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Jim Gates: Supersymmetry, String Theory and Proving Einstein Right | Lex Fridman Podcast #60

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{'title': 'Jim Gates: Supersymmetry, String Theory and Proving Einstein Right | Lex Fridman Podcast #60', 'heatmap': [{'end': 5301.24, 'start': 5241.56, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "The podcast covers ai's role in understanding the human mind, theoretical physics insights, challenges of interstellar travel, consciousness, ai, and warfare implications, particle physics exploration, supersymmetry's connection to einstein's theory, error correcting codes in digital information and genetics, string theory's mathematical nature, and insights on quantum computing and service, presenting a rich and diverse array of topics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 180.814, 'segs': [{'end': 32.525, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.069, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2.09, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with S.', 'start': 0.069, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 3.29, 'text': 'James Gates, Jr.', 'start': 2.09, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 10.892, 'text': "He's a theoretical physicist and professor at Brown University, working on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory.", 'start': 3.89, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 21.715, 'text': "He served on former President Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and he's now the co-author of a new book titled Proving Einstein Right,", 'start': 11.532, 'duration': 10.183}, {'end': 25.516, 'text': "about the scientists who set out to prove Einstein's theory of relativity.", 'start': 21.715, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 32.525, 'text': "You may have noticed that I've been speaking with not just computer scientists, but philosophers, mathematicians, physicists,", 'start': 26.581, 'duration': 5.944}], 'summary': 'Conversation with physicist s. james gates, jr. on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory, and his new book proving einstein right.', 'duration': 32.456, 'max_score': 0.069, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE69.jpg'}, {'end': 82.605, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 39.41, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 45.253, 'text': "It is our civilization's journey into understanding the human mind and creating echoes of it in the machine.", 'start': 39.41, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 52.118, 'text': 'That journey includes, of course, the world of theoretical physics and its practice of first principles,', 'start': 45.794, 'duration': 6.324}, {'end': 56.441, 'text': 'mathematical thinking and exploring the fundamental nature of our reality.', 'start': 52.118, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 60.226, 'text': 'This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast.', 'start': 57.622, 'duration': 2.604}, {'end': 66.214, 'text': 'If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, give it five stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify,', 'start': 60.246, 'duration': 5.968}, {'end': 69.518, 'text': 'support on Patreon or simply connect with me on Twitter.', 'start': 66.214, 'duration': 3.304}, {'end': 72.502, 'text': 'at Lex Friedman spelled F-R-I-D-M-A-N.', 'start': 69.518, 'duration': 2.984}, {'end': 80.164, 'text': 'If you leave a review on Apple Podcasts or YouTube or Twitter, consider mentioning ideas, people, topics you find interesting.', 'start': 73.601, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 82.605, 'text': 'It helps guide the future of this podcast.', 'start': 80.704, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': 'Exploring human mind in ai, theoretical physics, and mathematical thinking on the artificial intelligence podcast.', 'duration': 43.195, 'max_score': 39.41, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE39410.jpg'}, {'end': 187.422, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 159.675, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 167.36, 'text': 'They educate and inspire hundreds of thousands of students in over 110 countries and have a perfect rating on Charity Navigator,', 'start': 159.675, 'duration': 7.685}, {'end': 170.382, 'text': 'which means the donated money is used to maximum effectiveness.', 'start': 167.36, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 180.814, 'text': "When you get Cash App from the App Store, Google Play and use code LexPodcast, you'll get $10, and Cash App will also donate $10 to FIRST, which,", 'start': 171.203, 'duration': 9.611}, {'end': 187.422, 'text': "again, is an organization that I've personally seen inspire girls and boys to dream of engineering a better world.", 'start': 180.814, 'duration': 6.608}], 'summary': 'Organization educates and inspires students in 110+ countries with a perfect charity navigator rating.', 'duration': 27.747, 'max_score': 159.675, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE159675.jpg'}], 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Ai, theoretical physics, and charity support', 'summary': "Explores ai's role in understanding the human mind and features insights from theoretical physics. it also highlights ways to support the podcast and charity through cash app, including a $10 donation offer for users and charities in partnership with first robotics and lego competitions.", 'chapters': [{'end': 60.226, 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Proving einstein right', 'summary': "Explores the significance of ai as a part of civilization's journey into understanding the human mind, including insights from theoretical physics and the work of s. james gates, jr., a theoretical physicist at brown university and co-author of 'proving einstein right'.", 'duration': 60.157, 'highlights': ["S. James Gates, Jr. is a theoretical physicist and professor at Brown University, working on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory, and co-author of 'Proving Einstein Right'.", "He served on former President Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.", "The conversation delves into AI as a critical aspect of civilization's exploration of the human mind and its replication in machines, extending beyond deep learning and computing.", 'The journey into understanding the human mind involves theoretical physics, mathematical thinking, and exploring the fundamental nature of reality.']}, {'end': 180.814, 'start': 60.246, 'title': 'Supporting podcast and charity with cash app', 'summary': 'Highlights the ways to support the podcast, including subscribing, giving ratings, and engaging on social media, as well as the partnership with cash app to support first robotics and lego competitions, with a donation offer of $10 for both the user and the charity.', 'duration': 120.568, 'highlights': ['Cash App partnership to support FIRST Robotics and Lego competitions with a donation offer of $10 for both the user and the charity', 'Encouraging audience to subscribe on YouTube, give five-star ratings on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, and engage on Twitter, to guide the future of the podcast', 'Introduction of ads at the end of the podcast episodes, with a commitment to not disrupt the flow of conversation', 'Providing timestamps for the start of conversations and encouraging support for the podcast by trying out the products or services being advertised']}], 'duration': 180.745, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE69.jpg', 'highlights': ["S. James Gates, Jr. is a theoretical physicist and professor at Brown University, working on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory, and co-author of 'Proving Einstein Right'.", "The conversation delves into AI as a critical aspect of civilization's exploration of the human mind and its replication in machines, extending beyond deep learning and computing.", 'The journey into understanding the human mind involves theoretical physics, mathematical thinking, and exploring the fundamental nature of reality.', 'Cash App partnership to support FIRST Robotics and Lego competitions with a donation offer of $10 for both the user and the charity', 'Encouraging audience to subscribe on YouTube, give five-star ratings on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, and engage on Twitter, to guide the future of the podcast']}, {'end': 660.592, 'segs': [{'end': 269.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 243.203, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 250.266, 'text': 'Or are fundamental breakthroughs necessary? In order to have genuine starships?', 'start': 243.203, 'duration': 7.063}, {'end': 257.05, 'text': 'probably some really radical views about the way the universe works are going to have to take place in our science.', 'start': 250.266, 'duration': 6.784}, {'end': 262.381, 'text': 'we could, uh, with our current technology,', 'start': 258.135, 'duration': 4.246}, {'end': 269.55, 'text': 'think about constructing multi-generational starships where the people who get on them are not the people who get off at the other end.', 'start': 262.381, 'duration': 7.169}], 'summary': 'Radical breakthroughs needed for multi-generational starships', 'duration': 26.347, 'max_score': 243.203, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE243203.jpg'}, {'end': 318.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 296.914, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 305.182, 'text': 'there are some estimates that, for example, if you sent someone to Mars with that technology, probably about two years out there without the shield,', 'start': 296.914, 'duration': 8.268}, {'end': 306.784, 'text': "they're going to be bombarded.", 'start': 305.182, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 308.266, 'text': 'That means radiation.', 'start': 307.084, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 309.367, 'text': 'It probably means cancer.', 'start': 308.306, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 315.121, 'text': "So that's one of the most formidable challenges, even if we could get over the technology.", 'start': 310.259, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 318.722, 'text': 'Do you think, so Mars is a harsh place.', 'start': 316.301, 'duration': 2.421}], 'summary': 'Mars mission poses 2-year radiation risk, increasing cancer probability.', 'duration': 21.808, 'max_score': 296.914, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE296914.jpg'}, {'end': 364.674, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 340.769, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 350.651, 'text': 'So, first of all, I am extraordinarily convinced we will not put a human on Mars by 2030, which is a date that you often hear in the public debate.', 'start': 340.769, 'duration': 9.882}, {'end': 353.112, 'text': "What's the challenge there?", 'start': 352.132, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 354.052, 'text': 'What do you think?', 'start': 353.532, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 359.694, 'text': 'So there are a couple of ways that I could slice this, but the one that I think is simplest for people to understand involves money.', 'start': 354.312, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 364.674, 'text': 'So you look at how we got to the moon in the 1960s.', 'start': 361.073, 'duration': 3.601}], 'summary': 'Predicts no human on mars by 2030 due to financial challenges', 'duration': 23.905, 'max_score': 340.