first, I'm a physicist, not an astronomer, so I'm interested in the physical phenomenon really.", 'start': 446.656, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 461.023, 'text': "So the question of dark matter and dark energy, which we probably won't talk about, are recent.", 'start': 452.519, 'duration': 8.504}, {'end': 464.725, 'text': "They're in the last 20, 30 years, certainly dark energy.", 'start': 461.183, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 467.286, 'text': 'Dark energy is a complete puzzle.', 'start': 465.466, 'duration': 1.82}], 'summary': 'Physicist interested in questions about dark matter and dark energy, recent phenomena in the last 20-30 years.', 'duration': 51.418, 'max_score': 415.868, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A415868.jpg'}, {'end': 605.232, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 575.616, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 584.857, 'text': "I tend to, think and expect, maybe, and that the answers will be simple and we just haven't found it yet.", 'start': 575.616, 'duration': 9.241}, {'end': 591.302, 'text': 'Do you think those answers might change the way we see other sources of gravity, black holes,', 'start': 585.657, 'duration': 5.645}, {'end': 596.586, 'text': 'the way we see the parts of the universe that we do study?', 'start': 591.302, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 597.767, 'text': "It's conceivable.", 'start': 596.706, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 605.232, 'text': "The black holes that we've found in our experiment, we're trying now to understand the origin of those.", 'start': 598.467, 'duration': 6.765}], 'summary': 'Exploring simple answers to understand black holes and gravity sources.', 'duration': 29.616, 'max_score': 575.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A575616.jpg'}], 'start': 51.664, 'title': 'Fostering curiosity in science and physics', 'summary': 'Emphasizes nurturing and maintaining curiosity in science, advocating for childhood curiosity, encouraging curiosity in education, and the role of parents, and also highlights the importance of curiosity-driven research in physics, focusing on unanswered questions about the universe, such as dark matter and dark energy.', 'chapters': [{'end': 218.087, 'start': 51.664, 'title': 'Nurturing curiosity in science', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of nurturing and maintaining curiosity in science, highlighting the impact of childhood curiosity, the need to encourage curiosity in education, and the role of parents in fostering curiosity.', 'duration': 166.423, 'highlights': ['The impact of childhood curiosity: Barry Barish recalls childhood curiosity as a driving force in his pursuit of science, emphasizing the innate curiosity of children and the importance of maintaining it.', 'The need to encourage curiosity in education: Barish highlights the deficit of curiosity in college-level teaching, emphasizing the lack of curiosity as a significant issue and the importance of fostering curiosity in educational settings.', 'The role of parents in fostering curiosity: The conversation delves into the role of parents in nurturing curiosity, emphasizing the need for parents to recognize and encourage curiosity as a positive human quality.']}, {'end': 627.898, 'start': 218.107, 'title': 'Curiosity and research in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of asking good questions and the curiosity-driven research in physics, including the exploration of unanswered questions about the universe, such as dark matter and dark energy, and the pursuit for simple answers to complicated phenomena.', 'duration': 409.791, 'highlights': ['The pursuit of understanding dark matter and dark energy is a recent area of interest, challenging established theories like general relativity and posing a puzzle that remains unsolved with potential implications for the understanding of gravity and the universe. The discussion on the recent interest in dark matter and dark energy, challenging established theories and posing unsolved puzzles with potential implications.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of asking good questions, being curious about the universe, and the need for research to answer these questions, highlighting the universal curiosity about the unknown aspects of the universe. The emphasis on the importance of asking good questions and being curious about the universe, as well as the need for research to answer these questions, reflecting universal curiosity about the unknown aspects of the universe.', 'The discussion around the pursuit of simple answers to complicated phenomena, the expectation that the answers to the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy might be simple, and their potential impacts on the understanding of gravity and the universe. The discussion on the pursuit of simple answers to complicated phenomena, the expectation for simple answers to the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, and their potential impacts on the understanding of gravity and the universe.']}], 'duration': 576.234, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A51664.jpg', 'highlights': ['The pursuit of understanding dark matter and dark energy is a recent area of interest, challenging established theories like general relativity and posing a puzzle that remains unsolved with potential implications for the understanding of gravity and the universe.', 'The emphasis on the importance of asking good questions and being curious about the universe, as well as the need for research to answer these questions, reflecting universal curiosity about the unknown aspects of the universe.', 'The discussion on the pursuit of simple answers to complicated phenomena, the expectation for simple answers to the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, and their potential impacts on the understanding of gravity and the universe.', 'The impact of childhood curiosity: Barry Barish recalls childhood curiosity as a driving force in his pursuit of science, emphasizing the innate curiosity of children and the importance of maintaining it.', 'The need to encourage curiosity in education: Barish highlights the deficit of curiosity in college-level teaching, emphasizing the lack of curiosity as a significant issue and the importance of fostering curiosity in educational settings.', 'The role of parents in fostering curiosity: The conversation delves into the role of parents in nurturing curiosity, emphasizing the need for parents to recognize and encourage curiosity as a positive human quality.']}, {'end': 1322.295, 'segs': [{'end': 694.426, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 655.44, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 664.71, 'text': "I'll come to the reason in a minute, but he had a big influence on me at a young age.", 'start': 655.44, 'duration': 9.27}, {'end': 675.838, 'text': 'But he was the last physicist of note that was both an experimental physicist and a theorist at the same time.', 'start': 664.97, 'duration': 10.868}, {'end': 679.939, 'text': 'And he did two amazing things within months.', 'start': 676.918, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 694.426, 'text': "In 1933, we didn't really know what the nucleus was, what radioactive decay was, what beta decay was when electrons come out of,", 'start': 681.08, 'duration': 13.346}], 'summary': 'Last physicist to be an experimental physicist and theorist simultaneously, made two breakthroughs in 1933.', 'duration': 38.986, 'max_score': 655.44, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A655440.jpg'}, {'end': 895.041, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 866.55, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 873.812, 'text': "but it had the advantage that they're not charged, so they go right into the nucleus.", 'start': 866.55, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 880.154, 'text': 'And that turned out to be the experimental work that he did that won him the Nobel Prize.', 'start': 874.873, 'duration': 5.281}, {'end': 884.996, 'text': 'And it was the first step in fission, the discovery of fission.', 'start': 880.875, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 895.041, 'text': 'And he did this two completely different things an experiment that was a great idea and a tremendous implementation,', 'start': 885.696, 'duration': 9.345}], 'summary': 'Nobel prize-winning experiment led to discovery of fission', 'duration': 28.491, 'max_score': 866.55, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A866550.jpg'}, {'end': 966.689, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 940.755, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 950.158, 'text': 'I think it took a combination, because he realized that neutrons had a characteristic that would allow them to go all the way into the nucleus,', 'start': 940.755, 'duration': 9.403}, {'end': 955.341, 'text': "when we didn't really understand what, the what the structure was of all this.", 'start': 950.158, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 963.907, 'text': 'So that took an understanding or recognition of the physics itself of how a neutron interacts compared to, say,', 'start': 955.881, 'duration': 8.026}, {'end': 966.689, 'text': 'an alpha particle that Julio and Curie had used.', 'start': 963.907, 'duration': 2.782}], 'summary': "Neutrons' unique characteristics allowed them to penetrate the nucleus, a breakthrough in nuclear physics.", 'duration': 25.934, 'max_score': 940.755, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A940755.jpg'}, {'end': 1222.805, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1194.95, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1201.513, 'text': 'But that same curiosity as it progresses might lead to something that destroys the human species.', 'start': 1194.95, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 1204.794, 'text': 'And the same may be true for bioengineering.', 'start': 1201.573, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 1212.418, 'text': "There's people that, you know, engineer viruses to protect us from viruses.", 'start': 1204.854, 'duration': 7.564}, {'end': 1222.805, 'text': 'to see how close is this to mutating so it can jump to humans or engineering defenses against those.', 'start': 1213.22, 'duration': 9.585}], 'summary': 'Curiosity-driven bioengineering may pose a risk to human species.', 'duration': 27.855, 'max_score': 1194.95, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A1194950.jpg'}], 'start': 628.55, 'title': "Enrico fermi's impact", 'summary': "Explores enrico fermi's influence on the speaker, emphasizing his pioneering role as the last physicist to combine experimental and theoretical aspects. it delves into his contributions to understanding the nucleus and radioactive decay, as well as his discovery of artificial radioactivity using neutrons, which paved the way for fission. additionally, it discusses the potential consequences of uncontrolled curiosity in scientific advancements.", 'chapters': [{'end': 724.398, 'start': 628.55, 'title': "Enrico fermi's influence", 'summary': "Discusses enrico fermi's influence on the speaker, highlighting his significant impact as the last physicist to be both an experimental physicist and a theorist, and his groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of the nucleus and radioactive decay.", 'duration': 95.848, 'highlights': ['Enrico Fermi was the last physicist to be both an experimental physicist and a theorist, and he made significant contributions to the understanding of the nucleus and radioactive decay in 1933.', "Enrico Fermi's discoveries in 1933, including the understanding of the nucleus made of neutrons and protons and the discovery of the neutron in 1932, had a profound impact on the speaker's inspiration and understanding of physics."]}, {'end': 1322.295, 'start': 725.479, 'title': 'Enrico fermi and the discovery of artificial radioactivity', 'summary': "Discusses enrico fermi's groundbreaking work on the discovery of artificial radioactivity using neutrons, leading to the first step in fission and his insightful approach in experimental physics, while also highlighting the potential consequences of uncontrolled curiosity in scientific advancements.", 'duration': 596.816, 'highlights': ["Enrico Fermi's discovery of artificial radioactivity using neutrons was a groundbreaking contribution to physics, leading to the first step in fission. Enrico Fermi's insight to use neutrons as bombarding particles for inducing artificial radioactivity was a significant breakthrough, ultimately leading to the discovery of fission.", "Fermi's experimental work with neutrons and his ability to produce slow neutrons was crucial in his Nobel Prize-winning research. Fermi's experimental work and his capability to produce slow neutrons played a pivotal role in his Nobel Prize-winning research, demonstrating his remarkable contribution to experimental physics.", 'The chapter raises the concern of uncontrolled curiosity in scientific advancements, drawing parallels with potential consequences in fields such as artificial intelligence and bioengineering. The chapter discusses the potential consequences of uncontrolled curiosity in scientific advancements, highlighting the parallels with fields like artificial intelligence and bioengineering, emphasizing the need for responsible and ethical scientific exploration.']