title
Disagreement with Sam Harris about Free Will | Lee Cronin and Lex Fridman

description
Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZecQ64l-gKM Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Paperspace: https://gradient.run/lex to get $15 credit - Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex and use code LEX to get 1 month of fish oil - Notion: https://notion.com/startups to get up to $1000 off team plan - Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex and use code LEX to get 25% off premium - Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off GUEST BIO: Lee Cronin is a chemist at the University of Glasgow. PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Disagreement with Sam Harris about Free Will | Lee Cronin and Lex Fridman', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': 'Explores limited freedom and the illusion of free will through assembly theory, evolutionary limitations on molecules, and their potential for change over time within a causal chain, as well as the influence of financial loss on decision-making and the debate between outsourcing free will to the unconscious brain and overthinking it in the conscious brain.', 'chapters': [{'end': 203.651, 'segs': [{'end': 80.356, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23.987, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 29.489, 'text': 'Assembly theory explains why Nietzsche understood we had limited freedom rather than radical freedom.', 'start': 23.987, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 33.871, 'text': "Limited freedom, I suppose, is referring to the fact that there's constraints.", 'start': 30.01, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 39.053, 'text': 'Or what is radical freedom? What is freedom?', 'start': 34.731, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 47.018, 'text': 'So Sasha was like believed in absolute freedom and that he could do whatever he wanted in his imagination.', 'start': 39.693, 'duration': 7.325}, {'end': 52.382, 'text': 'And Nietzsche understood that his freedom was somewhat more limited.', 'start': 48.44, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 57.424, 'text': 'And it kind of takes me back to this computer game that I played when I was 10.', 'start': 53.663, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 58.885, 'text': "So I think it's called Dragon's Lair.", 'start': 57.424, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 63.647, 'text': "Okay Do you know Dragon's Lair? I think I know Dragon's Lair, yeah.", 'start': 60.526, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 64.428, 'text': "Dragon's Lair.", 'start': 63.667, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 65.868, 'text': 'I knew I was being conned right?', 'start': 64.428, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 70.831, 'text': "Dragon's Lair, when you play the game, you're lucky that you grew up in a basically procedurally generated world.", 'start': 65.948, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 72.451, 'text': 'That was RPG a little bit.', 'start': 71.091, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 75.713, 'text': "No, it's like, is it turn-based play? Was it? No.", 'start': 72.772, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 80.356, 'text': 'No, it was a role playing game, but really good graphics and one of the first laser discs.', 'start': 76.053, 'duration': 4.303}], 'summary': "Nietzsche's understanding of limited vs radical freedom, exemplified by dragon's lair game.", 'duration': 56.369, 'max_score': 23.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo23987.jpg'}, {'end': 203.651, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 139.165, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 148.294, 'text': "Yeah And why does assembly theory give you hints about free will, whether it's an illusion or not? Yeah, so no, so not tightly.", 'start': 139.165, 'duration': 9.129}, {'end': 157.743, 'text': 'I do think I have some will and I think I am an agent and I think I can interact and I can play around with the models I have of the world and the cost functions right?', 'start': 148.334, 'duration': 9.409}, {'end': 161.387, 'text': 'And I can hack my own cost functions, which means I have a little bit of free will.', 'start': 157.783, 'duration': 3.604}, {'end': 167.972, 'text': "But As much as I want to do stuff in the universe, I don't think I could suddenly say I mean actually this is ridiculous,", 'start': 161.867, 'duration': 6.105}, {'end': 169.193, 'text': 'because now I say I could try and do it.', 'start': 167.972, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 171.996, 'text': "It's like I'm going to suddenly give up everything and become a rapper tomorrow.", 'start': 169.273, 'duration': 2.723}, {'end': 179.522, 'text': "Maybe I could try that, but I don't have sufficient agency to make that necessarily happen.", 'start': 173.797, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 180.523, 'text': "I'm on a trajectory.", 'start': 179.562, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 185.266, 'text': "So when in Dragon's Lair, I know that I have some trajectories that I can play with.", 'start': 181.003, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 190.293, 'text': 'where, where sartre realized he thought that he had no assembly, no memory.', 'start': 186.047, 'duration': 4.246}, {'end': 193.037, 'text': 'he could just leap across and do everything.', 'start': 190.293, 'duration': 2.744}, {'end': 197.043, 'text': "and nietzsche said okay, i realize i don't have full freedom,", 'start': 193.037, 'duration': 4.006}, {'end': 203.651, 'text': 'but i have some freedom and i and the 70 theory basically says that it says If you have these constraints in your past,', 'start': 197.043, 'duration': 6.608}], 'summary': 'Assembly theory explores free will and agency, suggesting limited but hackable freedom.', 'duration': 64.486, 'max_score': 139.