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE340769.jpg'}, {'end': 418.047, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 392.708, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 399.573, 'text': 'And so you say 5% of the economic output over about a 10-year period gets us 250,000 miles in space.', 'start': 392.708, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 402.615, 'text': 'Mars is about 100 times farther.', 'start': 400.554, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 405.458, 'text': 'So you have at least 100 times the challenge.', 'start': 403.536, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 410.281, 'text': "And we're spending about one-tenth of the funds that we spent then as a government.", 'start': 405.698, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 418.047, 'text': "So my claim is that it's at least 1,000 times harder for me to imagine us getting to Mars by 2030.", 'start': 410.902, 'duration': 7.145}], 'summary': 'Achieving mars mission is 1,000 times harder due to 5% economic output for 250,000 miles in space and limited funding.', 'duration': 25.339, 'max_score': 392.708, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE392708.jpg'}, {'end': 501.564, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 439.777, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 448.463, 'text': 'But even if, like I said, even if you fix the technical problems, the biological engineering that I worry most about.', 'start': 439.777, 'duration': 8.686}, {'end': 451.525, 'text': "However, I'm going to go out on a limb here.", 'start': 449.044, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 455.989, 'text': "I think that by 2090 or so, or 2100, let's say 120, I suspect we're going to have a human on Mars.", 'start': 452.046, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 467.901, 'text': 'Wow, so you think that many years out, first a few tangents.', 'start': 464.079, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 470.363, 'text': 'You said bioengineering is a challenge.', 'start': 468.021, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 472.184, 'text': "What's the challenge there?", 'start': 470.583, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 482.9, 'text': 'So, as I said, the real problem with interstellar travel, aside from the technology challenges, The real problem is radiation.', 'start': 472.444, 'duration': 10.456}, {'end': 492.442, 'text': 'And how do you engineer either an environment or a body? Because we see rapid advances going on in bioengineering.', 'start': 483.26, 'duration': 9.182}, {'end': 501.564, 'text': "How do you engineer either a ship or a body so that something, some person that's recognizably human,", 'start': 492.922, 'duration': 8.642}], 'summary': 'Challenges in interstellar travel include radiation and bioengineering; predicts human on mars by 2090-2100.', 'duration': 61.787, 'max_score': 439.777, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE439777.jpg'}, {'end': 579.126, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 552.166, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 557.652, 'text': "So yes, bending the cost curve is certainly critical if we're going to be successful.", 'start': 552.166, 'duration': 5.486}, {'end': 567.201, 'text': 'Now, you ask about the endeavors that are out there now, sponsored by two very prominent American citizens, Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk.', 'start': 558.297, 'duration': 8.904}, {'end': 574.425, 'text': "I'm disappointed actually in what I see in terms of the routes that are being pursued.", 'start': 568.182, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 579.126, 'text': 'So let me give you one example there, and this one is going to be a little bit more technical.', 'start': 575.305, 'duration': 3.821}], 'summary': 'Bending the cost curve is critical for success. disappointed with current space endeavors led by jeff bezos and elon musk.', 'duration': 26.96, 'max_score': 552.166, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE552166.jpg'}, {'end': 625.103, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 594.61, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 603.532, 'text': "But the real problem is those rockets, the technology that we're doing now is not really that different than what was used to go to the moon.", 'start': 594.61, 'duration': 8.922}, {'end': 606.053, 'text': 'And there are alternatives, it turns out.', 'start': 604.452, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 611.076, 'text': "There's an engine called a flare engine, which so a traditional rocket.", 'start': 606.653, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 613.197, 'text': 'if you look at the engine, it looks like a bell right?', 'start': 611.076, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 614.498, 'text': 'And then the flame comes out the bottom.', 'start': 613.237, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 625.103, 'text': 'But there is a kind of engine called a flare engine, which is essentially, when you look at it, it looks like an exhaust pipe on, like a fancy car.', 'start': 614.978, 'duration': 10.125}], 'summary': "Rockets' technology similar to moon landing; flare engine as alternative.", 'duration': 30.493, 'max_score': 594.61, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE594610.jpg'}], 'start': 180.814, 'title': 'Challenges of interstellar travel', 'summary': 'Explores the formidable barriers of physics, technological advancements required for starships, the financial and technical challenges of reaching mars by 2030, and the disappointment in current interstellar travel endeavors by jeff bezos and elon musk.', 'chapters': [{'end': 438.996, 'start': 180.814, 'title': 'Challenges of interstellar travel', 'summary': 'Explores the challenges of interstellar travel, including the formidable barriers of physics, technological advancements required for starships, and the financial and technical challenges of reaching mars by 2030, with a comparison to the apollo program.', 'duration': 258.182, 'highlights': ['The formidable challenge of venturing beyond the solar system is emphasized, with the assertion that it could be at least 1,000 times harder to reach Mars by 2030 compared to the Apollo program due to financial constraints and the immense distance.', "The impact of cosmic radiation on interplanetary travel, specifically the potential for radiation exposure and its link to health risks such as cancer, is highlighted, with estimates suggesting that a two-year journey to Mars without the Earth's protective magnetosphere could lead to significant health issues.", 'The necessity for fundamental breakthroughs in science and technology for the development of starships capable of interstellar travel is mentioned, indicating the need for radical advancements to overcome the challenges posed by cosmic radiation and long-duration space travel.', 'The financial and technical challenges of reaching Mars by 2030 are discussed, drawing a comparison to the Apollo program and emphasizing the significant increase in difficulty due to the vast distance and the decrease in funding for space exploration.']}, {'end': 660.592, 'start': 439.777, 'title': 'Challenges of interstellar travel', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of interstellar travel, including the biological engineering concerns for human survival, the importance of bending the cost curve, and the disappointment in the current routes being pursued by prominent american citizens, jeff bezos and elon musk, in interstellar travel endeavors.', 'duration': 220.815, 'highlights': ['The real problem with interstellar travel is radiation and the difficulty of engineering an environment or a body for human survival, which is more challenging than most people realize.', 'Bending the cost curve is critical for successful interstellar travel, and the disappointment in the current routes being pursued by Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in terms of technology and cost efficiency.', 'The potential use of flare engines as an alternative to traditional rocket engines for interstellar travel, offering greater thrust variability and economic benefits.', 'The prediction of having a human on Mars by 2090 or 2100, highlighting the potential progress in space exploration despite the challenges.']}], 'duration': 479.778, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE180814.jpg', 'highlights': ['The formidable challenge of venturing beyond the solar system is emphasized, with the assertion that it could be at least 1,000 times harder to reach Mars by 2030 compared to the Apollo program due to financial constraints and the immense distance.', "The impact of cosmic radiation on interplanetary travel, specifically the potential for radiation exposure and its link to health risks such as cancer, is highlighted, with estimates suggesting that a two-year journey to Mars without the Earth's protective magnetosphere could lead to significant health issues.", 'The necessity for fundamental breakthroughs in science and technology for the development of starships capable of interstellar travel is mentioned, indicating the need for radical advancements to overcome the challenges posed by cosmic radiation and long-duration space travel.', 'The financial and technical challenges of reaching Mars by 2030 are discussed, drawing a comparison to the Apollo program and emphasizing the significant increase in difficulty due to the vast distance and the decrease in funding for space exploration.', 'Bending the cost curve is critical for successful interstellar travel, and the disappointment in the current routes being pursued by Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in terms of technology and cost efficiency.', 'The real problem with interstellar travel is radiation and the difficulty of engineering an environment or a body for human survival, which is more challenging than most people realize.', 'The potential use of flare engines as an alternative to traditional rocket engines for interstellar travel, offering greater thrust variability and economic benefits.', 'The prediction of having a human on Mars by 2090 or 2100, highlighting the potential progress in space exploration despite the challenges.']}, {'end': 1901.039, 'segs': [{'end': 737.145, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 711.754, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 716.476, 'text': "In the last decade, we've discovered over a thousand planets,", 'start': 711.754, 'duration': 4.722}, {'end': 723.578, 'text': "and a substantial number of those planets are Earth-like in terms of being in the Goldilocks zone, as it's called.", 'start': 716.476, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 732.863, 'text': "So it's, in my mind, it's practically inconceivable that we're the only conscious form of life in the universe.", 'start': 724.358, 'duration': 8.505}, {'end': 735.144, 'text': "But that doesn't mean they've come to visit us.", 'start': 733.523, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 737.145, 'text': 'Do you think they would look?', 'start': 735.944, 'duration': 1.201}], 'summary': 'Over 1000 planets discovered, many earth-like in goldilocks zone. likely not the only conscious life in the universe.', 'duration': 25.391, 'max_score': 711.754, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE711754.jpg'}, {'end': 783.072, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 759.398, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 767.183, 'text': 'which is that even if you have two biological systems that are totally separated from each other, if they face similar conditions,', 'start': 759.398, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 769.085, 'text': 'nature tends to converge on solutions.', 'start': 767.183, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 776.95, 'text': "And so there might be similarities if this alien life form was born in a place that's kind of like this place.", 'start': 769.585, 'duration': 7.365}, {'end': 783.072, 'text': 'Physics appears to be quite similar, the laws of physics across the entirety of the universe.', 'start': 778.07, 'duration': 5.002}], 'summary': 'Similar conditions lead to convergence of solutions; universal laws of physics apply.', 'duration': 23.674, 'max_score': 759.398, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE759398.jpg'}, {'end': 834.475, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 806.783, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 811.185, 'text': 'So you can look down the table of elements and say, well, gee, do we see similar elements? The answer is yes.', 'start': 806.783, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 815.687, 'text': 'And one that one often hears about in science fiction is silicon.', 'start': 811.725, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 819.749, 'text': "So maybe there's a silicon-based life form out there if the conditions are right.", 'start': 816.387, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 827.392, 'text': "I think it's presumptuous of us to think that we are the template by which all life has to appear.", 'start': 820.449, 'duration': 6.943}, {'end': 834.475, 'text': 'Before we dive into beautiful details, let me ask a big question.', 'start': 830.393, 'duration': 4.082}], 'summary': 'Exploring the potential for silicon-based life forms beyond earth.', 'duration': 27.692, 'max_score': 806.