title
Vincent Racaniello: Viruses and Vaccines | Lex Fridman Podcast #216

description
Vincent Racaniello is a virologist, immunologist, and microbiologist at Columbia. He is a co-author of the textbook Principles of Virology and co-host of This Week in Virology podcast. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Privacy: https://privacy.com/lex to get $5 added to your account - Justworks: https://justworks.com - Sun Basket: https://sunbasket.com/lex and use code LEX to get $35 off - The Information: https://theinformation.com/lex to get 75% off first month - Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex and use code LEX to get 1 month of fish oil EPISODE LINKS: Vincent's Twitter: https://twitter.com/profvrr Vincent's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/vincentracaniello Vincent's Podcast: https://www.microbe.tv/ Vincent's Website: http://www.virology.ws/ Vincent's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/profvrr PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:11 - Microbiology by numbers 8:33 - From bacteria to an organism 16:32 - AlphaFold 2 20:31 - Simulating an evolutionary arms race 45:57 - The most terrifying virus 1:07:41 - SARS-CoV-2 1:22:25 - Coronaviruses and Influenza. What's the difference? 1:28:31 - Vaccines 1:34:29 - Lex on his reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine shot 1:40:25 - Modern vaccines 1:45:25 - How does mRNA vaccine work? 1:48:12 - Are mRNA vaccines safe? 2:14:38 - Lex on trust in authority 2:29:45 - Ivermectin 2:36:26 - Hydroxychloroquine 2:41:08 - Variants and mutations 2:48:06 - Testing 2:56:13 - How does COVID-19 spread? 2:59:24 - Masks 3:07:52 - Bret Weinstein vs Sam Harris 3:11:26 - This Week in Virology 3:21:06 - Advice for young people 3:23:28 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Vincent Racaniello: Viruses and Vaccines | Lex Fridman Podcast #216', 'heatmap': [{'end': 4133.067, 'start': 4004.005, 'weight': 0.909}, {'end': 10022.617, 'start': 9877.618, 'weight': 0.931}, {'end': 12507.521, 'start': 12387.527, 'weight': 0.77}], 'summary': "Vincent racaniello discusses the importance of empathy and compassion in decision-making for covid vaccine, explores viral microbiology, virology basics, funding translational research, differences between influenza and coronavirus, mrna vaccine safety, challenges of covid policies, and implications for children, and addresses covid-19 treatment research, strategies for tackling influenza and covid-19, and parallels between camus' the plague and covid-19, providing advice on career development and societal wisdom.", 'chapters': [{'end': 149.271, 'segs': [{'end': 49.195, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.049, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7.616, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Vincent Racaniello, professor of microbiology and immunology at Columbia.', 'start': 0.049, 'duration': 7.567}, {'end': 13.641, 'text': "Vincent is one of the best educators in biology and in general that I've ever had the pleasure of speaking with.", 'start': 8.156, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 22.009, 'text': 'I highly recommend you check out his This Week in Virology podcast and watch his introductory lectures on YouTube.', 'start': 14.442, 'duration': 7.567}, {'end': 27.25, 'text': 'In particular, the playlist I recommend is called Virology Lectures 2021.', 'start': 22.569, 'duration': 4.681}, {'end': 32.43, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out the sponsors in the description.', 'start': 27.25, 'duration': 5.18}, {'end': 37.512, 'text': 'As a side note, please allow me to say a few words about the COVID vaccines.', 'start': 33.631, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 42.173, 'text': 'Some people are scared of a virus hurting or killing somebody they love.', 'start': 38.393, 'duration': 3.78}, {'end': 49.195, 'text': 'Some are scared of their government betraying them, their leaders blinded by power and greed.', 'start': 43.334, 'duration': 5.861}], 'summary': 'Vincent racaniello is an outstanding educator in biology, with recommended podcasts and lectures on virology.', 'duration': 49.146, 'max_score': 0.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU49.jpg'}], 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Vaccine, fear, and compassion', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of empathy and compassion in the face of fear and division, highlighting the decision-making based on data and the value of open-mindedness and humility in taking the covid vaccine.', 'chapters': [{'end': 149.271, 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Vaccine, fear, and compassion', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of empathy and compassion in the face of fear and division, emphasizing the decision to take the covid vaccine based on data and the value of open-mindedness and humility.', 'duration': 149.222, 'highlights': ["The importance of empathy and compassion in addressing fear and division is emphasized. Emphasizes the value of choosing empathy and compassion towards all fellow human beings, regardless of political beliefs. Encourages open-mindedness and humility in considering one's own beliefs and ideas.", 'The decision to take the COVID vaccine is based on the understanding of data and the assessment of risks. Highlights the personal decision to take the vaccine after reading and understanding the data, weighing the risks of negative effects from COVID versus the mRNA vaccine.', 'The negative effects of fear and anger in driving division are discussed. Discusses how fear manifests as anger, leading to division, and the potential destructive impact of dogmatic certainty and division in the long term.']}], 'duration': 149.222, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU49.jpg', 'highlights': ['The decision to take the COVID vaccine is based on the understanding of data and the assessment of risks. Highlights the personal decision to take the vaccine after reading and understanding the data, weighing the risks of negative effects from COVID versus the mRNA vaccine.', "The importance of empathy and compassion in addressing fear and division is emphasized. Emphasizes the value of choosing empathy and compassion towards all fellow human beings, regardless of political beliefs. Encourages open-mindedness and humility in considering one's own beliefs and ideas.", 'The negative effects of fear and anger in driving division are discussed. Discusses how fear manifests as anger, leading to division, and the potential destructive impact of dogmatic certainty and division in the long term.']}, {'end': 1754.344, 'segs': [{'end': 918.587, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 890.91, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 893.431, 'text': "Birds can give us their viruses that's happened.", 'start': 890.91, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 896.613, 'text': 'Influenza viruses come from birds mainly.', 'start': 893.952, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 901.356, 'text': 'So I think those are the three species, not species.', 'start': 897.193, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 905.898, 'text': "it's higher than species, obviously, but those are the three I would worry about in terms of getting their viruses.", 'start': 901.356, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 909.495, 'text': "And we don't really know what's out there right?", 'start': 905.978, 'duration': 3.517}, {'end': 918.587, 'text': "We have very little clue about what viruses, and I've for years wanted to capture wild mice in my backyard and see what viruses they have,", 'start': 909.535, 'duration': 9.052}], 'summary': 'Birds can transmit influenza viruses, posing a concern for human health. limited understanding of viral presence in wildlife.', 'duration': 27.677, 'max_score': 890.91, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU890910.jpg'}, {'end': 1011.