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo139165.jpg'}], 'start': 2.967, 'title': 'Limited freedom and illusion of free will', 'summary': "Delves into assembly theory's relation to limited freedom, exemplified by nietzsche's understanding, and the deceptive nature of dragon lair, reflecting on constraints in freedom, pre-recorded animations, predetermined choices, and the limitations of agency and trajectories as explored in the context of sartre and nietzsche's perspectives.", 'chapters': [{'end': 96.389, 'start': 2.967, 'title': 'Assembly theory and limited freedom', 'summary': "Discusses how assembly theory relates to limited freedom, as exemplified by nietzsche's understanding, and its connection to a computer game experience, highlighting the concept of constraints in freedom and the comparison to absolute freedom.", 'duration': 93.422, 'highlights': ['Assembly theory explains why Nietzsche understood limited freedom, contrasting with radical freedom, illustrating the concept of constraints in freedom (e.g., constraints in the cellular automata of life and chemistry).', "Comparison between Nietzsche's limited freedom and Sasha's belief in absolute freedom, providing a contrasting perspective on freedom and its limitations.", "Personal anecdote about the computer game Dragon's Lair, emphasizing the experience of limited freedom within the game and the constraints associated with it."]}, {'end': 161.387, 'start': 96.99, 'title': 'Dragon lair: the illusion of free will', 'summary': "Discusses the deceptive nature of dragon lair, an interactive game on laserdisc, which pre-recorded animations and provided predetermined choices, reflecting on the concept of free will and the ability to interact with one's own cost functions.", 'duration': 64.397, 'highlights': ['The game Dragon Lair on LaserDisc utilized pre-recorded animations and predetermined choices, akin to the first interactive Black Mirror episode with several million permutations.', "The experience of playing Dragon Lair led to the realization that free will may be an illusion, prompting contemplation on the role of agency and the ability to manipulate one's cost functions.", 'The speaker believes in having some level of free will and agency, emphasizing the capacity to interact and manipulate personal models of the world and cost functions.']}, {'end': 203.651, 'start': 161.867, 'title': 'Limits of agency and trajectories', 'summary': "Discusses the limitations of agency and explores the concept of trajectories, referencing sartre and nietzsche's perspectives on freedom and constraints.", 'duration': 41.784, 'highlights': ["The concept of trajectories and the limitations of agency are explored, highlighting the idea that one's trajectory may restrict the ability to make sudden drastic changes.", "Sartre's belief in having no assembly and no memory, leading to the ability to leap across and do everything, is contrasted with Nietzsche's realization of having some freedom despite not having full freedom.", "The 70 theory is mentioned, suggesting that having constraints in one's past influences the level of agency one possesses."]}], 'duration': 200.684, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo2967.jpg', 'highlights': ["Assembly theory explains Nietzsche's limited freedom, contrasting with radical freedom, illustrating constraints in freedom.", "Comparison between Nietzsche's limited freedom and Sasha's belief in absolute freedom provides contrasting perspectives on freedom and its limitations.", "Personal anecdote about the game Dragon's Lair emphasizes the experience of limited freedom within the game and the associated constraints.", "The game Dragon Lair on LaserDisc utilized pre-recorded animations and predetermined choices, prompting contemplation on the role of agency and the ability to manipulate one's cost functions.", "Realization from playing Dragon Lair that free will may be an illusion, prompting contemplation on the role of agency and the ability to manipulate one's cost functions.", "Exploration of trajectories and limitations of agency, highlighting the idea that one's trajectory may restrict the ability to make sudden drastic changes.", "Contrast between Sartre's belief in having no assembly and no memory and Nietzsche's realization of having some freedom despite not having full freedom.", "Mention of the 70 theory, suggesting that constraints in one's past influence the level of agency one possesses."]