}], 'duration': 693.745, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A628550.jpg', 'highlights': ["Enrico Fermi's discovery of artificial radioactivity using neutrons was a groundbreaking contribution to physics, leading to the first step in fission.", 'Enrico Fermi was the last physicist to be both an experimental physicist and a theorist, and he made significant contributions to the understanding of the nucleus and radioactive decay in 1933.', "Fermi's experimental work with neutrons and his ability to produce slow neutrons was crucial in his Nobel Prize-winning research.", "Enrico Fermi's discoveries in 1933, including the understanding of the nucleus made of neutrons and protons and the discovery of the neutron in 1932, had a profound impact on the speaker's inspiration and understanding of physics.", 'The chapter raises the concern of uncontrolled curiosity in scientific advancements, drawing parallels with potential consequences in fields such as artificial intelligence and bioengineering.']}, {'end': 2292.446, 'segs': [{'end': 1426.034, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1404.958, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1416.005, 'text': 'where he calculated what they knew about how many galaxies there are and how many stars and how many planets then are like the Earth, and blah, blah,', 'start': 1404.958, 'duration': 11.047}, {'end': 1416.225, 'text': 'blah.', 'start': 1416.005, 'duration': 0.22}, {'end': 1419.428, 'text': "That's been done much better by somebody named Drake.", 'start': 1416.786, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 1426.034, 'text': "And so people usually refer to the, I don't know whether it's called the Drake formula or something, but it has the same conclusion.", 'start': 1420.569, 'duration': 5.465}], 'summary': 'Drake formula calculates galaxies, stars, planets, similar to earth.', 'duration': 21.076, 'max_score': 1404.958, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A1404958.jpg'}, {'end': 1494.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1462.918, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1475.497, 'text': 'We might not know the right way to expect the communication, but all the communication that we know about travels at the speed of light.', 'start': 1462.918, 'duration': 12.579}, {'end': 1484.031, 'text': "and we don't think anything can go faster than the speed of light, that limits the problem quite a bit.", 'start': 1477.125, 'duration': 6.906}, {'end': 1489.395, 'text': 'And it makes it difficult to have any back and forth communication.', 'start': 1484.311, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 1494.799, 'text': 'You could send signals like we try to or look for, but to have any communication.', 'start': 1489.435, 'duration': 5.364}], 'summary': 'Communication travels at the speed of light, limiting back and forth communication.', 'duration': 31.881, 'max_score': 1462.918, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A1462918.jpg'}, {'end': 1840.162, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1805.638, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1807.238, 'text': 'And this is called general relativity.', 'start': 1805.638, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 1808.679, 'text': "It's a new theory of gravity.", 'start': 1807.318, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 1821.241, 'text': '1915 In 1916, Einstein wrote a little paper where he did not do some fancy derivation.', 'start': 1808.699, 'duration': 12.542}, {'end': 1822.802, 'text': 'Instead, he did..', 'start': 1821.602, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 1830.839, 'text': 'what I would call he used his intuition, which he was very good at too.', 'start': 1826.198, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 1840.162, 'text': 'And that is, he noticed that if he wrote the formulas for general relativity in a particular way,', 'start': 1832.34, 'duration': 7.822}], 'summary': 'Einstein introduced general relativity in 1915, using intuition, not fancy derivations.', 'duration': 34.524, 'max_score': 1805.638, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A1805638.jpg'}, {'end': 1976.839, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1949.844, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1954.588, 'text': "It's called a quadrupole moment that gives the gravitational wave.", 'start': 1949.844, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 1957.99, 'text': 'He saw that again by insight, not by derivation.', 'start': 1954.928, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 1962.373, 'text': 'That set the table for what you needed to do to do it.', 'start': 1959.371, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 1969.056, 'text': 'At the same time, in the same year, Schwarzschild, not Einstein, said there were things called black holes.', 'start': 1962.453, 'duration': 6.603}, {'end': 1971.257, 'text': "So it's interesting that that came the same.", 'start': 1969.456, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 1975.799, 'text': 'Sorry, what year was that? 1915.', 'start': 1971.677, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 1976.839, 'text': 'It was in parallel.', 'start': 1975.799, 'duration': 1.04}], 'summary': 'In 1915, schwarzschild and einstein independently made groundbreaking discoveries in gravitational waves and black holes.', 'duration': 26.995, 'max_score': 1949.844, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A1949844.jpg'}], 'start': 1322.295, 'title': 'The fermi paradox and gravitational waves', 'summary': "Explores the fermi paradox, fermi's numerology to estimate alien life, challenges of communicating with aliens, and einstein's discovery of gravitational waves, including the proposal of black holes and controversial publication in 1936.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1426.034, 'start': 1322.295, 'title': 'Fermi paradox and the search for alien life', 'summary': "Delves into the fermi paradox, questioning the absence of obvious signs of alien civilizations despite the probability of their existence, and mentions fermi's numerology to estimate the prevalence of alien life.", 'duration': 103.739, 'highlights': ['Fermi Paradox raises the question of the absence of obvious signs of alien civilizations despite the high probability of their existence. The chapter discusses the Fermi Paradox and its inquiry into the lack of apparent contact or signals from alien civilizations despite the high likelihood of their existence.', "Fermi's numerology calculation estimated the abundance of alien civilizations based on the number of galaxies, stars, and planets similar to Earth. Fermi's numerology involved calculating the potential number of alien civilizations based on the known quantities of galaxies, stars, and Earth-like planets."]}, {'end': 1949.324, 'start': 1426.715, 'title': 'Alien communication and gravitational waves', 'summary': "Discusses the possibility of alien life and the challenges of communicating with them, as well as the concept of gravitational waves and einstein's theory of general relativity.", 'duration': 522.609, 'highlights': ["Einstein's theory of general relativity and the concept of gravitational waves The chapter explores Einstein's theory of general relativity and the concept of gravitational waves, which were proposed as a result of the similarity between the formulas for gravity and electromagnetism, representing a significant leap in physics.", 'Challenges of communicating with alien life The chapter discusses the challenges of communicating with potential alien life, highlighting the limitation imposed by the speed of light, and the possibility of alternative communication methods not based on electromagnetism.', 'The search for a fifth force of physics and its potential implications The discussion of a potential fifth force of physics, longer-ranged than gravity, and its potential role in understanding consciousness, as well as the ongoing efforts of physicists to detect such a force, presents intriguing possibilities in the field of physics.']}, {'end': 2292.446, 'start': 1949.844, 'title': "Einstein's discovery of gravitational waves", 'summary': "Discusses how einstein's insights and the work of schwarzschild led to the proposal of black holes and the discovery of gravitational waves, culminating in a controversial publication in 1936 after encountering infinities in general relativity.", 'duration': 342.602, 'highlights': ["Einstein's insight and Schwarzschild's proposal led to the discovery of black holes in 1915. Einstein's insight and Schwarzschild's proposal of black holes in 1915 set the stage for the discovery of black holes.", 'Einstein revisited the problem of gravitational waves after immigrating to the US in 1932. Einstein revisited the problem of gravitational waves after immigrating to the US in 1932 and collaborated with another physicist, Rosen, to address the issue of infinities in general relativity.', 'The controversial publication on gravitational waves occurred in 1936. The controversial publication on gravitational waves occurred in 1936, with Einstein encountering infinities in general relativity and ultimately publishing the article in the Franklin Review.']}], 'duration': 970.151, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A1322295.jpg', 'highlights': ["Fermi's numerology calculated potential alien civilizations based on known quantities of galaxies, stars, and Earth-like planets.", "Einstein's theory of general relativity and the concept of gravitational waves represented a significant leap in physics.", "Einstein's insight and Schwarzschild's proposal of black holes in 1915 set the stage for the discovery of black holes.", 'The chapter discusses the challenges of communicating with potential alien life, highlighting the limitation imposed by the speed of light.']}, {'end': 3398.863, 'segs': [{'end': 2347.793, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2292.446, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2303.176, 'text': 'where there was a conference that brought together the experts in general relativity to try to sort out whether there was a,', 'start': 2292.446, 'duration': 10.73}, {'end': 2309.421, 'text': 'whether it was true that there were gravitational waves or not.', 'start': 2306.139, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 2324.727, 'text': 'And there was a very nice derivation by a British theorist from the heart of the theory that gets gravitational waves And that was number one.', 'start': 2310.361, 'duration': 14.366}, {'end': 2328.148, 'text': 'The second thing that happened at that meeting is Richard Feynman was there.', 'start': 2324.787, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 2338.191, 'text': "And Feynman said, well, typical Feynman, if there's gravitational waves, they need to be able to do something, otherwise they don't exist.", 'start': 2329.168, 'duration': 9.023}, {'end': 2340.491, 'text': 'So they have to be able to transfer energy.', 'start': 2338.731, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 2347.793, 'text': 'So he made an idea of a Gedanken experiment that is just a bar with a couple of rings on it.', 'start': 2340.591, 'duration': 7.202}], 'summary': 'Experts gathered to discuss gravitational waves. feynman proposed a gedanken experiment to test their existence.', 'duration': 55.347, 'max_score': 2292.446, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2292446.jpg'}, {'end': 2398.002, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2373.626, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2382.49, 'text': 'So at that point, it was, believed theoretically then by people that gravitational waves should exist.', 'start': 2373.626, 'duration': 8.864}, {'end': 2385.553, 'text': 'No, we should be able to detect them.', 'start': 2383.731, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 2391.037, 'text': "We should be able to detect them except that they're very, very small.", 'start': 2385.573, 'duration': 5.464}, {'end': 2398.002, 'text': "There's a bunch of questions here about what kind of events would generate gravitational waves.", 'start': 2392.178, 'duration': 5.824}], 'summary': 'Theoretical belief in gravitational waves, with challenges in detection and generation of events.', 'duration': 24.376, 'max_score': 2373.626, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2373626.jpg'}, {'end': 2517.745, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2487.872, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2492.856, 'text': "We targeted seeing something called neutron stars, actually, because black holes we don't know very much about.", 'start': 2487.872, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 2494.737, 'text': 'It turned out we were a little bit lucky.', 'start': 2492.876, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 2497.559, 'text': 'There was a stronger source, which was the black holes.', 'start': 2494.777, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 2499.806, 'text': 'Well, another ridiculous question.', 'start': 2498.103, 'duration': 1.703}, {'end': 2502.89, 'text': 'So you say waves.', 'start': 2499.866, 'duration': 3.024}, {'end': 2504.332, 'text': 'what does a wave mean??', 'start': 2502.89, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 2517.745, 'text': 'Like, the most ridiculous version of that question is what does it feel like to ride a wave as you get closer to the source? or experience it?', 'start': 2504.612, 'duration': 13.133}], 'summary': 'Targeted neutron stars, found stronger source as black holes. explored wave experience near source.', 'duration': 29.873, 'max_score': 2487.872, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2487872.jpg'}, {'end': 2670.92, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2641.794, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2643.656, 'text': "Yeah, we're in space, and now it's moving.", 'start': 2641.794, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 2646.055, 'text': "I don't know what to do with it.", 'start': 2644.955, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 2647.136, 'text': 'I mean, does it, okay.', 'start': 2646.095, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 2659.24, 'text': "Um, how much do you think about the philosophical implications of general relativity? Like that we're in space time and it can be bent by gravity.", 'start': 2647.656, 'duration': 11.584}, {'end': 2669.159, 'text': 'Like, is that just what it is? Are we, are we supposed to be okay with this? Cause like Newton, even Newton is a little weird.', 'start': 2661.414, 'duration': 7.745}, {'end': 2670.92, 'text': 'Right But that at least like makes sense.', 'start': 2669.319, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Discussion about philosophical implications of general relativity in space.', 'duration': 29.126, 'max_score': 2641.