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE806783.jpg'}, {'end': 936.644, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 908.347, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 914.913, 'text': 'And my response is, mathematics is the language that we humans are capable of using in describing the universe.', 'start': 908.347, 'duration': 6.566}, {'end': 923.238, 'text': "It may have little to do with the universe, But in terms of our capacity, it's the microscope, it's the telescope through which we..", 'start': 915.053, 'duration': 8.185}, {'end': 929.461, 'text': "It's the lens through which we are able to view the universe with the precision that no other human language allows.", 'start': 923.238, 'duration': 6.223}, {'end': 936.644, 'text': "So could there be other universes? Well, I don't even know if this one looks like I think it does.", 'start': 931.662, 'duration': 4.982}], 'summary': 'Mathematics is the precise language for describing the universe.', 'duration': 28.297, 'max_score': 908.347, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE908347.jpg'}, {'end': 1027.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 998.25, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 999.651, 'text': 'We talked about space travel.', 'start': 998.25, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 1008.921, 'text': 'To be able to compress the information that captures some large percent of what it means to be me or you,', 'start': 1000.172, 'duration': 8.749}, {'end': 1011.324, 'text': 'and then be able to send that at the speed of light.', 'start': 1008.921, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 1014.326, 'text': "Wow, that's a big question.", 'start': 1012.745, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 1018.448, 'text': 'And let me try to take it apart, unpack it into several pieces.', 'start': 1014.686, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 1027.573, 'text': "I don't believe that wetware biology such as we are has an exclusive patent on intellect and consciousness.", 'start': 1019.068, 'duration': 8.505}], 'summary': 'Discussion on space travel and transmitting information at the speed of light, questioning the exclusivity of intellect and consciousness in wetware biology.', 'duration': 29.323, 'max_score': 998.25, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE998250.jpg'}, {'end': 1298.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1263.563, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1265.845, 'text': "It's based on a technology called message packaging.", 'start': 1263.563, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 1275.692, 'text': "So if you could exponentiate message packaging in some way to preserve the information that's in the data stream, then maybe your dream becomes true.", 'start': 1266.385, 'duration': 9.307}, {'end': 1283.278, 'text': 'You mentioned with artificial intelligence, sort of us human beings not having a monopoly on consciousness.', 'start': 1276.252, 'duration': 7.026}, {'end': 1298.399, 'text': 'Does the idea of artificial intelligence systems, computational systems being able to basically replacing us humans, scare you, excite you?', 'start': 1284.531, 'duration': 13.868}], 'summary': 'Message packaging technology may preserve data stream info, ai replacing humans raises questions.', 'duration': 34.836, 'max_score': 1263.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE1263563.jpg'}, {'end': 1345.286, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1322.941, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1331.763, 'text': "it's somehow I get this sense of my lived experience and watching creative people that it's somehow connected to the irrational parts of what goes on in our head.", 'start': 1322.941, 'duration': 8.822}, {'end': 1333.683, 'text': 'And dreaming is part of that irrational.', 'start': 1332.183, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 1337.344, 'text': 'So, unless you can build a piece of artificial intelligence that dreams,', 'start': 1334.103, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 1345.286, 'text': 'I have a strong suspicion that you will not get something that will fully be conscious by a definition that I would accept, for example.', 'start': 1337.344, 'duration': 7.942}], 'summary': 'Lived experience and creativity are connected to irrationality; ai may not achieve full consciousness.', 'duration': 22.345, 'max_score': 1322.941, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE1322941.jpg'}, {'end': 1512.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1489.403, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1498.088, 'text': 'And because of that, when I was in the part of the calculus course where we had to do multiple substitutions to solve integrals,', 'start': 1489.403, 'duration': 8.685}, {'end': 1499.109, 'text': 'I had a lot of difficulty.', 'start': 1498.088, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 1506.929, 'text': 'I was emotionally involved in my education because this is where I think the passion and emotion comes to.', 'start': 1500.945, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 1512.332, 'text': 'And it caused an emotional crisis that I was having these difficulties understanding the integral part of calculus.', 'start': 1507.209, 'duration': 5.123}, {'end': 1512.812, 'text': 'The why.', 'start': 1512.352, 'duration': 0.46}], 'summary': 'Struggling with multiple substitutions in calculus led to an emotional crisis in education.', 'duration': 23.409, 'max_score': 1489.403, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE1489403.jpg'}, {'end': 1868.219, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1817.354, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1824.759, 'text': "And the picture that I see is that it would be possible to develop technologies that are so terrible that you couldn't use them.", 'start': 1817.354, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 1828.72, 'text': 'because the costs are too high, and that might cure us.', 'start': 1825.439, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 1836.923, 'text': 'And many people have argued that actually it prevented, nuclear weapons have prevented more military conflict than..', 'start': 1829.24, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 1840.604, 'text': 'It certainly froze the conflict domain.', 'start': 1836.923, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 1851.268, 'text': "It's interesting that nowadays it was with the removal of the threat of mutually assured destruction that other forces took over in our geopolitics.", 'start': 1841.204, 'duration': 10.064}, {'end': 1861.334, 'text': 'Do you have worries, that of existential threats of nuclear weapons or other technologies like artificial intelligence?', 'start': 1852.328, 'duration': 9.006}, {'end': 1866.397, 'text': 'Do you think we humans will tend to figure out how to not blow ourselves up?', 'start': 1861.714, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 1868.219, 'text': "I don't know, quite frankly.", 'start': 1866.978, 'duration': 1.241}], 'summary': 'Technologies with high costs could prevent conflict; concerns about existential threats of nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence.', 'duration': 50.865, 'max_score': 1817.354, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE1817354.jpg'}], 'start': 660.632, 'title': 'The universe, consciousness, ai, and warfare', 'summary': 'Delves into the potential for alien life in the universe, the role of consciousness in understanding the universe, challenges of artificial intelligence, creative problem solving, and the implications of technological advancements on warfare, covering over a thousand earth-like planets, the role of mathematics, limitations of ai, harnessing subconscious creativity, mutually assured destruction, and existential threats posed by nuclear weapons and ai.', 'chapters': [{'end': 827.392, 'start': 660.632, 'title': 'Alien life and the universe', 'summary': 'Delves into the potential for alien life in the universe, citing the discovery of over a thousand earth-like planets and discussing the likelihood of recognizing alien life based on convergence in biology and similar laws of physics.', 'duration': 166.76, 'highlights': ['The discovery of over a thousand Earth-like planets in the last decade indicates the practical inconceivability of Earth being the only conscious form of life in the universe.', "Nature tends to converge on solutions under similar conditions, suggesting that alien life may share similarities if born in a place resembling Earth's environment.", 'The laws of physics across the entirety of the universe appear to be quite similar, possibly allowing for weirder things than those seen on Earth to spring up based on the same laws of physics.', 'Silicon-based life forms might exist if the conditions are right, reflecting the possibility of life not adhering to the carbon-based template of Earth.']}, {'end': 1242.497, 'start': 830.393, 'title': 'The mysterious universe and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the beautiful and surprising idea in physics, emphasizing the capacity of human intellect to delve into the structure of the universe, the role of mathematics as a tool for understanding, and the potential for consciousness to be compressed and transmitted at the speed of light. it also discusses the mysterious nature of the universe and the possibility of consciousness in non-biological structures.', 'duration': 412.104, 'highlights': ["The universe's construction allows humans to delve deeply into its structure, a surprising capacity that is close to a miracle. The speaker highlights the surprising idea that humans, with limited intellectual capacity, are able to delve deep into the structure of the universe, emphasizing the miraculous nature of this capacity.", 'Mathematics serves as a tool for describing the universe and allows for precision that no other human language permits. The role of mathematics as a language for describing the universe is emphasized, highlighting its significance in enabling humans to view the universe with unparalleled precision.', 'The potential for consciousness to be compressed and transmitted at the speed of light is discussed, suggesting the possibility of consciousness in non-biological structures. The discussion of compressing and transmitting consciousness at the speed of light raises the possibility of consciousness existing in non-biological structures and its potential for rapid transmission.', "The mysterious nature of the universe is emphasized, with the speaker expressing a sense of strangeness and coincidences that suggest something extraordinary is at play. The speaker expresses the mysterious nature of the universe, drawing parallels to Einstein's perspective and highlighting the strange coincidences that lead to a sense of something extraordinary occurring in the universe."]}, {'end': 1420.025, 'start': 1242.998, 'title': 'Challenges of artificial intelligence and creativity', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of preserving information in data streams, the limitations of artificial intelligence in replicating human consciousness, and the process of creativity in the field of mathematics and science.', 'duration': 177.027, 'highlights': ["The internet is based on a technology called message packaging, and there's a need to exponentiate message packaging to preserve information in data streams.", 'Artificial intelligence may not fully replicate human consciousness without the ability to dream, as creativity is connected to the irrational parts of human thinking.', 'Creativity in mathematics and science involves synthesizing accumulated information to generate new ideas and understand the structure of nature.']