}, {'end': 385.69, 'segs': [{'end': 300.468, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 203.651, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 208.072, 'text': 'they limit what you are able to do in the future, but you can use them to do amazing things.', 'start': 203.651, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 212.534, 'text': "Let's say I'm a poppy plant and I'm creating some opiates.", 'start': 208.793, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 215.195, 'text': 'Opiates are really interesting molecules.', 'start': 213.474, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 222.238, 'text': "I mean, they're obviously great for medicine, great problems in society, but let's imagine we fast forward a billion years.", 'start': 215.215, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 226.859, 'text': 'what will the opioids look like in a billion years?', 'start': 222.998, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 234.16, 'text': 'Well, we can guess, because we can see how those proteins will evolve and we can see how the secondary metabolites will change.', 'start': 227.279, 'duration': 6.881}, {'end': 235.881, 'text': "But they can't go radical.", 'start': 234.42, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 241.062, 'text': "They can't suddenly become, I don't know, like a molecule that you find in an OLED in a display.", 'start': 235.921, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 245.902, 'text': 'They will be limited by the causal chain that produced them.', 'start': 241.762, 'duration': 4.14}, {'end': 258.178, 'text': "And that's what I'm getting at saying your We are unpredictably predictable or predictably unpredictable within a constraint on the trajectory we're on.", 'start': 246.583, 'duration': 11.595}, {'end': 266.307, 'text': "Yeah, so the predictably part is the constraints of the trajectory and the unpredictable part is the part that you still haven't really clarified the origin of.", 'start': 258.36, 'duration': 7.947}, {'end': 269.27, 'text': 'of the little bit of freedom.', 'start': 268.189, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 276.093, 'text': "So you're just arguing, you're basically saying that radical freedom is impossible.", 'start': 270.19, 'duration': 5.903}, {'end': 283.156, 'text': "You're really operating in a world of constraints that are constrained by the memory of the trajectory of the chemistry that led to who you are.", 'start': 276.233, 'duration': 6.923}, {'end': 298.847, 'text': 'But even just a tiny bit of freedom, Even if everything, if everywhere you are in cages, if you can move around in that cage a little bit,', 'start': 283.997, 'duration': 14.85}, {'end': 299.527, 'text': "you're free.", 'start': 298.847, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 300.468, 'text': 'I agree.', 'start': 299.547, 'duration': 0.921}], 'summary': 'Proteins and metabolites are predictably unpredictable within constraints, with a bit of freedom.', 'duration': 96.817, 'max_score': 203.651, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo203651.jpg'}, {'end': 374.167, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 344.52, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 347.362, 'text': 'Sam Harris almost thinks himself out of existence, right? Because..', 'start': 344.52, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 354.531, 'text': 'Do you know what I mean? Yeah, well, he has different views on consciousness versus free will.', 'start': 349.324, 'duration': 5.207}, {'end': 356.735, 'text': 'I think he saves himself with consciousness.', 'start': 354.872, 'duration': 1.863}, {'end': 359.398, 'text': 'He thinks himself out of existence with free will.', 'start': 356.955, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 360.32, 'text': 'Yeah, yeah, exactly.', 'start': 359.498, 'duration': 0.822}, {'end': 364.726, 'text': "So, I mean, there's no point, right? He's a leaf floating on a river.", 'start': 360.44, 'duration': 4.286}, {'end': 374.167, 'text': "Yeah, I think that he's, I don't know, I'd love to ask him whether he really believes that and then we could play some games.", 'start': 365.325, 'duration': 8.842}], 'summary': 'Sam harris debates consciousness and free will, leading to existential musings.', 'duration': 29.647, 'max_score': 344.52, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo344520.jpg'}], 'start': 203.651, 'title': 'Evolution of molecules and free will', 'summary': 'Delves into the evolutionary limitations on molecules, exemplified by opiates, and their potential for change over time within a causal chain. it also explores the concept of free will in relation to predictability, unpredictability, and consciousness, offering diverse perspectives.', 'chapters': [{'end': 245.902, 'start': 203.651, 'title': 'Evolution of molecules', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolutionary limitations on molecules, using the example of opiates, and how they can change over time while being restricted by the causal chain that produced them.', 'duration': 42.251, 'highlights': ['Molecules are limited by the causal chain that produced them, restricting their potential evolution over time.', 'The example of opiates is used to illustrate the potential changes in molecules over a billion years, highlighting the impact of evolutionary processes.', 'Proteins and secondary metabolites can evolve, but their changes are constrained by their original causal chain.', 'The discussion emphasizes the potential for molecules to change over time, while being restricted in their evolution by their origins.']