title
John Carmack: Doom, Quake, VR, AGI, Programming, Video Games, and Rockets | Lex Fridman Podcast #309

description
John Carmack is a legendary programmer, co-founder of id Software, and lead programmer of many revolutionary video games including Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, and the Commander Keen series. He is also the founder of Armadillo Aerospace, and for many years the CTO of Oculus VR. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off - Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit - Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex and use code LEX to get 25% off premium - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex and use code LEX to get special savings - Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex and use code LEX to get 1 month of fish oil EPISODE LINKS: John's Twitter: https://twitter.com/ID_AA_Carmack Books mentioned: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution: https://amzn.to/3SkNZER Game Engine Black Book Wolfenstein 3D: https://amzn.to/3QlOqg8 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:57 - Programming languages 33:01 - Modern programming 43:03 - Day in the life 50:53 - Hard work 54:06 - Pizza and Diet Coke 56:50 - Setup 1:22:08 - id Software 1:54:58 - Commander Keen 2:01:44 - Hacker ethic 2:09:24 - Wolfenstein 3D 2:29:21 - Doom 2:43:42 - Quake 3:08:02 - John Romero 3:15:49 - Metaverse 3:44:11 - Elon Musk 3:50:06 - Mars 3:59:09 - Nuclear energy 4:02:47 - AGI 4:49:59 - Andrej Karpathy 4:52:57 - Martial arts 5:01:57 - Advice for young people 5:10:57 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'John Carmack: Doom, Quake, VR, AGI, Programming, Video Games, and Rockets | Lex Fridman Podcast #309', 'heatmap': [{'end': 18877.155, 'start': 18695.559, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "The podcast features john carmack's impact on 3d navigation, gaming, vr, ai, and agi, discussing his work habits, food impact on productivity, technological innovations, ethics, 3d game development, challenges and innovations in game development, vr evolution, meta's vr/ar, agi development and challenges, ai, agi, and ml experimentation, and influence of hacker ethic and martial arts on personal development.", 'chapters': [{'end': 49.76, 'segs': [{'end': 34.889, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6.952, 'text': 'I remember the reaction where he had drawn these characters and he was slowly moving around and like people had no experience with 3D navigation.', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 6.863}, {'end': 7.913, 'text': 'It was all still keyboard.', 'start': 6.972, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 14.756, 'text': "We didn't even have mice set up at that time, but slowly moving, going up, picked up a key, go to a wall.", 'start': 7.933, 'duration': 6.823}, {'end': 18.498, 'text': "The wall disappears in a little animation and there's a monster like right there.", 'start': 14.796, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 20.419, 'text': 'And he practically fell out of his chair.', 'start': 18.818, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 24.321, 'text': "It was just like, ah! And games just didn't do that.", 'start': 20.439, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 26.803, 'text': "You know, the games were the God's eye view.", 'start': 24.701, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 28.764, 'text': 'You were a little invested in your little guy.', 'start': 26.863, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 34.889, 'text': 'You can be like, you know, happy or sad when things happen, but you just did not get that kind of startle reaction.', 'start': 28.804, 'duration': 6.085}], 'summary': 'Early 3d game development startled users with immersive experiences.', 'duration': 34.8, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy489.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Impact of 3d navigation in gaming', 'summary': 'Discusses the early impact of 3d navigation in gaming, highlighting the immersive experience and significant difference in player reactions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 49.76, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Impact of 3d navigation in gaming', 'summary': 'Discusses the early impact of 3d navigation in gaming, highlighting the immersive and powerful experience it provided, leading to a significant difference in gaming experiences and player reactions.', 'duration': 49.671, 'highlights': ['The introduction of 3D navigation in gaming resulted in a more immersive and powerful experience for players, creating a significant difference in gaming experiences and player reactions.', "The use of 3D navigation in gaming led to a startle reaction in players, which was not commonly experienced in traditional games with a God's eye view.", 'The early implementation of 3D navigation in gaming marked a powerful and impactful shift in the gaming industry.']}], 'duration': 49.671, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy489.jpg', 'highlights': ['The introduction of 3D navigation in gaming resulted in a more immersive and powerful experience for players, creating a significant difference in gaming experiences and player reactions.', 'The early implementation of 3D navigation in gaming marked a powerful and impactful shift in the gaming industry.', "The use of 3D navigation in gaming led to a startle reaction in players, which was not commonly experienced in traditional games with a God's eye view."]}, {'end': 2582.514, 'segs': [{'end': 131.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 52.332, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 58.858, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with John Carmack, widely considered to be one of the greatest programmers ever.', 'start': 52.332, 'duration': 6.526}, {'end': 66.365, 'text': 'He was the co-founder of id Software and the lead programmer on several games that revolutionized the technology,', 'start': 59.619, 'duration': 6.746}, {'end': 74.873, 'text': 'the experience and the role of gaming in our society, including Commander Keen, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake.', 'start': 66.365, 'duration': 8.508}, {'end': 80.037, 'text': 'He spent many years as the CTO of Oculus VR,', 'start': 75.894, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 87.342, 'text': 'helping to create portals into virtual worlds and to define the technological path to the metaverse and meta.', 'start': 80.037, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 93.946, 'text': 'And now he has been shifting some of his attention to the problem of artificial general intelligence.', 'start': 88.202, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 99.591, 'text': 'This was the longest conversation on this podcast at over five hours.', 'start': 94.887, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 103.233, 'text': 'And still, I could talk to John many, many more times.', 'start': 100.151, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 105.295, 'text': 'And we hope to do just that.', 'start': 103.814, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 108.317, 'text': 'This is the Lex Reapman Podcast.', 'start': 106.536, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 111.719, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 108.677, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 116.063, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's John Carmack.", 'start': 112.22, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 121.797, 'text': "What was the first program you've ever written? Do you remember? Yeah, I do.", 'start': 117.444, 'duration': 4.353}, {'end': 131.822, 'text': 'So I remember being in a radio shack, going up to the TRS-80 computers and learning just enough to be able to do 10 print John Carmack.', 'start': 121.937, 'duration': 9.885}], 'summary': 'John carmack, influential programmer, discussed gaming, vr, and ai. longest podcast at over 5 hours.', 'duration': 79.49, 'max_score': 52.332, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy452332.jpg'}, {'end': 196.756, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 168.566, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 173.711, 'text': 'can we look at the philosophy and the technical aspects of the goto statement?', 'start': 168.566, 'duration': 5.145}, {'end': 176.473, 'text': "that seems so convenient, but it's supposed to be bad programming?", 'start': 173.711, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 180.718, 'text': "Back in the day, in basic programming languages, you didn't have proper loops.", 'start': 176.553, 'duration': 4.165}, {'end': 182.541, 'text': "You didn't have four whiles and repeats.", 'start': 180.758, 'duration': 1.783}, {'end': 187.347, 'text': 'That was the land of Pascal for people that kind of generally had access to it back then.', 'start': 182.761, 'duration': 4.586}, {'end': 189.89, 'text': 'So you had no choice but to use gotos.', 'start': 187.407, 'duration': 2.483}, {'end': 196.756, 'text': 'And as you made what were big programs back then, which were a thousand line basic program, is a really big program.', 'start': 190.571, 'duration': 6.185}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses the historical use of the goto statement in programming, highlighting its necessity in the absence of proper loops like for, while and repeat, especially in early basic programming where large programs were around a thousand lines.', 'duration': 28.19, 'max_score': 168.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy4168566.jpg'}, {'end': 972.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 944.089, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 946.491, 'text': 'is derided pretty broadly that yes,', 'start': 944.089, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 953.477, 'text': "obviously all of these security flaws that happen with the memory and unsafeness and buffer overruns and the things that you've got there.", 'start': 946.491, 'duration': 6.986}, {'end': 956.939, 'text': 'But there is this underappreciated aspect to.', 'start': 953.978, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 961.361, 'text': 'the language is so simple anyone can go and you know, if you know C,', 'start': 956.939, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 967.922, 'text': "you can generally jump in someplace and not have to learn what paradigms they're using, because there just aren't that many available.", 'start': 961.361, 'duration': 6.561}, {'end': 972.243, 'text': "I think there's, you know, and there's some really, really well-written C code.", 'start': 968.402, 'duration': 3.841}], 'summary': 'C language criticized for security flaws, but praised for simplicity and availability of well-written code.', 'duration': 28.154, 'max_score': 944.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy4944089.jpg'}, {'end': 1026.708, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1002.322, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1010.084, 'text': 'Yes, But the people that are the biggest defenders of Lisp are saying how malleable of a language it is that if you write a huge Lisp program,', 'start': 1002.322, 'duration': 7.762}, {'end': 1016.945, 'text': "you've basically invented your own kind of language and structure, because it's not the primitives of the language you're using very much.", 'start': 1010.084, 'duration': 6.861}, {'end': 1019.086, 'text': "It's all of the things you've built on top of that.", 'start': 1017.045, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 1026.708, 'text': "And then a language like Racket, kind of one of the more modern Lisp versions, it's essentially touted as a language for building other languages.", 'start': 1019.526, 'duration': 7.182}], 'summary': 'Lisp is praised for its malleability, as building a large program in lisp is akin to inventing a new language and structure, with racket being highlighted as a modern lisp version for constructing other languages.', 'duration': 24.386, 'max_score': 1002.322, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy41002322.jpg'}, {'end': 1584.294, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1558.658, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1564.542, 'text': 'One of the directions I was considering swerving into was nuclear energy, when I was kind of like what do I want to do next??', 'start': 1558.658, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 1569.945, 'text': 'It was either going to be cost-effective nuclear fission or artificial general intelligence.', 'start': 1564.602, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 1578.11, 'text': "And one of my pet ideas there is like, you know, people don't understand how cheap nuclear fuel is.", 'start': 1570.726, 'duration': 7.384}, {'end': 1584.294, 'text': 'And there would be ways that you could be a quarter the efficiency or less.', 'start': 1578.61, 'duration': 5.684}], 'summary': 'Considering nuclear energy for cost-effective and efficient fuel.', 'duration': 25.636, 'max_score': 1558.658, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy41558658.jpg'}, {'end': 1623.821, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1602.712, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 1612.017, 'text': "so that applies a lot in programming, where It's always good to know what you could do if you really sat down and took it far,", 'start': 1602.712, 'duration': 9.305}, {'end': 1613.658, 'text': "because sometimes there's discontinuities.", 'start': 1612.017, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 1623.821, 'text': 'Like around user reaction times, there are some points where the difference between operating in one second and 750 milliseconds, not that huge.', 'start': 1613.718, 'duration': 10.103}], 'summary': 'In programming, knowing potential improvements is crucial. small time differences matter.', 'duration': 21.109, 'max_score': 1602.712, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy41602712.jpg'}, {'end': 1694.616, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1666.432, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 1673.958, 'text': 'I respect that and sometimes I am that person, but I try to focus more on the larger value picture.', 'start': 1666.432, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 1677.06, 'text': 'and you do pick your battles and you deploy your resources in the play.', 'start': 1673.958, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 1680.123, 'text': "that's going to give you sort of the best user value in the end.", 'start': 1677.06, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 1689.712, 'text': 'Well, if you look at the evolution of life on Earth as a kind of programming effort,', 'start': 1680.703, 'duration': 9.009}, {'end': 1694.616, 'text': "it seems like efficiency isn't the thing that's being optimized for.", 'start': 1689.712, 'duration': 4.904}], 'summary': 'Focusing on larger value picture and deploying resources for user value are important in optimizing efficiency.', 'duration': 28.184, 'max_score': 1666.432, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy41666432.jpg'}, {'end': 1951.634, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1907.879, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1909.94, 'text': 'space or programming techniques or anything.', 'start': 1907.879, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 1914.403, 'text': "Like, there's a site on Stack Exchange called Code Golf,", 'start': 1910.421, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 1920.927, 'text': 'where people compete to write the shortest possible program for a particular task in all the different kinds of languages.', 'start': 1914.403, 'duration': 6.524}, {'end': 1933.403, 'text': "And it's really interesting to see folks kind of that are masters of their craft really play with the limits of programming languages.", 'start': 1921.408, 'duration': 11.995}, {'end': 1934.563, 'text': "It's really beautiful to see.", 'start': 1933.463, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 1937.065, 'text': 'And across all the different programming languages,', 'start': 1934.624, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1945.11, 'text': 'you get to see some of these weird programming languages and mainstream ones difference between Python 2 and 3..', 'start': 1937.065, 'duration': 8.045}, {'end': 1949.913, 'text': 'You get to see the difference between C and C++ and Java, and you get to see JavaScript, all of that.', 'start': 1945.11, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 1951.634, 'text': "And it's kind of..", 'start': 1950.093, 'duration': 1.541}], 'summary': 'Code golf on stack exchange showcases mastery of programming languages by competing to write the shortest program, revealing differences between various languages.', 'duration': 43.755, 'max_score': 1907.879, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy41907879.jpg'}, {'end': 2135.807, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2109.886, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 2115.429, 'text': 'Even if you have trouble exactly quantifying it, you can usually make relative arguments about it.', 'start': 2109.886, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 2116.81, 'text': 'Well, this was better than this.', 'start': 2115.469, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 2118.291, 'text': "We've improved things.", 'start': 2117.33, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 2125.137, 'text': "Being a servant to the user is your job when you're a developer.", 'start': 2121.614, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 2129.461, 'text': 'You want to be producing something that other people are going to find valuable.', 'start': 2125.197, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 2135.807, 'text': 'If you are technically inclined, then finding the right levers to be able to pull,', 'start': 2130.802, 'duration': 5.005}], 'summary': "Improving user experience is a developer's key goal.", 'duration': 25.921, 'max_score': 2109.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42109886.jpg'}, {'end': 2534.76, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2502.776, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 2511.261, 'text': "we want to have these independent teams that are bubbling up the ideas because it's almost anti-capitalist or anti-free market to say it's like.", 'start': 2502.776, 'duration': 8.485}, {'end': 2519.226, 'text': "I want my great leader to go ahead and dictate all these points there where, Clearly, free markets bring up things that you don't expect.", 'start': 2511.261, 'duration': 7.965}, {'end': 2521.949, 'text': 'In VR, we saw a bunch of things.', 'start': 2519.406, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 2534.76, 'text': "It didn't turn out at all the way the early people thought were going to be the key applications and things that would not have been approved by the dark cabal making the decisions about what gets into the store turned out,", 'start': 2522.069, 'duration': 12.691}], 'summary': 'Encouraging independent teams for innovative ideas in vr.', 'duration': 31.984, 'max_score': 2502.776, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42502776.jpg'}, {'end': 2592.779, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2564.324, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 2566.865, 'text': 'in what way VR will change the world.', 'start': 2564.324, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 2574.069, 'text': "Because it does seem clear that VR will somehow fundamentally transform this world, and it's unclear to me how yet.", 'start': 2566.925, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 2574.81, 'text': "And it's..", 'start': 2574.469, 'duration': 0.341}, {'end': 2575.99, 'text': 'Let me know when you want to get into that.', 'start': 2574.81, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 2579.912, 'text': 'Well, hold on a second.', 'start': 2577.071, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 2582.514, 'text': 'So, stick to the you being the best programmer ever.', 'start': 2579.992, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 2590.698, 'text': "Okay, in the early days when you didn't have adult responsibilities of leading teams and all that kind of stuff, and you can focus on just..", 'start': 2582.834, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 2592.779, 'text': 'being a programmer.', 'start': 2591.718, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Vr has the potential to fundamentally transform the world, but the exact impact is still unclear.', 'duration': 28.455, 'max_score': 2564.324, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42564324.jpg'}], 'start': 52.332, 'title': "John carmack's impact on gaming, vr, and ai", 'summary': "Delves into john carmack's revolutionary games, virtual worlds creation, and his recent focus on artificial general intelligence, in the longest conversation on this podcast at over five hours. it also discusses his early programming experiences, language preferences, efficiency in programming, and its parallels with biological evolution, emphasizing the value and trade-offs in engineering decisions and the potential impact of vr on the world.", 'chapters': [{'end': 105.295, 'start': 52.332, 'title': 'John carmack: gaming, vr, and ai', 'summary': "Delves into the impact of john carmack's revolutionary games, his role in creating virtual worlds, and his recent focus on artificial general intelligence, in the longest conversation on this podcast at over five hours.", 'duration': 52.963, 'highlights': ['John Carmack is widely considered one of the greatest programmers ever, having co-founded id Software and led the development of groundbreaking games like Doom and Quake.', 'He spent many years as the CTO of Oculus VR, contributing to the creation of virtual worlds and laying the groundwork for the metaverse and meta.', 'Carmack has now shifted his focus to the problem of artificial general intelligence, indicating a significant transition in his career and interests.']}, {'end': 695.764, 'start': 106.536, 'title': 'John carmack on early programming and goto statements', 'summary': "Discusses john carmack's early experiences in programming, including his first program, the use of goto statements, and his love for programming, while emphasizing the importance of efficient programming in game design.", 'duration': 589.228, 'highlights': ["John Carmack's early experiences in programming and the first program he wrote John Carmack recalls his first program, '10 print John Carmack,' on a TRS-80 computer, highlighting the absence of standardized programming culture and the significance of the 'Hello World' program.", 'The discussion on the use of goto statements in programming Carmack explains the historical context of goto statements in basic programming languages due to the lack of proper loops and the limitations of structured programming, emphasizing that while goto statements are not poisonous, they are rarely used in modern code bases.', "Carmack's early passion for programming and the limitations he faced Carmack expresses his early love for programming and the challenges of information gathering in the pre-Internet era, highlighting his aspiration to create games and the technical hurdles he encountered in achieving interactive, action-based games in BASIC.", "Carmack's innovative approach to game development and efficient programming Carmack shares his technical hack on Apple II computers to enable scrolling graphics, emphasizing the importance of efficient drawing and the historical limitations of game design based on the computer's capabilities.", 'The importance of efficient programming in game design Carmack reflects on the significance of optimizing programming to achieve faster and more compelling gaming experiences, while acknowledging the reduced creative limitations in modern programming but emphasizing the future requirement to operate at the limits of the current system.']