}, {'end': 1655.523, 'start': 1420.645, 'title': 'Creative problem solving through emotional pressure', 'summary': 'Discusses the power of emotional involvement and suffering in triggering a subconscious creative process, as exemplified by the experience of solving integral calculus problems during an emotional crisis and a subsequent dream, highlighting the potential of harnessing subconscious creativity for solving complex problems.', 'duration': 234.878, 'highlights': ['The emotional crisis during integral calculus study led to a subconscious creative breakthrough, as demonstrated by the ability to solve problems after a strange dream, showcasing the potential of harnessing subconscious creativity for problem-solving. demonstrates the potential of harnessing subconscious creativity for problem-solving', 'The suffering during the study of integral calculus is identified as a crucible that triggers the second mode of creativity, emphasizing the role of emotional pressure in the creative process. emphasizes the role of emotional pressure in the creative process', 'The comparison of the subconscious creative process to the function of thermonuclear weapons visually illustrates the connection between emotional pressure and the generation of significant ideas. visually illustrates the connection between emotional pressure and the generation of significant ideas']}, {'end': 1901.039, 'start': 1656.944, 'title': 'Implications of technological advancements on warfare', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of technological advancements on warfare, including the concept of mutually assured destruction and the possibility of developing technologies with such high costs that they become unusable, while also considering the existential threats posed by nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence.', 'duration': 244.095, 'highlights': ['The concept of mutually assured destruction and its impact on preventing military conflict is discussed. The cost of mutually assured destruction prevented more military conflict and froze the conflict domain, similar to the impact of nuclear weapons.', 'The potential development of technologies with such high costs that they become unusable is considered. The chapter explores the possibility of developing technologies with such high costs that they become unusable, similar to the impact of mutually assured destruction.', 'The discussion on the existential threats posed by nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence. The chapter raises concerns about existential threats posed by nuclear weapons and the potential implications of artificial intelligence, questioning whether humanity will avoid catastrophic, self-induced ending.']}], 'duration': 1240.407, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE660632.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discovery of over a thousand Earth-like planets indicates the practical inconceivability of Earth being the only conscious form of life in the universe.', 'The laws of physics across the universe appear to be quite similar, possibly allowing for weirder things to spring up based on the same laws.', "Nature tends to converge on solutions under similar conditions, suggesting that alien life may share similarities if born in a place resembling Earth's environment.", 'Silicon-based life forms might exist if the conditions are right, reflecting the possibility of life not adhering to the carbon-based template of Earth.', 'Mathematics serves as a tool for describing the universe and allows for precision that no other human language permits.', 'The potential for consciousness to be compressed and transmitted at the speed of light is discussed, suggesting the possibility of consciousness in non-biological structures.', "The internet is based on a technology called message packaging, and there's a need to exponentiate message packaging to preserve information in data streams.", 'Artificial intelligence may not fully replicate human consciousness without the ability to dream, as creativity is connected to the irrational parts of human thinking.', 'The emotional crisis during integral calculus study led to a subconscious creative breakthrough, showcasing the potential of harnessing subconscious creativity for problem-solving.', 'The concept of mutually assured destruction and its impact on preventing military conflict is discussed.', 'The potential development of technologies with such high costs that they become unusable is considered.', 'The discussion on the existential threats posed by nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence.']}, {'end': 2887.692, 'segs': [{'end': 1977.389, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1950.855, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1957.001, 'text': 'There are, in fact, 18 quarks and apparently six electron-like objects that we call leptons.', 'start': 1950.855, 'duration': 6.146}, {'end': 1958.223, 'text': "So that's one bucket.", 'start': 1957.562, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 1967.445, 'text': 'The other bucket that we see both in our mathematics as well as in our experimental equipment are what are a set of particles that you can call force carriers.', 'start': 1959.161, 'duration': 8.284}, {'end': 1971.947, 'text': 'The most familiar force carrier is the photon, the particle of light that allows you to see me.', 'start': 1967.925, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 1977.389, 'text': "In fact, it's the same object that carries electric repulsion between light charges.", 'start': 1972.287, 'duration': 5.102}], 'summary': 'There are 18 quarks and 6 leptons, along with force carrier particles like the photon.', 'duration': 26.534, 'max_score': 1950.855, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE1950855.jpg'}, {'end': 2173.424, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2146.079, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2152.442, 'text': 'And Maxwell, between these two other giants, taught us about electric and magnetic forces.', 'start': 2146.079, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 2157.705, 'text': "And it's from his equations that one can figure out that there's a carrier called the photon.", 'start': 2152.982, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 2161.767, 'text': 'So this was resolved for physicists around 1860 or so.', 'start': 2158.345, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 2170.342, 'text': 'So what are bosons and fermions and hadrons, elementary and composite? Sure.', 'start': 2164.099, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 2172.964, 'text': 'So earlier I said..', 'start': 2170.462, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 2173.424, 'text': 'Two buckets.', 'start': 2172.964, 'duration': 0.46}], 'summary': "Maxwell's equations led to the discovery of the photon, resolving a key question for physicists around 1860.", 'duration': 27.345, 'max_score': 2146.079, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2146079.jpg'}, {'end': 2312.269, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2284.128, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2289.433, 'text': 'Which of them, and maybe you can mention the most popular of the bosons.', 'start': 2284.128, 'duration': 5.305}, {'end': 2291.394, 'text': 'The most recently discovered.', 'start': 2289.933, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 2298.841, 'text': "It's like when I was in high school and there was a really popular majorette.", 'start': 2292.075, 'duration': 6.766}, {'end': 2300.642, 'text': 'Her name is the Higgs particle these days.', 'start': 2299.041, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2311.108, 'text': 'Can you describe which of the bosons and the fermions have been discovered, hypothesized, which have been experimentally validated?', 'start': 2301.523, 'duration': 9.585}, {'end': 2312.269, 'text': "what's still out there? Sure.", 'start': 2311.108, 'duration': 1.161}], 'summary': 'The higgs particle, a recently discovered boson, is the most popular among bosons and fermions.', 'duration': 28.141, 'max_score': 2284.128, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2284128.jpg'}, {'end': 2496.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2460.233, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2460.973, 'text': "It's just an accident.", 'start': 2460.233, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 2463.315, 'text': 'So there are things in nature that have that character.', 'start': 2461.434, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 2467.738, 'text': 'And perhaps the strength of the various forces is like that.', 'start': 2463.795, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 2475.948, 'text': "On the other hand, we don't know that that's the case, and there may be some deep reasons about why the forces are ordered as they are.", 'start': 2468.599, 'duration': 7.349}, {'end': 2480.993, 'text': 'where the weakest force is gravity, the next weakest force is the weak interaction, the weak nuclear force.', 'start': 2475.948, 'duration': 5.045}, {'end': 2482.675, 'text': "then there's electromagnetism, there's a strong force.", 'start': 2480.993, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 2486.7, 'text': "We don't really have a good understanding of why this is the ordering of the forces.", 'start': 2483.176, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 2496.215, 'text': "Some of the fascinating work you've done is in the space of supersymmetry, symmetry in general.", 'start': 2488.77, 'duration': 7.445}], 'summary': 'Physics forces order unexplained, weak to strong: gravity, weak nuclear, electromagnetism, strong.', 'duration': 35.982, 'max_score': 2460.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2460233.jpg'}, {'end': 2596.277, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2572.345, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2579.549, 'text': "Supersymmetry was actually born in the Ukraine in the late 60s, but we had this thing called the Iron Curtain, so we Westerners didn't know about it.", 'start': 2572.345, 'duration': 7.204}, {'end': 2586.553, 'text': 'But by the early 70s, independently, there were scientists in the West who had rediscovered supersymmetry.', 'start': 2580.57, 'duration': 5.983}, {'end': 2589.555, 'text': 'Bruno Zemino and Julius Vest were their names.', 'start': 2587.554, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2593.556, 'text': 'So this was around 71 or 72 when this happened.', 'start': 2590.515, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 2596.277, 'text': 'I started graduate school in 73.', 'start': 2594.236, 'duration': 2.041}], 'summary': 'Supersymmetry originated in ukraine in the late 60s, rediscovered in the west by scientists including bruno zemino and julius vest around 71-72.', 'duration': 23.932, 'max_score': 2572.345, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2572345.jpg'}, {'end': 2721.289, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2693.172, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2696.636, 'text': 'And so, even though we have these very powerful ideas about balance in the universe,', 'start': 2693.172, 'duration': 3.464}, {'end': 2703.044, 'text': "in some sense it's only when you break those balances that you get creatures like humans and objects like planets and stars.", 'start': 2696.636, 'duration': 6.408}, {'end': 2709.226, 'text': 'So although they are a scaffold for reality, they cannot be the entirety of reality.', 'start': 2703.684, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 2721.289, 'text': "So I'm kind of naturally attracted to parts of science and technology where symmetry plays a dominant role.", 'start': 2709.606, 'duration': 11.683}], 'summary': 'Imbalance leads to human existence; symmetry plays a key role in science and technology.', 'duration': 28.117, 'max_score': 2693.172, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2693172.jpg'}, {'end': 2862.