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 974.548, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 978.391, 'text': "And that's going to be hard to figure out because someone's going to have to go after it and sort it through.", 'start': 974.548, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 981.133, 'text': 'So yes, you can find a lot of viruses.', 'start': 979.011, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 982.954, 'text': 'And the numbers you get are astounding.', 'start': 981.633, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 988.077, 'text': 'You can find thousands of new viruses just by looking in various life forms.', 'start': 982.974, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 991.64, 'text': "But there are many more that we don't pick up because they're not in the database.", 'start': 988.178, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 995.901, 'text': 'Maybe this is a good time to take a quick tangent.', 'start': 993.2, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 999.703, 'text': "What do you think about AlphaFold too? I don't know if you've been paying attention to that.", 'start': 996.281, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 1009.087, 'text': 'With them DeepMind, solving the protein folding problem and then also releasing, first of all, open sourcing the code,', 'start': 1000.323, 'duration': 8.764}, {'end': 1011.868, 'text': 'which is for me as a software person that I love.', 'start': 1009.087, 'duration': 2.781}], 'summary': 'Thousands of new viruses can be found in life forms, with many more undetected due to not being in the database.', 'duration': 37.32, 'max_score': 974.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU974548.jpg'}, {'end': 1079.595, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1057.525, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1066.409, 'text': 'But if we could fold it, maybe the fold would be like something we already know, some protein fold, which gives you a lot of clues, right?', 'start': 1057.525, 'duration': 8.884}, {'end': 1072.051, 'text': 'Because there are only so many protein folds in biology and that dark matter is probably one of them.', 'start': 1066.429, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 1079.595, 'text': "So I think that's very exciting because for years I followed structural biologists for years,", 'start': 1072.712, 'duration': 6.883}], 'summary': 'Dark matter may resemble known protein folds, offering clues, as there are limited protein folds in biology.', 'duration': 22.07, 'max_score': 1057.525, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1057525.jpg'}, {'end': 1151.522, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1123.518, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1126.741, 'text': "Actually, you can do viruses, but you can't do small proteins.", 'start': 1123.518, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 1130.524, 'text': "So that's speeding it up, but it's still too fast to solve.", 'start': 1127.041, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 1132.726, 'text': 'You get a new protein, you want to solve its structure.', 'start': 1130.805, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 1138.071, 'text': 'So if we could predict it, and I know from talking to structural biologists, this has been their holy grail from day one.', 'start': 1132.746, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 1144.997, 'text': 'They want to be able to take a sequence of a protein, put it in a computer, and have the structure put out without having to do all the experiment.', 'start': 1138.371, 'duration': 6.626}, {'end': 1148.18, 'text': "So that's why this is very exciting that you can predict it.", 'start': 1145.237, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 1149.2, 'text': "I mean, it's not..", 'start': 1148.66, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 1151.522, 'text': "and finished, obviously, and there's more to do.", 'start': 1149.821, 'duration': 1.701}], 'summary': "Challenges in predicting protein structures excite biologists, but it's not yet solved.", 'duration': 28.004, 'max_score': 1123.518, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1123518.jpg'}, {'end': 1242.319, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1214.495, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1225.997, 'text': 'I wonder if you can do some kinds of simulations of different proteins or multi-protein systems going to war against each other.', 'start': 1214.495, 'duration': 11.502}, {'end': 1229.827, 'text': 'Like to try to figure out.', 'start': 1227.645, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 1236.473, 'text': 'you know, reinforcement learning is used in alpha zero, for example, to learn chess and go,', 'start': 1229.827, 'duration': 6.646}, {'end': 1240.777, 'text': "and that's using the self play mechanism where the thing plays against itself.", 'start': 1236.473, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 1242.319, 'text': 'Sure And learns better and better.', 'start': 1241.018, 'duration': 1.301}], 'summary': 'Using reinforcement learning to simulate protein interactions for better understanding.', 'duration': 27.824, 'max_score': 1214.495, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1214495.jpg'}, {'end': 1315.64, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1288.024, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1293.748, 'text': 'You could map them all and change them in a simulation, one by one, and go back and forth between the antibody and the virus.', 'start': 1288.024, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 1302.733, 'text': 'So all these evolution is what we call an arms race, right? The virus changes and then it evades the host and then the host can change.', 'start': 1293.768, 'duration': 8.965}, {'end': 1305.174, 'text': 'The host takes longer to change, though, unfortunately.', 'start': 1303.213, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 1307.616, 'text': 'It takes geological time, but it can.', 'start': 1305.194, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 1310.538, 'text': 'And then the virus can change and it can go back and forth.', 'start': 1307.976, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 1311.939, 'text': 'And we can see evidence of this.', 'start': 1310.578, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 1315.64, 'text': 'in genome sequences of both viruses and their hosts.', 'start': 1313.319, 'duration': 2.321}], 'summary': 'In the arms race between virus and host, genome sequences show evidence of constant evolution.', 'duration': 27.616, 'max_score': 1288.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1288024.jpg'}, {'end': 1440.209, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1390.971, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1398.898, 'text': 'including my favorite this week in virology, also this week in parasitism, this week in microbiology and so on.', 'start': 1390.971, 'duration': 7.927}, {'end': 1401.159, 'text': "So you're a good person to ask.", 'start': 1399.518, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 1408.084, 'text': 'What are the categories of small things, small biological things in this world that can kill you?', 'start': 1401.9, 'duration': 6.184}, {'end': 1409.225, 'text': 'kill us humans?', 'start': 1408.084, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 1415.869, 'text': 'You said, like most, viruses are friendly, or at least not unfriendly.', 'start': 1411.846, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 1421.813, 'text': "But let's look at the unfriendly ones in viruses and bacteria and those kinds of things.", 'start': 1416.549, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 1426.976, 'text': 'When you look at the full spectrum of things that can kill you, can you kind of paint a brief picture?', 'start': 1422.213, 'duration': 4.763}, {'end': 1434.145, 'text': "Yeah, I think the big picture is that the things that can kill you are a minority of everything that's out there.", 'start': 1427.281, 'duration': 6.864}, {'end': 1437.087, 'text': "And we're talking about molecules.", 'start': 1434.365, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 1440.209, 'text': 'So we have in us proteins that can kill us.', 'start': 1437.307, 'duration': 2.902}], 'summary': 'Categories of small biological things that can kill humans are a minority, including viruses and bacteria.', 'duration': 49.238, 'max_score': 1390.