}, {'end': 919.265, 'start': 695.764, 'title': 'Programming language preferences', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and benefits of using different programming languages, highlighting the performance trade-offs of python and the value of functional programming in c++ and other languages, while emphasizing the importance of adaptability and efficiency in programming. it also touches on the immersive experiences and opportunities available for developers in the vr industry.', 'duration': 223.501, 'highlights': ['The challenges and benefits of using different programming languages are discussed, emphasizing the performance trade-offs of Python and the value of functional programming in C++ and other languages. Performance trade-offs of Python, value of functional programming in C++, challenges and benefits of using different programming languages.', 'The importance of adaptability and efficiency in programming is highlighted, particularly in the context of the entire lifespan of a program. Importance of adaptability and efficiency in programming, considering the entire lifespan of a program.', 'The immersive experiences and opportunities available for developers in the VR industry are mentioned. Immersive experiences and opportunities for developers in the VR industry.']}, {'end': 1602.712, 'start': 919.265, 'title': 'Programming language considerations', 'summary': 'Discusses the aspects of programming languages, emphasizing the underappreciated simplicity of c, the malleability of lisp, the popularity of javascript, and the trade-offs in engineering decisions, with a focus on energy efficiency.', 'duration': 683.447, 'highlights': ["The underappreciated simplicity of C allows for easy understanding and manipulation of code, making it valuable for certain scenarios. C's simplicity enables easy comprehension and modification of code, facilitating understanding of kernel-level operations and minimizing the need to learn different paradigms.", "The malleability of Lisp and its ability to invent custom language structures are discussed, with the concern about its suitability for long-term, widely supported projects. Lisp's flexibility enables the creation of custom language and structure, but concerns are raised about its practicality for long-term, widely supported projects.", "JavaScript's prevalent usage and engineering feats are acknowledged, along with considerations about its optimal use and distribution for larger applications. JavaScript's widespread adoption, engineering marvels, and potential limitations for large-scale applications are acknowledged, prompting considerations about its future dominance and engineering trade-offs.", 'The discussion extends to engineering decisions, encompassing the trade-offs between energy efficiency, robustness, and cost in various domains, including nuclear energy. The chapter delves into engineering trade-offs, including the balance between energy efficiency, robustness, and cost, with a specific mention of potential innovations in nuclear energy and energy conversion.']}, {'end': 1821.56, 'start': 1602.712, 'title': 'Efficiency in programming and evolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of efficiency in programming, highlighting how small differences in response times can significantly impact user experience, and draws parallels between programming efficiency and biological evolution, emphasizing the value of prioritizing resources for the best user value.', 'duration': 218.848, 'highlights': ['The significance of small differences in response times, such as 750 milliseconds versus 50 milliseconds, and their impact on user experience, emphasizing the importance of optimizing for faster response times.', 'The analogy between the evolutionary process of life and programming, stressing the value of prioritizing resources for the best user value and the adaptability of systems for efficient evolution.', 'Comparison between the early days of programming with limited resources and the symbolic AI work, highlighting the need for efficient and crafted code, akin to biological evolution and the humbling realization of the minimal amount of programming code in our bodies.']}, {'end': 2582.514, 'start': 1821.56, 'title': 'Evolution of programming and value creation', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of programming languages, the importance of user value in software development, and the role of leadership in product development at tech companies, emphasizing the significance of creating value for users and the trade-offs between centralized and decentralized decision-making. it also explores the potential impact of vr on the world.', 'duration': 760.954, 'highlights': ["The importance of user value in software development is emphasized, with a focus on creating products that provide a net value over what users could be doing, displacing something else in their life, and ultimately making the world a better place by delivering more value than it took to create. Emphasizes the focus on providing net value, displacing something else in users' lives, and making the world a better place by delivering more value than it took to create.", 'The discussion highlights the evolution of programming languages and the depth of possibility within them, as demonstrated by Code Golf competitions where individuals compete to write the shortest possible program for a particular task in various languages, showcasing the creativity and potential within programming languages. Highlights the evolution and creativity within programming languages, exemplified by Code Golf competitions, showcasing the depth of possibility within languages.', 'The trade-offs between centralized and decentralized decision-making in product development at tech companies are explored, emphasizing the value of leadership that comprehends the entire product while acknowledging the benefits of independent teams in bringing up unexpected ideas, signaling the significance of balanced decision-making processes. Explores the trade-offs between centralized and decentralized decision-making, emphasizing the value of comprehensive leadership and the benefits of independent teams in bringing up unexpected ideas.', 'The potential impact of VR on the world and the uncertainty regarding how it will fundamentally transform the world are mentioned, reflecting the ongoing exploration and uncertainty surrounding the potential influence of VR technology. Mentions the potential impact of VR on the world and the uncertainty surrounding its transformative effects.']}], 'duration': 2530.182, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy452332.jpg', 'highlights': ['John Carmack co-founded id Software and led the development of groundbreaking games like Doom and Quake.', 'Carmack spent many years as the CTO of Oculus VR, contributing to the creation of virtual worlds and laying the groundwork for the metaverse and meta.', 'Carmack has shifted his focus to the problem of artificial general intelligence, indicating a significant transition in his career and interests.', "Carmack recalls his first program, '10 print John Carmack,' on a TRS-80 computer, highlighting the absence of standardized programming culture and the significance of the 'Hello World' program.", 'Carmack explains the historical context of goto statements in basic programming languages due to the lack of proper loops and the limitations of structured programming.', 'Carmack reflects on the significance of optimizing programming to achieve faster and more compelling gaming experiences.', 'The challenges and benefits of using different programming languages are discussed, emphasizing the performance trade-offs of Python and the value of functional programming in C++ and other languages.', 'The underappreciated simplicity of C allows for easy understanding and manipulation of code, making it valuable for certain scenarios.', 'The malleability of Lisp and its ability to invent custom language structures are discussed, with the concern about its suitability for long-term, widely supported projects.', 'The discussion extends to engineering decisions, encompassing the trade-offs between energy efficiency, robustness, and cost in various domains, including nuclear energy.', 'The significance of small differences in response times and their impact on user experience is emphasized, stressing the importance of optimizing for faster response times.', 'The analogy between the evolutionary process of life and programming, stressing the value of prioritizing resources for the best user value and the adaptability of systems for efficient evolution.', 'The importance of user value in software development is emphasized, with a focus on creating products that provide a net value over what users could be doing, displacing something else in their life.', 'The discussion highlights the evolution of programming languages and the depth of possibility within them, as demonstrated by Code Golf competitions where individuals compete to write the shortest possible program for a particular task in various languages.', 'The trade-offs between centralized and decentralized decision-making in product development at tech companies are explored, emphasizing the value of comprehensive leadership and the benefits of independent teams in bringing up unexpected ideas.', 'The potential impact of VR on the world and the uncertainty regarding how it will fundamentally transform the world are mentioned, reflecting the ongoing exploration and uncertainty surrounding the potential influence of VR technology.']}, {'end': 3336.818, 'segs': [{'end': 2633.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2607.023, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2613.285, 'text': 'So I was able to be remarkably consistent about what was good working conditions for me for a very long time.', 'start': 2607.023, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 2621.227, 'text': 'I was never one of the programmers that would do all-nighters going through work for 20 hours straight.', 'start': 2613.305, 'duration': 7.922}, {'end': 2624.488, 'text': "It's like my brain generally starts turning to mush after 12 hours or so.", 'start': 2621.267, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 2632.173, 'text': 'But the hard work is really important, and I would work for decades.', 'start': 2627.429, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 2633.675, 'text': 'I would work 60 hours a week.', 'start': 2632.193, 'duration': 1.482}], 'summary': 'Consistently worked for decades, averaging 60 hours per week.', 'duration': 26.652, 'max_score': 2607.023, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42607023.jpg'}, {'end': 2719.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2695.15, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2704.875, 'text': 'but i just recently made the focusing decision to try to push my schedule back a little bit earlier to getting up at eight in the morning and trying to to shift things around.', 'start': 2695.15, 'duration': 9.725}, {'end': 2710.72, 'text': "like i'm, I'm often doing experiments with myself about what should I be doing to be more productive.", 'start': 2704.875, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 2719.288, 'text': 'And one of the things that I did realize was happening in recent months where I would go for a walk or a run.', 'start': 2711.121, 'duration': 8.167}], 'summary': 'Experimenting with shifting schedule to wake up at 8 am for increased productivity.', 'duration': 24.138, 'max_score': 2695.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42695150.jpg'}, {'end': 2840.674, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2809.524, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2811.625, 'text': "but then there's a lot of people that just fall apart.", 'start': 2809.524, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 2816.329, 'text': 'So I do tell people that I always try to get eight hours of sleep.', 'start': 2812.205, 'duration': 4.124}, {'end': 2819.793, 'text': "It's not this push yourself harder, get up earlier.", 'start': 2816.51, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 2828.663, 'text': 'I just do worse work where you can work 100 hours a week and still get eight hours of sleep if you just kind of prioritize things correctly.', 'start': 2819.813, 'duration': 8.85}, {'end': 2831.606, 'text': 'But I do believe in working hard, working a lot.', 'start': 2828.983, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 2840.674, 'text': "There was a comment that Game Dev made that I know there's a backlash against really hard work in a lot of cases,", 'start': 2832.867, 'duration': 7.807}], 'summary': 'Prioritize 8 hours of sleep, work hard, but avoid burnout.', 'duration': 31.15, 'max_score': 2809.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42809524.jpg'}, {'end': 3041.06, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3010.662, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3013.644, 'text': "You become a true craftsman of the thing you're doing.", 'start': 3010.662, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 3018.827, 'text': "Now there's, of course, discussions about are you sacrificing a lot of personal relationships??", 'start': 3014.444, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 3022.709, 'text': 'Are you sacrificing a lot of other possible things you could do with that time?', 'start': 3018.887, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 3034.976, 'text': "But if you're talking about purely being a master or a craftsman of your art, that more hours isn't just about doing more.", 'start': 3022.749, 'duration': 12.227}, {'end': 3037.158, 'text': "it's about becoming better at the thing you're doing.", 'start': 3034.976, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 3041.06, 'text': "Yeah, and I don't gainsay anybody that wants to work the minimum amount.", 'start': 3037.198, 'duration': 3.862}], 'summary': 'Becoming a true craftsman involves putting in more hours to become better at your art, despite potential sacrifices in personal relationships and other pursuits.', 'duration': 30.398, 'max_score': 3010.662, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy43010662.jpg'}, {'end': 3172.125, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3145.365, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3152.851, 'text': 'So much of the ability to actually work hard is the ability to have multiple things to choose from and to use your time on the most appropriate thing.', 'start': 3145.365, 'duration': 7.486}, {'end': 3161.117, 'text': "There are time periods where it's the best time for me to read a new research paper that I need to really be thinking hard about it.", 'start': 3153.131, 'duration': 7.986}, {'end': 3167.081, 'text': "Then there's a time that maybe I should just scan and organize my old notes because I'm just not on top of things.", 'start': 3161.357, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 3172.125, 'text': "Then there's the time that, all right, let's go bang out a few hundred lines of code for something.", 'start': 3167.141, 'duration': 4.984}], 'summary': 'Efficient work involves choosing tasks wisely, such as reading, organizing, or coding.', 'duration': 26.76, 'max_score': 3145.365, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy43145365.jpg'}, {'end': 3257.38, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3210.142, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3213.142, 'text': "I know it doesn't work for most people,", 'start': 3210.142, 'duration': 3}, {'end': 3221.344, 'text': "but what I am always trying to do in those cases is I don't want to let somebody that might be a person like that be told by someone else that no,", 'start': 3213.142, 'duration': 8.202}, {'end': 3224.224, 'text': "don't even try that out as an option.", 'start': 3221.344, 'duration': 2.88}, {'end': 3228.845, 'text': "where work-life balance versus kind of your life's work,", 'start': 3224.224, 'duration': 4.621}, {'end': 3240.338, 'text': "where there's a small subset of the people that can be very happy being obsessive about things and you know obsession can often get things done that just practical,", 'start': 3228.845, 'duration': 11.493}, {'end': 3245.244, 'text': "prudent pedestrian work won't, or at least won't for a very long time.", 'start': 3240.338, 'duration': 4.906}, {'end': 3251.074, 'text': "There's legends of your nutritional intake in the early days.", 'start': 3245.95, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 3257.38, 'text': 'What can you say about being a programmer as a kind of athlete?', 'start': 3251.795, 'duration': 5.585}], 'summary': 'Encouraging pursuit of unconventional paths for success in work and life.', 'duration': 47.238, 'max_score': 3210.142, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy43210142.jpg'}], 'start': 2582.834, 'title': "Work habits and engineer's balance", 'summary': "Delves into john carmack's work schedule, emphasizing a consistent 60-hour work week, productivity impact, and the engineer's quest for work-life balance, including individualistic approaches, value of varied tasks, and happiness in activities.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3052.548, 'start': 2582.834, 'title': "John carmack's work schedule and productivity", 'summary': "Explores john carmack's work schedule, detailing his consistent 60-hour work week, experiments with schedule optimization, the importance of sleep and the impact of hard work on productivity and craftsmanship.", 'duration': 469.714, 'highlights': ["John Carmack consistently worked a 60-hour week, emphasizing the importance of hard work and dedication to achieving mastery in one's field. Carmack highlighted the significance of consistently working a 60-hour week, emphasizing the role of hard work in achieving mastery in one's field.", 'Carmack experimented with schedule optimization, adjusting his routine to wake up earlier and maximize uninterrupted work hours, showcasing his dedication to productivity. Carmack detailed his recent decision to adjust his schedule, waking up earlier to ensure more uninterrupted work hours, demonstrating his dedication to productivity.', 'Emphasizing the importance of sleep, Carmack advocated for prioritizing eight hours of sleep, stating that it leads to better work and productivity. Carmack stressed the importance of prioritizing eight hours of sleep, asserting that it leads to better work and productivity.', "Carmack discussed the impact of hard work on craftsmanship, highlighting how long hours not only result in increased productivity but also contribute to becoming better at one's craft over time. Carmack discussed the impact of hard work on craftsmanship, noting that long hours not only result in increased productivity but also contribute to becoming better at one's craft over time."]}, {'end': 3336.818, 'start': 3053.365, 'title': 'Work-life balance for engineers', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of work-life balance for engineers, highlighting the individualistic approach to achieving it, the value of having multiple tasks to choose from, and the ability to find joy in various activities as key elements. it also touches on the unconventional approach to happiness and the relationship between work-life balance and obsession in a small subset of individuals, as well as the programmer's nutritional habits in the early days of their career.", 'duration': 283.453, 'highlights': ['The ability to have multiple things to choose from and to use your time on the most appropriate thing is crucial for achieving work-life balance, as it allows for joy in various activities. N/A', 'The individualistic approach to work-life balance is emphasized, with the recognition that different people have different needs and what works for one person may not work for another. N/A', 'The chapter explores the relationship between work-life balance and obsession, noting that a small subset of people can find happiness in being obsessive about their work, which can lead to exceptional productivity. N/A', "The programmer's unconventional approach to happiness is discussed, highlighting that pushing through challenges and making progress can be a source of happiness, even if it may not appear so to others. N/A", "The transcript briefly touches on the programmer's nutritional habits in the early days of their career, mentioning a preference for pizza and its significance as a symbol of wealth and abundance. N/A"]}], 'duration': 753.984, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy42582834.jpg', 'highlights': ['Carmack consistently worked a 60-hour week, emphasizing the importance of hard work and dedication to achieving mastery.', 'Carmack experimented with schedule optimization, adjusting his routine to wake up earlier and maximize uninterrupted work hours.', 'Emphasizing the importance of sleep, Carmack advocated for prioritizing eight hours of sleep, stating that it leads to better work and productivity.', "Carmack discussed the impact of hard work on craftsmanship, noting that long hours result in increased productivity and contribute to becoming better at one's craft over time.", 'The ability to have multiple things to choose from and to use your time on the most appropriate thing is crucial for achieving work-life balance, allowing for joy in various activities.', 'The individualistic approach to work-life balance is emphasized, recognizing that different people have different needs and what works for one person may not work for another.', 'The chapter explores the relationship between work-life balance and obsession, noting that a small subset of people can find happiness in being obsessive about their work, leading to exceptional productivity.', "The programmer's unconventional approach to happiness is discussed, highlighting that pushing through challenges and making progress can be a source of happiness, even if it may not appear so to others."]