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2824.583, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2826.684, 'text': "So you're forced to actually put it in one of these empty quadrants.", 'start': 2824.583, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 2835.769, 'text': 'So those sorts of things, basically we give them, so the photon mathematically can be accompanied by a photino.', 'start': 2827.825, 'duration': 7.944}, {'end': 2839.511, 'text': "It's the thing that carries a force, but has the rule of bouncing off.", 'start': 2835.949, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 2843.173, 'text': 'In a similar manner, you could start with an electron.', 'start': 2840.691, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 2846.775, 'text': 'And you say, okay, so write down the mathematical electron.', 'start': 2844.234, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 2847.736, 'text': 'I know how to do that.', 'start': 2847.015, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 2852.379, 'text': 'A physicist named Dirac first told us how to do that back in the late 20s, early 30s.', 'start': 2848.056, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 2862.305, 'text': 'So take that mathematics and then you say let me look at that mathematics and find out what in the mathematics causes two electrons to bounce off of each other,', 'start': 2853.519, 'duration': 8.786}], 'summary': 'Physics concepts like photons, photinos, and electrons explained mathematically by dirac in the late 20s and early 30s.', 'duration': 37.722, 'max_score': 2824.583, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2824583.jpg'}], 'start': 1905.529, 'title': 'Particle physics and symmetry', 'summary': 'Explores basic particles including 18 quarks, 6 leptons, and force carriers, discusses bosons, fermions, higgs boson, graviton, and supersymmetry. it also highlights the beauty of symmetry in mathematics and its interplay with physics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2262.521, 'start': 1905.529, 'title': 'World of particles', 'summary': 'Discusses the basic particles observed or hypothesized by physicists, including 18 quarks, 6 leptons, and force carriers like photons, gravitons, and gluons. it also explores the non-trivial nature of force carriers and the distinction between bosons and fermions.', 'duration': 356.992, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the basic particles observed or hypothesized by physicists, including 18 quarks, 6 leptons, and force carriers like photons, gravitons, and gluons. The transcript explains the fundamental particles observed or hypothesized by physicists, such as 18 quarks, 6 leptons, and various force carriers, providing a foundational understanding of particle physics.', 'It also explores the non-trivial nature of force carriers and the distinction between bosons and fermions. The discussion delves into the non-trivial nature of force carriers, emphasizing the distinction between bosons, exemplified by the particle of light (photon), and fermions, as well as highlighting their distinct behaviors in interactions.', 'The resolution of the issue of action at a distance is attributed to James Clerk Maxwell, who introduced the concept of electric and magnetic forces, culminating in the understanding of the photon as a carrier. The transcript credits James Clerk Maxwell for resolving the issue of action at a distance through the introduction of electric and magnetic forces, ultimately leading to the understanding of the photon as a carrier, a significant milestone in the development of particle physics.']}, {'end': 2667.148, 'start': 2263.396, 'title': 'Bosons, fermions, and supersymmetry', 'summary': 'Discusses the distinction between bosons and fermions, the discovery and verification of higgs boson and graviton, the mystery of the weakness of gravity, and the concept of supersymmetry, including its historical development and mathematical significance.', 'duration': 403.752, 'highlights': ['The Higgs boson is the most recently discovered boson, while the graviton, carrier of the force of gravity, is yet to be experimentally verified. The discussion covers the verified discovery of the Higgs boson and the yet-to-be-verified graviton, providing insight into the current understanding of bosons and the force carrier for gravity.', 'The weakness of gravity compared to other forces remains a deep mystery in physics, with no clear explanation for the ordering of forces. The mystery of the weakness of gravity and the lack of understanding of the ordering of forces in physics are highlighted, showcasing the unresolved questions in the field.', "Supersymmetry, a concept involving symmetry between different types of particles, was initially developed in the late 60s and rediscovered by Western scientists in the early 70s. The historical development of supersymmetry, its origins, and rediscovery in the Western scientific community are outlined, shedding light on the concept's significance in physics."]}, {'end': 2887.692, 'start': 2667.148, 'title': 'Beauty of symmetry in mathematics and physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the beauty of symmetry in mathematics and its interplay with physics, highlighting how breaking symmetries leads to the existence of creatures like humans and objects like planets and stars, and how mathematical variations result in the placement of force carriers in different quadrants.', 'duration': 220.544, 'highlights': ['Breaking symmetries leads to the existence of creatures like humans and objects like planets and stars. The discussion emphasizes that the breaking of symmetries results in the existence of creatures like humans and objects like planets and stars, suggesting the significance of asymmetry in the creation of diverse entities.', 'Mathematical variations result in the placement of force carriers in different quadrants. The chapter explains how mathematical variations lead to the placement of force carriers in different quadrants, demonstrating the influence of mathematical modifications on the categorization of force carriers in physics.']}], 'duration': 982.163, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE1905529.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Higgs boson is the most recently discovered boson, while the graviton, carrier of the force of gravity, is yet to be experimentally verified.', 'The chapter discusses the basic particles observed or hypothesized by physicists, including 18 quarks, 6 leptons, and force carriers like photons, gravitons, and gluons.', 'Supersymmetry, a concept involving symmetry between different types of particles, was initially developed in the late 60s and rediscovered by Western scientists in the early 70s.', 'The resolution of the issue of action at a distance is attributed to James Clerk Maxwell, who introduced the concept of electric and magnetic forces, culminating in the understanding of the photon as a carrier.', 'The weakness of gravity compared to other forces remains a deep mystery in physics, with no clear explanation for the ordering of forces.', 'The discussion delves into the non-trivial nature of force carriers, emphasizing the distinction between bosons, exemplified by the particle of light (photon), and fermions, as well as highlighting their distinct behaviors in interactions.', 'Breaking symmetries leads to the existence of creatures like humans and objects like planets and stars.', 'Mathematical variations result in the placement of force carriers in different quadrants.']}, {'end': 3316.736, 'segs': [{'end': 2986.147, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2943.579, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2944.42, 'text': "and we'll have this theme.", 'start': 2943.579, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 2952.809, 'text': "it's a really interesting one when you explore the world of the small and in your new book, talking about proving Einstein right,", 'start': 2944.42, 'duration': 8.389}, {'end': 2954.15, 'text': "that we'll also talk about.", 'start': 2952.809, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 2962.436, 'text': "there's this theme of kind of starting it, Exploring crazy ideas first in the mathematics and then seeking for ways to experimentally validate them.", 'start': 2954.15, 'duration': 8.286}, {'end': 2967.699, 'text': "Where do you put supersymmetry in that? It's closer than string theory.", 'start': 2963.377, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 2970.78, 'text': 'It has not yet been validated.', 'start': 2968.379, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 2974.683, 'text': "In some sense, you mentioned Einstein, so let's go there for a moment.", 'start': 2970.841, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 2977.164, 'text': 'In our book Proving Einstein Right,', 'start': 2975.543, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 2986.147, 'text': "we actually do talk about the fact that Albert Einstein in 1915 wrote a set of equations which were very different from Newton's equations in describing gravity.", 'start': 2977.164, 'duration': 8.983}], 'summary': "Exploring unvalidated supersymmetry and validating einstein's equations in new book.", 'duration': 42.568, 'max_score': 2943.579, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2943579.jpg'}, {'end': 3072.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3046.43, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3056.438, 'text': 'So Einstein, in his 1915 theory of general relativity, found out that gravity has the same effect on light as that glass of water.', 'start': 3046.43, 'duration': 10.008}, {'end': 3058.4, 'text': 'It would cause beams of light to bend.', 'start': 3056.558, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 3064.725, 'text': "Now, Newton also knew this, but Einstein's prediction was that light would bend twice as much.", 'start': 3059.298, 'duration': 5.427}, {'end': 3067.429, 'text': "And so here's a mathematical idea.", 'start': 3065.827, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 3072.675, 'text': "Now, how do you actually prove it? Well, you've got to watch, yeah.", 'start': 3068.35, 'duration': 4.325}], 'summary': "Einstein's 1915 theory predicted light bending twice as much as newton's, demonstrating gravitational effects.", 'duration': 26.245, 'max_score': 3046.43, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3046430.jpg'}, {'end': 3153.523, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3122.528, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3123.949, 'text': 'Earlier we spoke about the Higgs boson.', 'start': 3122.528, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 3125.611, 'text': 'So why did we go looking for it?', 'start': 3124.49, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 3136.078, 'text': 'The answer is that back in the late 60s, early 70s, some people wrote some equations and the equations predicted this', 'start': 3127.165, 'duration': 8.913}, {'end': 3137.921, 'text': 'So then we went looking for it.', 'start': 3136.699, 'duration': 1.222}, {'end': 3147.841, 'text': "So on supersymmetry for a second, there's these things called adinkra symbols, these strange little graphs.", 'start': 3139.557, 'duration': 8.284}, {'end': 3153.523, 'text': 'You refer to them as revealing something like binary code, underlying reality.', 'start': 3148.621, 'duration': 4.902}], 'summary': 'In the late 60s, early 70s, equations predicted higgs boson, leading to its search. adinkra symbols relate to supersymmetry.', 'duration': 30.995, 'max_score': 3122.528, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3122528.jpg'}], 'start': 2888.172, 'title': 'Supersymmetry, adinkra symbols, and mathematical problem solving', 'summary': "Explores supersymmetry's role in experimental validation, its connection to einstein's theory of general relativity, and the significance of adinkra symbols in mathematical problem solving, presenting an alternative language for mathematicians.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3120.587, 'start': 2888.172, 'title': 'Supersymmetry and proving einstein right', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of supersymmetry, its role in exploring crazy mathematical ideas before seeking experimental validation, and the connection to einstein's theory of general relativity, including his predictions on gravity's effect on light.", 'duration': 232.415, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of supersymmetry and its role in exploring crazy mathematical ideas before seeking experimental validation. The speaker discusses the concept of supersymmetry and its role in exploring crazy mathematical ideas before seeking experimental validation.', "The chapter explores the connection between supersymmetry and Einstein's theory of general relativity, including his predictions on gravity's effect on light. The chapter explores the connection between supersymmetry and Einstein's theory of general relativity, including his predictions on gravity's effect on light.", "The speaker describes Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity and its predictions on the bending of light by gravity, differing from Newton's predictions. The speaker describes Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity and its predictions on the bending of light by gravity, differing from Newton's predictions."]