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2641794.jpg'}, {'end': 2745.674, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2722.021, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2730.146, 'text': "So what's happened is the presence of this massive object distorted the space that the trampoline did.", 'start': 2722.021, 'duration': 8.125}, {'end': 2737.231, 'text': 'This is the same thing that happens to the presence of the earth, the earth and the apple.', 'start': 2730.166, 'duration': 7.065}, {'end': 2743.575, 'text': 'The presence of the earth affects the space around it, just like the bowling ball on the trampoline.', 'start': 2737.511, 'duration': 6.064}, {'end': 2745.674, 'text': "yeah, this doesn't make me feel better.", 'start': 2744.013, 'duration': 1.661}], 'summary': 'Massive object distorts space, like earth and apple, similar to a bowling ball on a trampoline.', 'duration': 23.653, 'max_score': 2722.021, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2722021.jpg'}, {'end': 2817.659, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2789.128, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2793.051, 'text': 'imagine that you walk up to a a still pond.', 'start': 2789.128, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 2797.574, 'text': 'yes, okay, now i throw you like you throw a rock in it.', 'start': 2793.051, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 2799.296, 'text': 'what happens?', 'start': 2797.574, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 2803.919, 'text': 'the rock goes in sinks to the bottom, fine, and these little ripples go out.', 'start': 2799.296, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 2805.12, 'text': 'yeah, and they travel.', 'start': 2803.919, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 2808.092, 'text': "That's exactly what happens.", 'start': 2806.791, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 2814.037, 'text': "I mean, there's a disturbance, which is these safe, the bowling ball or black holes.", 'start': 2808.373, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 2817.659, 'text': 'And then the ripples, they go out in the water.', 'start': 2814.617, 'duration': 3.042}], 'summary': 'Throwing a rock into a still pond creates ripples that travel outward.', 'duration': 28.531, 'max_score': 2789.128, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2789128.jpg'}, {'end': 2874.342, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2845.003, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2849.264, 'text': "So that's why you need Einstein, is to make it four-dimensional.", 'start': 2845.003, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 2850.765, 'text': 'To make it okay? No.', 'start': 2849.284, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2851.725, 'text': 'To make it four-dimensional.', 'start': 2850.785, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 2857.727, 'text': 'Yeah To take the same phenomenon and look at it in all of space and time.', 'start': 2852.265, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 2865.949, 'text': 'Anyway, luckily for you and I and all of us, the amount of distortion is incredibly small.', 'start': 2858.507, 'duration': 7.442}, {'end': 2874.342, 'text': 'So it turns out that if you think of space itself, now this is going to blow your mind too.', 'start': 2867.717, 'duration': 6.625}], 'summary': "Einstein's theory explains space-time in four dimensions with minimal distortion.", 'duration': 29.339, 'max_score': 2845.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2845003.jpg'}, {'end': 3071.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3044.257, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 3054.784, 'text': "And it was to take a great big, huge bar of aluminum and it's made like a cylinder and then put around it some very,", 'start': 3044.257, 'duration': 10.527}, {'end': 3065.138, 'text': 'very sensitive detectors so that if a gravitational wave happened to go through it, it would go and you detect this extra strain that was there.', 'start': 3054.784, 'duration': 10.354}, {'end': 3068.98, 'text': 'That was this method that was used until we came along.', 'start': 3065.678, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 3071.261, 'text': "It wasn't a very good method to use.", 'start': 3069.46, 'duration': 1.801}], 'summary': 'Aluminum cylinder with sensitive detectors used to detect gravitational waves, but deemed ineffective.', 'duration': 27.004, 'max_score': 3044.257, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3044257.jpg'}, {'end': 3191.483, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3157.032, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3165.418, 'text': "The only problem is that that's not done very accurately in general, and we had to do it extremely accurately.", 'start': 3157.032, 'duration': 8.386}, {'end': 3172.578, 'text': "So what's the difficulty of doing so accurately? Okay.", 'start': 3165.956, 'duration': 6.622}, {'end': 3178.339, 'text': 'So the measurement that we have to do is a distortion in time.', 'start': 3173.258, 'duration': 5.081}, {'end': 3184.421, 'text': "How big is it? It's a distortion that's one part in 10 to the 21.", 'start': 3178.359, 'duration': 6.062}, {'end': 3185.921, 'text': "That's 21 zeros and a one.", 'start': 3184.421, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 3188.202, 'text': 'Okay Wow.', 'start': 3187.722, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 3191.483, 'text': 'So this is like a delay in the thing coming back.', 'start': 3188.662, 'duration': 2.821}], 'summary': 'The challenge is to measure a time distortion of one part in 10 to the 21 accurately.', 'duration': 34.451, 'max_score': 3157.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3157032.jpg'}, {'end': 3309.075, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3277.788, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3285.091, 'text': 'What is LIGO? Can you just elaborate the big picture view here before I ask you specific questions about it? Yeah.', 'start': 3277.788, 'duration': 7.303}, {'end': 3294.714, 'text': 'In the same idea that I just said, we have two long vacuum pipes, four kilometers long.', 'start': 3285.731, 'duration': 8.983}, {'end': 3301.709, 'text': 'We start with a laser beam and we divide the beam going down the two arms.', 'start': 3297.066, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 3305.833, 'text': 'And we have a mirror at the other end, reflects it back.', 'start': 3303.01, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 3309.075, 'text': "It's more subtle, but we bring it back.", 'start': 3306.593, 'duration': 2.482}], 'summary': 'Ligo involves two 4km vacuum pipes, laser beams, and mirrors for detecting gravitational waves.', 'duration': 31.287, 'max_score': 3277.788, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3277788.jpg'}], 'start': 2292.446, 'title': 'Gravitational waves', 'summary': 'Discusses theoretical and experimental efforts to prove the existence of gravitational waves, including their nature as distortions in space-time and the development of ligo to detect them with an accuracy of one part in 10 to the 21, alongside their impact on gps technology.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2398.002, 'start': 2292.446, 'title': 'Discovery of gravitational waves', 'summary': "Discusses the theoretical and experimental efforts to prove the existence of gravitational waves, including a conference where a british theorist derived the concept and richard feynman's gedanken experiment to show the transfer of energy, leading to the belief in the theoretical existence of gravitational waves despite their small detectability.", 'duration': 105.556, 'highlights': ["Richard Feynman's Gedanken experiment demonstrating the transfer of energy through the distortion of space-time due to gravitational waves, leading to the theoretical belief in their existence", "The British theorist's derivation at the conference providing a foundation for the concept of gravitational waves", 'The discussion about the challenges in detecting gravitational waves due to their very small scale']}, {'end': 2789.128, 'start': 2398.444, 'title': 'Gravitational waves and space-time distortion', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of quadrupole moments in the generation of gravitational waves, the detection of waves from black holes, the nature of gravitational waves as distortions in space-time, and the philosophical implications of general relativity.', 'duration': 390.684, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of quadrupole moments in the generation of gravitational waves The quadrupole moment is necessary for the generation of gravitational waves and is attributed to the motion of objects in three-dimensional space, such as two black holes orbiting each other.', 'The detection of waves from black holes The chapter mentions that black holes were identified as a stronger source of gravitational waves, surpassing the initially targeted neutron stars.', 'The nature of gravitational waves as distortions in space-time Gravitational waves cause distortions in space-time, illustrated by the analogy of an object causing a depression in a trampoline, affecting the space around it.', 'The philosophical implications of general relativity The discussion delves into the mind-blowing philosophical implications of general relativity, including the bending of space-time due to gravity and its humbling nature.']}, {'end': 3398.863, 'start': 2789.128, 'title': 'Gravitational waves and ligo', 'summary': "Explains the concept of gravitational waves, the impact of space-time distortion, the development of ligo to detect gravitational waves with an accuracy of one part in 10 to the 21, and the significance of einstein's equations in gps technology.", 'duration': 609.735, 'highlights': ["LIGO's accuracy in measuring gravitational waves LIGO's measurement requires detecting a distortion of one part in 10 to the 21, equivalent to one part in 10 to the 18 meters, showcasing a remarkable precision.", "Significance of space-time distortion and Einstein's equations The explanation of space-time distortion and the necessity of Einstein's equations to accurately determine location using GPS technology, highlighting the practical impact of gravitational effects on everyday life.", 'Development of LIGO to detect gravitational waves The detailed process of developing LIGO, involving long vacuum pipes, laser beams, and mirrors to measure minuscule changes in the length of arms, reflecting the technological innovation required to achieve this feat.', "Feynman's experimental proposal for detecting gravitational waves Feynman's idea of using a huge bar of aluminum with sensitive detectors to detect gravitational waves, which paved the way for subsequent gravitational wave detection methods, indicating the historical significance of early experimental proposals.", 'Concept of gravitational waves using the analogy of a still pond The analogy of a rock causing ripples in a still pond to explain the propagation of gravitational waves, simplifying the concept for better understanding.']}], 'duration': 1106.