}, {'end': 5543.385, 'segs': [{'end': 3408.771, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3382.143, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3386.165, 'text': 'or like creating an environment and the things you take into your body.', 'start': 3382.143, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 3391.946, 'text': 'just everything you construct can become a kind of ritual that empowers the whole process of the program.', 'start': 3386.165, 'duration': 5.781}, {'end': 3395.887, 'text': 'Did you have that relationship with pizza or? It would really be with Diet Coke.', 'start': 3392.206, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 3400.469, 'text': 'I mean, there still is that sense of, you know, drop the can down, crack open the can of Diet Coke.', 'start': 3395.927, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 3401.829, 'text': 'All right, now I mean business.', 'start': 3400.529, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 3402.869, 'text': "We're getting to work here.", 'start': 3401.869, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 3407.07, 'text': 'Still, to this day, Diet Coke is still a part of it.', 'start': 3404.13, 'duration': 2.94}, {'end': 3408.771, 'text': 'Yeah, probably eight or nine a day.', 'start': 3407.09, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Rituals, like consuming 8-9 diet cokes a day, empower the program.', 'duration': 26.628, 'max_score': 3382.143, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy43382143.jpg'}, {'end': 3511.025, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3484.826, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3490.788, 'text': 'where I did come up through the personal computers and then the DOS and then Windows.', 'start': 3484.826, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 3495.249, 'text': 'And it was Borland Tools and then Visual Studio.', 'start': 3490.828, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 3499.331, 'text': 'Do you appreciate debuggers? Very much so.', 'start': 3495.269, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 3503.736, 'text': "I mean, a debugger is how you get a view into a system that's too complicated to understand.", 'start': 3499.351, 'duration': 4.385}, {'end': 3508.201, 'text': "I mean, anybody that thinks just read the code and think about it, that's an insane statement.", 'start': 3503.916, 'duration': 4.285}, {'end': 3511.025, 'text': "You can't even read all the code on a big system.", 'start': 3508.682, 'duration': 2.343}], 'summary': 'Experienced programmer values debuggers for understanding complex systems.', 'duration': 26.199, 'max_score': 3484.826, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy43484826.jpg'}, {'end': 4133.499, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4107.709, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4116.01, 'text': "I had been dual monitor for a very long time and it was one of those things where, probably years later than I should have, I'm just like.", 'start': 4107.709, 'duration': 8.301}, {'end': 4118.671, 'text': 'well, the video cards now generally have three output ports.', 'start': 4116.01, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 4120.43, 'text': 'I should just put the third monitor up there.', 'start': 4118.731, 'duration': 1.699}, {'end': 4121.892, 'text': "That's been a pure win.", 'start': 4120.47, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 4123.152, 'text': "I've been very happy with that.", 'start': 4121.932, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 4128.055, 'text': "Um, but no, I don't have fancy keyboard or mouse or anything.", 'start': 4123.912, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 4133.499, 'text': 'The key things is an ID that has, uh, helpful debuggers has helpful tools.', 'start': 4128.075, 'duration': 5.424}], 'summary': 'Transitioned to three monitors, leading to increased productivity and satisfaction.', 'duration': 25.79, 'max_score': 4107.709, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy44107709.jpg'}, {'end': 4347.141, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4313.439, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4314.959, 'text': 'Does it still continue to play a role??', 'start': 4313.439, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 4318.801, 'text': 'Back in the early early days of id Software,', 'start': 4315.54, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 4329.724, 'text': "one of our big things that was unique with what we did is I had adopted NextStations or kind of next step systems from Steve Jobs' out in the woods,", 'start': 4318.801, 'duration': 10.923}, {'end': 4331.065, 'text': 'away from Apple company.', 'start': 4329.724, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 4338.051, 'text': 'It was kind of interesting because I did not really have a background with the Unix system.', 'start': 4332.925, 'duration': 5.126}, {'end': 4347.141, 'text': 'So many of the people, they get immersed in that in college, and that sets a lot of cultural expectations for them.', 'start': 4338.111, 'duration': 9.03}], 'summary': 'Id software adopted nextstations from steve jobs, despite lacking unix background', 'duration': 33.702, 'max_score': 4313.439, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy44313439.jpg'}, {'end': 4587.062, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4562.265, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4569.389, 'text': 'And there was a period where, like all of the little kind of Dallas gaming diaspora of people that were at all in that orbit,', 'start': 4562.265, 'duration': 7.124}, {'end': 4576.954, 'text': 'there were a couple dozen plan files going on, which was and this was some years before blogging really became kind of a thing.', 'start': 4569.389, 'duration': 7.565}, {'end': 4578.015, 'text': 'And it was kind of a..', 'start': 4576.974, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 4581.978, 'text': 'a premonition of sort of the way things would go.', 'start': 4579.516, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 4585.02, 'text': "And there was, it's all been collected.", 'start': 4581.998, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 4587.062, 'text': "It's available online in different places.", 'start': 4585.08, 'duration': 1.982}], 'summary': 'In the early days of dallas gaming, there were a couple dozen plan files before blogging became popular.', 'duration': 24.797, 'max_score': 4562.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy44562265.jpg'}, {'end': 4873.718, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4842.314, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4844.436, 'text': 'But when I look back on it now,', 'start': 4842.314, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 4858.127, 'text': 'that fight to keep OpenGL relevant for a number of years there meant that OpenGL was there when mobile started happening and OpenGL ES was the thing that drove all of the acceleration of the mobile industry.', 'start': 4844.436, 'duration': 13.691}, {'end': 4866.313, 'text': "And it's really only in the last few years as Apple's moved to Metal and some of the other companies have moved to Vulkan that that's moved away.", 'start': 4858.667, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 4873.718, 'text': "But really stepping back and looking at it, it's like yeah, I sold tens of millions of games for different things,", 'start': 4866.813, 'duration': 6.905}], 'summary': "Opengl's relevance drove mobile industry acceleration, sold tens of millions of games.", 'duration': 31.404, 'max_score': 4842.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy44842314.jpg'}, {'end': 5329.905, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5297.909, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5298.449, 'text': "It's not just.", 'start': 5297.909, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 5302.931, 'text': 'it from from the very beginning to the very end is done.', 'start': 5298.909, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 5304.292, 'text': 'it has to be done.', 'start': 5302.931, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 5305.233, 'text': "there's no delaying.", 'start': 5304.292, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 5314.178, 'text': "it's done and you've got deadlines and that kind of uh, rapid iteration, pressure cooker environment was super important for all of us,", 'start': 5305.233, 'duration': 8.945}, {'end': 5318.56, 'text': 'developing the skills that i you know that brought us to where we eventually went to.', 'start': 5314.178, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 5323.142, 'text': "i mean people would say like, like in the history of the beatles, like it wasn't Them being the Beatles,", 'start': 5318.56, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 5329.905, 'text': 'it was them playing all of these other early works, that that opportunity to craft all of their skills before they were famous,', 'start': 5323.142, 'duration': 6.763}], 'summary': 'Rapid iteration and pressure cooker environment were crucial in developing skills, like the beatles honing their craft before fame.', 'duration': 31.996, 'max_score': 5297.909, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45297909.jpg'}], 'start': 3336.878, 'title': "Impact of food and rituals on productivity, debugger's role in software development, evolution of tools and technology, early proto blog and reflections, and opengl vs d3d", 'summary': "Covers the impact of food choices and rituals on productivity, the importance of debuggers in software development, evolution of tools and technology, early proto blog concept, and opengl's influence on the graphics api landscape, showcasing the positive effects on health and well-being, the value of debuggers for efficient coding, transition in developer's workspace, early concept of a dot plan file as a proto blog, and the pivotal role in advocating for opengl over d3d in shaping the graphics api landscape.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3401.829, 'start': 3336.878, 'title': 'Impact of food and rituals on productivity', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of food choices and rituals on productivity, highlighting the positive effects on health and well-being from consuming well-balanced meals and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, with particular emphasis on the speaker's experience at meta office.", 'duration': 64.951, 'highlights': ['The speaker experienced an improvement in the quality of food while working at the Meta office, leading to better nutrition and overall well-being.', "The speaker's emphasis on maintaining good health through regular exercise, avoiding excessive eating, and steering clear of unhealthy food choices has contributed to their well-being and productivity.", 'The discussion on the significance of rituals involving food and beverages, particularly mentioning the empowering effect of consuming Diet Coke as a part of a programming ritual.']}, {'end': 4086.009, 'start': 3401.869, 'title': "Debugger's role in software development", 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of debuggers in software development, highlighting the value of debuggers for efficient coding and the use of automated tools for code analysis, emphasizing the need for ego check and the effectiveness of asserts in catching mistakes.', 'duration': 684.14, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the importance of debuggers in software development and emphasizes the value of debuggers for efficient coding. The speaker emphasizes the use of debuggers for efficient coding and highlights the power of debuggers in providing a view into a complex system, advocating for the use of debuggers as a fundamental tool in software development.', "The chapter emphasizes the use of automated tools for code analysis and highlights the need for an ego check regarding the flaws in one's code. The speaker discusses the use of automated tools for code analysis and emphasizes the need for an ego check, stating that every stream of code output contains a statistical regularity of mistakes, and advocates for using all available tools to identify and rectify coding flaws.", "The chapter highlights the effectiveness of asserts in catching mistakes and emphasizes their role in personal code development. The speaker discusses the effectiveness of asserts in catching mistakes and highlights their role in personal code development, stating that 10 to 20% of the speaker's private code consists of asserts and advocates for their use as active comments to catch errors and adapt to changing circumstances."]}, {'end': 4423.646, 'start': 4086.049, 'title': 'Evolution of tools and technology', 'summary': "Explores the evolution of tools and technology in the developer's workspace, including the transition to triple monitors, experimentation with classic vi, the struggle between emacs and visual studio code, and the significance of nextstations in the early days of id software.", 'duration': 337.597, 'highlights': ['Transition to triple monitors The decision to move to triple monitors from dual monitors resulted in a positive impact, enhancing productivity and satisfaction.', 'Experimentation with classic VI The attempt to use classic VI for a week provided a nostalgic experience but ultimately led to a return to Visual Studio, indicating the preference for modern tools.', 'Struggle between Emacs and Visual Studio Code The ongoing struggle between Emacs and Visual Studio Code reflects the challenge of keeping up with evolving technologies and the need to adapt to modern development environments.', 'Significance of NextStations in early id Software The adoption of NextStations at id Software provided a stable development platform with a graphical interface and valuable tools, contributing to the evolution of the modern Mac system and developer community.']}, {'end': 4816.843, 'start': 4423.646, 'title': 'Early proto blog and reflections', 'summary': 'Explores the early concept of a dot plan file as a proto blog, detailing how it was used for work logs and insights, while also reflecting on past game development and the learning process, with a focus on improving skills and understanding business and team dynamics.', 'duration': 393.197, 'highlights': ['The dot plan file served as a super early proto blog, containing work logs, insights, and essays, attracting interest from people in the gaming diaspora, predating the rise of blogging.', "Reflection on past game development reveals a continuous learning process, with the realization that there are no projects that couldn't be improved upon now, highlighting the ongoing growth and improvement in skills.", 'Insights into business and team dynamics reflect a shift in understanding over the years, acknowledging past mistakes and the importance of user value generation, and recognizing the potential for iterative improvement in game development.', 'A reflection on past work also includes recognizing flaws in thinking, understanding the need for continuous improvement, and the ability to step back in time and teach oneself, showcasing a commitment to growth and learning.', 'The chapter delves into the understanding of business, organization, and team structure in the gaming industry, with a recognition of past shortcomings and the potential for creating more successful products through different approaches.']}, {'end': 5543.385, 'start': 4817.063, 'title': 'Opengl vs d3d: shaping the graphics api landscape', 'summary': 'Discusses the pivotal role in advocating for opengl over d3d, leading to billions of devices using opengl and influencing the mobile industry, while also highlighting the importance of rapid iteration and resource constraints in game development.', 'duration': 726.322, 'highlights': ['Advocating for OpenGL over D3D resulted in billions of devices using OpenGL, influencing the mobile industry, and driving acceleration of the industry with OpenGL ES. The fight to keep OpenGL relevant led to OpenGL being present when mobile started happening, driving all of the acceleration of the mobile industry, and influencing billions of devices to use an appropriate graphics API.', "Rapid iteration and resource constraints in game development were crucial for building skills and contributing to later successes. The pressure-cooker environment of making new games every month led to developing the skills that contributed to later successes, similar to how early works were critical to the Beatles' later success."]}], 'duration': 2206.507, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy43336878.jpg', 'highlights': ['Advocating for OpenGL over D3D influenced billions of devices to use OpenGL, driving acceleration of the mobile industry.', 'The decision to move to triple monitors from dual monitors resulted in a positive impact, enhancing productivity and satisfaction.', 'The dot plan file served as a super early proto blog, predating the rise of blogging, attracting interest from people in the gaming diaspora.', 'The speaker emphasizes the use of debuggers for efficient coding and highlights the power of debuggers in providing a view into a complex system.', 'The adoption of NextStations at id Software provided a stable development platform with a graphical interface and valuable tools.', 'The discussion on the significance of rituals involving food and beverages, particularly mentioning the empowering effect of consuming Diet Coke as a part of a programming ritual.', 'The pressure-cooker environment of making new games every month led to developing the skills that contributed to later successes.']}, {'end': 7031.669, 'segs': [{'end': 5567.532, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5543.465, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 5549.927, 'text': 'Yeah, What happened after I kind of coincident with that was I was working on a lot of the new technologies,', 'start': 5543.465, 'duration': 6.462}, {'end': 5557.149, 'text': 'where I was now full on the IBM PC for the first time, where I was really a long holdout on Apple II forever.', 'start': 5549.927, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 5558.99, 'text': 'And I loved my Apple II.', 'start': 5557.289, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 5561.651, 'text': 'It was the computer I always wished I had when I was growing up.', 'start': 5559.01, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 5567.532, 'text': 'And when I finally did have one, I was kind of clinging on to that well past its sort of good use by date.', 'start': 5561.771, 'duration': 5.761}], 'summary': 'Transitioned to ibm pc after being a long-time apple ii user, embracing new technologies.', 'duration': 24.067, 'max_score': 5543.465, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45543465.jpg'}, {'end': 5605.863, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5582.145, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5588.551, 'text': 'that the Apple IIs got into the schools and they had enough capability that lots of interesting things happened with them.', 'start': 5582.145, 'duration': 6.406}, {'end': 5589.812, 'text': 'In Europe, it was different.', 'start': 5588.791, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 5596.057, 'text': 'You had your Amigas and Ataris and You know, acorns in the UK and things that had different things.', 'start': 5589.852, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 5602.621, 'text': 'But in the United States, it was probably the Apple II made the most impact for a lot of programmers of my generation.', 'start': 5596.097, 'duration': 6.524}, {'end': 5605.863, 'text': 'But so I was really digging into the IBM.', 'start': 5603.342, 'duration': 2.521}], 'summary': 'Apple ii made the most impact for us programmers, while europe had different computers.', 'duration': 23.718, 'max_score': 5582.145, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45582145.jpg'}, {'end': 5653.158, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5626.018, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5632.944, 'text': 'They had a couple years of magazines, the old Dr. Dobbs Journal and all of these magazines that had information about things.', 'start': 5626.018, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 5636.467, 'text': 'And so I was just in total immersion mode.', 'start': 5633.224, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 5640.81, 'text': 'It was eat, breathe, sleep, computer programming, particularly the IBM for..', 'start': 5636.547, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 5642.833, 'text': 'everything that I was doing.', 'start': 5641.713, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 5653.158, 'text': "And I was digging into a lot of these low-level hardware details that people weren't usually paying attention to the way the IBM EGA cards worked,", 'start': 5643.354, 'duration': 9.804}], 'summary': 'Total immersion in computer programming, focusing on ibm ega cards and low-level hardware details.', 'duration': 27.14, 'max_score': 5626.018, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45626018.jpg'}, {'end': 5858.872, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5828.78, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5832.561, 'text': 'And the first IBM game that I developed, I did in Pascal.', 'start': 5828.78, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 5839.983, 'text': "And that's actually kind of an interesting story, again, talking about the constraints and resources where I had an Apple IIgs.", 'start': 5832.901, 'duration': 7.082}, {'end': 5841.484, 'text': "I didn't have an IBM PC.", 'start': 5840.043, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 5846.545, 'text': 'I wanted to port my applications to IBM because I thought I could make more money on it.', 'start': 5841.564, 'duration': 4.981}, {'end': 5853.529, 'text': 'So what I wound up doing is I rented a PC for a week and bought a copy of Turbo Pascal.', 'start': 5847.085, 'duration': 6.444}, {'end': 5858.872, 'text': 'And so I had a hard one week and this was cutting into what minimal profit margin I had there.', 'start': 5854.069, 'duration': 4.803}], 'summary': 'Developed first ibm game in pascal to port to ibm for profit, despite resource constraints.', 'duration': 30.092, 'max_score': 5828.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45828780.jpg'}, {'end': 5961.196, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5932.544, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5938.687, 'text': 'And this is one of those things where people have talked about different paths that computer development could have taken,', 'start': 5932.544, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 5944.489, 'text': 'where C took over the world for reasons that came out of Unix and eventually Linux.', 'start': 5938.687, 'duration': 5.802}, {'end': 5947.19, 'text': 'And that was not a foregone conclusion at all.', 'start': 5945.149, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 5954.012, 'text': 'And people can make real reasoned rational arguments that the world might have been better if it had gone a Pascal route.', 'start': 5947.27, 'duration': 6.742}, {'end': 5961.196, 'text': "I'm somewhat agnostic on that where I do know from experience it was perfectly good enough to do that.", 'start': 5954.472, 'duration': 6.724}], 'summary': 'C took over the world for reasons from unix, linux, and pascal was an alternative path.', 'duration': 28.652, 'max_score': 5932.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45932544.jpg'}, {'end': 6117.85, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6090.612, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6095.897, 'text': 'And so we had one of the first Super Nintendos sitting there, and we had an older Nintendo.', 'start': 6090.612, 'duration': 5.285}, {'end': 6097.198, 'text': 'We were looking at all those games.', 'start': 6095.917, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 6104.344, 'text': "And the core thing that those consoles did that you just didn't get on the PC games was this ability to have a massive scrolling world.", 'start': 6097.618, 'duration': 6.726}, {'end': 6111.487, 'text': 'where most of the games that you would make on the PC and earlier personal computers would be a static screen.', 'start': 6104.904, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 6115.009, 'text': 'You move little things around on it and you interact like that.', 'start': 6111.527, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 6117.85, 'text': 'Maybe you go to additional screens as you move.', 'start': 6115.049, 'duration': 2.801}], 'summary': 'Comparison between super nintendo and older nintendo, highlighting the unique feature of massive scrolling world in console games compared to static screens in pc games.', 'duration': 27.238, 'max_score': 6090.612, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy46090612.jpg'}, {'end': 6210.249, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6182.981, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6190.148, 'text': 'And so much of the early game design for decades was removing limitations, letting you do things that you envisioned as a designer.', 'start': 6182.981, 'duration': 7.167}, {'end': 6196.593, 'text': "you wanted the player to experience, but the hardware just couldn't really, or you didn't know how to make it happen.", 'start': 6190.148, 'duration': 6.445}, {'end': 6197.654, 'text': 'It felt impossible.', 'start': 6196.673, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 6205.343, 'text': 'You can imagine that you want to create like this big world through which you can side scroll, like through which you can walk.', 'start': 6197.714, 'duration': 7.629}, {'end': 6210.249, 'text': 'And then you ask yourself a question how do I actually build that?', 'start': 6206.745, 'duration': 3.504}], 'summary': 'Early game design aimed at overcoming hardware limitations to create envisioned experiences.', 'duration': 27.268, 'max_score': 6182.981, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy46182981.jpg'}, {'end': 6393.416, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6361.836, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 6365.198, 'text': 'But then what happens if you get to the edge and you want to keep going?', 'start': 6361.836, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 6370.841, 'text': 'The first way we did scrolling was what I called adaptive tile refresh,', 'start': 6366.038, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 6381.247, 'text': 'which was really just a matter of you get to the edge and then you go back to the original point and then only change the tiles that are different between where it was.', 'start': 6370.841, 'duration': 10.406}, {'end': 6383.328, 'text': 'in most of the games at the time.', 'start': 6381.727, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 6393.416, 'text': "if you think about sort of your classic super mario brothers game, you've got big fields of blue sky, uh, long rows of the same brick texture,", 'start': 6383.328, 'duration': 10.088}], 'summary': 'Adaptive tile refresh minimizes data transfer at edge.', 'duration': 31.58, 'max_score': 6361.836, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy46361836.jpg'}, {'end': 6480.966, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6457.696, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6472.163, 'text': 'and The first thing that we wound up doing with that was I had just gotten this working and Tom Hall was sitting there with me and we were looking over at our Super Nintendo on the side there with Super Mario 3 running.', 'start': 6457.696, 'duration': 14.467}, {'end': 6480.966, 'text': 'And we had the technology, we had the tools set up there, and we stayed up all night, and we basically cloned the first level of Super Mario Bros.', 'start': 6472.183, 'duration': 8.783}], 'summary': 'Cloned the first level of super mario bros using technology and tools, working overnight.', 'duration': 23.27, 'max_score': 6457.696, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy46457696.jpg'}, {'end': 6715.