}, {'end': 3316.736, 'start': 3122.528, 'title': 'Understanding adinkra symbols and mathematical problem solving', 'summary': 'Discusses the discovery and significance of adinkra symbols in representing data from equations, providing an alternative language for solving mathematical problems and the challenge of teaching this mathematical language to mathematicians.', 'duration': 194.208, 'highlights': ['The discovery of adinkra symbols in 2005 provided a new way to represent data from equations, offering an alternative language for attacking mathematical problems.', 'The adinkra symbols consist of black and white balls connected by lines, representing particles of light and electrons, offering a visual representation of complex mathematical data.', 'The challenge of teaching mathematicians about this new mathematical language demonstrates the rigor with which they examine ideas, making them better, and presents a unique opportunity to enhance mathematical knowledge.', 'The use of adinkra symbols as an alternative language for solving mathematical problems presents a fascinating challenge, as it requires teaching mathematicians about a piece of mathematics previously unknown to them.']}], 'duration': 428.564, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE2888172.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discovery of adinkra symbols in 2005 provided a new way to represent data from equations, offering an alternative language for attacking mathematical problems.', "The chapter explores the connection between supersymmetry and Einstein's theory of general relativity, including his predictions on gravity's effect on light.", "The speaker describes Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity and its predictions on the bending of light by gravity, differing from Newton's predictions.", 'The chapter discusses the concept of supersymmetry and its role in exploring crazy mathematical ideas before seeking experimental validation.']}, {'end': 3889.996, 'segs': [{'end': 3398.096, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3365.892, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3370.154, 'text': "So if that's the case, that means when I try to send you this data, it comes to you in corrupted form.", 'start': 3365.892, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 3374.195, 'text': 'And so the challenge is how do you get it to be uncorrupted?', 'start': 3371.114, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 3385.682, 'text': 'In the 1940s, a computer scientist named Hamming addressed the problem of how do you reliably transmit digital information?', 'start': 3375.775, 'duration': 9.907}, {'end': 3389.106, 'text': 'And what he came up with was a brilliant idea.', 'start': 3386.303, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 3398.096, 'text': 'The way to solve it is that you take the data that you want to send the ones in your strings of ones and zeros your favorite string and then you dump more ones and zeros in,', 'start': 3389.126, 'duration': 8.97}], 'summary': 'To transmit data reliably, hamming proposed adding redundant bits to detect and correct errors.', 'duration': 32.204, 'max_score': 3365.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3365892.jpg'}, {'end': 3433.377, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3405.427, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3409.85, 'text': "So it's an error correcting code, because if you, the person at the other end, knows what the pattern's supposed to be,", 'start': 3405.427, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 3412.251, 'text': "they can figure out when one's got changed to zero.", 'start': 3409.85, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 3413.012, 'text': "zero's got changed to one.", 'start': 3412.251, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 3420.9, 'text': "So it turned out that our strange little objects that came from looking at the equations that we couldn't solve.", 'start': 3413.812, 'duration': 7.088}, {'end': 3427.168, 'text': 'it turns out that when you look at them deeply enough, you find out that they have ones and zeros buried in them.', 'start': 3420.9, 'duration': 6.268}, {'end': 3430.813, 'text': 'But even more astoundingly, the ones and zeros are not there randomly.', 'start': 3427.569, 'duration': 3.244}, {'end': 3433.377, 'text': 'They are in the pattern of error correcting codes.', 'start': 3430.934, 'duration': 2.443}], 'summary': 'Error correcting codes reveal pattern of ones and zeros in equations.', 'duration': 27.95, 'max_score': 3405.427, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3405427.jpg'}, {'end': 3573.18, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3541.683, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3544.384, 'text': "I mean, they're very early on in the development.", 'start': 3541.683, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 3545.204, 'text': 'Yes, there is.', 'start': 3544.464, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 3558.307, 'text': 'The craziest thing about these to me is that when you look at physics and try to write equations where information gets transmitted reliably,', 'start': 3545.884, 'duration': 12.423}, {'end': 3566.075, 'text': "If you're in one of these supersymmetrical systems with this extra symmetry, that doesn't happen unless there's an error correcting code present.", 'start': 3560.051, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 3573.18, 'text': "So it's as if the universe says, you don't retransmit information unless there's something about an error correcting code.", 'start': 3566.856, 'duration': 6.324}], 'summary': 'Early-stage development of supersymmetrical systems involves error correcting codes for reliable information transmission.', 'duration': 31.497, 'max_score': 3541.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3541683.jpg'}], 'start': 3316.736, 'title': 'Error correcting codes and adinkra graphs', 'summary': 'Discusses how collaboration revealed error correcting codes in digital information, explaining its relevance and function in transmitting data accurately. it also explores the discovery of error correcting codes in adinkra graphs, and the implications of error correcting codes in supersymmetrical systems and genetics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3365.032, 'start': 3316.736, 'title': 'Error correcting codes', 'summary': 'Discusses how collaboration revealed error correcting codes in digital information, explaining its relevance and function in transmitting data accurately.', 'duration': 48.296, 'highlights': ['Error correcting codes were discovered in collaboration, revealing their presence in digital information.', 'Digital information comprises strings of ones and zeros, known as bits.', 'Error correcting codes are essential for transmitting data accurately in the presence of errors.']}, {'end': 3889.996, 'start': 3365.892, 'title': 'Error correcting codes and adinkra graphs in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of error correcting codes in transmitting digital information, the discovery of error correcting codes in adinkra graphs, and the implications of error correcting codes in supersymmetrical systems and genetics.', 'duration': 524.104, 'highlights': ['Error correcting codes in transmitting digital information Hamming addressed the problem of reliably transmitting digital information using error correcting codes in the 1940s.', 'Discovery of error correcting codes in Adinkra graphs The discovery that Adinkra graphs contain error correcting codes, leading to initial skepticism and subsequent research into their mathematical properties.', 'Implications of error correcting codes in supersymmetrical systems and genetics The presence of error correcting codes in supersymmetrical systems suggests a fundamental connection between error correcting codes and the transmission of information, raising questions about the role of error correcting codes in the mathematical laws of the universe and its potential link to genetic evolution.']}], 'duration': 573.26, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3316736.jpg', 'highlights': ['Error correcting codes are essential for transmitting data accurately in the presence of errors.', 'Discovery of error correcting codes in Adinkra graphs led to subsequent research into their mathematical properties.', 'Error correcting codes in transmitting digital information were addressed by Hamming in the 1940s.', 'The presence of error correcting codes in supersymmetrical systems suggests a fundamental connection between error correcting codes and the transmission of information.']}, {'end': 4745.231, 'segs': [{'end': 3991.64, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3964.966, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3970.648, 'text': 'Since supersymmetry is a part of string theory, then this same property you would expect to be inherited by string theory.', 'start': 3964.966, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 3979.174, 'text': 'However, Another little known fact, which is not in the public debate, is that there are actually strings that are only four dimensional.', 'start': 3971.489, 'duration': 7.685}, {'end': 3986.698, 'text': 'This is something that was discovered at the end of the 80s by three different groups of physicists working independently.', 'start': 3979.834, 'duration': 6.864}, {'end': 3991.64, 'text': 'I and my friend Warren Siegel, who were at the University of Maryland at the time,', 'start': 3988.158, 'duration': 3.482}], 'summary': 'String theory inherits supersymmetry, with some strings being four-dimensional, discovered by three independent groups in the 80s.', 'duration': 26.674, 'max_score': 3964.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3964966.jpg'}, {'end': 4074.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4035.076, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4039.297, 'text': 'the human story of it to the daring expeditions that changed how we look at the universe.', 'start': 4035.076, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 4050.56, 'text': 'Do you see echoes of the early days of general relativity in the 19 tens to the more stretched out to string theory? I do.', 'start': 4040.057, 'duration': 10.503}, {'end': 4051.06, 'text': 'I do.', 'start': 4050.58, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 4059.522, 'text': "And that's one reason why I was happy to focus on, uh, on the story of how Einstein became a global superstar.", 'start': 4051.24, 'duration': 8.282}, {'end': 4074.312, 'text': 'Um. Earlier in our discussion we went over his history where, in 1915, he came up with this piece of mathematics,', 'start': 4060.602, 'duration': 13.71}], 'summary': "Exploring einstein's global impact and mathematical breakthroughs in the 1910s.", 'duration': 39.236, 'max_score': 4035.076, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4035076.jpg'}, {'end': 4123.402, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4094.397, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4100.421, 'text': 'By the way, he made an incorrect prediction about the same thing in 1911, but he corrected himself in 1915.', 'start': 4094.397, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 4109.93, 'text': "And by 1919, the first pieces of experimental observational data became available to say, yes, he's not wrong.", 'start': 4100.421, 'duration': 9.509}, {'end': 4117.736, 'text': 'And by 1922, the argument based on observation was overwhelming that he was not wrong.', 'start': 4111.109, 'duration': 6.627}, {'end': 4123.402, 'text': 'Can you describe what special and general relativity are just briefly? Sure.', 'start': 4118.537, 'duration': 4.865}], 'summary': 'Einstein made an incorrect prediction in 1911, but was confirmed right by observational data by 1922.', 'duration': 29.005, 'max_score': 4094.397, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4094397.jpg'}, {'end': 4376.879, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4349.705, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4353.686, 'text': 'You also learn things like in our book, how eclipses,', 'start': 4349.705, 'duration': 3.981}, {'end': 4358.887, 'text': 'and watching eclipses was a driver of the development of science in our nation when it was very young.', 'start': 4353.686, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 4369.149, 'text': 'In fact, even before we were a nation, it turns out there were citizens of this would-be country that were going out trying to measure eclipses.', 'start': 4358.947, 'duration': 10.202}, {'end': 4376.879, 'text': 'So some fortune, some misfortune affects the progress of science.', 'start': 4370.771, 'duration': 6.108}], 'summary': "Eclipses drove science development in the early nation, citizens measured them before the country's formation.", 'duration': 27.174, 'max_score': 4349.705, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4349705.jpg'}, {'end': 4569.