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A2292446.jpg', 'highlights': ["LIGO's accuracy in measuring gravitational waves: Detecting a distortion of one part in 10 to the 21, showcasing remarkable precision", "Feynman's Gedanken experiment demonstrating the transfer of energy through the distortion of space-time due to gravitational waves", "The British theorist's derivation at the conference providing a foundation for the concept of gravitational waves", 'The discussion about the challenges in detecting gravitational waves due to their very small scale', 'The detection of waves from black holes, surpassing the initially targeted neutron stars', 'The nature of gravitational waves as distortions in space-time, illustrated by the analogy of an object causing a depression in a trampoline', 'The philosophical implications of general relativity, including the bending of space-time due to gravity and its humbling nature', "Significance of space-time distortion and Einstein's equations in accurately determining location using GPS technology", 'Development of LIGO to detect gravitational waves, involving long vacuum pipes, laser beams, and mirrors to measure minuscule changes in the length of arms', "Feynman's experimental proposal for detecting gravitational waves using a huge bar of aluminum with sensitive detectors", 'Concept of gravitational waves using the analogy of a still pond to explain the propagation of gravitational waves']}, {'end': 4231.278, 'segs': [{'end': 3622.354, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3588.295, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3591.637, 'text': 'so we have these things called shock absorbers in the car.', 'start': 3588.295, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 3599.845, 'text': "what they do is they absorb, they take the the thing that went like that and they basically can't get rid of the energy, but they move it to very,", 'start': 3591.637, 'duration': 8.208}, {'end': 3601.026, 'text': 'very low frequency.', 'start': 3599.845, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 3604.594, 'text': "So what you feel isn't?", 'start': 3602.031, 'duration': 2.563}, {'end': 3608.839, 'text': 'You feel it go smoothly, okay? All right.', 'start': 3604.594, 'duration': 4.245}, {'end': 3613.464, 'text': 'So we also work at this frequency.', 'start': 3609.379, 'duration': 4.085}, {'end': 3622.354, 'text': "So we basically, why don't we have to do anything other than shock absorbers? So we made the world's fanciest shock absorbers.", 'start': 3613.504, 'duration': 8.85}], 'summary': 'Fancy shock absorbers move energy to low frequency for smooth ride.', 'duration': 34.059, 'max_score': 3588.295, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3588295.jpg'}, {'end': 3794.116, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3732.276, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3740.018, 'text': "Don't tell me you have active canceling on this besides the shock absorbers.", 'start': 3732.276, 'duration': 7.742}, {'end': 3746.3, 'text': 'So inside this array of shock absorbers, you asked for some interesting..', 'start': 3740.118, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 3747.041, 'text': 'This is awesome.', 'start': 3746.3, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 3753.114, 'text': "Inside this, it's harder than the earphone problem, but it's just engineering.", 'start': 3748.262, 'duration': 4.852}, {'end': 3762.731, 'text': "We have to measure not just the engines still made noise, but the earth is shaking, it's moving in some direction.", 'start': 3753.615, 'duration': 9.116}, {'end': 3768.655, 'text': "So we have to actually tell not only that there's noise and cancel it, but what direction it's from.", 'start': 3763.372, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 3780.742, 'text': 'So we put this array of seismometers inside this array of shock absorbers and measure the residual motion and its direction.', 'start': 3769.135, 'duration': 11.607}, {'end': 3786.225, 'text': 'And we put little actuators that push back against it and cancel it.', 'start': 3782.443, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 3789.554, 'text': 'That is awesome.', 'start': 3788.373, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 3794.116, 'text': 'So you have the actuators and you have the thing that is sensing the vibrations,', 'start': 3790.274, 'duration': 3.842}], 'summary': 'Using array of seismometers and actuators to cancel residual motion and its direction within shock absorbers.', 'duration': 61.84, 'max_score': 3732.276, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3732276.jpg'}, {'end': 3887.765, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3847.814, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3849.815, 'text': 'This seems exceptionally difficult.', 'start': 3847.814, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 3852.036, 'text': 'It is, and so it took a long time.', 'start': 3849.935, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 3861.379, 'text': "I think nobody seems to challenge the statement that this is the most precise instrument that's ever been built, LIGO.", 'start': 3853.476, 'duration': 7.903}, {'end': 3867.034, 'text': "I wonder what listening to Led Zeppelin sounds on this thing, because it's so isolated.", 'start': 3862.852, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 3870.096, 'text': "I mean, this is like, I don't know.", 'start': 3867.054, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 3871.117, 'text': 'No background noise.', 'start': 3870.256, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 3871.917, 'text': 'No background.', 'start': 3871.157, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 3873.018, 'text': "It's wow.", 'start': 3871.997, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 3875.759, 'text': 'Wow Wow.', 'start': 3874.038, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3887.765, 'text': 'So when you were first conceiving this, I would probably, if I was knowledgeable enough, kind of laugh off the possibility that this is even possible.', 'start': 3876.499, 'duration': 11.266}], 'summary': 'Ligo is the most precise instrument ever built, with no background noise.', 'duration': 39.951, 'max_score': 3847.814, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3847814.jpg'}, {'end': 3957.535, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3926.956, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3928.976, 'text': 'It was funded by the National Science Foundation.', 'start': 3926.956, 'duration': 2.02}, {'end': 3935.758, 'text': 'Can you just linger on this just for a little longer? The actuator thing, the act of canceling.', 'start': 3931.017, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 3946.845, 'text': 'Do you remember little experiments that were done along the way to prove to the team, to themselves, that this is even possible?', 'start': 3939.538, 'duration': 7.307}, {'end': 3950.969, 'text': 'Because I work with quite a bit of robots.', 'start': 3949.288, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3957.535, 'text': 'And to me, the idea that you could do it this precisely is humbling and embarrassing, frankly.', 'start': 3951.59, 'duration': 5.945}], 'summary': 'Funded by nsf, achieving precise actuation in robotics is humbling.', 'duration': 30.579, 'max_score': 3926.956, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3926956.jpg'}, {'end': 4150.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4123.261, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4131.964, 'text': 'How do you make it, first of all? How do you make this four meter long sealed vacuum system? It has to be made out of- Four kilometers long.', 'start': 4123.261, 'duration': 8.703}, {'end': 4132.944, 'text': 'Four kilometers long.', 'start': 4131.984, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 4135.085, 'text': 'Would I say something else? Meters.', 'start': 4133.005, 'duration': 2.08}, {'end': 4136.145, 'text': 'Four kilometers long.', 'start': 4135.145, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 4136.706, 'text': 'Big difference.', 'start': 4136.185, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 4150.573, 'text': "But to make it, we started with a roll of stainless steel and then we roll it out like a spiral so that there's a spiral weld on it.", 'start': 4139.087, 'duration': 11.486}], 'summary': 'A four-kilometer long vacuum system is made from a spiral-welded roll of stainless steel.', 'duration': 27.312, 'max_score': 4123.261, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4123261.jpg'}, {'end': 4238.287, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4206.483, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4209.725, 'text': "What's the difference between a high vacuum and a vacuum??", 'start': 4206.483, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 4211.226, 'text': 'What is high vacuum??', 'start': 4209.805, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 4214.888, 'text': "That's like some delta close to vacuum?", 'start': 4211.286, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 4216.489, 'text': 'Is it some threshold??', 'start': 4215.449, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 4217.73, 'text': "Well, there's a unit.", 'start': 4216.729, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 4226.575, 'text': "High vacuum is when the vacuum in the units that are used, which are tors, there's 10 to the minus 9.", 'start': 4218.69, 'duration': 7.885}, {'end': 4231.278, 'text': 'And high vacuum is usually used in small places.', 'start': 4226.575, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 4238.287, 'text': 'The biggest vacuum system period is at CERN, in this big particle accelerator.', 'start': 4231.318, 'duration': 6.969}], 'summary': 'High vacuum is 10^-9 tors and used in small places, cern has the largest system.', 'duration': 31.804, 'max_score': 4206.483, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4206483.jpg'}], 'start': 3399.023, 'title': 'Engineering challenges in precision instrumentation', 'summary': "Delves into the engineering challenges of isolating instruments from earth's movement to measure gravitational waves, achieving a reduction of one part in 10 to the 12th, and discusses the development of a precision actuator for a large instrument funded by the national science foundation, focusing on the challenges faced in engineering a 4-kilometer long sealed vacuum system and the need for high precision in a high vacuum environment.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3875.759, 'start': 3399.023, 'title': 'Building isolation for gravitational wave detection', 'summary': "Explains the engineering challenge of isolating instruments from earth's movement to measure gravitational waves, achieving a reduction of one part in 10 to the 12th, using shock absorbers and active canceling technology.", 'duration': 476.736, 'highlights': ["The engineering challenge of isolating instruments from Earth's movement to measure gravitational waves is addressed, achieving a reduction of one part in 10 to the 12th using shock absorbers and active canceling technology.", "The solution involves using shock absorbers to absorb and move the energy of Earth's movement to very low frequencies, achieving smooth operation at the required frequencies for the experiment.", 'A critical aspect involved building an array of shock absorbers, with four layers of shock absorbers to treat any shaking that gets through the first layer, making it a mechanical engineering problem.', "The isolation from Earth's movement is further enhanced by using noise canceling technology, with an array of seismometers and actuators inside the shock absorbers to measure and cancel residual motion and its direction, achieving a reduction of one part in 10 to the 12th.", 'The precision mechanical engineering efforts involved in building the instrument for detecting gravitational waves are acknowledged as exceptionally difficult, making it the most precise instrument ever built.']}, {'end': 4231.278, 'start': 3876.499, 'title': 'Actuator development for precision instrument', 'summary': 'Discusses the development of a precision actuator for a large instrument, funded by the national science foundation, with a focus on the challenges faced in engineering a 4-kilometer long sealed vacuum system and the need for high precision in a high vacuum environment.', 'duration': 354.779, 'highlights': ['The engineering challenge of developing a 4-kilometer long sealed vacuum system was a major concern, as it required precision engineering and the risk of potential leaks in a high vacuum environment.', 'The development of the precision actuator involved initial skepticism, testing both passive and active systems, and collaboration with a small company near MIT for potential commercialization.', "The significance of achieving high precision in a high vacuum environment is highlighted, with the need to maintain a vacuum level of 10 to the minus 9 tors for the instrument's operation."]}], 'duration': 832.255, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A3399023.jpg', 'highlights': ['The precision mechanical engineering efforts involved in building the instrument for detecting gravitational waves are acknowledged as exceptionally difficult, making it the most precise instrument ever built.', "The solution involves using shock absorbers to absorb and move the energy of Earth's movement to very low frequencies, achieving smooth operation at the required frequencies for the experiment.", "The isolation from Earth's movement is further enhanced by using noise canceling technology, with an array of seismometers and actuators inside the shock absorbers to measure and cancel residual motion and its direction, achieving a reduction of one part in 10 to the 12th.", "The engineering challenge of isolating instruments from Earth's movement to measure gravitational waves is addressed, achieving a reduction of one part in 10 to the 12th using shock absorbers and active canceling technology.", 'The development of the precision actuator involved initial skepticism, testing both passive and active systems, and collaboration with a small company near MIT for potential commercialization.', "The significance of achieving high precision in a high vacuum environment is highlighted, with the need to maintain a vacuum level of 10 to the minus 9 tors for the instrument's operation.", 'A critical aspect involved building an array of shock absorbers, with four layers of shock absorbers to treat any shaking that gets through the first layer, making it a mechanical engineering problem.', 'The engineering challenge of developing a 4-kilometer long sealed vacuum system was a major concern, as it required precision engineering and the risk of potential leaks in a high vacuum environment.']