}, {'end': 385.69, 'start': 246.583, 'title': 'The nature of free will', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of free will within the constraints of predictability and unpredictability, questioning the origin of freedom and exploring differing perspectives on consciousness and free will.', 'duration': 139.107, 'highlights': ['The concept of free will is discussed within the constraints of predictability and unpredictability, questioning the origin of freedom. The discussion delves into the interplay between predictability and unpredictability in relation to the concept of free will, highlighting the questioning of the origin of freedom within constraints.', 'Differing perspectives on consciousness and free will are explored, including contrasting views such as those of Sam Harris. The conversation delves into the varying perspectives on consciousness and free will, specifically contrasting the views of Sam Harris and exploring the implications of his stance.', 'The potential existence of a fundamental aspect that allows for the feeling and experience of freedom is pondered. The chapter raises the profound question regarding the potential existence of a fundamental aspect that enables individuals to feel and be free, prompting deeper contemplation on the nature of freedom.']}], 'duration': 182.039, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo203651.jpg', 'highlights': ['Molecules are limited by the causal chain that produced them, restricting their potential evolution over time.', 'The example of opiates is used to illustrate the potential changes in molecules over a billion years, highlighting the impact of evolutionary processes.', 'The concept of free will is discussed within the constraints of predictability and unpredictability, questioning the origin of freedom.', 'The potential existence of a fundamental aspect that allows for the feeling and experience of freedom is pondered.', 'The discussion emphasizes the potential for molecules to change over time, while being restricted in their evolution by their origins.', 'The discussion delves into the interplay between predictability and unpredictability in relation to the concept of free will, highlighting the questioning of the origin of freedom within constraints.', 'Differing perspectives on consciousness and free will are explored, including contrasting views such as those of Sam Harris.', 'The conversation delves into the varying perspectives on consciousness and free will, specifically contrasting the views of Sam Harris and exploring the implications of his stance.']}, {'end': 677.607, 'segs': [{'end': 413.776, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 386.67, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 391.011, 'text': 'because at some point, at some point when he loses enough money or the prospect of losing enough money,', 'start': 386.67, 'duration': 4.341}, {'end': 399.053, 'text': "um there's a way of basically mapping out a series of so what, what, what will is about.", 'start': 391.011, 'duration': 8.042}, {'end': 400.213, 'text': "let's not call it free will.", 'start': 399.053, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 406.374, 'text': 'that what will is about is to have a series of decisions equally weighted in front of you.', 'start': 400.213, 'duration': 6.161}, {'end': 409.095, 'text': "and those decisions aren't necessarily energy minimization.", 'start': 406.374, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 413.776, 'text': "those decisions are a function of the model you've made in your mind.", 'start': 409.095, 'duration': 4.681}], 'summary': 'The concept of will involves making decisions based on a mental model, not just energy minimization.', 'duration': 27.106, 'max_score': 386.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo386670.jpg'}, {'end': 537.834, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 508.465, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 511.046, 'text': 'And that allows me to kind of explore more.', 'start': 508.465, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 519.86, 'text': "It's funny that if you truly accept that there's no free will, that is a kind of radical freedom.", 'start': 511.314, 'duration': 8.546}, {'end': 531.529, 'text': "It's funny, but you're because the little bit of the illusion, under that framework that you have, that you can make choices.", 'start': 521.221, 'duration': 10.308}, {'end': 536.533, 'text': 'if choice is just an illusion of psychology, you can do whatever the hell you want.', 'start': 531.529, 'duration': 5.004}, {'end': 537.834, 'text': "But we don't do we?", 'start': 536.833, 'duration': 1.001}], 'summary': 'Accepting no free will leads to radical freedom and illusion of choice.', 'duration': 29.369, 'max_score': 508.465, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo508465.jpg'}, {'end': 651.295, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 616.138, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 620.199, 'text': 'because the question about how life emerged and how intelligence emerges,', 'start': 616.138, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 625.64, 'text': "and consciousness and free will they're all ultimately boiling down to some of the same mechanics, I think.", 'start': 620.199, 'duration': 5.441}, {'end': 629.641, 'text': 'My feeling is that they are the same problem again and again and again.', 'start': 626.241, 'duration': 3.4}, {'end': 635.764, 'text': 'The transition from a you know, a boring world or a world in which there is no selection.', 'start': 630.422, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 646.572, 'text': "So I wonder if free will has something to do with selection and models and also the models you're generating in the brain and also the amount of memory working memory you have available at any one time to generate counterfactuals.", 'start': 636.285, 'duration': 10.287}, {'end': 647.692, 'text': "Oh, that's fascinating.", 'start': 646.972, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 651.295, 'text': 'So like the decision-making process is a kind of selection.', 'start': 647.712, 'duration': 3.583}], 'summary': 'The emergence of life, intelligence, consciousness, and free will are linked to the mechanics of selection and decision-making.', 'duration': 35.157, 'max_score': 616.