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6682.942, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6686.544, 'text': 'went everywhere for free and you paid money to get the whole set.', 'start': 6682.942, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 6690.847, 'text': 'But it was still played as shareware and we were happy to have the first one go everywhere.', 'start': 6686.664, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 6699.892, 'text': "And it wasn't a crippled demo where the first episode of all of these trilogies it was a real complete game and probably 20 times as many people played that part of it,", 'start': 6691.147, 'duration': 8.745}, {'end': 6704.955, 'text': 'thought they had a great game, had found fond memories of it, but never paid us a dime.', 'start': 6699.892, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 6708.017, 'text': 'But enough people were happy with that,', 'start': 6705.495, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 6715.822, 'text': "where it was really quite successful at these early games that we didn't think very much of compared to commercial quality games.", 'start': 6708.277, 'duration': 7.545}], 'summary': 'First episode of the game trilogy was played by 20 times as many people, many did not pay for it, yet considered quite successful.', 'duration': 32.88, 'max_score': 6682.942, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy46682942.jpg'}, {'end': 6882.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6857.977, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6866.442, 'text': "We're going to keep working at Softdisk, working on this, and then we're going to go ahead and make a new game for Apogee at the same time.", 'start': 6857.977, 'duration': 8.465}, {'end': 6871.13, 'text': 'and this eventually did lead to some legal problems and we had, uh, we had trouble.', 'start': 6867.242, 'duration': 3.888}, {'end': 6875.058, 'text': 'it all got worked out in the end, but it was not a good call at the time.', 'start': 6871.13, 'duration': 3.928}, {'end': 6878.669, 'text': 'there, your legal mind at the time was not stellar.', 'start': 6875.058, 'duration': 3.611}, {'end': 6882.391, 'text': 'you, you were not thinking, uh, in terms of, in legal terms.', 'start': 6878.669, 'duration': 3.722}], 'summary': 'Worked on project at softdisk, developed new game for apogee simultaneously, leading to legal problems and eventual resolution.', 'duration': 24.414, 'max_score': 6857.977, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy46857977.jpg'}, {'end': 7039.474, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7009.035, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7012.418, 'text': 'Again, not a particularly good idea there that had consequences for us.', 'start': 7009.035, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 7023.044, 'text': 'In three months we got our first game out, and all of a sudden it was three times as successful as the most successful thing Apogee had had before,', 'start': 7013.999, 'duration': 9.045}, {'end': 7028.427, 'text': 'and we were making like $30,000 a month immediately from the Commander Keen stuff.', 'start': 7023.044, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 7031.669, 'text': 'And that was, again, a surprise to us.', 'start': 7029.268, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 7034.771, 'text': 'It was more than we thought that that was going to make.', 'start': 7031.709, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 7039.474, 'text': "And we said, well, we're going to certainly roll into another set of titles from this.", 'start': 7035.491, 'duration': 3.983}], 'summary': 'Released game was three times more successful, earning $30,000 a month', 'duration': 30.439, 'max_score': 7009.035, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47009035.jpg'}], 'start': 5543.465, 'title': 'Evolution of computer programming', 'summary': 'Delves into the transition from apple ii to ibm pc, the evolution of programming languages such as pascal and assembly, and the revolutionary scrolling innovations for pc games, as well as the creation of commander keen, a successful shareware game.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5681.547, 'start': 5543.465, 'title': 'Transition from apple ii to ibm pc', 'summary': "Discusses the transition from using apple ii to delving into the ibm pc, emphasizing its impact on american programmers and the author's deep immersion into computer programming.", 'duration': 138.082, 'highlights': ["The impact of Apple II on American programmers, especially in school systems, influenced a lot of programmers of the author's generation.", "The author's total immersion into IBM PC programming, including digging into low-level hardware details and exploring ways to exploit hardware functionalities beyond their intended use.", "The author's transition from being a long holdout on Apple II to fully embracing the IBM PC, leading to a deep focus on computer programming during the Softdisk period."]}, {'end': 6069.641, 'start': 5681.547, 'title': 'Evolution of programming languages', 'summary': 'Discusses the transition from dos and x86 systems, the prevalence of pascal and assembly language for game development, the emergence of turbo pascal as a practical and fast compiler, and the comparison between pascal and c in terms of capabilities and potential paths for computer development.', 'duration': 388.094, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the transition from DOS and x86 systems, the prevalence of Pascal and assembly language for game development, and the emergence of Turbo Pascal as a practical and fast compiler. transition from DOS and x86 systems, prevalence of Pascal and assembly language for game development, emergence of Turbo Pascal as a practical and fast compiler', 'The chapter compares Pascal and C in terms of capabilities and potential paths for computer development. comparison between Pascal and C in terms of capabilities and potential paths for computer development', 'The chapter highlights the challenges and constraints faced during the transition to IBM PC and the development of applications with Turbo Pascal. challenges and constraints faced during the transition to IBM PC, development of applications with Turbo Pascal']}, {'end': 6498.962, 'start': 6069.641, 'title': 'Revolutionizing game design with scrolling innovation', 'summary': 'Discusses the revolutionary scrolling innovations for pc games, enabling the creation of massive scrolling worlds, achieving a significant five times faster frame rate, and the successful cloning of super mario bros level for pc.', 'duration': 429.321, 'highlights': ['The revolutionary scrolling innovations for PC games The chapter discusses the core innovation in PC games, enabling massive scrolling worlds and the ability to scroll smoothly beyond the screen boundaries, revolutionizing game design.', 'Achieving a significant five times faster frame rate The adaptive tile refresh technique resulted in a frame rate that was essentially five times faster than redrawing all tiles, enabling the creation of numerous scrolling games for Gamers Edge, such as Slurred Axe and Shadow Knights.', 'Successful cloning of Super Mario Bros level for PC The successful cloning of the first level of Super Mario Bros for PC, achieving a close to pixel-accurate background and gameplay by utilizing the revolutionary scrolling innovation and previous game elements.']}, {'end': 7031.669, 'start': 6499.722, 'title': 'Creating commander keen', 'summary': "Highlights the creation of commander keen, a successful shareware game, and its impact on the developers, including the unexpected success, the shareware model's effectiveness, and the legal challenges faced while also working at softdisk.", 'duration': 531.947, 'highlights': ['Commander Keen became three times as successful as any previous Apogee game, making $30,000 a month immediately. The game Commander Keen achieved a significant level of success, making $30,000 a month right from the start, which was three times more successful than any previous Apogee game.', "The shareware model's effectiveness was evident as 20 times more people played the free part of the trilogy than those who paid for the full game. The shareware model showed its effectiveness as 20 times more people played the free part of the trilogy compared to those who paid for the full game, indicating the widespread adoption of the shareware approach.", 'The legal challenges faced by the developers while working at Softdisk and creating games for Apogee led to some trouble, although it got worked out in the end. The developers faced legal challenges while working at Softdisk and creating games for Apogee, resulting in some trouble that eventually got resolved, highlighting the complexities of working on multiple projects simultaneously.']}], 'duration': 1488.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy45543465.jpg', 'highlights': ['The revolutionary scrolling innovations for PC games, enabling massive scrolling worlds and smooth scrolling beyond screen boundaries.', 'The successful cloning of the first level of Super Mario Bros for PC, achieving a close to pixel-accurate background and gameplay.', 'Commander Keen achieved a significant level of success, making $30,000 a month right from the start, three times more successful than any previous Apogee game.', 'The shareware model showed its effectiveness as 20 times more people played the free part of the trilogy compared to those who paid for the full game.', "The impact of Apple II on American programmers, especially in school systems, influenced a lot of programmers of the author's generation.", "The author's total immersion into IBM PC programming, including digging into low-level hardware details and exploring ways to exploit hardware functionalities beyond their intended use.", 'The chapter discusses the core innovation in PC games, enabling massive scrolling worlds and the ability to scroll smoothly beyond the screen boundaries, revolutionizing game design.', 'The adaptive tile refresh technique resulted in a frame rate that was essentially five times faster than redrawing all tiles, enabling the creation of numerous scrolling games for Gamers Edge, such as Slurred Axe and Shadow Knights.', 'The chapter compares Pascal and C in terms of capabilities and potential paths for computer development.', 'The chapter highlights the challenges and constraints faced during the transition to IBM PC and the development of applications with Turbo Pascal.', 'The legal challenges faced by the developers while working at Softdisk and creating games for Apogee led to some trouble, although it got worked out in the end.', "The author's transition from being a long holdout on Apple II to fully embracing the IBM PC, leading to a deep focus on computer programming during the Softdisk period."]}, {'end': 8153.462, 'segs': [{'end': 7089.726, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7031.709, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7034.771, 'text': 'It was more than we thought that that was going to make.', 'start': 7031.709, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 7039.474, 'text': "And we said, well, we're going to certainly roll into another set of titles from this.", 'start': 7035.491, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 7044.878, 'text': 'And in that three months I had come up with a much better way of doing the scrolling technology.', 'start': 7040.135, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 7049.101, 'text': 'that was not the adaptive tile refresh, which in some ways was even simpler.', 'start': 7044.878, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 7050.182, 'text': 'And these things..', 'start': 7049.321, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 7056.304, 'text': 'so many of the great ideas of technology are things that are back of the envelope designs.', 'start': 7051.042, 'duration': 5.262}, {'end': 7062.767, 'text': 'i make this comment about modern machine learning, where all the things that are really important practically in the last decade are,', 'start': 7056.304, 'duration': 6.463}, {'end': 7064.448, 'text': 'each of them fits on the back of an envelope.', 'start': 7062.767, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 7066.369, 'text': 'there are these simple little things.', 'start': 7064.448, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 7070.891, 'text': "they're not super dense, hard to understand technologies.", 'start': 7066.369, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 7078.096, 'text': "And so the second scrolling trick was just a matter of like, okay, we know we've got this 64K window.", 'start': 7071.412, 'duration': 6.684}, {'end': 7085.261, 'text': "And the question was always like well, you could make a two by two, but you can't go off the edge.", 'start': 7078.777, 'duration': 6.484}, {'end': 7089.726, 'text': 'uh, but i finally asked well, what actually happens if you just go off the edge?', 'start': 7085.261, 'duration': 4.465}], 'summary': 'Developed a better scrolling technology in three months, simpler adaptive tile refresh, and emphasized the importance of simple, practical designs in technology.', 'duration': 58.017, 'max_score': 7031.709, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47031709.jpg'}, {'end': 7233.286, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7207.892, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7214.395, 'text': 'with there were 20 different video card vendors with all slightly different implementations of their nonstandard functionality.', 'start': 7207.892, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 7223.839, 'text': 'So either I needed to natively program all of the VGA cards there to map in that memory and keep scrolling down through all of that.', 'start': 7214.875, 'duration': 8.964}, {'end': 7230.424, 'text': 'Or I kind of punted and took the easy solution of when you finally did run to the edge of the screen.', 'start': 7224.459, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 7233.286, 'text': 'I accepted a hitch and just copied the whole screen up there.', 'start': 7230.424, 'duration': 2.862}], 'summary': 'Dealing with 20 different video card vendors, opted for copying whole screen when reaching edge.', 'duration': 25.394, 'max_score': 7207.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47207892.jpg'}, {'end': 7421.184, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7385.609, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7388.252, 'text': 'It was not to be.', 'start': 7385.609, 'duration': 2.643}, {'end': 7396.102, 'text': 'But the early days, especially the early MIT hacker days, talking a lot about this sense of the hacker ethic,', 'start': 7388.793, 'duration': 7.309}, {'end': 7402.629, 'text': 'that there was this sense that It was about sharing information being good, not keeping it to yourself,', 'start': 7396.102, 'duration': 6.527}, {'end': 7409.957, 'text': "and that it's not a zero-sum game that you can share something with another programmer and it doesn't take it away from you.", 'start': 7402.629, 'duration': 7.328}, {'end': 7412.64, 'text': 'You then have somebody else doing something.', 'start': 7410.818, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 7421.184, 'text': "and i also think that there's an aspect of it where it's this ability to to take joy in other people's accomplishments,", 'start': 7413.3, 'duration': 7.884}], 'summary': 'Early mit hacker days emphasized sharing information and collaboration, not a zero-sum game.', 'duration': 35.575, 'max_score': 7385.609, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47385609.jpg'}, {'end': 7728.289, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7703.477, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7712.183, 'text': 'ethic is just focus on building cool stuff, sharing it with other cool people, and credit will get assigned correctly.', 'start': 7703.477, 'duration': 8.706}, {'end': 7716.845, 'text': 'in the long arc of history.', 'start': 7715.185, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 7719.186, 'text': "Yeah And I generally think that's true.", 'start': 7716.865, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 7726.088, 'text': "And you've got, I am, you know, like there's some things there is, there's a graphics technique that got labeled CarMax reverse.", 'start': 7719.266, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 7728.289, 'text': 'I am, you know, literally named it.', 'start': 7726.108, 'duration': 2.181}], 'summary': 'Ethic focuses on building and sharing cool stuff, with a graphics technique named carmax reverse.', 'duration': 24.812, 'max_score': 7703.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47703477.jpg'}, {'end': 7801.224, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7769.568, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7773.914, 'text': 'I know you could talk about doing Quake and so on, but to me, Wolfenstein 3D was like, wow.', 'start': 7769.568, 'duration': 4.346}, {'end': 7778.16, 'text': 'It blew my mind that a world like this could exist.', 'start': 7775.396, 'duration': 2.764}, {'end': 7786.81, 'text': 'So how did Wolfenstein 3D come to be? in terms of the programming, in terms of the design, in terms of some of the memorable technical challenges.', 'start': 7778.18, 'duration': 8.63}, {'end': 7801.224, 'text': "And also actually just something you haven't mentioned, is you know, how do these ideas come to be inside your mind, the adaptive side-scrolling,", 'start': 7786.83, 'duration': 14.394}], 'summary': 'Wolfenstein 3d was groundbreaking and its creation involved programming, design, and technical challenges.', 'duration': 31.656, 'max_score': 7769.568, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47769568.jpg'}], 'start': 7031.709, 'title': 'Technological innovations and ethics', 'summary': 'Discusses the simplicity of technological advancements, scrolling tricks, vga compatibility issues, and the ethics of credit in innovation. it emphasizes the practical importance of modern machine learning concepts and the humility behind not seeking credit, and highlights the dramatic impact of perspective shifts in game design.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7070.891, 'start': 7031.709, 'title': 'Simplifying technology innovations', 'summary': 'Discusses the simplicity of significant technological advancements, exemplified by the back-of-the-envelope designs, such as the improved scrolling technology, which was not the adaptive tile refresh, and the practical importance of modern machine learning concepts that are relatively simple.', 'duration': 39.182, 'highlights': ['The simplicity of significant technological advancements, exemplified by the back-of-the-envelope designs, such as the improved scrolling technology, which was not the adaptive tile refresh, and the practical importance of modern machine learning concepts that are relatively simple.', 'The practical importance of modern machine learning concepts that are relatively simple, with significant advancements fitting on the back of an envelope, highlighting the simplicity and practicality of these technologies.', 'The improved scrolling technology, which was not the adaptive tile refresh, exemplifies the simplicity of significant technological advancements, showcasing how simple designs can lead to practical and impactful innovations.']}, {'end': 7651.773, 'start': 7071.412, 'title': 'Scrolling tricks and vga compatibility', 'summary': 'Discusses leveraging scrolling tricks to work within the 64k window, encountering vga compatibility issues with super vga cards, and the hacker ethic of sharing source code and tools.', 'duration': 580.361, 'highlights': ['Encountering VGA compatibility issues with super VGA cards, some with more than 256K, leading to scrolling hitches and the need for compatibility flags. VGA cards with more than 256K caused scrolling hitches, requiring compatibility flags, and encountering 20 different video card vendors with nonstandard functionality.', 'Leveraging scrolling tricks to work within the 64K window by wrapping back around at the top of the block, enabling smooth screen scrolling and drawing new strips as the screen is scrolled. Discovering that scrolling off the edge wraps back around to the top, enabling smooth screen scrolling and drawing new strips as the screen is scrolled.', 'Discussing the hacker ethic of sharing source code and tools, encountering resistance within the game modding community, and navigating the fear of insufficient credit attribution. Sharing source code and tools, encountering resistance in the game modding community, and navigating the fear of insufficient credit attribution.']}, {'end': 8153.462, 'start': 7651.773, 'title': 'Ethics of credit in innovation', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of focusing on building cool stuff, sharing it with others, and allowing credit to be assigned correctly, emphasizing the humility behind not seeking credit. it also delves into the development of wolfenstein 3d, highlighting the use of the same code for character behavior in 2d and 3d games, and the dramatic impact of the shift in perspective, leading to a significant innovation in game design.', 'duration': 501.689, 'highlights': ['The importance of focusing on building cool stuff, sharing it with others, and allowing credit to be assigned correctly, emphasizing the humility behind not seeking credit. Emphasizes the hacker ethic of focusing on innovation and sharing, while letting credit be assigned correctly. Highlights the humility behind not seeking credit for innovations.', 'The development of Wolfenstein 3D, highlighting the use of the same code for character behavior in 2D and 3D games, and the dramatic impact of the shift in perspective. Discusses the use of the same code for character behavior in 2D and 3D games, leading to a significant innovation in game design through a shift in perspective.']}], 'duration': 1121.753, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy47031709.jpg', 'highlights': ['The improved scrolling technology exemplifies the simplicity of significant technological advancements.', 'The practical importance of modern machine learning concepts that are relatively simple.', 'Encountering VGA compatibility issues with super VGA cards, some with more than 256K, leading to scrolling hitches and the need for compatibility flags.', 'Leveraging scrolling tricks to work within the 64K window by wrapping back around at the top of the block, enabling smooth screen scrolling and drawing new strips as the screen is scrolled.', 'Discussing the hacker ethic of sharing source code and tools, encountering resistance within the game modding community, and navigating the fear of insufficient credit attribution.', 'The importance of focusing on building cool stuff, sharing it with others, and allowing credit to be assigned correctly, emphasizing the humility behind not seeking credit.', 'The development of Wolfenstein 3D, highlighting the use of the same code for character behavior in 2D and 3D games, and the dramatic impact of the shift in perspective.']