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1390971.jpg'}, {'end': 1485.536, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1464.487, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 1474.752, 'text': 'If you look at SARS-CoV-2, right, this is probably a once in a hundred year pandemic, I would say, equivalent to 1918 in its devastation.', 'start': 1464.487, 'duration': 10.265}, {'end': 1479.614, 'text': "And in between there have been smaller pandemics of other viruses, but it doesn't happen all that often.", 'start': 1474.792, 'duration': 4.822}, {'end': 1485.536, 'text': 'So we have a lot of viruses, we have a lot of bacteria, of various sorts that can cause infections in us.', 'start': 1479.654, 'duration': 5.882}], 'summary': 'Sars-cov-2 is a once in a hundred year pandemic, equivalent to 1918 in its devastation, with smaller pandemics in between.', 'duration': 21.049, 'max_score': 1464.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1464487.jpg'}, {'end': 1708.422, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1669.649, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1672.13, 'text': 'And he said, where have you been? And he can put two and two together.', 'start': 1669.649, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 1677.812, 'text': "And so we let our listeners do that and they all send in guesses and it's wonderful to hear them go through this.", 'start': 1672.21, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 1680.733, 'text': 'So there are a lot of parasites that can get you.', 'start': 1677.832, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 1683.275, 'text': 'You have to be careful about eating when you go overseas.', 'start': 1680.793, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 1684.155, 'text': 'And water too.', 'start': 1683.415, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 1685.453, 'text': 'water as well.', 'start': 1684.693, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 1691.756, 'text': 'And in parts of Africa, there are parasites in the lakes, and if you go swimming, they can invade you.', 'start': 1685.573, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 1695.957, 'text': 'And in fact, they can go into your hair follicles and burrow in and get into your bloodstream.', 'start': 1691.896, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 1696.538, 'text': "That's exciting.", 'start': 1695.977, 'duration': 0.561}, {'end': 1702.1, 'text': "So Daniel is interesting because he's very adventurous and he's not afraid of any of this.", 'start': 1697.078, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 1708.422, 'text': "So there's a famous lake in Africa, Lake Malawi, which harbors a lot of these parasites.", 'start': 1702.84, 'duration': 5.582}], 'summary': 'Parasites in lakes can invade and burrow into bloodstream, especially in lake malawi.', 'duration': 38.773, 'max_score': 1669.649, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1669649.jpg'}], 'start': 150.515, 'title': 'Viral microbiology and evolution', 'summary': 'Explores the staggering scale of viruses, their impact on material cycling in the ocean, and the transition from rna to dna-based life forms. it delves into the astonishing numbers of viruses in the ocean, the infections they cause, and their role in removing bacterial cells daily. additionally, it highlights the potential of alphafold in virology and the impact of viruses on different species.', 'chapters': [{'end': 199.354, 'start': 150.515, 'title': 'Virology conversations with vincent racaniello', 'summary': 'Explores a conversation with virologist vincent racaniello, emphasizing his expertise and unbiased approach, and highlights the staggering fact that there are more viruses in a liter of coastal seawater than people on earth.', 'duration': 48.839, 'highlights': ['Vincent Racaniello is highlighted as a knowledgeable and unbiased virologist who genuinely loves biology and explaining fundamental mechanisms.', 'The conversation emphasizes the importance of listening and learning from him with an open mind.', 'Staggering fact: There are more viruses in a liter of coastal seawater than people on Earth, highlighting the abundance of viruses in the natural environment.']}, {'end': 515.952, 'start': 200.675, 'title': 'Viral microbiology: numbers and evolution', 'summary': 'Explores the astonishing scale of viruses, with 10^31 viruses in the ocean, causing 10^23 infections per second, removing 20-40% of bacterial cells daily, and delves into the evolutionary history of viruses, their impact on material cycling in the ocean, and the transition from rna to dna-based life forms.', 'duration': 315.277, 'highlights': ['There are 10^31 viruses in the ocean, causing 10^23 infections per second, removing 20-40% of bacterial cells daily. The sheer scale of viruses in the ocean, with the capability to cause 10^23 infections per second and eliminate a significant portion of bacterial cells daily, underscores their immense impact on marine ecosystems.', 'The vast number of viruses in the ocean exceeds the mass of elephants on the planet by a thousand fold and could stretch 200 million light years into space if lined up end to end. The comparison of the mass of oceanic viruses to elephants and the potential length they could span in space vividly illustrates the staggering magnitude of viral presence and their ecological influence.', 'Viruses play a crucial role in the biogeochemical pump, cycling of material in the ocean, by causing bacterial deaths, which then release organic matter and contribute to carbon dioxide release. The pivotal role of viruses in the biogeochemical pump, driving material cycling in the ocean through bacterial deaths and subsequent organic matter release, underscores their significance in global carbon cycling and ecosystem dynamics.', "The evolutionary history of viruses, from RNA-based self-replicators to the emergence of DNA, highlights their early role in the development of life on Earth. The account of the evolutionary progression from RNA-based self-replicators to the emergence of DNA underscores the fundamental role of viruses in the early stages of life's development on Earth.", 'The transition from RNA to DNA-based life forms and the emergence of reverse transcriptase as the enzyme copying RNA to DNA are pivotal milestones in the evolution of life on Earth. The transition from RNA to DNA-based life forms, marked by the emergence of reverse transcriptase as the enzyme facilitating the conversion of RNA to DNA, represents a critical juncture in the evolutionary history of life on Earth.']