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo616138.jpg'}], 'start': 386.67, 'title': 'Free will and decision making', 'summary': 'Discusses the influence of financial loss on decision-making, the role of mental models and interactions, the debate between outsourcing free will to the unconscious brain and overthinking it in the conscious brain, and the implications of radical freedom on decision-making and behavior.', 'chapters': [{'end': 435.183, 'start': 386.67, 'title': 'Decision making and free will', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of decision making and free will, emphasizing the influence of financial loss on decision-making and the role of mental models and interactions in shaping decisions.', 'duration': 48.513, 'highlights': ['Decision making is influenced by the prospect of financial loss, leading to a series of equally weighted decisions (quantifiable data: financial loss as a factor in decision-making).', 'The process of decision making involves the consideration of mental models, interactions in reality, and other external factors (quantifiable data: mental models and external interactions as influencers of decisions).', "The concept of 'what will' is discussed as a series of decisions equally weighted in front of an individual, not solely focused on energy minimization (quantifiable data: emphasis on decisions being non-energy minimization based)."]}, {'end': 677.607, 'start': 436.124, 'title': 'Understanding free will and decision making', 'summary': 'Delves into the complexity of free will, highlighting the debate between outsourcing free will to the unconscious brain and overthinking it in the conscious brain, while exploring the concept of radical freedom and its implications on decision-making and behavior.', 'duration': 241.483, 'highlights': ["The debate between outsourcing free will to the unconscious brain and overthinking it in the conscious brain shapes individuals' perspectives on decision-making and behavior, leading to the exploration of radical freedom and its implications on their actions and choices.", "Accepting the illusion of free will can lead to radical freedom, enabling individuals to explore a broader state space and make choices without feeling constrained by the responsibility of making the 'right' decision.", 'The chapter raises thought-provoking questions about the relationship between free will, selection, models generated in the brain, and working memory, suggesting that the decision-making process is a manifestation of the pervasive selection mechanism in the universe.', 'The discussion explores the concept of radical freedom, where accepting the absence of free will can lead to a liberating sense of autonomy, prompting individuals to consider unconventional actions and behaviors to generate novelty and add more fun to the world.', 'The chapter challenges the understanding of free will and decision-making by linking it to the emergence of life, intelligence, consciousness, and selection mechanisms, highlighting the interconnected nature of these concepts and their fundamental role in shaping human behavior and choices.']}], 'duration': 290.937, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/GImolaTbLQo/pics/GImolaTbLQo386670.jpg', 'highlights': ["The concept of 'what will' is discussed as a series of decisions equally weighted in front of an individual, not solely focused on energy minimization.", 'Decision making is influenced by the prospect of financial loss, leading to a series of equally weighted decisions.', 'The process of decision making involves the consideration of mental models, interactions in reality, and other external factors.', 'The chapter challenges the understanding of free will and decision-making by linking it to the emergence of life, intelligence, consciousness, and selection mechanisms.', 'The discussion explores the concept of radical freedom, where accepting the absence of free will can lead to a liberating sense of autonomy.']}], 'highlights': ["Assembly theory explains Nietzsche's limited freedom, contrasting with radical freedom, illustrating constraints in freedom.", "Comparison between Nietzsche's limited freedom and Sasha's belief in absolute freedom provides contrasting perspectives on freedom and its limitations.", "The concept of 'what will' is discussed as a series of decisions equally weighted in front of an individual, not solely focused on energy minimization.", 'The example of opiates is used to illustrate the potential changes in molecules over a billion years, highlighting the impact of evolutionary processes.', 'The discussion explores the concept of radical freedom, where accepting the absence of free will can lead to a liberating sense of autonomy.']}