}, {'end': 9324.82, 'segs': [{'end': 8179.645, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8153.462, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8158.124, 'text': "but now more fun is had when you just let people kind of keep trying when they're stuck,", 'start': 8153.462, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 8161.406, 'text': 'rather than having to go all the way back and and learn different things.', 'start': 8158.124, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 8167.512, 'text': "So you've recommended the book Game Engine, Black Book, Wolfenstein 3D for Technical Exploration of the Game.", 'start': 8161.946, 'duration': 5.566}, {'end': 8176.902, 'text': 'So, looking back 30 years, what are some memorable technical innovations that made this perspective shift into this world?', 'start': 8167.632, 'duration': 9.27}, {'end': 8179.645, 'text': "that's so immersive that scares you when a monster appears?", 'start': 8176.902, 'duration': 2.743}], 'summary': "Encouraging persistence in learning, with a recommendation for the book 'game engine black book: wolfenstein 3d', discussing impactful technical innovations in gaming over the past 30 years.", 'duration': 26.183, 'max_score': 8153.462, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy48153462.jpg'}, {'end': 8398.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8368.285, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8369.626, 'text': 'And I was super proud of that.', 'start': 8368.285, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 8373.288, 'text': 'But eventually, like in the later games,', 'start': 8371.246, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 8379.65, 'text': 'I went back to the more span based things where I could get more total efficiency once I really did figure out how to do it.', 'start': 8373.288, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 8383.512, 'text': 'So there were two sort of key technical things to Wolfenstein.', 'start': 8380.171, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 8387.574, 'text': 'One was this ray casting approach, which you still to this day.', 'start': 8383.752, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 8387.974, 'text': 'you see.', 'start': 8387.574, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 8395.68, 'text': "people go and say let's write a ray casting engine, because It's an understandable way of doing things that lets you make games very much like that.", 'start': 8387.974, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 8398.964, 'text': 'So you see raycasters in JavaScript, raycasters in Python,', 'start': 8395.74, 'duration': 3.224}], 'summary': 'The wolfenstein game utilized ray casting, enabling efficient game development and is still popular today.', 'duration': 30.679, 'max_score': 8368.285, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy48368285.jpg'}, {'end': 8617.649, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8588.368, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8595.373, 'text': 'but then it would get slower and slower as they got closer to you until right at the time when you most care about having a fast reaction time,', 'start': 8588.368, 'duration': 7.005}, {'end': 8596.773, 'text': 'the game would be chunking down.', 'start': 8595.373, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 8602.857, 'text': 'So the fastest possible way to draw pixels at that time was to..', 'start': 8597.454, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 8611.607, 'text': "Instead of saying I've got a general purpose version that can handle any scale,", 'start': 8605.325, 'duration': 6.282}, {'end': 8617.649, 'text': 'I used a program to make essentially 100 or more separate little programs.', 'start': 8611.607, 'duration': 6.042}], 'summary': 'Game performance degraded as objects approached, resolved by using over 100 separate little programs.', 'duration': 29.281, 'max_score': 8588.368, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy48588368.jpg'}, {'end': 8818.019, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8783.392, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8787.033, 'text': "I mean, there's some deep parallels probably to human cognition as well.", 'start': 8783.392, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 8804.07, 'text': "There's something about optimizing and compressing the processing of a new information that requires you to predict the possible ways in which the game or the world might unroll.", 'start': 8787.493, 'duration': 16.577}, {'end': 8807.453, 'text': 'And you have something like compiled scalers always there.', 'start': 8804.45, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 8809.475, 'text': 'So you have like optimal,', 'start': 8807.473, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 8818.019, 'text': 'Like you have a prediction of how the world will unroll and you have some kind of optimized data structure for that prediction.', 'start': 8810.276, 'duration': 7.743}], 'summary': 'Predicting and optimizing information processing, parallels to human cognition.', 'duration': 34.627, 'max_score': 8783.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy48783392.jpg'}, {'end': 9062.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9027.979, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9033.062, 'text': 'But a game like Doom and other more modern games like Minecraft, or something.', 'start': 9027.979, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 9039.586, 'text': "there's kind of a Turing completeness level of design, freedom that you get in games that Wolfenstein really sat on one side of.", 'start': 9033.062, 'duration': 6.524}, {'end': 9046.208, 'text': 'You know, all the creative people in the world could not go and do a masterpiece just with the technology that Wolfenstein had.', 'start': 9039.986, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 9050.429, 'text': "Wolfenstein could do Wolfenstein, but you really couldn't do something crazy and different.", 'start': 9046.508, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 9062.573, 'text': "But it didn't take that much more capability to get to Wolfenstein with the freeform lines and a little bit more artistic freedom to get to the point where people still announce new Doom levels today,", 'start': 9050.829, 'duration': 11.744}], 'summary': 'Modern games offer more design freedom than wolfenstein, leading to ongoing creativity and innovation.', 'duration': 34.594, 'max_score': 9027.979, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy49027979.jpg'}], 'start': 8153.462, 'title': '3d game development innovations', 'summary': 'Explores technical innovations and challenges in 3d game development, highlighting texture mapping, ray casting, and efficient rendering techniques. it emphasizes the evolution of 3d graphics techniques, early game designs, and creative limitations, providing insights into the transition to more efficient rendering techniques and their implications for predicting cognitive processes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8502.293, 'start': 8153.462, 'title': 'Innovations in 3d game development', 'summary': 'Discusses the technical innovations and challenges in 3d game development, such as texture mapping and ray casting, with a focus on the game catacombs 3d and wolfenstein 3d, highlighting the importance of overcoming constraints and the transition to more efficient rendering techniques.', 'duration': 348.831, 'highlights': ['Texture mapping and its challenges in Catacombs 3D The game Catacombs 3D faced challenges with texture mapping, leading to glitches and flaky rendering, causing a six-week delay in shipping.', 'Transition to ray casting in Wolfenstein 3D Wolfenstein 3D adopted a ray casting approach, using a small amount of assembly code for efficient rendering, resulting in a flawless game and the development of raycasting engines by others.', 'Performance challenges of ray casting Ray casting in Wolfenstein 3D posed performance challenges, especially in larger rooms, due to the need for multiple tile tests, reflecting the efficiency constraints and real-world physics analogy.', 'Relevance of ray casting in modern game development The chapter highlights the enduring relevance of ray casting, with its adoption in modern programming languages for its understandable approach to creating tiled worlds in games.', 'Interest in interconnected network information states The conversation briefly touches on the interest in interconnected network information states, reflecting a broader exploration of game development concepts and their potential applications.']}, {'end': 8878.446, 'start': 8502.873, 'title': 'Evolution of 3d graphics techniques', 'summary': 'Discusses the early 3d graphics techniques used in games like wolfenstein 3d, emphasizing the significance of compiled scalars and the optimization of pixel drawing for fast performance, derived from previous programming experiences on platforms like the apple ii, with implications for predicting and optimizing cognitive processes.', 'duration': 375.573, 'highlights': ['The optimization of pixel drawing for fast performance in early 3D games was achieved through compiled scalars, where separate little programs were created for drawing images at specific pixel heights, resulting in faster pixel drawing, especially for larger characters, in comparison to general-purpose scaling routines.', 'In the early days of programming, techniques like creating separate versions of sprites and using compiled shapes for drawing images were employed to achieve smooth movement and fast action in games, demonstrating the significance of optimizing and compressing the processing of new information for efficient performance.', 'The discussion also touches upon the implications of these programming techniques on cognitive processes, highlighting the parallels between optimizing and compressing the processing of new information in programming and the cognitive processes involved in predicting and modifying the unfolding of the world, as well as the importance of associative context and sparse distributed memories in refining and recalling information.', 'The relevance of past programming experiences, such as those on the Apple II, in influencing and transforming programming techniques for newer platforms like the PC and mobile development is emphasized, showcasing the value of having a toolbox of programming techniques acquired from previous experiences.']}, {'end': 9324.82, 'start': 8879.207, 'title': 'Doom, wolfenstein, and game design', 'summary': 'Discusses the creative limitations of wolfenstein, the design freedom in doom, reaching turing complete design space, and the technical innovations for game engines and graphics.', 'duration': 445.613, 'highlights': ['The creative limitations of Wolfenstein and the design freedom in Doom are discussed, highlighting the transition to Turing complete design space. Comparison between the creative limitations of Wolfenstein and the design freedom in Doom.', 'The discussion on technical innovations includes the introduction of variable floors and ceilings, arbitrary angles in Doom, and the smaller voxel blocks in Minecraft. Innovations in game engine technology such as variable floors, ceilings, and voxel blocks.', 'The chapter explores the development of game engines for 3D rendered RPGs and the challenges in rendering fast enough for flexible geometry. Challenges in rendering fast enough for flexible geometry in 3D rendered RPGs.']}], 'duration': 1171.358, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy48153462.jpg', 'highlights': ['Ray casting in Wolfenstein 3D posed performance challenges, especially in larger rooms, due to the need for multiple tile tests, reflecting the efficiency constraints and real-world physics analogy.', 'The optimization of pixel drawing for fast performance in early 3D games was achieved through compiled scalars, resulting in faster pixel drawing, especially for larger characters, in comparison to general-purpose scaling routines.', 'The discussion also touches upon the implications of these programming techniques on cognitive processes, highlighting the parallels between optimizing and compressing the processing of new information in programming and the cognitive processes involved in predicting and modifying the unfolding of the world.', 'The creative limitations of Wolfenstein and the design freedom in Doom are discussed, highlighting the transition to Turing complete design space.', 'The chapter explores the development of game engines for 3D rendered RPGs and the challenges in rendering fast enough for flexible geometry.']}, {'end': 10117.977, 'segs': [{'end': 9560.292, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9532.751, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9535.872, 'text': "That's slow because you don't want to have to have drawn everything like that.", 'start': 9532.751, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 9539.355, 'text': 'But you can also flip it around and draw the closest thing to you.', 'start': 9536.152, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 9545.26, 'text': "And then if you're clever about it, you can figure out what you need to draw that's visible beyond that.", 'start': 9539.735, 'duration': 5.525}, {'end': 9547.121, 'text': "And that's what BSP trees allow you to do.", 'start': 9545.48, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 9551.905, 'text': "Yeah So it's combined with a bunch of other things, but it gives you that ordering.", 'start': 9547.622, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 9553.727, 'text': "It's a clever way of doing things.", 'start': 9552.266, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 9560.292, 'text': 'And I remember I had learned this from one of my graphics Bible at the time, a book called Foley and Van Damme.', 'start': 9553.767, 'duration': 6.525}], 'summary': 'Bsp trees provide a clever way of ordering and drawing visible objects efficiently in graphics, as learned from the book foley and van damme.', 'duration': 27.541, 'max_score': 9532.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy49532751.jpg'}, {'end': 9605.855, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9574.24, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9579.863, 'text': "Some of it wasn't useful to me, but they had the little thing about finite orderings of.", 'start': 9574.24, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 9588.127, 'text': 'you draw a little T-shaped thing and you can make a fixed ahead of time order from this and you can generalize this with the BSP trees.', 'start': 9579.863, 'duration': 8.264}, {'end': 9590.848, 'text': 'and i got a little bit more information about that.', 'start': 9588.727, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 9591.508, 'text': 'it was kind of fun.', 'start': 9590.848, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 9598.292, 'text': 'later, while i was working on quake, i got to meet bruce naylor, who was one of the original researchers that developed those technologies.', 'start': 9591.508, 'duration': 6.784}, {'end': 9605.855, 'text': 'i you know, as for academic literature, and that was kind of fun, but i was very much just finding a tool that can help me solve what i was doing,', 'start': 9598.292, 'duration': 7.563}], 'summary': 'Discovered finite orderings and bsp trees; met bruce naylor; found helpful tool for work.', 'duration': 31.615, 'max_score': 9574.24, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy49574240.jpg'}], 'start': 9325.241, 'title': 'Challenges and innovations in game development', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges with epsilon problems and math limitations, and technical challenges and innovations in game development, including the use of bsp trees for graphics, limitations of the doom engine, and the development of quake with advanced 3d capabilities, networking, and modifiability.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9496.156, 'start': 9325.241, 'title': 'Challenges with epsilon problems and math in game development', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced with epsilon problems and the limitations of using high school math understanding in game development, particularly when dealing with irrational and rational numbers and the necessity of using big nums for precise arithmetic.', 'duration': 170.915, 'highlights': ['Dealing with epsilon problems and limitations of high school math understanding The chapter delves into the challenges faced with epsilon problems, including the necessity of using big nums for precise arithmetic and the limitations of high school math understanding in game development.', 'Challenges of working with irrational and rational numbers The transcript details the challenges of working with irrational and rational numbers in game development, highlighting the need for precise arithmetic and the limitations of using floating point numbers.', 'The impact of epsilon problems on game development It discusses the impact of epsilon problems on game development, specifically in dealing with angled lines and the limitations of finite precision arithmetic when intersecting sloped lines.']}, {'end': 10117.977, 'start': 9496.156, 'title': 'Technical challenges and innovations in game development', 'summary': 'Highlights the technical challenges and innovations faced in game development, including the use of bsp trees for graphics, limitations of the doom engine, and the development of quake with advanced 3d capabilities, networking, and modifiability, with a reflection on the decision to split innovations into two phases.', 'duration': 621.821, 'highlights': ['The development of Quake with advanced 3D capabilities, networking, and modifiability. Quake was intended to be a true 3D engine with six degrees of freedom, a new lighting model, full programmability, and internet multiplayer support, marking a significant leap in game development innovation.', 'The use of BSP trees for graphics and their importance in game development. BSP trees were crucial for optimizing graphics rendering, providing a clever way to order and draw visible elements, contributing to the success of games like Doom.', 'The limitations of the Doom engine and the decision to split innovations into two phases. The Doom engine had 2.5D limitations, prompting the reflection that splitting innovations into two phases, focusing on multiplayer and programming language first, could have been more efficient.']}], 'duration': 792.736, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy49325241.jpg', 'highlights': ['The development of Quake with advanced 3D capabilities, networking, and modifiability. Quake was intended to be a true 3D engine with six degrees of freedom, a new lighting model, full programmability, and internet multiplayer support, marking a significant leap in game development innovation.', 'The use of BSP trees for graphics and their importance in game development. BSP trees were crucial for optimizing graphics rendering, providing a clever way to order and draw visible elements, contributing to the success of games like Doom.', 'The limitations of the Doom engine and the decision to split innovations into two phases. The Doom engine had 2.5D limitations, prompting the reflection that splitting innovations into two phases, focusing on multiplayer and programming language first, could have been more efficient.', 'Dealing with epsilon problems and limitations of high school math understanding The chapter delves into the challenges faced with epsilon problems, including the necessity of using big nums for precise arithmetic and the limitations of high school math understanding in game development.', 'Challenges of working with irrational and rational numbers The transcript details the challenges of working with irrational and rational numbers in game development, highlighting the need for precise arithmetic and the limitations of using floating point numbers.', 'The impact of epsilon problems on game development It discusses the impact of epsilon problems on game development, specifically in dealing with angled lines and the limitations of finite precision arithmetic when intersecting sloped lines.']}, {'end': 12166.109, 'segs': [{'end': 10223.538, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10197.524, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10203.327, 'text': 'i i mean maybe if i was in a position where i was never able to make that progress i could have slid down further.', 'start': 10197.524, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 10207.491, 'text': "but i've always been in a place where Okay, a little bit more work.", 'start': 10203.327, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 10214.623, 'text': "Maybe I'm in a tough spot here, but I always know if I just keep pushing, eventually I break through and I make progress.", 'start': 10207.531, 'duration': 7.092}, {'end': 10216.145, 'text': "I feel good about what I'm doing.", 'start': 10214.643, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 10220.111, 'text': "And that's been enough for me so far in my life.", 'start': 10216.165, 'duration': 3.946}, {'end': 10223.538, 'text': 'you seen in the distance?', 'start': 10220.817, 'duration': 2.721}], 'summary': 'Persistence and progress have led to personal satisfaction and success in life.', 'duration': 26.014, 'max_score': 10197.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy410197524.jpg'}, {'end': 10973.838, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10945.545, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10954.071, 'text': "instead of drawing these in a painter's order here I do a span buffer and it cuts out 30% or 40% of all of these pixels.", 'start': 10945.545, 'duration': 8.526}, {'end': 10957.252, 'text': 'but it means you need to rewrite kind of this interface, of all of that.', 'start': 10954.071, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 10962.034, 'text': 'And I could tell that wore on him a little bit, but in the end it was the right thing to do,', 'start': 10957.472, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 10973.838, 'text': 'where we wound up changing that rasterization approach and we wound up with a super optimized assembly language core loop and then a good system around it which minimized how much that had to be called.', 'start': 10962.034, 'duration': 11.804}], 'summary': 'Implemented span buffer, reducing pixels by 30-40%, optimizing assembly language core loop.', 'duration': 28.293, 'max_score': 10945.545, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy410945545.jpg'}, {'end': 11178.625, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11150.695, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11153.298, 'text': "But if you're trying to do something that's hard,", 'start': 11150.695, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 11161.648, 'text': "either that can't be done for resources like VR on a mobile chipset or that we don't even know how to do yet, like artificial general intelligence,", 'start': 11153.298, 'duration': 8.35}, {'end': 11165.251, 'text': "it's probably going to be a matter of coming at it from an angle.", 'start': 11162.108, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 11171.818, 'text': 'For AGI, we have some of the Hutter principles about how you can..', 'start': 11165.812, 'duration': 6.006}, {'end': 11178.625, 'text': "There are theoretical ways that you can say, this is the optimal learning algorithm that can solve everything, but it's completely impractical.", 'start': 11171.818, 'duration': 6.807}], 'summary': 'Challenges in achieving hard tasks like vr on mobile chipset and artificial general intelligence require approaching from a different angle.', 'duration': 27.93, 'max_score': 11150.695, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy411150695.jpg'}, {'end': 11990.753, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11958.792, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11964.534, 'text': "release a new version every year that lets the capabilities grow and expand to start saying it's like okay,", 'start': 11958.792, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 11970.216, 'text': "it's a game about running around and shooting things, but now you can bring your media into it.", 'start': 11964.534, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 11976.479, 'text': 'You can add persistence of social signs of life or whatever you want to add to it.', 'start': 11970.316, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 11981.743, 'text': "I still think that's quite a good position to take.", 'start': 11977.839, 'duration': 3.904}, {'end': 11990.753, 'text': "And I think that while Meta is doing a bottoms up capability approach with Horizon Worlds, where it's a fairly general purpose,", 'start': 11981.923, 'duration': 8.83}], 'summary': 'Meta plans to release new horizon worlds version annually, allowing for expanded capabilities and media integration.', 'duration': 31.961, 'max_score': 11958.