}, {'end': 1390.971, 'start': 516.292, 'title': 'Evolution: from bacteria to complex organisms', 'summary': 'Explores the evolution from bacteria to complex organisms, highlighting the role of mitochondria in energy production, the invasion of self-replicating molecules into cells leading to virus formation, the impact of viruses on different species, the potential of alphafold in virology, and the use of simulations and machine learning in understanding virus-host interactions.', 'duration': 874.679, 'highlights': ['The defining point in the evolution of complex organisms was the ability to make a lot of energy, particularly through the mitochondria which originated from a bacteria entering an archaea. Role of mitochondria in energy production, origin of mitochondria from bacterial invasion, defining point in the evolution of complex organisms.', 'The invasion of self-replicating molecules into cells led to the development of viruses, which diversified to infect various species, and are now present in every living thing on the planet. Formation of viruses from self-replicating molecules, diversity of viruses, presence of viruses in all living organisms.', 'Viruses have infected and caused disease throughout history, but many viruses are beneficial and infect organisms without harming them, such as the numerous viruses present in humans. Historical impact of viruses, beneficial viruses in humans, presence of numerous viruses in humans.', "The potential of AlphaFold in predicting protein structures could be applied to virology to explore the 'dark matter' of viruses and understand their structures and interactions. Potential of AlphaFold in virology, application in understanding virus structures and interactions, exploration of unknown viruses.", 'Simulations and machine learning can be used to understand virus-host interactions, simulate evolution of viruses and hosts, and predict changes in viruses such as drug resistance. Application of simulations and machine learning in understanding virus-host interactions, simulation of virus-host evolution, prediction of virus changes.']}, {'end': 1754.344, 'start': 1390.971, 'title': 'Small biological threats: viruses, bacteria, and parasites', 'summary': 'Discusses the various categories of small biological threats, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and their potential to cause harm, highlighting the rarity of fatal proteins, the impact of pandemics like sars-cov-2, the misuse of antimicrobials leading to resistance, the dangers of inhaling fungal spores, and the risks associated with consuming raw meat and fish in different parts of the world.', 'duration': 363.373, 'highlights': ['Proteins, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are among the small biological threats that can potentially cause harm, with proteins such as preons being a rare but lethal risk, viruses like SARS-CoV-2 causing devastating pandemics, and the misuse of antimicrobials leading to resistance.', 'The inhalation of fungal spores in dry climates can lead to lung infections, especially among immunosuppressed individuals, highlighting the potential danger posed by submicroscopic fungi.', 'Consumption of raw meat in certain parts of the world can lead to infections from parasites like toxoplasma, with pregnant individuals at risk of passing toxoplasmosis to their fetus, resulting in severe malformations and brain defects.', 'Traveling to different regions can expose individuals to various parasites, as seen in a case where a person developed red bumps after consuming raw fish in Southeast Asia, emphasizing the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment.', 'Parasites in lakes in parts of Africa can invade individuals through swimming, highlighting the need for caution when consuming food and water while overseas, with freezing sushi demonstrated as an effective method to kill parasites without altering taste.']}], 'duration': 1603.829, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU150515.jpg', 'highlights': ['There are 10^31 viruses in the ocean, causing 10^23 infections per second, removing 20-40% of bacterial cells daily.', 'The sheer scale of viruses in the ocean underscores their immense impact on marine ecosystems.', 'The vast number of viruses in the ocean exceeds the mass of elephants on the planet by a thousand fold and could stretch 200 million light years into space if lined up end to end.', 'Viruses play a crucial role in the biogeochemical pump, cycling of material in the ocean, by causing bacterial deaths, which then release organic matter and contribute to carbon dioxide release.', 'The evolutionary history of viruses, from RNA-based self-replicators to the emergence of DNA, highlights their early role in the development of life on Earth.', 'The transition from RNA to DNA-based life forms, marked by the emergence of reverse transcriptase as the enzyme facilitating the conversion of RNA to DNA, represents a critical juncture in the evolutionary history of life on Earth.', 'The defining point in the evolution of complex organisms was the ability to make a lot of energy, particularly through the mitochondria which originated from a bacteria entering an archaea.', 'The invasion of self-replicating molecules into cells led to the development of viruses, which diversified to infect various species, and are now present in every living thing on the planet.', 'Viruses have infected and caused disease throughout history, but many viruses are beneficial and infect organisms without harming them, such as the numerous viruses present in humans.', "The potential of AlphaFold in predicting protein structures could be applied to virology to explore the 'dark matter' of viruses and understand their structures and interactions.", 'Simulations and machine learning can be used to understand virus-host interactions, simulate evolution of viruses and hosts, and predict changes in viruses such as drug resistance.', 'Proteins, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are among the small biological threats that can potentially cause harm, with proteins such as preons being a rare but lethal risk, viruses like SARS-CoV-2 causing devastating pandemics, and the misuse of antimicrobials leading to resistance.', 'The inhalation of fungal spores in dry climates can lead to lung infections, especially among immunosuppressed individuals, highlighting the potential danger posed by submicroscopic fungi.', 'Consumption of raw meat in certain parts of the world can lead to infections from parasites like toxoplasma, with pregnant individuals at risk of passing toxoplasmosis to their fetus, resulting in severe malformations and brain defects.', 'Traveling to different regions can expose individuals to various parasites, as seen in a case where a person developed red bumps after consuming raw fish in Southeast Asia, emphasizing the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment.', 'Parasites in lakes in parts of Africa can invade individuals through swimming, highlighting the need for caution when consuming food and water while overseas, with freezing sushi demonstrated as an effective method to kill parasites without altering taste.']}, {'end': 3575.559, 'segs': [{'end': 2517.172, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2490.98, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2497.491, 'text': "So right now we have variants emerging and people say, well, I think it's because the antibodies are selecting for variants.", 'start': 2490.98, 'duration': 6.511}, {'end': 2501.44, 'text': "That's a good idea, but it may not be the only thing that's going on.", 'start': 2498.157, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 2504.502, 'text': 'You start imagining them coming to the table and negotiating.', 'start': 2501.46, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 2508.105, 'text': 'Yeah, you get into trouble with that.', 'start': 2505.883, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 2511.828, 'text': "That's why I tell my students be careful about the anthropomorphizing,", 'start': 2508.265, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 2517.172, 'text': "because you're going to apply your values to a virus and you have different values.", 'start': 2511.828, 'duration': 5.344}], 'summary': 'Antibodies may not be the only factor driving emergence of variants. caution in anthropomorphizing viruses.', 'duration': 26.192, 'max_score': 2490.98, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU2490980.jpg'}, {'end': 2677.574, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2648.202, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2651.283, 'text': "It's taken apart and nucleic acid is moving around the cell.", 'start': 2648.202, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 2652.323, 'text': "It's making proteins.", 'start': 