}, {'end': 5501.044, 'segs': [{'end': 4257.019, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4231.318, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4238.287, 'text': 'The biggest vacuum system period is at CERN, in this big particle accelerator.', 'start': 4231.318, 'duration': 6.969}, {'end': 4243.83, 'text': "but the high vacuum where they need really good vacuum so particles don't scatter in it is smaller than ours.", 'start': 4238.287, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 4248.593, 'text': 'So ours is a really large high vacuum system.', 'start': 4243.89, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 4249.354, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 4248.613, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 4250.274, 'text': 'This is so cool.', 'start': 4249.394, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 4257.019, 'text': 'I mean, this is basically by far the greatest listening device ever built by humans.', 'start': 4250.454, 'duration': 6.565}], 'summary': 'Cern has the biggest vacuum system, while ours is a really large high vacuum system.', 'duration': 25.701, 'max_score': 4231.318, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4231318.jpg'}, {'end': 4690.174, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4660.686, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4663.486, 'text': "So it's technically not just gravitational waves.", 'start': 4660.686, 'duration': 2.8}, {'end': 4665.627, 'text': "And so it's built on failures.", 'start': 4663.546, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 4674.749, 'text': 'But anyway we did before me, even the people did on the concepts.', 'start': 4666.327, 'duration': 8.422}, {'end': 4680.831, 'text': 'but starting in 1994, we got money from the National Science Foundation to build this thing.', 'start': 4674.749, 'duration': 6.082}, {'end': 4684.692, 'text': 'It took about five years to build it.', 'start': 4682.832, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 4690.174, 'text': 'So by 1999, we had built the basic unit.', 'start': 4684.832, 'duration': 5.342}], 'summary': 'In 1999, after 5 years, we built the basic unit funded by national science foundation.', 'duration': 29.488, 'max_score': 4660.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4660686.jpg'}, {'end': 4842.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4810.925, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4815.247, 'text': 'And so quite a few of my colleagues had a eureka moment immediately.', 'start': 4810.925, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 4818.049, 'text': "I mean, it's the- It's amazing.", 'start': 4815.587, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 4825.133, 'text': 'The figure that we put in our paper First is just data.', 'start': 4818.569, 'duration': 6.564}, {'end': 4830.476, 'text': "We didn't have to go through fancy computer programs to do anything.", 'start': 4825.673, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 4836.279, 'text': "We showed next to it the calculations of Einstein's equations.", 'start': 4831.636, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 4838.581, 'text': 'It looks just like what we detected.', 'start': 4836.399, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 4842.703, 'text': 'Wow And we did it in two different detectors halfway across the US.', 'start': 4838.601, 'duration': 4.102}], 'summary': "Colleagues had eureka moment, detected einstein's equations in two us detectors", 'duration': 31.778, 'max_score': 4810.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4810925.jpg'}, {'end': 5025.99, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4994.893, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5005.158, 'text': "Well, now we're off because of the pandemic, but when we turned off, we were seeing some gravitational wave event each week.", 'start': 4994.893, 'duration': 10.265}, {'end': 5014.623, 'text': "Now we're adding features where it'll probably be when we turn back on next year, it'll probably be one every couple of days.", 'start': 5007.019, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 5017.043, 'text': "and they're not all the same.", 'start': 5015.922, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5022.647, 'text': "So it's learning about what's out there in gravity instead of just optics.", 'start': 5017.243, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 5025.99, 'text': "So it's all great.", 'start': 5023.708, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Gravitational wave events increased from once a week to one every couple of days, revealing diverse gravitational phenomena.', 'duration': 31.097, 'max_score': 4994.893, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4994893.jpg'}, {'end': 5473.877, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5442.766, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5443.486, 'text': 'Yes Okay.', 'start': 5442.766, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 5452.987, 'text': 'Having a Nobel Prize, the people in those positions actually listen.', 'start': 5446.204, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 5455.768, 'text': 'So you have more influence.', 'start': 5453.767, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 5458.85, 'text': "I don't care whether it's about global warming or what the issue is.", 'start': 5455.828, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 5462.071, 'text': "There's some influence which is lacking otherwise.", 'start': 5459.09, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 5466.353, 'text': 'And people pay attention to what I say.', 'start': 5462.951, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 5470.875, 'text': "If I talk about global warming, they wouldn't have before I had the Nobel Prize.", 'start': 5466.433, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 5473.877, 'text': 'Yeah, this is very true.', 'start': 5472.597, 'duration': 1.28}], 'summary': 'Having a nobel prize increases influence and attention on important issues like global warming.', 'duration': 31.111, 'max_score': 5442.766, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A5442766.jpg'}], 'start': 4231.318, 'title': "Cern's scientific breakthroughs", 'summary': "Discusses cern's high vacuum system, leading a team to detect gravitational waves, detecting black holes collision, advancements in gravitational wave astronomy, and the importance of nobel prize in science.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4345.744, 'start': 4231.318, 'title': 'Cern high vacuum system', 'summary': "Discusses the high vacuum system at cern's particle accelerator, highlighting its size and precision, as well as the historical context of human evolution and the significance of a collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.", 'duration': 114.426, 'highlights': ["The high vacuum system at CERN's particle accelerator is larger than others, providing a precise environment to prevent particle scattering.", 'The significance of human evolution and the historical context of a collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago are discussed in relation to the current human existence.', 'The engineering and collaborative efforts involved in constructing bridges are highlighted as a beautiful and structural creation by humans, showcasing the application of physics to support massive loads.']}, {'end': 4778.82, 'start': 4347.505, 'title': 'Leading a team to achieve scientific breakthroughs', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of leading a large team of scientists and engineers, emphasizing the importance of teamwork and collaboration in achieving the goal of detecting gravitational waves, which required over 1000 people and took approximately two decades to accomplish, involving numerous failures and continuous improvement.', 'duration': 431.315, 'highlights': ['Leading a team of over 1000 people to detect gravitational waves, involving years of effort and multiple failures before success, funded by the National Science Foundation with over $100 million investment.', 'Emphasizing the importance of teamwork and collaboration in achieving scientific breakthroughs, requiring combined talents to achieve more than individual contributions.', 'Challenges of managing egos and convincing the best scientists and engineers to dedicate years of their life to the project, highlighting the human problem as the hardest aspect.', 'The process involved years of development and continuous improvement, with numerous failures and the need to take significant steps, including adding active seismic isolation, ultimately resulting in the successful detection of gravitational waves in 2015.']}, {'end': 4968.297, 'start': 4783.955, 'title': 'Detecting black holes collision', 'summary': "Discusses the process of detecting the collision of two black holes, including initial skepticism, verification through data and einstein's equations, and the extensive collaboration involved in the research.", 'duration': 184.342, 'highlights': ['The team detected the collision of two black holes using two different detectors located halfway across the US, providing strong evidence of the event.', "The scientists went through a process of verifying the data with Einstein's equations, leading to a eureka moment for many colleagues and ultimately convincing themselves of the discovery within a month.", 'The collaboration involved 1,000 collaborators who kept the discovery quiet for a significant period, showcasing the close-knit and dedicated nature of the team.', 'The scientists also had to consider the possibility of being hacked or manipulated, demonstrating the thoroughness of their verification process to ensure the authenticity of the detected event.']}, {'end': 5199.194, 'start': 4969.687, 'title': 'Advancements in gravitational wave astronomy', 'summary': 'Discusses the advancements in gravitational wave astronomy, including the increased frequency of gravitational wave events and the potential for new discoveries, as well as the contrast between technical limitations and scientific progress, highlighting the significance of the higgs boson discovery and the potential for new advancements in the field.', 'duration': 229.507, 'highlights': ['The frequency of gravitational wave events is increasing, with a projection of one event every couple of days upon reactivation next year, indicating significant progress in the field.', 'The significance of the Higgs boson discovery is emphasized, highlighting the potential for new advancements in gravitational wave astronomy and the contrast between technical limitations and scientific progress.', 'The chapter emphasizes the potential for new discoveries in gravitational wave astronomy, as the field continues to progress and enable new kinds of scientific exploration.']}, {'end': 5501.044, 'start': 5199.974, 'title': 'Importance of nobel prize in science', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of the nobel prize in science, highlighting its impact on global recognition of scientific achievements, influence in policy-making, and the unfairness in singling out individuals for recognition.', 'duration': 301.07, 'highlights': ['Having a Nobel Prize grants scientists global recognition and celebrity status, enabling them to influence policy-making and garner attention for important scientific issues, such as global warming.', 'The Nobel Prize is crucial for bringing science to the forefront of global attention, as it celebrates scientific achievements and contributes to the public understanding of abstract fields like chemistry and medicine.', 'The significance of the Nobel Prize lies in its ability to elevate the status of scientists and provide them with a platform to advocate for important scientific issues, which may otherwise be overlooked by policymakers and the public.', 'The chapter also delves into the limitations and arbitrariness of singling out individuals for prestigious awards like the Nobel Prize, acknowledging the unfairness and challenges associated with such recognition.']}], 'duration': 1269.726, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A4231318.jpg', 'highlights': ["The high vacuum system at CERN's particle accelerator is larger than others, providing a precise environment to prevent particle scattering.", 'Leading a team of over 1000 people to detect gravitational waves, involving years of effort and multiple failures before success, funded by the National Science Foundation with over $100 million investment.', 'The team detected the collision of two black holes using two different detectors located halfway across the US, providing strong evidence of the event.', 'The frequency of gravitational wave events is increasing, with a projection of one event every couple of days upon reactivation next year, indicating significant progress in the field.', 'Having a Nobel Prize grants scientists global recognition and celebrity status, enabling them to influence policy-making and garner attention for important scientific issues, such as global warming.']