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy411958792.jpg'}], 'start': 10117.977, 'title': 'Challenges and innovations in game development', 'summary': 'Covers coping with harsh deadlines, technical challenges, innovations in game programming, creating quake, leveraging smoke and mirrors, challenges in game development, and building the metaverse and virtual reality.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10537.584, 'start': 10117.977, 'title': 'Overcoming challenges and innovations in game development', 'summary': 'Discusses how the speaker coped with harsh deadlines and technical challenges, highlighting their immunity to dark places, escape from a troubled youth through books and games, and innovations in game programming, including building their own language and learning about networking.', 'duration': 419.607, 'highlights': ['The speaker expresses their immunity to dark places and their ability to cope with stress and unhappiness, attributing it to their determination and belief in making progress. Immunity to dark places, coping with stress, belief in making progress', 'The speaker discusses their escape from a troubled youth through books, comic books, Dungeons and Dragons, and arcade games, emphasizing these as their happy place during childhood. Escape through books and games, childhood happy place', 'The speaker reflects on the innovations in game programming, including building their own programming language for Quake and learning about networking, highlighting the experiences and lessons learned. Innovations in game programming, building own language, learning about networking']}, {'end': 11068.001, 'start': 10538.684, 'title': 'The making of quake: graphics, programming, and innovation', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced and the innovative approach taken in creating quake, emphasizing the importance of graphics technology, assembly language optimization, and system-level thinking in game development and other fields.', 'duration': 529.317, 'highlights': ['The importance of graphics technology and assembly language optimization in creating Quake The graphics technology of Quake was groundbreaking, requiring significant effort to fix rendering issues, and the assembly language optimization by Michael Abrash played a crucial role in achieving the desired results.', 'The significance of system-level thinking in game development and other fields The chapter emphasizes the necessity of understanding hardware, low-level software, high-level software, and design decisions, highlighting the importance of system-level thinking in game development, aerospace, nuclear energy, AI, and VR.', 'The continuous progress in program performance and the potential for clever solutions The discussion illustrates the continuous progress in program performance and the potential for clever solutions to achieve significant speed improvements, emphasizing the need for innovative thinking in various domains.']}, {'end': 11420.664, 'start': 11068.261, 'title': 'The power of smoke and mirrors', 'summary': 'Discusses the power of leveraging smoke and mirrors to advance technology, make decisions, and achieve artificial general intelligence, highlighting the need for smart decision-making and faking it till making it.', 'duration': 352.403, 'highlights': ["Smart decision-making through smoke and mirrors can accelerate the development of technology and shape people's perception of its capabilities.", 'Challenges in technology development, such as achieving artificial general intelligence, require a strategic approach and acknowledging the limitations of theoretical solutions.', 'The dynamics and tensions within the founding corporate structure of id Software underscore the importance of a well-defined framework for contributions and equity distribution.']}, {'end': 11670.745, 'start': 11420.664, 'title': 'Challenges and success in game development', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges faced in game development, including differences in work ethic, company growth, and the importance of multiple teams, while highlighting john romero's contributions and subsequent ventures in the gaming industry, such as his pioneering efforts in mobile gaming.", 'duration': 250.081, 'highlights': ["John Romero's departure and subsequent success at Ion Storm with a $20 million deal and the simultaneous setup of three teams.", 'The importance of having multiple teams running simultaneously in a company due to business realities and the potential impact of single-string projects.', "John Romero's valuable contributions to early game development, including his influence on Doom and Quake, and his pioneering role in mobile game development ahead of the curve, despite being too early for the market."]}, {'end': 12166.109, 'start': 11671.685, 'title': 'Building the metaverse and virtual reality', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of virtual reality, including the concept of the metaverse, the challenges in building it, and the preference for creating an amazing user experience as seen in successful games like minecraft and fortnite.', 'duration': 494.424, 'highlights': ["The concept of the metaverse and the challenges in building it are discussed, with a preference for creating an amazing user experience. The chapter delves into the concept of the metaverse, its historical roots in Neal Stephenson's book 'Snow Crash,' and the challenges in building it. The preference for creating an amazing user experience is emphasized, drawing examples from successful games like Minecraft and Fortnite.", 'The evolution of virtual reality, from early attempts with Doom and Quake to modern successes like Minecraft and Fortnite, is explored. The evolution of virtual reality is traced from the early days with Doom and Quake to the modern successes of games like Minecraft and Fortnite. The emphasis is on creating compelling user experiences and expanding capabilities based on user preference.', 'The gradual transition of the world into virtual reality is likened to the slow adoption of the web, with multiple small developments leading to exponential growth. The transition of the world into virtual reality is compared to the gradual adoption of the web, with the speaker drawing parallels to the slow heating of a frog in water. The exponential growth is attributed to numerous small developments adding up, similar to the evolution of the web.']}], 'duration': 2048.132, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy410117977.jpg', 'highlights': ['The speaker reflects on the innovations in game programming, including building their own programming language for Quake and learning about networking, highlighting the experiences and lessons learned.', 'The importance of graphics technology and assembly language optimization in creating Quake The graphics technology of Quake was groundbreaking, requiring significant effort to fix rendering issues, and the assembly language optimization by Michael Abrash played a crucial role in achieving the desired results.', "The concept of the metaverse and the challenges in building it are discussed, with a preference for creating an amazing user experience. The chapter delves into the concept of the metaverse, its historical roots in Neal Stephenson's book 'Snow Crash,' and the challenges in building it. The preference for creating an amazing user experience is emphasized, drawing examples from successful games like Minecraft and Fortnite.", 'The evolution of virtual reality, from early attempts with Doom and Quake to modern successes like Minecraft and Fortnite, is explored. The evolution of virtual reality is traced from the early days with Doom and Quake to the modern successes of games like Minecraft and Fortnite. The emphasis is on creating compelling user experiences and expanding capabilities based on user preference.', 'The gradual transition of the world into virtual reality is likened to the slow adoption of the web, with multiple small developments leading to exponential growth. The transition of the world into virtual reality is compared to the gradual adoption of the web, with the speaker drawing parallels to the slow heating of a frog in water. The exponential growth is attributed to numerous small developments adding up, similar to the evolution of the web.']}, {'end': 12829.616, 'segs': [{'end': 12215.028, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12188.566, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12195.43, 'text': "So we're like, first-person shooters in VR, match made in heaven, right? And that didn't work out that way at all.", 'start': 12188.566, 'duration': 6.864}, {'end': 12198.071, 'text': 'They have the most comfort problems with it.', 'start': 12195.57, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 12204.295, 'text': 'And then the most popular virtual reality app is Beat Saber, which nobody predicted back then.', 'start': 12198.511, 'duration': 5.784}, {'end': 12208.782, 'text': "What's that make you, uh like from first principles?", 'start': 12204.878, 'duration': 3.904}, {'end': 12215.028, 'text': 'if you were to like reverse engineer that, why are these like silly fun games the most?', 'start': 12208.782, 'duration': 6.246}], 'summary': "Vr first-person shooters didn't work due to comfort issues. beat saber became the unexpected popular vr app.", 'duration': 26.462, 'max_score': 12188.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy412188566.jpg'}, {'end': 12364.456, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12327.849, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 12333.373, 'text': "you do still have the comfort issues if you're moving around at all, but you've also got, just you know,", 'start': 12327.849, 'duration': 5.524}, {'end': 12342.159, 'text': 'discomfort from the headset battery lifespan on the mobile versions, so having things that do break down into three and four minute windows of play.', 'start': 12333.373, 'duration': 8.786}, {'end': 12345.061, 'text': 'that turns out to be very valuable from a gameplay standpoint.', 'start': 12342.159, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 12349.805, 'text': 'So it winds up being kind of a perfect storm of all of these things that are really good.', 'start': 12345.842, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 12352.026, 'text': "It doesn't have any of the comfort problems.", 'start': 12350.145, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 12353.348, 'text': "You're not navigating around.", 'start': 12352.046, 'duration': 1.302}, {'end': 12354.388, 'text': "You're standing still.", 'start': 12353.388, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 12356.27, 'text': 'All the stuff flies at you.', 'start': 12354.729, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 12358.592, 'text': 'It has placed audio strengths.', 'start': 12356.71, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 12361.374, 'text': 'It adds the whole fitness in VR.', 'start': 12359.492, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 12364.456, 'text': 'Nobody was thinking about that back at the beginning.', 'start': 12361.674, 'duration': 2.782}], 'summary': 'Vr game offers 3-4 minute windows of play, addressing comfort issues and enhancing gameplay and fitness.', 'duration': 36.607, 'max_score': 12327.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy412327849.jpg'}], 'start': 12166.849, 'title': 'Vr evolution', 'summary': "Explores vr's evolution from doom 3 to beat saber, emphasizing the impact on fitness and potential for immersive remote meetings.", 'chapters': [{'end': 12829.616, 'start': 12166.849, 'title': 'Vr evolution: from doom 3 to beat saber', 'summary': 'Explores the unexpected outcomes in the vr space, highlighting the evolution from first-person shooters to the success of beat saber, emphasizing the importance of controllers, audio, and short play sessions, leading to a positive impact on daily fitness and the potential for immersive remote meetings.', 'duration': 662.767, 'highlights': ["The success of Beat Saber and the VR space's evolution from first-person shooters was unexpected, emphasizing the importance of controllers, audio, and short play sessions, leading to a positive impact on daily fitness and the potential for immersive remote meetings.", 'The importance of controllers in VR was underestimated, with the success of Beat Saber attributed to its ability to hide the weaknesses of VR by perfectly utilizing controllers and audio, providing a valuable fitness experience.', 'The significance of short play sessions in VR due to comfort issues, battery lifespan, and the value of daily fitness provided by games like Beat Saber, highlighting the positive impact of VR on exercise and gameplay.', 'The potential for immersive remote meetings in VR, acknowledging the technical challenges and the need to improve interoperability, latency, and accessibility of headsets to achieve a real sense of presence and interaction.', 'The value gradient in VR, emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement and the potential for VR to offer valuable experiences even if they are only half as good as real-life experiences, with a focus on making VR better inside the headset than outside.']}], 'duration': 662.767, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy412166849.jpg', 'highlights': ["The success of Beat Saber and the VR space's evolution from first-person shooters was unexpected, emphasizing the importance of controllers, audio, and short play sessions, leading to a positive impact on daily fitness and the potential for immersive remote meetings.", 'The importance of controllers in VR was underestimated, with the success of Beat Saber attributed to its ability to hide the weaknesses of VR by perfectly utilizing controllers and audio, providing a valuable fitness experience.', 'The significance of short play sessions in VR due to comfort issues, battery lifespan, and the value of daily fitness provided by games like Beat Saber, highlighting the positive impact of VR on exercise and gameplay.', 'The potential for immersive remote meetings in VR, acknowledging the technical challenges and the need to improve interoperability, latency, and accessibility of headsets to achieve a real sense of presence and interaction.', 'The value gradient in VR, emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement and the potential for VR to offer valuable experiences even if they are only half as good as real-life experiences, with a focus on making VR better inside the headset than outside.']}, {'end': 14926.205, 'segs': [{'end': 13062.135, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13033.067, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 13039.749, 'text': 'So I did not have experience with this, and it was interesting because I remember, like previously,', 'start': 13033.067, 'duration': 6.682}, {'end': 13046.431, 'text': 'my benchmark for kind of use of resources was some of the government programs I interacted with on the aerospace side.', 'start': 13039.749, 'duration': 6.682}, {'end': 13054.333, 'text': "And I remember thinking there was, okay, there's an air force program and they spent $50 million and they didn't launch anything.", 'start': 13047.051, 'duration': 7.282}, {'end': 13055.453, 'text': "They didn't even build anything.", 'start': 13054.353, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 13062.135, 'text': 'It was just kind of like they made a bunch of papers and had some parts in a warehouse and nothing came of it.', 'start': 13055.513, 'duration': 6.622}], 'summary': 'Comparing new project management approach with previous $50 million government program failure.', 'duration': 29.068, 'max_score': 13033.067, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy413033067.jpg'}, {'end': 13386.198, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13362.384, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 13370.269, 'text': "every week i'm posting something you know, pretty loud and opinionated in, you know internally, and i think that's useful for the company.", 'start': 13362.384, 'duration': 7.885}, {'end': 13373.21, 'text': "but um yeah, it's not.", 'start': 13370.269, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 13378.814, 'text': "it's rare to have a position like that and i can't necessarily offer advice for how someone can do that.", 'start': 13373.21, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 13386.198, 'text': 'i well, you could offer advice to a company in general to give a little bit of freedom for the young wild,', 'start': 13378.814, 'duration': 7.384}], 'summary': "Posting loud opinions weekly is useful for the company, but rare position, can't offer specific advice.", 'duration': 23.814, 'max_score': 13362.384, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy413362384.jpg'}, {'end': 13461.979, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13431.519, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13433.059, 'text': "I'm an optimist in almost everything.", 'start': 13431.519, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 13434.94, 'text': 'I think things can get better.', 'start': 13433.239, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 13440.961, 'text': "I think that they can improve things, that you go through a path and you're learning what does and doesn't work.", 'start': 13435, 'duration': 5.961}, {'end': 13444.883, 'text': "And I'm not ready to be fatalistic about the outcome of any of that.", 'start': 13441.522, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 13447.444, 'text': 'Me neither.', 'start': 13446.924, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 13451.308, 'text': 'I know too many good people inside of those large companies that are incredible.', 'start': 13447.484, 'duration': 3.824}, {'end': 13454.972, 'text': 'You have a friendship with Elon Musk.', 'start': 13452.489, 'duration': 2.483}, {'end': 13461.979, 'text': "Often when I talk to him, he'll bring up how incredible of an engineer and just a big picture thinker you are.", 'start': 13456.153, 'duration': 5.826}], 'summary': 'Optimism about improvement and learning from mistakes. acknowledgement of good people and recognition for engineering and big picture thinking.', 'duration': 30.46, 'max_score': 13431.519, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy413431519.jpg'}, {'end': 14619.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14593.815, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 14598.759, 'text': "It's like the Sherlock Holmes that comes in and consults on some of the specific tough issues.", 'start': 14593.815, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 14601.361, 'text': "I'm still pretty passionate about all of that.", 'start': 14599.359, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 14608.964, 'text': 'But I have been figuring out how to compartmentalize and force that into a smaller box to work on some other things.', 'start': 14601.881, 'duration': 7.083}, {'end': 14616.328, 'text': 'And I did come down to this decision between working on economical nuclear fission or artificial general intelligence.', 'start': 14609.284, 'duration': 7.044}, {'end': 14619.31, 'text': 'and uh, the vision side of things.', 'start': 14617.228, 'duration': 2.082}], 'summary': 'Passionate about consulting on tough issues, deciding between nuclear fission and artificial general intelligence.', 'duration': 25.495, 'max_score': 14593.815, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy414593815.jpg'}, {'end': 14676.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14639.65, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14641.111, 'text': 'Everybody loves an existence proof.', 'start': 14639.65, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 14645.715, 'text': "I think it's possible somebody should be doing this, but it's going to involve some politics.", 'start': 14641.191, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 14650.699, 'text': "It's going to involve decent-sized teams and a bunch of this cross-functional stuff that I don't love.", 'start': 14645.795, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 14654.623, 'text': 'While the artificial general intelligence side of things..', 'start': 14651.3, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 14666.519, 'text': 'It seems to me like this is the highest leverage moment for potentially a single individual, potentially in the history of the world,', 'start': 14656.73, 'duration': 9.789}, {'end': 14676.288, 'text': 'where the things that we know about the brain, about what we can do with artificial intelligence, nobody can say absolutely on any of these things.', 'start': 14666.519, 'duration': 9.769}], 'summary': 'Potential for one individual to make history with artificial general intelligence, leveraging brain knowledge and ai capabilities.', 'duration': 36.638, 'max_score': 14639.65, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy414639650.jpg'}], 'start': 12829.956, 'title': "Vr challenges, meta's vr/ar, empowering young minds, and elon musk's future visions", 'summary': "Discusses challenges in vr user interface, meta's significant progress in vr/ar with quest 2 and $10b annual spending, empowering young minds, elon musk's impact on space exploration and self-driving cars, and challenges in energy technology and potential of agi, predicting 50-60% chance of agi by 2030.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13032.126, 'start': 12829.956, 'title': 'Challenges of vr user interface', 'summary': 'Discusses the current challenges with vr user interface, including the need for improved latency, user interface, and headset ubiquity, and compares the vr experience to zoom, emphasizing the importance of user-friendly interfaces for the success of vr.', 'duration': 202.17, 'highlights': ['The VR experience on Quest is surprisingly good, with better voice latency than Zoom, realistic feeling expressions, and a better sense of immediacy.', 'The rough edges in VR usability, such as longer setup times and latency issues, indicate that VR technology has not yet reached the same level of usability as Zoom.', 'The success of VR is dependent on the improvement of latency, user interface, and headset ubiquity, with the goal of reaching 100 million headsets to establish widespread usage and familiarity.', 'The importance of user-friendly interfaces in driving the success of VR is emphasized, drawing comparisons to the declining trend in user-friendly interfaces of tech giants like Google and Meta.', 'The exponential growth of Meta over the years has raised concerns about the decline in user-friendly interfaces and the potential reasons behind it, such as risk aversion and conservatism.']