2651.303, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 2654.043, 'text': 'Eventually, it makes new particles.', 'start': 2652.343, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 2657.464, 'text': "And then those particles released from the cell, they're not living anymore.", 'start': 2654.083, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 2668.229, 'text': "So it's kind of I think it's kind of like a spore, a spore of a or a seed, although the seed just doesn't work because the seeds,", 'start': 2658.024, 'duration': 10.205}, {'end': 2671.391, 'text': 'the cells in the seed, have the ability to make their own energy and so forth.', 'start': 2668.229, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 2677.574, 'text': "But a bacterial spore and it's the same thing doesn't do anything unless you add water and nutrients and then it starts to divide,", 'start': 2672.011, 'duration': 5.563}], 'summary': 'Nucleic acid in cell makes proteins, creates new non-living particles, similar to a bacterial spore.', 'duration': 29.372, 'max_score': 2648.202, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU2648202.jpg'}, {'end': 2739.711, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2705.596, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2706.917, 'text': 'a virion particle or something?', 'start': 2705.596, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2708.637, 'text': "Virion. so it's what you should have here.", 'start': 2706.937, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 2711.738, 'text': "I'll send you one, and then you can refer to it.", 'start': 2708.657, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 2717.141, 'text': "What's the sexiest one to have? Like what in terms of particles to have on a table?", 'start': 2711.759, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 2725.965, 'text': "Well, unfortunately, the ones that you can 3D print- Oh, they're not going to be super- They're the ones that we know the structures of right?", 'start': 2718.021, 'duration': 7.944}, {'end': 2732.007, 'text': "So someone sent me last year a 3D model of SARS-CoV-2, and it's beautiful.", 'start': 2726.465, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 2739.711, 'text': "It's actually cracked open so you can see the RNA and the spikes are sticking out and they even put some antibodies sticking onto the spikes.", 'start': 2732.047, 'duration': 7.664}], 'summary': 'Discussion about 3d printing virion particles, including a 3d model of sars-cov-2 with visible rna and spikes.', 'duration': 34.115, 'max_score': 2705.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU2705596.jpg'}, {'end': 2815.617, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2790.298, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2800.261, 'text': "See, terrifying, to me, I'm not terrified because I think we can handle most viruses, as you see with this brand new one that emerged a year ago.", 'start': 2790.298, 'duration': 9.963}, {'end': 2801.481, 'text': 'We can handle it.', 'start': 2800.801, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 2803.993, 'text': 'from a virology perspective.', 'start': 2802.492, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2808.054, 'text': "Yeah, I mean, the human perspective is a different story, right? That's always an issue.", 'start': 2804.113, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 2815.617, 'text': 'So I think there are a couple of different categories of virus.', 'start': 2809.895, 'duration': 5.722}], 'summary': 'We can handle most viruses, as seen with the new one emerged a year ago.', 'duration': 25.319, 'max_score': 2790.298, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU2790298.jpg'}, {'end': 3058.443, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3034.033, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3041.576, 'text': "because I've recently become more and more aware that animals are living in extreme poverty.", 'start': 3034.033, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 3044.297, 'text': "right?. Like you don't know, you think like natural.", 'start': 3041.576, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 3045.098, 'text': "it's great.", 'start': 3044.297, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 3051.68, 'text': "You know, like when animals are living on a farm, it's terrible.", 'start': 3046.338, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 3058.443, 'text': 'But then you also have to compare to like what life is like in the, or like the zoo, you have to compare what life is like in the wild.', 'start': 3051.82, 'duration': 6.623}], 'summary': 'Animals living in extreme poverty, comparing farm life to zoo and wild.', 'duration': 24.41, 'max_score': 3034.033, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU3034033.jpg'}, {'end': 3167.435, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3138.237, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3140.298, 'text': 'to prevent the, well, to save the horses.', 'start': 3138.237, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 3144.019, 'text': "Probably that's the motivation, because these horses are hundreds of thousands of dollars, right?", 'start': 3140.378, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 3147.56, 'text': "And then the people don't get sick because the horses don't get sick.", 'start': 3144.519, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 3153.941, 'text': "You don't want to immunize all the people, because it's too rare, but that approach is called the one world health approach,", 'start': 3147.6, 'duration': 6.341}, {'end': 3159.843, 'text': "which means everything's connected on the planet, and we have to think of everything in the grander scheme, not just us.", 'start': 3153.941, 'duration': 5.902}, {'end': 3164.874, 'text': 'Yeah, so you can immunize some things along the trajectory that a virus would take.', 'start': 3160.973, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 3167.435, 'text': 'Exactly Some living beings.', 'start': 3164.974, 'duration': 2.461}], 'summary': 'Immunizing horses to save their value and prevent sickness, part of the one world health approach.', 'duration': 29.198, 'max_score': 3138.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU3138237.jpg'}, {'end': 3512.276, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3488.83, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3496.833, 'text': "But there's not a lot of money to work on insect and plant viruses unless you're going to the USDA, so they don't get a lot of work moving forward.", 'start': 3488.83, 'duration': 8.003}, {'end': 3499.897, 'text': 'Well, is there, if you understand, some of those viruses?', 'start': 3497.173, 'duration': 2.724}, {'end': 3502.201, 'text': 'is that transferable to human viruses?', 'start': 3499.897, 'duration': 2.304}, {'end': 3503.343, 'text': 'that understanding?', 'start': 3502.201, 'duration': 1.142}, {'end': 3505.554, 'text': 'I think some of it could be sure.', 'start': 3503.894, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 3507.655, 'text': 'I think the general principles.', 'start': 3505.614, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 3512.276, 'text': 'for example, how does the virus cause volatile organics to be made?', 'start': 3507.655, 'duration': 4.621}], 'summary': 'Limited funding for insect and plant viruses research; potential transferable knowledge to human viruses.', 'duration': 23.446, 'max_score': 3488.83, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU3488830.jpg'}, {'end': 3575.559, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3533.038, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 3537.102, 'text': "if you're curious, you're gonna run into interesting things that you never planned on, right?", 'start': 3533.038, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 3541.245, 'text': "That's why people like you can criticize why do we wanna go on Mars??", 'start': 3537.122, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 