}, {'end': 6095.038, 'segs': [{'end': 5529.164, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5501.104, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5505.107, 'text': 'Just like you said, especially with the huge experimental projects like this.', 'start': 5501.104, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 5507.869, 'text': "you know it's a large team and it does.", 'start': 5505.107, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 5512.011, 'text': 'the nature of the Nobel prizes singles out a few individuals to represent the team.', 'start': 5507.869, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 5514.593, 'text': "Nevertheless, it's a beautiful thing.", 'start': 5513.272, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 5520.757, 'text': 'What are ways to improve LIGO in the future? Increase the sensitivity.', 'start': 5515.654, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 5523.659, 'text': "I've seen a few ideas that are kind of fascinating.", 'start': 5521.498, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 5529.164, 'text': "Are you interested in them? I'm not speaking about five years.", 'start': 5524.68, 'duration': 4.484}], 'summary': 'Ligo aims to improve by increasing sensitivity with fascinating ideas.', 'duration': 28.06, 'max_score': 5501.104, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A5501104.jpg'}, {'end': 5601.523, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5549.984, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5558.591, 'text': "We're very motivated to make a new instrument, which will be a big step, the next step, like making a new kind of telescope or something.", 'start': 5549.984, 'duration': 8.607}, {'end': 5565.516, 'text': "And the ideas of what that instrument should be haven't converged yet.", 'start': 5559.512, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 5567.197, 'text': "There's different ideas in Europe.", 'start': 5565.576, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 5576.923, 'text': "They've done more work to kind of develop the ideas, but they're different from ours, and we have ideas.", 'start': 5567.257, 'duration': 9.666}, {'end': 5580.466, 'text': "But I think over the next few years, we'll develop those.", 'start': 5577.524, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 5588.852, 'text': "The idea is to make an instrument that's at least 10 times better than what we have what we can do with this instrument, 10 times better than that.", 'start': 5581.146, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 5592.855, 'text': '10 times better means you can look 10 times further out.', 'start': 5588.872, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 5601.523, 'text': "10 times further out is 1,000 times more volume, so you're seeing much, much more of the universe.", 'start': 5592.875, 'duration': 8.648}], 'summary': 'Motivated to develop a new instrument 10 times better than the current one for seeing 1,000 times more of the universe.', 'duration': 51.539, 'max_score': 5549.984, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A5549984.jpg'}, {'end': 5859.858, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5827.76, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5831.142, 'text': 'But when we go in our laboratories, we make as much antimatter as matter.', 'start': 5827.76, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 5835.286, 'text': "So there's something about the early universe that made this asymmetry.", 'start': 5831.463, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 5837.487, 'text': "So we can't even explain why we're here.", 'start': 5835.486, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 5838.468, 'text': "That's what I meant.", 'start': 5837.767, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 5846.494, 'text': 'Physics-wise, not in terms of how we evolved and all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 5839.629, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 5849.876, 'text': 'So there might be inklings of..', 'start': 5847.054, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 5859.858, 'text': "of the physics that gravitational- So gravitational waves don't get obstructed like light.", 'start': 5852.754, 'duration': 7.104}], 'summary': 'Early universe created antimatter-matter asymmetry, challenging our existence. gravitational waves unobstructed like light.', 'duration': 32.098, 'max_score': 5827.76, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A5827760.jpg'}, {'end': 5928.03, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5869.463, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5879.428, 'text': 'Then it took 400 years to be able to do that with optical, but then you can really understand the very, maybe understand the very early universe.', 'start': 5869.463, 'duration': 9.965}, {'end': 5892.615, 'text': "So in terms of Questions like why we're here or what the Big Bang was, we can in principle study that with gravitational waves.", 'start': 5880.569, 'duration': 12.046}, {'end': 5900.384, 'text': "So to keep moving in this direction, it's a unique kind of way to understand our universe.", 'start': 5892.695, 'duration': 7.689}, {'end': 5908.208, 'text': "So you think there's more Nobel Prize level ideas to be discovered in relation to gravitational waves? I'd be shocked if there isn't.", 'start': 5900.524, 'duration': 7.684}, {'end': 5911.73, 'text': 'Not even going to that, which is a very long range problem.', 'start': 5909.149, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 5919.354, 'text': "But I think that we only see with electromagnetic waves 4% of what's out there.", 'start': 5911.79, 'duration': 7.564}, {'end': 5928.03, 'text': 'We looked for things that we knew should be there.', 'start': 5924.108, 'duration': 3.922}], 'summary': 'Gravitational waves offer unique insights into the early universe and could lead to more nobel prize-level discoveries.', 'duration': 58.567, 'max_score': 5869.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A5869463.jpg'}], 'start': 5501.104, 'title': 'Improving ligo and studying gravitational waves', 'summary': 'Discusses potential improvements for ligo in the next 5 and 100 years, aiming to increase sensitivity and expand astronomical capabilities by at least 10 times. it also explores using gravitational waves to study the early universe, understand matter-antimatter asymmetry, and discover new physics and objects.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5601.523, 'start': 5501.104, 'title': 'Improving ligo for the future', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential improvements for ligo in the next five years and the next hundred years, focusing on increasing sensitivity and developing a new instrument to expand astronomical capabilities by at least 10 times.', 'duration': 100.419, 'highlights': ['Developing a new instrument The focus is on creating a new instrument for LIGO that is at least 10 times better than the current one, leading to the ability to observe 10 times further out, equivalent to 1,000 times more volume, thereby significantly expanding the scope of astronomical observations.', "increasing sensitivity The goal is to increase LIGO's sensitivity, allowing for the detection of more types of weaker objects and enabling broader astronomical observations, potentially achieving a 10 times improvement in capabilities.", 'collaborative efforts Different ideas and developments for the new instrument are being explored in both Europe and the US, with a focus on converging these ideas in the next few years to create a significantly improved LIGO instrument.']}, {'end': 6095.038, 'start': 5602.423, 'title': 'Gravitational waves and the early universe', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of using gravitational waves to study the early universe and understand the asymmetry of matter-antimatter, revealing the limitations of current physics and the possibility of discovering new physics, objects, and science with gravity.', 'duration': 492.615, 'highlights': ['Gravitational waves can offer a unique perspective to understand the very early universe and study questions like the Big Bang, potentially leading to Nobel Prize level discoveries. Gravitational waves provide a new way to study the early universe and address fundamental questions such as the Big Bang, offering the potential for groundbreaking discoveries.', 'The asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the early universe remains unexplained, posing a significant physics challenge. The inability to explain the asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the early universe presents a major unresolved issue in physics, indicating a limitation in current understanding.', 'The study of gravitational waves may reveal new physics, objects, and science related to gravity, potentially expanding our knowledge beyond the 4% visible with electromagnetic waves. Gravitational wave research holds the promise of uncovering previously unknown aspects of physics, objects, and science, potentially exceeding the current understanding limited to the 4% visible using electromagnetic waves.']}], 'duration': 593.934, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A5501104.jpg', 'highlights': ['Developing a new instrument for LIGO that is at least 10 times better than the current one, leading to the ability to observe 10 times further out, equivalent to 1,000 times more volume, thereby significantly expanding the scope of astronomical observations.', "Increasing LIGO's sensitivity, allowing for the detection of more types of weaker objects and enabling broader astronomical observations, potentially achieving a 10 times improvement in capabilities.", 'Different ideas and developments for the new instrument are being explored in both Europe and the US, with a focus on converging these ideas in the next few years to create a significantly improved LIGO instrument.', 'Gravitational waves can offer a unique perspective to understand the very early universe and study questions like the Big Bang, potentially leading to Nobel Prize level discoveries.', 'The asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the early universe remains unexplained, posing a significant physics challenge.', 'The study of gravitational waves may reveal new physics, objects, and science related to gravity, potentially expanding our knowledge beyond the 4% visible with electromagnetic waves.']}, {'end': 7331.965, 'segs': [{'end': 6124.171, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6095.959, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6101.805, 'text': 'In order to detect that the gravitational waves affect things.', 'start': 6095.959, 'duration': 5.846}, {'end': 6107.731, 'text': 'the sensors have to be what we call free masses, just like ours are isolated from the Earth.', 'start': 6101.805, 'duration': 5.926}, {'end': 6109.933, 'text': 'They have to isolate it from the satellite.', 'start': 6108.151, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 6112.937, 'text': "That's a hard problem.", 'start': 6111.555, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 6116.842, 'text': 'They have to do that pretty, not as well as we have to do it, but very well.', 'start': 6113.217, 'duration': 3.625}, {'end': 6124.171, 'text': "They've done a test mission and the engineering seems to be at least in principle in hand.", 'start': 6118.283, 'duration': 5.888}], 'summary': 'Sensors need to isolate from satellite to detect gravitational waves, engineering seems promising.', 'duration': 28.212, 'max_score': 6095.959, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A6095959.jpg'}, {'end': 6711.583, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6677.125, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6678.927, 'text': 'But when I think of black hole,', 'start': 6677.125, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 6696.464, 'text': "it's a potential treasure chest of understanding the fundamental problems of physics and maybe can give us clues to how we bring the embarrassment of having two theories of physics together.", 'start': 6678.927, 'duration': 17.537}, {'end': 6699.855, 'text': "That's my own romantic idea.", 'start': 6697.694, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 6702.337, 'text': "What's the worst that could happen? It's so enticing.", 'start': 6699.875, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 6703.298, 'text': 'Just go in and look.', 'start': 6702.437, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 6711.583, 'text': 'How far are we away from figuring out the unified theory of physics, the theory of everything??', 'start': 6704.338, 'duration': 7.245}], 'summary': 'Black holes hold potential to unify physics, offering clues to the theory of everything.', 'duration': 34.458, 'max_score': 6677.125, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A6677125.jpg'}, {'end': 6833.701, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6807.601, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6813.205, 'text': "So that means if I start with that theory and I go to our world here, I can't uniquely go to it.", 'start': 6807.601, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 6815.167, 'text': "Which means it's not predictive.", 'start': 6813.806, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 6816.168, 'text': "It's not predictive.", 'start': 6815.307, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 6818.629, 'text': "And that's actually- And that's a killer.", 'start': 6816.628, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 6819.49, 'text': "That's a killer.", 'start': 6818.83, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 6826.535, 'text': "And string theory is, it seems like from my outsider's perspective, has lost favor over the years, perhaps because of this very idea.", 'start': 6819.81, 'duration': 6.725}, {'end': 6828.157, 'text': "Yeah, it's a lack of predictive power.", 'start': 6826.555, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 6833.701, 'text': 'I mean, that science has to connect to something where you make predictions is beautiful.', 'start': 6828.177, 'duration': 5.524}], 'summary': 'String theory lacks predictive power, affecting its favorability in science.', 'duration': 26.1, 'max_score': 6807.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A6807601.jpg'}, {'end': 6965.