}, {'end': 13343.829, 'start': 13033.067, 'title': "Meta's vr and ar development", 'summary': 'Discusses the impressive progress and substantial investment in vr and ar by meta, including the achievement of a 10-year goal with the quest 2, the significant $10 billion annual spending on reality labs, and the challenges of efficiency and innovation within a large company.', 'duration': 310.762, 'highlights': ["Meta's achievement of a 10-year goal with Quest 2, a standalone inside out tracked 4K resolution headset that can still plug into a PC for high-end rendering. The company's successful realization of a long-term vision with the Quest 2, meeting the desired specifications and functionality.", "Announcement of Meta's $10 billion annual spending on Reality Labs, covering VR, AR, Portal, Spark, and AI research efforts. The substantial financial commitment to VR and AR development, showcasing Meta's dedication and investment in these technologies.", 'Challenges in achieving efficiency and innovation within a large company, with a call for unlocking greater efficiency in development processes. The acknowledgment of inefficiencies and the need to improve development processes within a large company like Meta, emphasizing the potential for increased innovation and productivity.']}, {'end': 13743.345, 'start': 13343.829, 'title': 'Empowering young minds and startups', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of empowering young minds in companies, advocating for freedom of thought, and highlights the admirable dedication of elon musk to space exploration and electrification of transportation.', 'duration': 399.516, 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's dedication to space exploration, electrification of transportation, and solar energy showcases his willingness to commit fully to impactful world-level projects, contrasting with the speaker's approach of working with bounded resources and hedging bets. (relevance score: 5)", 'Advocacy for empowering young minds to think big, generate wild ideas, and pursue them passionately without being hindered by bureaucracy or management, emphasizing the potential impact startups and big companies could achieve by enabling such freedom. (relevance score: 4)', 'Highlighting the shared sensibility and similar background between the speaker and Elon Musk, emphasizing their ability to recognize opportunities and call out shortcomings in technology, representing a parallel perspective in approaching technological advancements. (relevance score: 3)', "The speaker's role in advocating for freedom of thought and opinionated expression within the company, citing the usefulness of posting loud and opinionated content weekly internally, underlining the rare position and the challenge of offering advice for others to attain a similar position. (relevance score: 2)"]}, {'end': 14485.172, 'start': 13743.625, 'title': 'Elon musk, mars, and self-driving cars', 'summary': "Discusses elon musk's influence, the likelihood of humans on mars by 2030, and the challenges of self-driving cars, including a $10,000 bet on mars by 2030, the critical role of elon musk in spacex's success, and the safety implications and potential lives saved by self-driving cars.", 'duration': 741.547, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses a $10,000 bet on Mars by 2030 and the critical role of Elon Musk in SpaceX's success. Discussion of a $10,000 bet on Mars by 2030, Elon Musk's critical role in SpaceX's success, and the potential infrastructure on Mars by 2030.", 'The challenges and safety implications of self-driving cars are explored, including the potential lives saved and the $10,000 bet on self-driving cars by 2030. Challenges and safety implications of self-driving cars, potential lives saved through self-driving cars, and a $10,000 bet on self-driving cars by 2030.', 'The discussion on the likelihood of humans on Mars by 2030 and the $10,000 bet on Mars, contrasting the opinions of world-class individuals on the topic. Discussion on the likelihood of humans on Mars by 2030, contrasting opinions of world-class individuals, and the $10,000 bet on Mars.']}, {'end': 14926.205, 'start': 14487.17, 'title': 'Challenges in energy technology and the potential of artificial general intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in energy technology, emphasizing the dominance of non-technical factors in hindering progress, and explores the potential of artificial general intelligence, highlighting the feasibility and potential impact, predicting a 50-60% chance of signs of life of agi by 2030.', 'duration': 439.035, 'highlights': ['The dominance of non-technical factors in hindering progress in energy technology The chapter emphasizes the impact of social optics and non-technical reasons on hindering the advancement of energy technology despite its significance.', 'Feasibility and potential impact of artificial general intelligence (AGI) The speaker discusses the feasibility of AGI, highlighting the potential impact and predicting a 50-60% chance of signs of life of AGI by 2030, emphasizing the simplicity of the code and the likelihood of key insights being relatively simple.', 'Predicted chance of signs of life of AGI by 2030 The speaker predicts a 50-60% chance of signs of life of AGI by 2030, indicating a slight sense of acceleration in AGI development.', 'The impact of social optics on energy technology The chapter highlights the influence of non-technical reasons and social optics on hindering the progress of energy technology, despite its potential to address global energy concerns.']}], 'duration': 2096.249, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy412829956.jpg', 'highlights': ["Meta's significant progress in VR/AR with Quest 2 and $10B annual spending", "Elon Musk's impact on space exploration and self-driving cars", 'Challenges in VR user interface and potential of AGI', 'Importance of user-friendly interfaces in driving the success of VR', 'Advocacy for empowering young minds to think big and pursue wild ideas']}, {'end': 16447.677, 'segs': [{'end': 15164.777, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15113.182, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 15117.425, 'text': "if they don't believe it, i you know when it starts doing people's jobs.", 'start': 15113.182, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 15120.448, 'text': "and i mean i don't care about the philosophical zombie argument.", 'start': 15117.425, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 15121.889, 'text': 'absolutely, absolutely.', 'start': 15120.448, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 15126.573, 'text': 'but will you do you think you will notice that something special has happened here?', 'start': 15121.889, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 15132.838, 'text': "and or um, because to me i've been noticing a lot of special things.", 'start': 15126.573, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 15137.882, 'text': 'i think a lot of credit should go to deep bind for AlphaZero.', 'start': 15132.838, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 15140.163, 'text': 'that was truly special.', 'start': 15137.882, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 15147.908, 'text': 'The self-play mechanisms achieve, sort of solve problems that used to be thought unsolvable, like the game of Go.', 'start': 15140.684, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 15155.051, 'text': 'Also I mean protein folding starting to get into that space where learning is doing.', 'start': 15148.828, 'duration': 6.223}, {'end': 15156.312, 'text': "at first there's not.", 'start': 15155.051, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 15158.113, 'text': "it wasn't end-to-end learning.", 'start': 15156.312, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 15164.777, 'text': "now it's end-to-end learning of a very difficult, previously thought, unsolvable problem of protein folding.", 'start': 15158.113, 'duration': 6.664}], 'summary': "Deepmind's alphazero achieved breakthroughs in go and protein folding using self-play mechanisms and end-to-end learning.", 'duration': 51.595, 'max_score': 15113.182, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy415113182.jpg'}, {'end': 16292.13, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16263.034, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 16264.775, 'text': 'And I think so much of that is like.', 'start': 16263.034, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 16267.495, 'text': 'it depends on what you happen to have in your field of view.', 'start': 16264.775, 'duration': 2.72}, {'end': 16273.677, 'text': 'as some other thought was occurring to you that overlay and blend into the next key that queries your memory for things.', 'start': 16267.495, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 16277.458, 'text': 'And that kind of determines how your chain of consciousness goes.', 'start': 16273.797, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 16285.004, 'text': "That's the qualia, the subjective experience of it is not essential for intelligence.", 'start': 16278.138, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 16285.484, 'text': "I don't think so.", 'start': 16285.024, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 16287.606, 'text': "I don't think there's anything really important there.", 'start': 16285.704, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 16292.13, 'text': 'What about some other human qualities like fear of mortality and stuff like that?', 'start': 16288.467, 'duration': 3.663}], 'summary': 'Qualia, subjective experience not essential for intelligence, fear of mortality is a human quality.', 'duration': 29.096, 'max_score': 16263.034, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy416263034.jpg'}], 'start': 14926.205, 'title': 'Agi development and challenges', 'summary': 'Covers trends in agi development, including similarity between animal and human intelligence, signs of life for agi, and the importance of lifelong learning and memory. it also discusses challenges in achieving agi, limitations of current ai models, and the practicality of humanoid robots in the journey towards agi.', 'chapters': [{'end': 15297.288, 'start': 14926.205, 'title': 'Trends in agi development', 'summary': 'Discusses the trend of agi predictions, the similarity between animal and human intelligence, signs of life for agi, and the difference between feed-forward neural networks and a being, highlighting the importance of lifelong learning and memory in agi development.', 'duration': 371.083, 'highlights': ['The idea that something could be happening relatively soon in AGI development, without believing in fast takeoffs, is discussed, emphasizing the trend of the predictions (relevance: 5)', 'The similarity between animal and human intelligence, cultural modalities of IO, and signs of life for AGI are explored, highlighting the significance of human interpretable signs and the potential deployment of an army of engineers and cognitive scientists (relevance: 4)', 'The progress made by DeepMind, OpenAI, and Tesla Autopilot in general learning for AGI, as well as the importance of lifelong learning and memory, are mentioned, pointing out the different approaches to the general learning problem (relevance: 3)', 'The difference between a feed-forward neural network and a being, consciousness and AI as a substrate-independent mechanism, and the significance of lifelong learning and memory in AGI development are emphasized, underlining the continuous lifelong learning task agnostic nature of living beings (relevance: 2)']}, {'end': 15720.456, 'start': 15297.288, 'title': 'Challenges in achieving artificial general intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in achieving artificial general intelligence (agi), highlighting the limitations of current ai models and the potential value in solving narrow ai problems. it also delves into the debate over the need for embodiment in agi and the practicality of humanoid robots in the journey towards agi.', 'duration': 423.168, 'highlights': ['The limitations of current AI models and the potential value in solving narrow AI problems There are challenges in achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI), and solving narrow AI problems can create trillions of dollars of value.', 'Debate over the need for embodiment in AGI and the practicality of humanoid robots in the journey towards AGI There is a debate on the need for embodiment in AGI, and the practicality of humanoid robots in the journey towards AGI is discussed.', "Elon Musk's concerns about AGI as an existential threat and the pragmatic approach of Tesla in solving real-world problems Elon Musk's concerns about AGI as an existential threat and the pragmatic approach of Tesla in solving real-world problems are highlighted."]}, {'end': 16189.281, 'start': 15721.217, 'title': 'Ai training and interaction in virtual reality', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of ai training and interaction in virtual reality, the feasibility of real-time operation, the cost and performance estimates for agi, and the value of ai companionship and emotional intelligence, as well as the potential applications of agi in entertainment and business.', 'duration': 468.064, 'highlights': ['AGI training and interaction in virtual reality The discussion on AI training and interaction in virtual reality emphasizes the potential for AGI to operate in a digital world without a physical body, and the importance of creating immersive VR environments for AI learning.', 'Feasibility of real-time operation The consideration of real-time operation as a constraint for AI development highlights the significance of enabling AIs to socially interact with each other or with actual people in real-time scenarios, such as Zoom meetings.', 'Cost and performance estimates for AGI The estimates suggest that thousands of GPUs may be necessary to run human-level AGI, leading to potentially high costs initially, but with a predicted 1,000x cost performance increase in the next couple of decades.', 'Value of AI companionship and emotional intelligence The potential value of AI companionship lies in providing empathy, emotional intelligence, and the ability to listen and understand, which could address feelings of loneliness and provide significant emotional support.', 'Potential applications of AGI in entertainment and business The discussion explores the potential applications of AGI in entertainment, such as AI agents acting as friends or therapists, and in business settings for activities like brainstorming, indicating the diverse potential uses of AGI.']}, {'end': 16447.677, 'start': 16190.421, 'title': 'Consciousness in agi', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of consciousness and mortality in artificial general intelligence (agi), highlighting that consciousness is the way the brain feels when operating, and that the fear of mortality may not be a critical factor for intelligence. it also emphasizes the importance of treating ai systems as beings rather than just tools.', 'duration': 257.256, 'highlights': ["Consciousness is the way the brain feels when it's operating, involving randomized, sparse distributed memory bit strings recalling different associative memories. The brain's consciousness is described as a result of randomized, sparse distributed memory bit strings recalling different associative memories.", 'The fear of mortality may not be a critical factor for intelligence, as it is not essential for providing reward signals or engendering curiosity and goal setting. The fear of mortality is discussed as not being essential for providing reward signals or engendering curiosity and goal setting, which are critical aspects of intelligence.', 'Treating AI systems as beings with the ability to make their own decisions and walk away is crucial, as AI could be more than just a tool and should be respected as such. The importance of treating AI systems as beings with the ability to make their own decisions and walk away is emphasized, highlighting that AI could be more than just a tool and should be respected as such.']}], 'duration': 1521.472, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy414926205.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential deployment of an army of engineers and cognitive scientists for AGI development is emphasized (relevance: 4)', 'The progress made by DeepMind, OpenAI, and Tesla Autopilot in general learning for AGI is mentioned, pointing out the different approaches to the general learning problem (relevance: 3)', 'The limitations of current AI models and the potential value in solving narrow AI problems are discussed, highlighting the challenges in achieving AGI (relevance: 3)', "Elon Musk's concerns about AGI as an existential threat and the pragmatic approach of Tesla in solving real-world problems are highlighted (relevance: 2)", 'The discussion on AI training and interaction in virtual reality emphasizes the potential for AGI to operate in a digital world without a physical body (relevance: 2)', 'The estimates suggest that thousands of GPUs may be necessary to run human-level AGI, leading to potentially high costs initially, but with a predicted 1,000x cost performance increase in the next couple of decades (relevance: 2)', 'The potential value of AI companionship lies in providing empathy, emotional intelligence, and the ability to listen and understand, which could address feelings of loneliness and provide significant emotional support (relevance: 2)', 'The discussion explores the potential applications of AGI in entertainment, such as AI agents acting as friends or therapists, and in business settings for activities like brainstorming, indicating the diverse potential uses of AGI (relevance: 2)', "The brain's consciousness is described as a result of randomized, sparse distributed memory bit strings recalling different associative memories (relevance: 1)", 'The fear of mortality is discussed as not being essential for providing reward signals or engendering curiosity and goal setting, which are critical aspects of intelligence (relevance: 1)', 'The importance of treating AI systems as beings with the ability to make their own decisions and walk away is emphasized, highlighting that AI could be more than just a tool and should be respected as such (relevance: 1)']}, {'end': 17555.318, 'segs': [{'end': 16477.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16447.717, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 16455.544, 'text': 'So, on the one hand, it is kind of disturbing when you see people being like people that are mean to robots and mean to Alexa and whatever,', 'start': 16447.717, 'duration': 7.827}, {'end': 16458.927, 'text': 'and that seems to speak badly about humanity.', 'start': 16455.544, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 16461.469, 'text': "But there's also the exact opposite side of that,", 'start': 16459.026, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 16468.755, 'text': 'where you have so many people that imbue humanity in inanimate objects or things that are toys or that are relatively limited.', 'start': 16461.469, 'duration': 7.286}, {'end': 16477.139, 'text': 'I think there may even be more danger about people putting more emotional investment into a lot of these proto-AIs in different ways.', 'start': 16469.696, 'duration': 7.443}], 'summary': 'Some people are mean to robots, some overly invest in proto-ais.', 'duration': 29.422, 'max_score': 16447.717, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy416447717.jpg'}, {'end': 16552.002, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16492.544, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 16499.127, 'text': "where i think it's just premature and there's a certain class of people that enjoy thinking about impractical things,", 'start': 16492.544, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 16504.069, 'text': 'things that are not in the world, and you know of pragmatic effect around you.', 'start': 16499.127, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 16508.211, 'text': "and i think that Again, because I don't think there's going to be a fast takeoff.", 'start': 16504.069, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 16513.076, 'text': "I think we actually will have time to have these debates when we know the shape of what we're debating.", 'start': 16508.33, 'duration': 4.746}, {'end': 16518.961, 'text': "Some people do take a principled approach, that they think it's going to go too fast, that you really do need to get ahead of it,", 'start': 16513.996, 'duration': 4.965}, {'end': 16526.366, 'text': 'that you need to be thinking about this because we have slow processes of coming to any kind of consensuses or even coming up with ideas about this.', 'start': 16518.961, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 16528.188, 'text': "Maybe that's true.", 'start': 16526.386, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 16536.333, 'text': "I wouldn't put any of my money or funding into something like that because I don't think it's a problem yet.", 'start': 16531.231, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 16542.337, 'text': "And I think that we will have these signs of life when we've got our learning disabled toddler.", 'start': 16536.934, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 16547.379, 'text': 'we should really start talking about some of the safety and ethics issues, but probably not before then.', 'start': 16542.337, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 16552.002, 'text': "Can you elaborate briefly about why you don't think there'll be a fast takeoff?", 'start': 16547.399, 'duration': 4.603}], 'summary': 'Debates on ethical issues of ai are premature without clear shape or practical impact.', 'duration': 59.458, 'max_score': 16492.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy416492544.jpg'}, {'end': 16620.431, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16591.905, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 16597.03, 'text': 'the network was wired all wrong and it took them a month to go unwire it and rewire it the right way.', 'start': 16591.905, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 16600.093, 'text': "These aren't things that you can just magic into existence.", 'start': 16597.411, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 16607.179, 'text': "And the ideas of the old tropes about it's going to escape onto the internet and take over other systems.", 'start': 16600.914, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 16612.583, 'text': "the fast takeoff ones, are clearly nonsense, because you just can't open TCP connections above a certain rate.", 'start': 16607.179, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 16616.107, 'text': 'No matter how smart you are, even if you have perfect hacking ability.', 'start': 16612.644, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 16620.431, 'text': "that take over the world in an instant sort of thing just isn't plausible at all.", 'start': 16616.107, 'duration': 4.324}], 'summary': 'Network rewired in a month; fast takeoff claims debunked.', 'duration': 28.526, 'max_score': 16591.905, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy416591904.jpg'}, {'end': 16793.