3542.826, 'text': 'Why do we wanna colonize Mars??', 'start': 3541.305, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3545.769, 'text': "Well, it's like why do you wanna go to the moon?", 'start': 3543.647, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 3554.236, 'text': 'The reality is, when you do really difficult things, engineering, things like all these inventions along the way are created.', 'start': 3547.17, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 3568.171, 'text': "It's kind of fascinating how basically just pick a pick a thing that everyone can agree is kind of cool and is really hard and do that and then you'll have like thousands of inventions have nothing to do with the thing.", 'start': 3554.416, 'duration': 13.755}, {'end': 3569.072, 'text': "that's right.", 'start': 3568.171, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 3574.498, 'text': "i think you should let curious scientists just follow what they're interested in.", 'start': 3569.072, 'duration': 5.426}, {'end': 3575.559, 'text': "to a certain extent you can't.", 'start': 3574.498, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Curiosity drives innovation and thousands of inventions by pursuing challenging goals like colonizing mars.', 'duration': 42.521, 'max_score': 3533.038, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU3533038.jpg'}], 'start': 1754.344, 'title': 'Traveling and virology', 'summary': 'Covers safe eating practices while traveling and the basics of virology, including virus categorization, behavior, and immunization in wild animals, with examples and potential impacts mentioned.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1850.692, 'start': 1754.344, 'title': 'Eating safely while traveling', 'summary': 'Discusses the risks of eating in different parts of the world and provides advice on avoiding foodborne illnesses, citing a case of a traveler who contracted parasites from unclean fruits and vegetables in a hotel in oaxaca, mexico.', 'duration': 96.348, 'highlights': ['The risks of consuming uncooked or unwashed foods in different parts of the world are discussed, highlighting the potential for contracting parasites and foodborne illnesses.', 'A case study of a young man contracting parasites from unclean fruits and vegetables in a hotel in Oaxaca, Mexico, is presented, emphasizing the importance of ensuring food hygiene while traveling.', 'Advice is given to prioritize consuming thoroughly cooked foods to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses and parasitic infections while experiencing global cuisine.']}, {'end': 2255, 'start': 1850.692, 'title': 'Virology basics: definition and categorization of viruses', 'summary': 'Discusses the basics of virology, specifically focusing on the definition and categorization of viruses, highlighting the distinction between rna and dna viruses and their evolutionary characteristics.', 'duration': 404.308, 'highlights': ['Viruses as obligate intracellular parasites Viruses are defined as obligate intracellular parasites, requiring a host cell to reproduce, and their distinct characteristics as compared to other biological entities are emphasized.', "Distinction between RNA and DNA viruses The categorization of viruses into RNA and DNA-based, with RNA viruses being termed as 'relics' and DNA viruses as conservative, is explained, showcasing the evolutionary differences between the two.", 'Evolutionary characteristics of RNA and DNA viruses The evolutionary speed and adaptability of RNA viruses in contrast to the conservative nature of DNA viruses, along with their respective error thresholds and implications for infectivity, are discussed.']}, {'end': 3058.443, 'start': 2255.02, 'title': 'Understanding viruses and their behavior', 'summary': 'Explores the structure and behavior of viruses, emphasizing their classification, entry mechanisms into host cells, and the distinction between active and passive behavior, with a focus on the terrifying aspects of rabies and the importance of vaccines.', 'duration': 803.423, 'highlights': ['The terrifying nature of rabies, which leads to 70,000 deaths annually, unless vaccinated, making it the most lethal virus, with the ability of post-exposure vaccination to treat the illness.', 'The distinction between active and passive behavior in viruses, cautioning against anthropomorphizing viruses and highlighting the importance of understanding their behavior without human bias.', 'The entry mechanisms of viruses into host cells, including specific receptor binding and methods used by fungi and plant viruses to bypass the host cell wall, such as living inside yeast forever and being introduced into plants through pests or contaminated farm equipment.']}, {'end': 3575.559, 'start': 3058.783, 'title': 'Immunization in wild animals', 'summary': 'Discusses the immunization of various animals in the wild, such as chickens, pigs, cows, farmed fish, and horses, to prevent diseases like rabies, hendra, and mers coronavirus, with the aim of protecting valuable livestock and preventing spillovers into humans. it also touches upon the development and challenges of an ebola vaccine, the potential impact of plant viruses on insect behavior, and the broad applicability of studying viruses of insects and plants.', 'duration': 516.776, 'highlights': ['The immunization of various animals in the wild, such as chickens, pigs, cows, farmed fish, and horses, to prevent diseases like rabies, Hendra, and MERS coronavirus, with the aim of protecting valuable livestock and preventing spillovers into humans. The discussion emphasizes the importance of immunizing animals to prevent diseases and spillovers into humans, with specific examples of diseases like rabies, Hendra, and MERS coronavirus, and the targeted approach to protect valuable livestock.', 'The development and challenges of an Ebola vaccine, its limited testing in comparison to COVID vaccines, and the potential effectiveness and safety concerns. The challenges in developing an Ebola vaccine, limited testing in comparison to COVID vaccines, and the potential effectiveness and safety concerns are highlighted, shedding light on the complexities and limitations in vaccine development for rare diseases.', 'The potential impact of plant viruses on altering insect behavior, particularly in attracting and repulsing aphids to spread the virus, and the broader implications for understanding virus-host interactions. The discussion delves into the fascinating impact of plant viruses on altering insect behavior to spread the virus, highlighting the broader implications for understanding virus-host interactions and the potential transferability of this knowledge to human viruses.']}], 'duration': 1821.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU1754344.jpg', 'highlights': ['The risks of consuming uncooked or unwashed foods in different parts of the world are discussed, highlighting the potential for contracting parasites and foodborne illnesses.', 'A case study of a young man contracting parasites from unclean fruits and vegetables in a hotel in Oaxaca, Mexico, is presented, emphasizing the importance of ensuring food hygiene while traveling.', 'Advice is given to prioritize consuming thoroughly cooked foods to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses and parasitic infections while experiencing global cuisine.', 'Viruses are defined as obligate intracellular parasites, requiring a host cell to reproduce, and their distinct characteristics as compared to other biological entities are emphasized.', "The categorization of viruses into RNA and DNA-based, with RNA viruses being termed as 'relics' and DNA viruses as conservative, is explained, showcasing the evolutionary differences between the two.", 'The evolutionary speed and adaptability of RNA viruses in contrast to the conservative nature of DNA viruses, along with their respective error thresholds and implications for infectivity, are discussed.', 'The terrifying nature