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6942.081, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6949.903, 'text': 'Yeah So, you know, this recent landing on Mars is pretty impressive.', 'start': 6942.081, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 6951.904, 'text': 'They have a little helicopter that can fly around.', 'start': 6949.943, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 6952.664, 'text': 'You can imagine.', 'start': 6951.944, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 6957.866, 'text': 'You can imagine in the not too distant future that you could have.', 'start': 6954.004, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 6961.087, 'text': "I don't think civilizations colonizing.", 'start': 6957.866, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 6965.669, 'text': 'I can envision, but I can envision something more like the South Pole.', 'start': 6961.087, 'duration': 4.582}], 'summary': 'Recent mars landing impressive with helicopter; potential for future colonization.', 'duration': 23.588, 'max_score': 6942.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A6942081.jpg'}, {'end': 7227.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7206.17, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7217.981, 'text': "Well, in the computing world there's an idea of backing up your data and then you want to do offsite backup to make sure that if your whole house burns down,", 'start': 7206.17, 'duration': 11.811}, {'end': 7220.804, 'text': 'that you can have a backup offsite of the data.', 'start': 7217.981, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 7223.227, 'text': 'I think the difference in Antarctica and..', 'start': 7221.285, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 7227.31, 'text': 'And Mars is an off-site backup.', 'start': 7224.688, 'duration': 2.622}], 'summary': 'Offsite data backup is crucial for disaster preparedness, illustrated by comparison to antarctica and mars.', 'duration': 21.14, 'max_score': 7206.17, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A7206170.jpg'}], 'start': 6095.959, 'title': 'Black holes, unified theory, and interstellar travel', 'summary': 'Covers the detection of gravitational waves, the concept of black holes, potential origins of binary black hole systems, unified theory of physics, challenges in achieving it, and futuristic possibilities of interstellar travel, including mars exploration and colonization, with a focus on the recent impressive landing on mars and the potential for human colonization in antarctica.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6504.985, 'start': 6095.959, 'title': 'Gravitational waves and black holes', 'summary': 'Discusses the detection of gravitational waves, the concept of black holes, and the potential origins of binary black hole systems, aiming to understand the distribution and properties of black holes and their potential impact on the understanding of dark matter.', 'duration': 409.026, 'highlights': ['The detection of gravitational waves and the challenge of isolating sensors from external influences are being addressed for a mission in the 2030s. The sensors need to be isolated from external influences to detect gravitational waves for a mission in the 2030s.', 'The concept of black holes is explained, indicating that they are formed when a star collapses after burning out its fusion process, potentially originating from binary stars or primordial origins. Black holes are formed when a star collapses after burning out its fusion process, potentially originating from binary stars or primordial origins.', 'The discussion delves into the potential origins of binary black hole systems, including the possibility of them being formed by little ones eating each other up or originating from a primordial source, with the aim to comprehend the distribution and properties of black holes and their potential impact on the understanding of dark matter. The potential origins of binary black hole systems are explored, including the possibility of them being formed by little ones eating each other up or originating from a primordial source.']}, {'end': 6703.298, 'start': 6508.328, 'title': 'Black holes: a treasure of understanding', 'summary': 'Discusses the mysterious nature and potential of black holes, the embarrassment of having two separate theories of physics, and the potential treasure chest of understanding fundamental problems of physics that black holes offer.', 'duration': 194.97, 'highlights': ['Studying black holes may provide clues to unify the two separate theories of physics, quantum mechanics and general relativity, and help resolve the embarrassment of having two theories of physics.', 'The existence of two separate theories of physics, quantum mechanics, and general relativity, is an embarrassment in physics and has led to attempts to create a unified theory for decades.', 'Black holes are potentially a treasure chest of understanding fundamental problems of physics and may provide experimental evidence to unite quantum mechanics and general relativity.', 'The chapter explores the potential of studying black holes to provide insights into the early universe and the formation of galaxies, offering an opportunity to learn and understand more about the universe.', 'The mystery of black holes and their potential to bend everything in with their gravitational field is discussed, highlighting the terrifying and intriguing nature of these nearly infinitely dense entities.']}, {'end': 6915.619, 'start': 6704.338, 'title': 'Unified theory of physics and interstellar travel', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in achieving a unified theory of physics, particularly focusing on the limitations of string theory and the need for experimental clues. it also explores the futuristic possibility of interstellar travel and colonization of the galaxy. the lack of predictive power in string theory is highlighted, impeding progress towards a unified theory of physics, while the futuristic potential of interstellar travel is mentioned with a focus on gravitational and propulsion perspectives.', 'duration': 211.281, 'highlights': ['The lack of predictive power in string theory is a significant obstacle in achieving a unified theory of physics, as it works in eleven dimensions, making predictions in our three-space and one-time dimension world non-unique and non-predictive.', 'Experimental clues are deemed necessary to make progress towards a unified theory of physics, with potential insights from phenomena like dark energy, although the speaker expresses skepticism about the near-term possibility of merging existing theories.', 'The futuristic potential of interstellar travel and galaxy colonization is acknowledged, albeit described as very futuristic, indicating the need for significant advancements in gravitational and propulsion technologies for closer to light-speed or faster-than-light travel.']}, {'end': 7018.069, 'start': 6915.679, 'title': 'Mars exploration and colonization', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of a one-way trip to mars, the willingness of explorers to take the risk, and draws parallels between mars colonization and the south pole, with a mention of the recent impressive landing on mars and the self-sustaining station at the south pole.', 'duration': 102.39, 'highlights': ['The recent landing on Mars is pretty impressive with a little helicopter that can fly around. The recent impressive landing on Mars is highlighted, mentioning the presence of a helicopter capable of flying around, indicating progress in Mars exploration.', "There's a lot of people willing to die for the opportunity to explore new territory. The willingness of people to take extreme risks for the opportunity to explore new territory, reinforcing the idea of the strong desire for exploration and colonization.", 'The speaker draws parallels between Mars colonization and the South Pole, envisioning something more like the South Pole rather than civilizations colonizing Mars. Drawing parallels between Mars colonization and the South Pole, suggesting a vision of a self-sustaining station on Mars similar to the one at the South Pole, emphasizing the challenges of colonization.']}, {'end': 7331.965, 'start': 7018.069, 'title': 'Journey to antarctica and the south pole', 'summary': "Describes the journey from christ church to mcmurdo station and the south pole, with details on the harsh weather conditions, the small population, and the potential for human colonization in antarctica, as well as the concept of using antarctica as an 'off-site backup' for humanity in the event of a catastrophic event on earth.", 'duration': 313.896, 'highlights': ['The South Pole itself is minus 51 degrees with zero humidity and about 11,000 feet altitude. The extreme weather conditions at the South Pole with a temperature of minus 51 degrees and zero humidity, as well as the high altitude of about 11,000 feet.', 'McMurdo Station has a population of about a thousand people, with less than 100 people at the South Pole. The population at McMurdo Station and the South Pole, with about a thousand people at the former and less than 100 people at the latter, emphasizing the small community in these remote locations.', "Antarctica being considered as an 'off-site backup' for humanity in case of a catastrophic event on Earth. The concept of using Antarctica as an 'off-site backup' for humanity in the event of a catastrophic event on Earth, emphasizing the potential role of the continent in ensuring the survival of the human species."]}], 'duration': 1236.006, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A6095959.jpg', 'highlights': ['The detection of gravitational waves and the challenge of isolating sensors for a mission in the 2030s.', 'Studying black holes may provide clues to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity.', 'The lack of predictive power in string theory is a significant obstacle in achieving a unified theory of physics.', 'The recent impressive landing on Mars with a helicopter capable of flying around.', "Antarctica being considered as an 'off-site backup' for humanity in case of a catastrophic event on Earth."]}, {'end': 8566.157, 'segs': [{'end': 7388.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7358.315, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7369.422, 'text': "And some of the books I've seen that you listed that were inspiring to you was from Russian literature, like, I think, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky,", 'start': 7358.315, 'duration': 11.107}, {'end': 7371.983, 'text': 'Solzhenitsyn.', 'start': 7369.422, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 7378.307, 'text': 'Maybe in general you can speak to your fascination with Russian literature or in general what you picked up from those.', 'start': 7372.363, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 7382.226, 'text': "I'm not surprised you picked up on the Russian literature.", 'start': 7379.025, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 7382.826, 'text': "I'm sorry.", 'start': 7382.246, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 7388.148, 'text': "Your background, but that's okay.", 'start': 7382.866, 'duration': 5.282}], 'summary': 'Fascination with russian literature, including tolstoy, dostoevsky, and solzhenitsyn, influenced the speaker.', 'duration': 29.833, 'max_score': 7358.315, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A7358315.jpg'}, {'end': 7499.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7467.853, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7478.846, 'text': "Dostoevsky was important I mean I've read a lot of literature because it's kind of the other thing I do with my life and he made two incredible.", 'start': 7467.853, 'duration': 10.993}, {'end': 7488.152, 'text': "And in addition to his own literature, he influenced literature tremendously by having, I don't know how to pronounce it, polyphony.", 'start': 7478.846, 'duration': 9.306}, {'end': 7494.317, 'text': "So he's the first real serious author that had multiple narrators.", 'start': 7489.233, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 7499.722, 'text': 'And he absolutely is the first.', 'start': 7496.919, 'duration': 2.803}], 'summary': "Dostoevsky's polyphony influenced literature with multiple narrators, making him a significant literary figure.", 'duration': 31.869, 'max_score': 7467.853, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A7467853.jpg'}, {'end': 7790.851, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7765.736, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7772.298, 'text': "This is a very valuable lesson that even evil people think they're doing good.", 'start': 7765.736, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 7775.585, 'text': "Otherwise, it's too difficult to do the evil.", 'start': 7773.884, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 7779.967, 'text': "The best way to do evil is to believe, frame it in a way like you're doing good.", 'start': 7776.445, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 7785.989, 'text': 'And this is a very clear picture of that, which is the gulags.', 'start': 7780.767, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 7790.851, 'text': 'Solzhenitsyn is one of the best people to reveal that.', 'start': 7788.27, 'duration': 2.581}], 'summary': 'Evil is often done under the guise of doing good, exemplified by the gulags as revealed by solzhenitsyn.', 'duration': 25.115, 'max_score': 7765.736, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A7765736.jpg'}, {'end': 7972.2, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7937.103, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7937.964, 'text': 'Well, I changed along the way.', 'start': 7937.103, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 7940.246, 'text': 'I was going to be, but I changed.', 'start': 7938.004, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 7951.273, 'text': 'What happened? That was, what happened? Oh, I read, I decided to take the most serious literature course in my high school, which was a mistake.', 'start': 7940.306, 'duration': 10.967}, {'end': 7953.635, 'text': "I'd probably be a second rate writer now.", 'start': 7951.353, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 7956.976, 'text': 'And- Could be a Nobel Prize-winning writer.', 'start': 7954.575, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 7972.2, 'text': 'And the book that we read, even though I had read Russian novels, I was 15, I think, cured me from being a novelist.', 'start': 7957.257, 'duration': 14.943}], 'summary': 'Reading a serious literature course at 15 cured the speaker from becoming a novelist.', 'duration': 35.097, 'max_score': 7937.