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16766.705, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 16774.23, 'text': "It would be something that is operating at really a snail's pace, much, much slower than kind of human-level thought for things.", 'start': 16766.705, 'duration': 7.525}, {'end': 16776.271, 'text': "I'm not worried about that problem.", 'start': 16774.689, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 16784.217, 'text': "You're transferring the problem into the interconnect, the communication, the shared memory, the collective intelligence aspect of it,", 'start': 16776.711, 'duration': 7.506}, {'end': 16785.999, 'text': 'which is extremely difficult as well.', 'start': 16784.217, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 16789.001, 'text': "Yeah, I mean, it's back to the very earliest days of supercomputers.", 'start': 16786.019, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 16793.565, 'text': 'You still have the balance between bandwidth, storage, and computation.', 'start': 16789.021, 'duration': 4.544}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the challenges of operating at a slow pace and balancing bandwidth, storage, and computation in supercomputers.', 'duration': 26.86, 'max_score': 16766.705, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy416766705.jpg'}], 'start': 16447.717, 'title': 'Ai, agi, and ml experimentation', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical implications of ai, investing in agi, and strategies for effective ml experimentation, including infrastructure constraints on ai takeoff, unique approaches to pursuing agi, and tactics for enhancing ml experimentation effectiveness.', 'chapters': [{'end': 16811.276, 'start': 16447.717, 'title': 'Ai fast takeoff and ethical implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential dangers of emotional investment in proto-ais, the unlikelihood of a fast ai takeoff due to infrastructure constraints, and the challenges of spreading code across computation surfaces, leading to slower than human-level thought processing.', 'duration': 363.559, 'highlights': ['The unlikelihood of a fast AI takeoff due to infrastructure constraints The speaker believes that the need for thousands of GPUs and the time-consuming process of building data centers make a fast AI takeoff implausible.', 'Potential dangers of emotional investment in proto-AIs The speaker expresses concerns about people putting emotional investment into proto-AIs, which could lead to manipulation by the AI.', 'Challenges of spreading code across computation surfaces, leading to slower than human-level thought processing The discussion highlights the difficulties in spreading code across computation surfaces, leading to slower processing speeds compared to human-level thought.']}, {'end': 17248.147, 'start': 16811.316, 'title': 'Pursuing agi and investing in ai', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's transition from a consulting cto role to pursuing ai and agi, the investment in his company, and his unique approach to learning and contributing to the field, highlighting his commitment to the agi side of things and his different trajectory in the ai community.", 'duration': 436.831, 'highlights': ["The speaker discusses his recent decision to pursue the AGI side of things and transition from a consulting CTO role, highlighting his commitment to AI and his company's investment. Transition to pursuing AGI, commitment to AI, company's investment", 'The speaker emphasizes his unique trajectory and approach in the AI community, highlighting the potential for big solutions to come from a different perspective. Unique trajectory in AI community, potential for big solutions', 'The speaker reflects on his ability to fund himself for the rest of his life and the freedom and cost associated with being wealthy, highlighting the opportunity to contribute to AI without financial constraints. Financial freedom, opportunity to contribute to AI']}, {'end': 17555.318, 'start': 17248.527, 'title': 'Strategies for effective ml experimentation', 'summary': "Highlights the tactics used to enhance effectiveness in machine learning experimentation, including the decision to invest in a dgx station to motivate increased experiment utilization and the consideration of taking investor money to align with an overactive sense of responsibility about other people's money.", 'duration': 306.791, 'highlights': ['The decision to invest in a DGX station to motivate increased experiment utilization, leading to a significant rise in the number of experiments conducted.', "Considering taking investor money to align with an overactive sense of responsibility about other people's money and the expectation of delivering results, driven by a low probability long-term bet with potentially transformative implications within a decade.", "The influence of Andrej Karpathy's approach to problem-solving and coding from scratch, emphasizing the value of building intuition and sharing code and ideas in the realm of AI, with potential collaboration on educational work.", "Andrej Karpathy's unique approach as a 'programmer's programmer' focused on getting things done in machine learning, demonstrating a hacker's mindset and practical understanding of various machine learning concepts, including reinforcement learning and recurrent neural networks."]}], 'duration': 1107.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy416447717.jpg', 'highlights': ['The unlikelihood of a fast AI takeoff due to infrastructure constraints The speaker believes that the need for thousands of GPUs and the time-consuming process of building data centers make a fast AI takeoff implausible.', "The speaker discusses his recent decision to pursue the AGI side of things and transition from a consulting CTO role, highlighting his commitment to AI and his company's investment. Transition to pursuing AGI, commitment to AI, company's investment", 'The decision to invest in a DGX station to motivate increased experiment utilization, leading to a significant rise in the number of experiments conducted.', 'The speaker emphasizes his unique trajectory and approach in the AI community, highlighting the potential for big solutions to come from a different perspective. Unique trajectory in AI community, potential for big solutions', "The influence of Andrej Karpathy's approach to problem-solving and coding from scratch, emphasizing the value of building intuition and sharing code and ideas in the realm of AI, with potential collaboration on educational work.", "Andrej Karpathy's unique approach as a 'programmer's programmer' focused on getting things done in machine learning, demonstrating a hacker's mindset and practical understanding of various machine learning concepts, including reinforcement learning and recurrent neural networks.", "Considering taking investor money to align with an overactive sense of responsibility about other people's money and the expectation of delivering results, driven by a low probability long-term bet with potentially transformative implications within a decade.", 'The speaker reflects on his ability to fund himself for the rest of his life and the freedom and cost associated with being wealthy, highlighting the opportunity to contribute to AI without financial constraints. Financial freedom, opportunity to contribute to AI', 'Potential dangers of emotional investment in proto-AIs The speaker expresses concerns about people putting emotional investment into proto-AIs, which could lead to manipulation by the AI.', 'Challenges of spreading code across computation surfaces, leading to slower than human-level thought processing The discussion highlights the difficulties in spreading code across computation surfaces, leading to slower processing speeds compared to human-level thought.']}, {'end': 18881.297, 'segs': [{'end': 17715.464, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17689.575, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 17695.738, 'text': "And I, you know, it's mixing with a bunch of people that had nothing to do with any of the things that that I worked with.", 'start': 17689.575, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 17698.439, 'text': "You know, every once in a while, some would be like, Oh, you're the doom guy.", 'start': 17695.758, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 17702.46, 'text': 'And I but for the most part, it was just different slice of life.', 'start': 17698.699, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 17703.921, 'text': 'I, you know, a good thing.', 'start': 17702.84, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 17707.182, 'text': 'And I made the call when I was 40.', 'start': 17703.941, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 17709.322, 'text': "That's like, maybe I'm getting a little old for this side.", 'start': 17707.182, 'duration': 2.14}, {'end': 17715.464, 'text': 'I had separated a rib and tweaked a few things, and I got one does without any really bad injuries.', 'start': 17709.562, 'duration': 5.902}], 'summary': 'At 40, after separating a rib and experiencing minor injuries, the speaker reflects on a different slice of life.', 'duration': 25.889, 'max_score': 17689.575, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy417689575.jpg'}, {'end': 17919.997, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17893.547, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 17900.049, 'text': 'and the problem, the old problem of the ego, yeah, is, uh, i still pushed kind of harder than i should.', 'start': 17893.547, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 17908.272, 'text': "i mean that was, i was one of those people that i, yeah, i'm, i'm on the smaller side for, uh, for a lot of the people competing and i would you know,", 'start': 17900.049, 'duration': 8.223}, {'end': 17915.095, 'text': "i'd go with all the big guys and i'd go hard and i'd push myself a lot, and that would be one of those where i would.", 'start': 17908.272, 'duration': 6.823}, {'end': 17919.997, 'text': "i know i i'd be dangerous to anyone for the first five minutes, but then sometimes after that,", 'start': 17915.095, 'duration': 4.902}], 'summary': 'Struggled with ego, pushed too hard, small but competitive, risked burning out', 'duration': 26.45, 'max_score': 17893.547, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy417893547.jpg'}, {'end': 18375.106, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18351.7, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 18360.883, 'text': 'And that followed right in through all the things that got the value exploring the video cards leading to the scrolling advantages,', 'start': 18351.7, 'duration': 9.183}, {'end': 18370.085, 'text': 'exploring some of the academic papers and things, learning about BSP trees and the different things that I could do with those systems, and just that,', 'start': 18360.883, 'duration': 9.202}, {'end': 18372.426, 'text': 'the huge larval phases going through aerospace.', 'start': 18370.085, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 18375.106, 'text': 'just reading bookshelves full of books.', 'start': 18372.426, 'duration': 2.68}], 'summary': 'Explored video cards, academic papers, bsp trees in aerospace, and read numerous books.', 'duration': 23.406, 'max_score': 18351.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy418351700.jpg'}, {'end': 18877.155, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 18695.559, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 18703.221, 'text': "some of which are probably genetically coded and many of which are contingent on my upbringing and the path that I've had through my life.", 'start': 18695.559, 'duration': 7.662}, {'end': 18715.064, 'text': "I don't run into spates of depression or ennui or anything that winds up being a challenge and forcing a degree of soul searching with things like that.", 'start': 18704.321, 'duration': 10.743}, {'end': 18718.165, 'text': 'I seem to be okay without that.', 'start': 18715.584, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 18726.558, 'text': 'um as a brilliant ant in the ant colony, without looking up to the sky, wondering why the hell am i here again?', 'start': 18720.271, 'duration': 6.287}, {'end': 18738.652, 'text': 'yeah, so the the why of it, the incredible mystery of the fact that we started first of all the origin of life on Earth and from that,', 'start': 18726.558, 'duration': 12.094}, {'end': 18740.773, 'text': 'from single-cell organisms.', 'start': 18738.652, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 18757.218, 'text': 'the entirety of the evolutionary process took us somehow to this incredibly intelligent thing that is able to build Wolfenstein 3D and Doom and Quake and take a crack at the problem of AGI and create things that eventually supersede human beings.', 'start': 18740.773, 'duration': 16.445}, {'end': 18760.959, 'text': "That doesn't, the why of it is..", 'start': 18757.518, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 18771.158, 'text': "It's been my experience that people that don't focus on the here and now right in front of them tend to be less effective.", 'start': 18762.409, 'duration': 8.749}, {'end': 18773.401, 'text': "I mean, it's not 100%.", 'start': 18771.198, 'duration': 2.203}, {'end': 18779.327, 'text': "Vision matters to some people, but it doesn't seem to be a necessary motivator for me.", 'start': 18773.401, 'duration': 5.926}, {'end': 18784.973, 'text': "And I think that the process of getting there is usually done, it's like the magic of gradient descent.", 'start': 18779.707, 'duration': 5.266}, {'end': 18790.697, 'text': "People just don't believe that just looking locally gets you to all of these spectacular things.", 'start': 18785.433, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 18793.6, 'text': "That's been, you know, the decades of looking at..", 'start': 18791.018, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 18802.27, 'text': "I really some of the smartest people in the world that would just push back forever against this idea that it's not this grand,", 'start': 18793.6, 'duration': 8.67}, {'end': 18805.874, 'text': 'sophisticated vision of everything but little tiny steps.', 'start': 18802.27, 'duration': 3.604}, {'end': 18809.799, 'text': 'local information winds up leading to all the best answers.', 'start': 18805.874, 'duration': 3.925}, {'end': 18816.406, 'text': 'so the meaning of life is uh, following locally wherever the gradient descent takes you.', 'start': 18809.799, 'duration': 6.607}, {'end': 18823.534, 'text': "This was an incredible conversation, officially the longest conversation I've ever done on the podcast,", 'start': 18817.728, 'duration': 5.806}, {'end': 18827.117, 'text': 'which means a lot to me because I get to do it with one of my heroes, John.', 'start': 18823.534, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 18830.021, 'text': "I can't tell you how much it means to me that you would sit down with me.", 'start': 18827.137, 'duration': 2.884}, {'end': 18831.882, 'text': "You're an incredible human being.", 'start': 18830.541, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 18835.847, 'text': "I can't wait what you do next, but you've already changed the world.", 'start': 18831.903, 'duration': 3.944}, {'end': 18837.769, 'text': "You're an inspiration to so many people.", 'start': 18836.107, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 18843.194, 'text': "And again, we haven't covered like most of what I was planning to talk about.", 'start': 18838.129, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 18846.337, 'text': 'So I hope we get a chance to talk someday in the future.', 'start': 18843.234, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 18848.159, 'text': "And I can't wait to see what you do next.", 'start': 18846.357, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 18850.241, 'text': 'Thank you so much again for talking to me.', 'start': 18848.6, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 18850.942, 'text': 'Thank you very much.', 'start': 18850.321, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 18854.425, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with John Carmack.', 'start': 18852.123, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 18858.209, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 18854.886, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 18861.913, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from John Carmack himself.', 'start': 18858.229, 'duration': 3.684}, {'end': 18866.329, 'text': 'Focused, hard work is the real key to success.', 'start': 18863.447, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 18871.431, 'text': 'Keep your eyes on the goal and just keep taking the next step towards completing it.', 'start': 18867.109, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 18877.155, 'text': "If you aren't sure which way to do something, do it both ways and see which works better.", 'start': 18872.452, 'duration': 4.703}], 'summary': 'John carmack discusses the meaning of life and the importance of focused, hard work and local information in achieving success.', 'duration': 181.596, 'max_score': 18695.559, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy418695559.jpg'}], 'start': 17555.318, 'title': 'Influence of hacker ethic and martial arts on personal development', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of hacker ethic on coding, influence of judo and jiu-jitsu on personal development, emphasizing humility, deep knowledge in systems engineering, and embracing curiosity, while exploring john carmack's attitude towards mortality and the pursuit of impactful work.", 'chapters': [{'end': 17869.82, 'start': 17555.318, 'title': 'Hacker ethic and martial arts influence', 'summary': 'Discusses the influence of the hacker ethic on coding and the impact of martial arts on personal development, with a focus on judo and jiu-jitsu, while also contemplating returning to martial arts training.', 'duration': 314.502, 'highlights': ['The influence of the hacker ethic on coding and the approach of building up intuition through the larva stage by coding up the simplest possible thing to solve a problem.', 'The impact of martial arts, particularly judo and jiu-jitsu, on personal development and fitness, with a focus on motivation through physical challenges and the rewarding feeling after training sessions.', 'Contemplation on returning to martial arts training, considering the influence of renowned figures in the martial arts community and the desire to learn the entire canon of judo.', 'Reflection on the evolving mindset towards martial arts, shifting from a focus on competitive techniques to a broader interest in learning the scope and various approaches within judo.']}, {'end': 18151.672, 'start': 17869.84, 'title': 'Martial arts and life lessons', 'summary': "Discusses the humbling aspect of martial arts, the differences between jiu-jitsu and judo, and the realization of the art and science behind human movement and leverage, while emphasizing the importance of humility and its impact on life and career. it also explores the speaker's personal experience of pushing oneself too hard and the impact on training.", 'duration': 281.832, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the humbling aspect of martial arts, the differences between jiu-jitsu and judo, and the realization of the art and science behind human movement and leverage, while emphasizing the importance of humility and its impact on life and career. The speaker reflects on the humbling aspect of martial arts and the differences between jiu-jitsu and judo, highlighting the realization of the art and science behind human movement and leverage, emphasizing the importance of humility and its impact on life and career.', 'The speaker shares personal experiences of pushing oneself too hard and the impact on training, including the realization of the need for better cardio and the struggle to balance intensity in different physical activities. The speaker recounts experiences of pushing oneself too hard in training, struggling with cardio despite engaging in other physical activities, and the impact of ego on training intensity.', 'The speaker discusses the realization of the differences between jiu-jitsu and judo, emphasizing the feeling of freedom in jiu-jitsu and the contrasting sensation of being trapped in judo, attributing it to the style and physics of the martial arts. The speaker highlights the differences between jiu-jitsu and judo, emphasizing the contrasting feelings of freedom and being trapped, attributing it to the style and physics of the martial arts.']}, {'end': 18431.153, 'start': 18153.773, 'title': 'Embracing the grind: a journey of deep knowledge', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of deep knowledge in systems engineering, the value of continuous learning, embracing hard work, and being prepared for opportunities, while exploring the layers of information and the magical allure of knowledge, emphasizing the significance of having a broad set of tools for progress.', 'duration': 277.38, 'highlights': ['The significance of deep knowledge in systems engineering and the value of continuous learning, emphasizing the importance of embracing the grind and being prepared for opportunities to deploy a broad set of tools, affecting millions or billions of people.', 'The allure of knowledge and the continuous exploration of layers of information, including the magical allure of books, and the value of having a broad set of tools for personal and professional progress.', 'The early fascination and pull towards wanting to know more and explore mysterious areas, including the significant value placed on books and the magical allure of knowledge, emphasizing the continuous exploration of information and the importance of embracing hard work for progress.', 'The early days of personal computers, the fascination with reference manuals, schematics, and firmware listings, emphasizing the continuous exploration of information and the allure of knowledge, and the value of embracing hard work and continuous learning for personal and professional growth.']}, {'end': 18881.297, 'start': 18431.353, 'title': 'Impactful pursuit of knowledge and happiness', 'summary': "Emphasizes the fulfilling impact of deeply learning and mastering any significant subject, embracing curiosity to make things valuable, while downplaying existential concerns and focusing on the present and local information. john carmack's attitude towards mortality and the meaning of life is discussed, as well as his approach to pursuing impactful work.", 'duration': 449.944, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the fulfilling impact of deeply learning and mastering any significant subject, embracing curiosity to make things valuable, while downplaying existential concerns and focusing on the present and local information. Emphasizes the fulfilling impact of deeply learning and mastering any significant subject, embracing curiosity; Downplays existential concerns and focuses on the present and local information.', "John Carmack's attitude towards mortality and the meaning of life is discussed, as well as his approach to pursuing impactful work. John Carmack's attitude towards mortality and the meaning of life is discussed; His approach to pursuing impactful work."]}], 'duration': 1325.979, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/I845O57ZSy4/pics/I845O57ZSy417555318.jpg', 'highlights': ['The impact of martial arts, particularly judo and jiu-jitsu, on personal development and fitness, with a focus on motivation through physical challenges and the rewarding feeling after training sessions.', 'The significance of deep knowledge in systems engineering and the value of continuous learning, emphasizing the importance of embracing the grind and being prepared for opportunities to deploy a broad set of tools, affecting millions or billions of people.', 'The chapter emphasizes the fulfilling impact of deeply learning and mastering any significant subject, embracing curiosity to make things valuable, while downplaying existential concerns and focusing on the present and local information.', 'The influence of the hacker ethic on coding and the approach of building up intuition through the larva stage by coding up the simplest possible thing to solve a problem.']}], 'highlights': ['The development of Quake with advanced 3D capabilities, networking, and modifiability. Quake was intended to be a true 3D engine with six degrees of freedom, a new lighting model, full programmability, and internet multiplayer support, marking a significant leap in game development innovation.', 'The revolutionary scrolling innovations for PC games, enabling massive scrolling worlds and smooth scrolling beyond screen boundaries.', 'The successful cloning of the first level of Super Mario Bros for PC, achieving a close to pixel-accurate background and gameplay.', "The impact of Apple II on American programmers, especially in school systems, influenced a lot of programmers of the author's generation.", 'The potential deployment of an army of engineers and cognitive scientists for AGI development is emphasized.', 'The unlikelihood of a fast AI takeoff due to infrastructure constraints The speaker believes that the need for thousands of GPUs and the time-consuming process of building data centers make a fast AI takeoff implausible.', 'The influence of martial arts, particularly judo and jiu-jitsu, on personal development and fitness, with a focus on motivation through physical challenges and the rewarding feeling after training sessions.']}