of rabies, which leads to 70,000 deaths annually, unless vaccinated, making it the most lethal virus, with the ability of post-exposure vaccination to treat the illness.', 'The distinction between active and passive behavior in viruses, cautioning against anthropomorphizing viruses and highlighting the importance of understanding their behavior without human bias.', 'The entry mechanisms of viruses into host cells, including specific receptor binding and methods used by fungi and plant viruses to bypass the host cell wall, such as living inside yeast forever and being introduced into plants through pests or contaminated farm equipment.', 'The immunization of various animals in the wild, such as chickens, pigs, cows, farmed fish, and horses, to prevent diseases like rabies, Hendra, and MERS coronavirus, with the aim of protecting valuable livestock and preventing spillovers into humans.', 'The development and challenges of an Ebola vaccine, its limited testing in comparison to COVID vaccines, and the potential effectiveness and safety concerns.', 'The potential impact of plant viruses on altering insect behavior, particularly in attracting and repulsing aphids to spread the virus, and the broader implications for understanding virus-host interactions.']}, {'end': 4922.036, 'segs': [{'end': 3798.212, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3765.196, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3767.377, 'text': 'You know, you have black, bloody diarrhea.', 'start': 3765.196, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 3768.197, 'text': "You're vomiting.", 'start': 3767.397, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 3772.839, 'text': "You're bleeding from your skin and mucous membranes.", 'start': 3768.257, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 3774.06, 'text': "You're not walking around.", 'start': 3772.859, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 3775.44, 'text': "You're not going to parties.", 'start': 3774.08, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 3782.083, 'text': "So I think that's part of it, that if the infection is too lethal, you're simply not a good transmitter.", 'start': 3775.5, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 3792.407, 'text': 'And I think transmission is probably one of the most powerful selection forces for viruses because a virus always has to find a new host.', 'start': 3782.603, 'duration': 9.804}, {'end': 3798.212, 'text': "If it doesn't, it's a startup that fails, right? If it doesn't find a new host, it's gone.", 'start': 3792.828, 'duration': 5.384}], 'summary': 'Severe symptoms limit virus transmission, impacting its survival.', 'duration': 33.016, 'max_score': 3765.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU3765196.jpg'}, {'end': 4133.067, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4004.005, 'weight': 0.909, 'content': [{'end': 4009.673, 'text': 'and eventually the virus is becoming super dangerous and threatening all of human civilization,', 'start': 4004.005, 'duration': 5.668}, {'end': 4014.159, 'text': 'will force it to become a multi-planetary species and its organism starts expanding.', 'start': 4009.673, 'duration': 4.486}, {'end': 4015.921, 'text': "So I think it's a feature, not a bug.", 'start': 4014.179, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 4016.602, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 4015.941, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 4029.348, 'text': "Well, I think that we have, we're studying viruses since 1900, right? Most of that time was because of diseases they caused.", 'start': 4017.524, 'duration': 11.824}, {'end': 4038.71, 'text': 'The first viruses discovered yellow fever virus, smallpox, polio virus, influenza virus.', 'start': 4029.708, 'duration': 9.002}, {'end': 4043.931, 'text': "those were all because people got sick and they said oh look, this is a virus that's associated with it.", 'start': 4038.71, 'duration': 5.221}, {'end': 4051.634, 'text': 'And so we got good at learning how to take care of these infections, making vaccines and so forth over the years.', 'start': 4044.611, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 4058.257, 'text': "And it's only in the last 20 years that we recognize that there are more viruses out there that are far more interesting, perhaps,", 'start': 4051.674, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 4060.778, 'text': "but we've learned how to deal with the bad ones, for sure.", 'start': 4058.257, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 4062.839, 'text': 'So we talked about what is a virus.', 'start': 4061.158, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 4066.741, 'text': 'We talked about some of the most dangerous and deadly viruses.', 'start': 4063.499, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 4071.565, 'text': 'Can we zoom in and talk about COVID-19 virus? Sure.', 'start': 4067.102, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 4080.231, 'text': "I don't know what your preferred name is, but- Well, the virus is SARS-CoV-2, which is hard, it's long, right? And then COVID-19 is the disease.", 'start': 4071.665, 'duration': 8.566}, {'end': 4083.133, 'text': "So you could say the virus of COVID-19, that's fine.", 'start': 4080.471, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 4084.454, 'text': 'The virus of COVID-19.', 'start': 4083.333, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4087.976, 'text': "But for the purpose of this conversation, we'll every once in a while just say COVID.", 'start': 4084.714, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 4089.658, 'text': "It's fine, no problem.", 'start': 4088.277, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 4092.48, 'text': 'What is this virus from..', 'start': 4090.638, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 4096.537, 'text': "I don't know how many ways we can talk about it.", 'start': 4094.335, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 4105.125, 'text': 'I think, from a basic structural, like the very end structure, biological structure perspective.', 'start': 4096.676, 'duration': 8.449}, {'end': 4107.367, 'text': 'what is it? What are its variants?', 'start': 4105.125, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 4111.691, 'text': 'Can you describe the basics, the important characteristics of the virus?', 'start': 4108.108, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 4117.455, 'text': 'So viruses are classified by humans just to make it easier to keep track of them right?', 'start': 4112.091, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 4127.763, 'text': 'So this is a coronavirus, which is because when they were first discovered, I think the first ones were animal coronaviruses.', 'start': 4118.316, 'duration': 9.447}, {'end': 4131.765, 'text': 'They looked at them in the electron microscope and it looked like the solar corona.', 'start': 4128.542, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 4133.067, 'text': "And that's all there is to it.", 'start': 4131.986, 'duration': 1.081}], 'summary': 'Study of viruses has evolved, leading to recognition of new viruses like sars-cov-2; covid-19 is a result of this virus.', 'duration': 129.062, 'max_score': 4004.005, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU4004005.jpg'}, {'end': 4271.321, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4243.