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4541.09, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4545.373, 'text': "Well, first of all, that's something that is misunderstood about the Nobel Prize in physics.", 'start': 4541.09, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 4551.358, 'text': 'The Nobel Prize in physics is never given for purely proposing an idea.', 'start': 4546.094, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 4559.044, 'text': 'It is always given for proposing an idea that has observational support.', 'start': 4554.076, 'duration': 4.968}, {'end': 4565.273, 'text': 'So he could not get the Nobel Prize for either special relativity nor general relativity,', 'start': 4559.785, 'duration': 5.488}, {'end': 4569.28, 'text': 'because the provisions that Alfred Nobel left for the award prevent that.', 'start': 4565.273, 'duration': 4.007}], 'summary': 'Nobel prize in physics requires observational support for ideas, preventing awards for theoretical proposals.', 'duration': 28.19, 'max_score': 4541.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4541090.jpg'}, {'end': 4658.087, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4625.707, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4631.613, 'text': 'from the radical nature of the theory to looking at the future of string theory?', 'start': 4625.707, 'duration': 5.906}, {'end': 4640.682, 'text': "Well, I think that the string theorists are probably going to retrace this path, but it's going to be far longer and more torturous, in my opinion.", 'start': 4632.934, 'duration': 7.748}, {'end': 4654.245, 'text': 'String theory is such a broad and deep development that, in my opinion, when it becomes acceptable,', 'start': 4642.22, 'duration': 12.025}, {'end': 4658.087, 'text': "it's going to be because of a confluence of observations.", 'start': 4654.245, 'duration': 3.842}], 'summary': "String theory's acceptance depends on a confluence of observations.", 'duration': 32.38, 'max_score': 4625.707, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4625707.jpg'}], 'start': 3892.045, 'title': 'String theory and general relativity', 'summary': "Delves into the mathematical nature of string theory, discussing its multi-dimensional properties and the revelation of four-dimensional strings, while drawing parallels between early days of general relativity and the journey to prove einstein right. it also discusses the radical nature of general relativity, its validation, and the absence of a nobel prize for einstein's theory, and provides insights into the future of string theory, emphasizing the need for observational support and the potential for string theory to be validated through a confluence of observations.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4376.879, 'start': 3892.045, 'title': "String theory and einstein's legacy", 'summary': 'Delves into the mathematical nature of string theory, discussing its multi-dimensional properties and the revelation of four-dimensional strings, while drawing parallels between the early days of general relativity and the journey to prove einstein right.', 'duration': 484.834, 'highlights': ['The discovery of four-dimensional strings in string theory by independent groups of physicists at the end of the 80s, including a group at the University of Maryland and a group in Germany. The revelation of four-dimensional strings in string theory, independently discovered by physicists from different groups, showcases the diverse mathematical properties of string theory.', 'The parallels drawn between the early days of general relativity and the journey to prove Einstein right, emphasizing the human element in scientific discoveries and the impact of circumstances on historical perception. Drawing parallels between the struggles of Einstein and the journey to prove him right, the chapter highlights the human element in scientific discoveries and the influence of circumstances on historical perception.', 'The role of eclipses in driving scientific development, with the story of how eclipses influenced the progress of science in the early days of the nation. The chapter discusses the significant influence of eclipses on the progress of science, particularly in the early days of the nation, emphasizing the impact of natural phenomena on scientific development.']}, {'end': 4745.231, 'start': 4376.959, 'title': 'General relativity and future of string theory', 'summary': "Discusses the radical nature of general relativity, its validation, and the absence of a nobel prize for einstein's theory, and provides insights into the future of string theory, emphasizing the need for observational support and the potential for string theory to be validated through a confluence of observations.", 'duration': 368.272, 'highlights': ["General relativity's validation didn't occur until the 1920s, and Einstein could not receive a Nobel Prize for it due to the award's provisions and the theory's critics until the 50s, indicating the need for observational support in Nobel Prize-worthy ideas.", "String theory's potential validation is anticipated to require a confluence of observations, and the speaker's idea about how string theory could leave signatures in the cosmic microwave background is emphasized as a crucial aspect, suggesting the future potential for observational-based evidence.", "Einstein's failure to receive a Nobel Prize for general relativity is attributed to the award's criteria, which require observational support for proposed ideas, underscoring the significance of empirical evidence in recognizing groundbreaking theories."]}], 'duration': 853.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE3892045.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discovery of four-dimensional strings in string theory by independent groups of physicists at the end of the 80s, showcasing the diverse mathematical properties of string theory.', 'The parallels drawn between the early days of general relativity and the journey to prove Einstein right, emphasizing the human element in scientific discoveries and the impact of circumstances on historical perception.', "String theory's potential validation is anticipated to require a confluence of observations, emphasizing the need for observational support and the potential for string theory to be validated through a confluence of observations.", "General relativity's validation didn't occur until the 1920s, indicating the need for observational support in Nobel Prize-worthy ideas.", "Einstein's failure to receive a Nobel Prize for general relativity is attributed to the award's criteria, which require observational support for proposed ideas, underscoring the significance of empirical evidence in recognizing groundbreaking theories.", 'The role of eclipses in driving scientific development, particularly in the early days of the nation, emphasizing the impact of natural phenomena on scientific development.']}, {'end': 5690.969, 'segs': [{'end': 4939.041, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4891.943, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4903.208, 'text': 'And the other thing that he said was that what he did in his work was simply the distillation of common sense, that you distill down to something.', 'start': 4891.943, 'duration': 11.265}, {'end': 4906.59, 'text': 'And he also said you make things as simple as possible, but no simpler.', 'start': 4903.709, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 4914.934, 'text': 'So all of those things, and certainly this attitude for me first sort of seeing this was exemplified by being around Richard Feynman.', 'start': 4907.931, 'duration': 7.003}, {'end': 4919.129, 'text': "So in all your work, you're always kind of searching for the simplicity, for the simple clear.", 'start': 4915.287, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 4919.61, 'text': 'I am, ultimately.', 'start': 4919.149, 'duration': 0.461}, {'end': 4920.93, 'text': 'Ultimately, I am.', 'start': 4920.05, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 4927.134, 'text': "You served on President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors in Science and Technology.", 'start': 4922.131, 'duration': 5.003}, {'end': 4928.595, 'text': 'For seven years, yes.', 'start': 4927.694, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 4933.238, 'text': 'For seven years with Eric Schmidt and several other brilliant people.', 'start': 4928.735, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 4939.041, 'text': 'Met Eric for the first time in 2009 when the council was called together.', 'start': 4933.458, 'duration': 5.583}], 'summary': "Work should distill common sense, aiming for simplicity. served on obama's council of advisors for 7 years.", 'duration': 47.098, 'max_score': 4891.943, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4891943.jpg'}, {'end': 5055.531, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5021.084, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5029.891, 'text': 'so your father was in the midst of that probably one of the greatest wars in the history of our, our species,', 'start': 5021.084, 'duration': 8.807}, {'end': 5037.697, 'text': 'and so the idea of service comes to me essentially from that example.', 'start': 5029.891, 'duration': 7.806}, {'end': 5048.706, 'text': 'so in 2009, when i first got a call from from a nobel laureate actually in by in biology, harold farmers,', 'start': 5037.697, 'duration': 11.009}, {'end': 5055.531, 'text': 'I was on my way to India and I got this email message and he said he needed to talk to me.', 'start': 5049.923, 'duration': 5.608}], 'summary': "Inspired by father's wartime service, received call from nobel laureate in 2009 while on the way to india.", 'duration': 34.447, 'max_score': 5021.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE5021084.jpg'}, {'end': 5301.24, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5241.56, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5245.644, 'text': 'When I think about President Obama, he is a deep mystery to me.', 'start': 5241.56, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 5249.726, 'text': 'in the same way perhaps that the universe is a mystery.', 'start': 5246.624, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 5261.012, 'text': "I don't really understand how that constellation of personality traits could come to fit within a single individual, but I saw them for seven years,", 'start': 5250.166, 'duration': 10.846}, {'end': 5264.194, 'text': "so I'm convinced that I wasn't seeing fake news.", 'start': 5261.012, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 5265.235, 'text': 'I was seeing real data.', 'start': 5264.194, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 5267.916, 'text': 'He was just an extraordinary man,', 'start': 5265.695, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 5280.552, 'text': 'and one of the things that was completely clear was that he was not afraid and not intimidated to be in a room of really smart people.', 'start': 5267.916, 'duration': 12.636}, {'end': 5283.093, 'text': 'I mean, really smart people.', 'start': 5281.312, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 5292.475, 'text': "That he was completely comfortable in asking some of the world's greatest experts what do I do about this problem?", 'start': 5283.873, 'duration': 8.602}, {'end': 5297.117, 'text': "And it wasn't that he was going to just take their answer, but he would listen to the advice.", 'start': 5292.916, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 5301.24, 'text': 'And that to me was extraordinary.', 'start': 5298.638, 'duration': 2.602}], 'summary': 'President obama was an extraordinary man, comfortable with smart people, seeking advice from experts.', 'duration': 59.68, 'max_score': 5241.