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A7937103.jpg'}, {'end': 8338.727, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8298.443, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8309.51, 'text': 'So your life has meaning if you have affected either knowledge or people or something beyond yourself.', 'start': 8298.443, 'duration': 11.067}, {'end': 8317.326, 'text': "It's a simplistic statement, but it's about as good as I can have.", 'start': 8311.62, 'duration': 5.706}, {'end': 8321.231, 'text': 'In all of its simplicity, it may be very true.', 'start': 8318.268, 'duration': 2.963}, {'end': 8331.982, 'text': 'Does it make you sad that this ride ends? Do you think about your mortality? Yeah.', 'start': 8322.472, 'duration': 9.51}, {'end': 8338.727, 'text': "Are you afraid of it? I'm not exactly afraid of it, but saddened by it.", 'start': 8332.883, 'duration': 5.844}], 'summary': "Life's meaning lies in impacting knowledge or others, not afraid of mortality, but saddened", 'duration': 40.284, 'max_score': 8298.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A8298442.jpg'}, {'end': 8561.994, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 8461.532, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8465.576, 'text': 'What do you hope it says? Well, I would hope they..', 'start': 8461.532, 'duration': 4.044}, {'end': 8469.617, 'text': 'to the extent that they evaluated,', 'start': 8467.956, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 8483.893, 'text': 'me felt that I helped move science forward as a tangible contribution and that I served as a good role model for how humans should live their lives.', 'start': 8469.617, 'duration': 14.276}, {'end': 8491.597, 'text': "And we're part of creating one of the most incredible things humans have ever created.", 'start': 8485.575, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 8493.838, 'text': "So yes, there's the science.", 'start': 8491.617, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 8498.079, 'text': "That's the Fermi thing, right? And the instrument, I guess.", 'start': 8493.878, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 8499.019, 'text': 'And the instrument.', 'start': 8498.199, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 8504.481, 'text': 'The instrument is a magical creation, not just by a human, by a collection of humans.', 'start': 8499.059, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 8512.704, 'text': "The collaboration, that's humanity at its best.", 'start': 8504.961, 'duration': 7.743}, {'end': 8524.201, 'text': "I do hope we last quite a bit longer, but if we don't, this is a good thing to remember humans by.", 'start': 8516.695, 'duration': 7.506}, {'end': 8526.143, 'text': 'At least they built that thing.', 'start': 8524.881, 'duration': 1.262}, {'end': 8528.224, 'text': "That's pretty impressive.", 'start': 8527.324, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 8530.026, 'text': 'Barry, this was an amazing conversation.', 'start': 8528.625, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 8534.129, 'text': 'Thank you so much for wasting your time and explaining so many things so well.', 'start': 8530.066, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 8535.33, 'text': 'I appreciate your time today.', 'start': 8534.429, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 8536.051, 'text': 'Thank you.', 'start': 8535.731, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 8540.661, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Barry Barish.', 'start': 8537.759, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 8545.164, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 8541.241, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 8554.089, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from Werner Heisenberg, a theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics.', 'start': 8546.064, 'duration': 8.025}, {'end': 8561.994, 'text': 'Not only is the universe stranger than we think, it is stranger than we can think.', 'start': 8555.69, 'duration': 6.304}], 'summary': 'Barry barish hopes to be remembered for advancing science and serving as a role model, emphasizing the collaborative effort behind the fermi instrument and its impact on humanity.', 'duration': 66.692, 'max_score': 8461.532, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A8461532.jpg'}], 'start': 7333.044, 'title': "Fascination with russian literature and barry barish's perspective", 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's fascination with russian literature, its influence on their early aspirations, including authors like tolstoy, dostoevsky, and solzhenitsyn, and barry barish's perspective on the meaning of life, mortality, legacy, and the significance of his scientific contributions, highlighting his belief that making a positive difference in knowledge or people's lives gives meaning to one's existence.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7414.253, 'start': 7333.044, 'title': 'Fascination with russian literature', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's fascination with russian literature and its influence on their early aspirations, including authors like tolstoy, dostoevsky, and solzhenitsyn, and how their lack of mentors led them to pursue science in college.", 'duration': 81.209, 'highlights': ["The speaker's early fascination with Russian literature, including authors like Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Solzhenitsyn, influenced their early aspirations to become a writer.", "The speaker's lack of mentors and family background, where nobody went to college, led them to pursue science in college instead of literature.", "The speaker's surprise that the conversation didn't revolve entirely around Russian literature, indicating the strong influence it had on their early interests."]}, {'end': 7790.851, 'start': 7415.934, 'title': 'Russian literature and existentialism', 'summary': "Highlights the impact of russian literature, particularly dostoevsky's influence on existential literature, and discusses the insights gained from reading camus' the plague during isolation, alongside solzhenitsyn's portrayal of human nature and the lessons from the gulags.", 'duration': 374.917, 'highlights': ["Dostoevsky's influence on existential literature and his introduction of polyphony and existential literature, with Camus' The Plague as a significant book read during isolation. Dostoevsky's impact on existential literature, introduction of polyphony and existential themes, and the significance of Camus' The Plague during isolation.", "The portrayal of human nature and the ability to find happiness in the small joys of life depicted by Solzhenitsyn, along with the revelation of how authoritarian states and idealistic systems can lead to suffering. Solzhenitsyn's portrayal of human nature, finding happiness in small joys, and the reflection on authoritarian states and idealistic systems leading to suffering.", 'Insight into the cruel nature of indifference and the revelation that even evil people believe they are doing good, illustrated by the lessons from the gulags as portrayed by Solzhenitsyn. Insight into the cruel nature of indifference, the belief of evil people doing good, and the lessons from the gulags as revealed by Solzhenitsyn.']}, {'end': 8231.615, 'start': 7790.991, 'title': 'Russian literature reflections', 'summary': 'Discusses the experiences with russian literature, reflections on the nobel prize-winning author, and the impact of literature on career choices, highlighting the challenges of understanding metaphors in moby dick and the turning point in appreciating the beauty of language in literary works.', 'duration': 440.624, 'highlights': ['The impact of literature on career choices is discussed, revealing the influence of reading serious literature at a young age and the shift in career aspirations due to the influence of a particular book. Influence of literature on career choices', "Reflections on the Nobel Prize-winning author's work and the interviews of Ukrainian survivors are shared, emphasizing the diverse perspectives on the present and past Soviet system. Diverse perspectives on the Soviet system", 'Challenges of understanding metaphors in Moby Dick are highlighted, illustrating the impact of not comprehending the metaphorical nature of the novel at a young age, leading to a change in career path. Challenges in understanding metaphors', "The turning point in appreciating the beauty of language in literary works is discussed, with a comparison to the experiences with James Joyce's literature and the later appreciation of Shakespeare. Turning point in appreciating language beauty"]}, {'end': 8566.157, 'start': 8234.222, 'title': 'Barry barish: life, legacy, and the universe', 'summary': "Delves into barry barish's perspective on the meaning of life, mortality, legacy, and the significance of his scientific contributions, highlighting his belief that making a positive difference in knowledge or people's lives gives meaning to one's existence, as well as his hope to be remembered for advancing science and serving as a good role model for humanity.", 'duration': 331.935, 'highlights': ["Barry believes that making a positive difference in knowledge or people's lives gives meaning to one's existence. Barry simplistically states that the individual meaning of life lies in making a positive difference, whether through impacting other people or discovering phenomena like gravitational waves.", 'Barry hopes to be remembered for advancing science and serving as a good role model for humanity. Barry expresses his desire for his legacy to reflect his tangible contribution to advancing science and serving as a positive example for how humans should live their lives.', "Barry emphasizes the collaborative nature of scientific achievements, particularly the creation of complex instruments like the one used in Fermi's experiment. Barry highlights the collaborative effort involved in creating scientific instruments like the one used in Fermi's experiment, emphasizing that such collaborations represent humanity at its best and serve as a testament to human capability, even in the face of potential civilization destruction."]}], 'duration': 1233.113, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/J48bm21q8_A/pics/J48bm21q8_A7333044.jpg', 'highlights': ["The speaker's early fascination with Russian literature influenced their early aspirations to become a writer.", "Dostoevsky's influence on existential literature and his introduction of polyphony and existential themes.", 'The portrayal of human nature and the ability to find happiness in the small joys of life depicted by Solzhenitsyn.', 'Insight into the cruel nature of indifference and the revelation that even evil people believe they are doing good, illustrated by the lessons from the gulags as portrayed by Solzhenitsyn.', 'The impact of literature on career choices is discussed, revealing the influence of reading serious literature at a young age and the shift in career aspirations due to the influence of a particular book.', "Barry believes that making a positive difference in knowledge or people's lives gives meaning to one's existence.", 'Barry hopes to be remembered for advancing science and serving as a good role model for humanity.', "Barry emphasizes the collaborative nature of scientific achievements, particularly the creation of complex instruments like the one used in Fermi's experiment."]}], 'highlights': ['LIGO observes gravitational waves caused by cataclysmic events in the universe.', 'The motion measured by LIGO is 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton.', 'Barry Barish recalls childhood curiosity as a driving force in his pursuit of science.', 'The need to encourage curiosity in education: Barish highlights the deficit of curiosity in college-level teaching.', "Enrico Fermi's discovery of artificial radioactivity using neutrons was a groundbreaking contribution to physics.", "Einstein's theory of general relativity and the concept of gravitational waves represented a significant leap in physics.", "LIGO's accuracy in measuring gravitational waves: Detecting a distortion of one part in 10 to the 21, showcasing remarkable precision.", 'The precision mechanical engineering efforts involved in building the instrument for detecting gravitational waves are acknowledged as exceptionally difficult.', 'Leading a team of over 1000 people to detect gravitational waves, involving years of effort and multiple failures before success, funded by the National Science Foundation with over $100 million investment.', 'Developing a new instrument for LIGO that is at least 10 times better than the current one, leading to the ability to observe 10 times further out, equivalent to 1,000 times more volume, thereby significantly expanding the scope of astronomical observations.', 'The detection of gravitational waves and the challenge of isolating sensors for a mission in the 2030s.', "The speaker's early fascination with Russian literature influenced their early aspirations to become a writer.", "Barry believes that making a positive difference in knowledge or people's lives gives meaning to one's existence."]}