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE5241560.jpg'}, {'end': 5333.071, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5307.301, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5312.283, 'text': "He's an extraordinary learner, is what I observed, and not just about science.", 'start': 5307.301, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 5322.347, 'text': "He has a way of internalizing information in real time that I've never seen in a politician before, even in extraordinarily complicated situations.", 'start': 5313.263, 'duration': 9.084}, {'end': 5323.867, 'text': 'Even scientific ideas.', 'start': 5322.747, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 5325.148, 'text': 'Scientific or non-scientific.', 'start': 5323.987, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 5327.709, 'text': "Complicated ideas don't have to be scientific ideas.", 'start': 5325.388, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 5333.071, 'text': 'But I have, like I said, seen him in real time process complicated ideas with a speed that was stunning.', 'start': 5328.189, 'duration': 4.882}], 'summary': 'Observing an exceptional ability to internalize and process complex information in real time, not limited to science.', 'duration': 25.77, 'max_score': 5307.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE5307301.jpg'}, {'end': 5466.411, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5439.539, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5447.956, 'text': "well, the one that looks on the immediate horizon like we're going to get to is quantum computing, And that's gonna, if we actually get there.", 'start': 5439.539, 'duration': 8.417}, {'end': 5450.178, 'text': "that's gonna be extraordinarily interesting.", 'start': 5447.956, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 5457.324, 'text': "Do you think that's a fundamentally problem of theory or is it now in the space of engineering? It's in the space of engineering.", 'start': 5450.878, 'duration': 6.446}, {'end': 5458.705, 'text': 'I was out at a queue station.', 'start': 5457.404, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 5466.411, 'text': 'As you may know, Microsoft has this research facility in Santa Barbara.', 'start': 5459.666, 'duration': 6.745}], 'summary': 'Quantum computing on the horizon, a shift from theory to engineering.', 'duration': 26.872, 'max_score': 5439.539, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE5439539.jpg'}, {'end': 5540.507, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5512.514, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5522.597, 'text': "to me, the job of every human is to make the best and the most of the time that's given to us in order not for our own selfish gain,", 'start': 5512.514, 'duration': 10.083}, {'end': 5525.758, 'text': 'but to try to make this place a better place for someone else.', 'start': 5522.597, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 5536.405, 'text': 'And on the why of life, why do you think we are? I have no idea, and I never even worried about it.', 'start': 5529.122, 'duration': 7.283}, {'end': 5540.507, 'text': 'For me, I have an answer, a local answer.', 'start': 5537.726, 'duration': 2.781}], 'summary': 'Our job is to make the most of time and make the world better for others.', 'duration': 27.993, 'max_score': 5512.514, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE5512514.jpg'}, {'end': 5647.484, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5597.145, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5599.247, 'text': 'The universe helped you out on that one.', 'start': 5597.145, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 5601.529, 'text': 'Not only in that one, but in many ones.', 'start': 5599.607, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 5604.711, 'text': 'It helped me out by allowing me to pick the right dad.', 'start': 5601.849, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 5609.335, 'text': 'Is there a day in your life you could relive because it made you truly happy?', 'start': 5605.512, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 5611.216, 'text': 'What day would that be if you could?', 'start': 5609.975, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 5617.188, 'text': 'just Being a theoretical physicist is like having Christmas every day.', 'start': 5611.216, 'duration': 5.972}, {'end': 5620.455, 'text': 'I have lots of joy in my life.', 'start': 5619.032, 'duration': 1.423}, {'end': 5626.803, 'text': 'The moments of invention, the moments of ideas, revelation.', 'start': 5622.319, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 5634.208, 'text': 'Yes The only thing that exceed them are some family experiences like when my kids were born and that kind of stuff.', 'start': 5626.943, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 5636.59, 'text': "But they're pretty high up there.", 'start': 5634.849, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 5640.473, 'text': "Well, I don't see a better way to end it, Jim.", 'start': 5637.931, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 5641.154, 'text': 'Thank you so much.', 'start': 5640.553, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 5642.435, 'text': 'It was a huge honor talking today.', 'start': 5641.214, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5645.137, 'text': 'This worked out better than I thought.', 'start': 5643.395, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 5647.484, 'text': 'Yeah Glad to hear it.', 'start': 5645.157, 'duration': 2.327}], 'summary': 'Theoretical physicist finds joy in moments of invention and family experiences.', 'duration': 50.339, 'max_score': 5597.145, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE5597145.jpg'}], 'start': 4747.733, 'title': 'Science, service, and quantum computing', 'summary': "Discusses the author's interactions with richard feynman, service on president obama's council, familial influence on service, leadership in science, and insights on quantum computing and life's purpose, offering a glimpse into the impact of influential figures and personal experiences.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5019.82, 'start': 4747.733, 'title': "Interactions with richard feynman and service on president obama's council", 'summary': "Delves into the author's interactions with richard feynman, highlighting feynman's irreverent, fun, deeply intelligent, and human nature, and his influence on the author's approach to science, along with his experience serving on president barack obama's council of advisors in science and technology for seven years, influenced by his father's service in world war ii.", 'duration': 272.087, 'highlights': ["The author reflects on Richard Feynman's irreverent, fun, deeply intelligent, and human nature and how it impacted his approach to science and public engagement. The author expresses amazement at how accurately books about Richard Feynman portray the man he interacted with, emphasizing Feynman's irreverent, fun, deeply intelligent, and human nature, and the impact of these traits on his own scientific approach and public engagement.", "The author discusses the influence of Richard Feynman on his scientific approach, emphasizing the importance of being able to explain complex concepts, like string theory, to a layperson, and how it affects his public engagement with science. The author shares Feynman's perspective on the importance of being able to explain complex concepts, like string theory, to a layperson, and how it influences his scientific approach and public engagement.", "The author describes his experience serving on President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors in Science and Technology for seven years, influenced by his father's service in World War II. The author discusses his experience serving on President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors in Science and Technology for seven years, influenced by his father's service in World War II, highlighting the historical significance and his personal connection to the era."]}, {'end': 5417.687, 'start': 5021.084, 'title': 'Service and leadership in science', 'summary': "Highlights the influence of familial example in fostering a sense of service, the unexpected opportunity to serve on the us president's council of advisors on science and technology, and the remarkable leadership and learning abilities of president obama in scientific matters.", 'duration': 396.603, 'highlights': ["The chapter highlights the influence of familial example in fostering a sense of service The speaker's idea of service is influenced by his father's experience in one of the greatest wars in history.", "The unexpected opportunity to serve on the US President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology The speaker recounts the surprising offer to join the US President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, expressing both fear and pride in taking on this role.", "The remarkable leadership and learning abilities of President Obama in scientific matters The speaker praises President Obama's extraordinary leadership, learning abilities, and comfort in engaging with complex scientific ideas during his tenure."]}, {'end': 5690.969, 'start': 5418.988, 'title': "Quantum computing and life's purpose", 'summary': "Highlights s. james gates jr.'s insights on the potential of quantum computing, the impact of his mother's death on his perspective on mortality, and his belief in making the most of time for the betterment of others, while also reflecting on the choices and happiness in his life.", 'duration': 271.981, 'highlights': ["S. James Gates Jr. discusses the exciting potential of quantum computing, particularly in Microsoft's research facility, hinting at major breakthroughs on the immediate horizon.", "The impact of S. James Gates Jr.'s mother's death at a young age shaped his perspective on mortality, leading him to prioritize making the most of the time given to make the world a better place for others.", "Reflection on the choices and happiness in S. James Gates Jr.'s life, expressing the joy and fulfillment derived from being a theoretical physicist and the significance of family experiences.", "S. James Gates Jr. reflects on the universe's influence in steering his life choices, particularly in pursuing theoretical physics over becoming an astronaut, emphasizing the difficulty of the decision and the role of the universe in guiding him.", "The chapter explores S. James Gates Jr.'s thoughts on life's purpose, expressing his focus on fulfilling his apparent purpose of pursuing physics and his belief in the fulfillment derived from family experiences."]}], 'duration': 943.236, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/IUHkhB366tE/pics/IUHkhB366tE4747733.jpg', 'highlights': ["The author reflects on Richard Feynman's impact on his scientific approach and public engagement.", "The author's experience serving on President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors in Science and Technology.", 'The influence of familial example in fostering a sense of service.', "President Obama's extraordinary leadership and comfort in engaging with complex scientific ideas.", 'S. James Gates Jr. discusses the exciting potential of quantum computing.', "S. James Gates Jr.'s perspective on mortality and making the world a better place for others.", "S. James Gates Jr.'s reflection on life choices and happiness as a theoretical physicist.", "S. James Gates Jr.'s thoughts on life's purpose and fulfillment derived from family experiences."]}], 'highlights': ["S. James Gates, Jr. is a theoretical physicist and professor at Brown University, working on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory, and co-author of 'Proving Einstein Right'.", 'The formidable challenge of venturing beyond the solar system is emphasized, with the assertion that it could be at least 1,000 times harder to reach Mars by 2030 compared to the Apollo program due to financial constraints and the immense distance.', 'The discovery of over a thousand Earth-like planets indicates the practical inconceivability of Earth being the only conscious form of life in the universe.', 'The Higgs boson is the most recently discovered boson, while the graviton, carrier of the force of gravity, is yet to be experimentally verified.', 'The discovery of adinkra symbols in 2005 provided a new way to represent data from equations, offering an alternative language for attacking mathematical problems.', 'Error correcting codes are essential for transmitting data accurately in the presence of errors.', 'The discovery of four-dimensional strings in string theory by independent groups of physicists at the end of the 80s, showcasing the diverse mathematical properties of string theory.', "The author reflects on Richard Feynman's impact on his scientific approach and public engagement."]}