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4248.332, 'text': 'And what they did afterwards is they said, okay, it looks like it came from the meat markets.', 'start': 4243.089, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 4252.714, 'text': 'They have live meat markets in Guangzhou, in the south of China,', 'start': 4248.352, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 4257.136, 'text': 'where you can go and pick out an animal and the guy will slaughter it for you and give it to you.', 'start': 4252.714, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 4258.596, 'text': "And then, of course, there's blood everywhere.", 'start': 4257.176, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 4260.557, 'text': "And that's how they got infected.", 'start': 4258.636, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 4263.779, 'text': "And they figured out that there's this animal called a palm civet.", 'start': 4260.577, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 4265.739, 'text': 'That was the source of virus.', 'start': 4264.739, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 4271.321, 'text': 'The palm civets are shipped in from the countryside, and the palm civets somehow in the countryside got it from a bat.', 'start': 4265.759, 'duration': 5.562}], 'summary': 'Virus originated from palm civet in live meat markets in guangzhou, south of china.', 'duration': 28.232, 'max_score': 4243.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU4243089.jpg'}, {'end': 4387.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4358.899, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4365.445, 'text': 'This comes from camels and infects people, but probably the camels got it from bats originally some time ago.', 'start': 4358.899, 'duration': 6.546}, {'end': 4369.81, 'text': 'But that never transmits from person to person, very rarely.', 'start': 4366.286, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 4374.334, 'text': 'Every new little outbreak is a new infection from a camel.', 'start': 4370.731, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 4377.257, 'text': 'So that was 2012.', 'start': 4375.515, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 4381.862, 'text': 'And now here we are, 2019, the new outbreak of respiratory disease in China.', 'start': 4377.257, 'duration': 4.605}, {'end': 4387.752, 'text': 'And this one really goes all over the world, where SARS-1 could not.', 'start': 4382.968, 'duration': 4.784}], 'summary': 'Respiratory disease outbreak in china, possibly from camels and bats, now spreading globally.', 'duration': 28.853, 'max_score': 4358.899, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU4358899.jpg'}, {'end': 4870.418, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4843.01, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4846.773, 'text': 'to attack various structural parts of the virus and the functional parts of the virus.', 'start': 4843.01, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 4849.435, 'text': 'Right You have to decide on a target.', 'start': 4847.073, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 4860.027, 'text': "Like I'm gonna make an antiviral, what am I gonna target in the virus? And there are few things that make more sense than others.", 'start': 4850.556, 'duration': 9.471}, {'end': 4862.47, 'text': 'Usually we like to target enzymes.', 'start': 4860.548, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 4867.796, 'text': "I don't know if you remember your biochemistry, but enzymes are catalytic.", 'start': 4863.373, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 4870.418, 'text': "You don't need a lot of them to do a lot of things.", 'start': 4867.816, 'duration': 2.602}], 'summary': 'Developing antivirals involves targeting specific parts of the virus, such as enzymes, to disrupt its function.', 'duration': 27.408, 'max_score': 4843.01, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU4843010.jpg'}], 'start': 3576.641, 'title': 'Funding translational research', 'summary': 'Emphasizes funding research based on lab quality and track record, showcasing technologies like pcr, crispr, and recombinant dna. it discusses virus transmissibility and lethality, using sars-1 and sars-2 as examples, and the origins of coronavirus research, highlighting potential antiviral drug molnupiravir and the manipulation of rna viruses for vaccine development.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3612.981, 'start': 3576.641, 'title': 'Funding translational research', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of funding research based on the quality of the lab and track record rather than specifying goals, highlighting the role of this approach in the development of groundbreaking technologies like pcr, crispr, and recombinant dna.', 'duration': 36.34, 'highlights': ['Funding based on lab quality and track record is more effective than specifying goals like curing diseases, leading to the development of groundbreaking technologies like PCR, CRISPR, and recombinant DNA.', 'PCR, CRISPR, and recombinant DNA, which have revolutionized the field, were not developed with the specific goal of curing genetic diseases but stemmed from understanding repeated elements in bacteria.']}, {'end': 4243.029, 'start': 3614.762, 'title': 'Virus transmissibility and lethality', 'summary': 'Discusses the factors influencing virus transmissibility and lethality, using sars-1 and sars-2 as examples, highlighting the impact of pre-symptomatic shedding, transmission dynamics, and evolutionary pressures on viruses, as well as the case of myxoma virus in australian rabbits, and the implications of human behavior on virus spread and innovation.', 'duration': 628.267, 'highlights': ['SARS-2 has a lot of reproduction just before symptoms appear, leading to high pre-symptomatic shedding and transmission, with many people remaining asymptomatic, explaining its high transmissibility. The high level of reproductive activity and pre-symptomatic shedding of SARS-2 contributes to its high transmissibility, with many individuals remaining asymptomatic carriers.', 'SARS-1 had a higher lethality rate, with over half of infected individuals ending up in the hospital, but with less pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic shedding, making it easier to contain the infection. SARS-1 had a higher lethality rate and less pre-symptomatic shedding, making it easier to contain the infection despite a higher hospitalization rate.', 'The myxoma virus used in Australia to control rabbit population evolved to become less lethal and more transmissible over time, demonstrating the impact of evolutionary pressures on virus characteristics. The case of myxoma virus in Australian rabbits illustrates the impact of evolutionary pressures on virus characteristics, with the virus evolving to become less lethal and more transmissible over time.', 'Human behavior, such as living in larger populations and global travel, has facilitated the increased transmissibility of viruses, leading to the need for human innovation and adaptation in response to virus threats. Human behavior, including living in larger populations and global travel, has facilitated increased virus transmissibility, necessitating human innovation and adaptation in response to virus threats.']}, {'end': 4525.817, 'start': 4243.089, 'title': 'Origins of coronavirus research', 'summary': 'Discusses the origins of the sars and mers outbreaks, the missed opportunities in vaccine and drug development, and the challenges of studying the functional differences in the coronavirus, highlighting the potential antiviral drug, molnupiravir, and the need for better animal models for research.', 'duration': 282.728, 'highlights': ['The palm civets from the countryside were identified as the source of the SARS virus, obtained from a bat, and the viruses were found in a cave, providing the first hint of bats carrying coronaviruses that can infect people.', 'The missed opportunities in developing vaccines and antiviral drugs post-SARS and the short-sightedness of industry and funding agencies, leading to the unpreparedness for the subsequent outbreaks, including the 2019 coronavirus pandemic.', 'The discussion on the potential antiviral drug, molnupiravir, being in phase three and its development five years prior, emphasizing the missed opportunities in bringing it into human trials and its potential impact on the current pandemic.', 'The challenges in studying the functional differences of the coronavirus, including the need for better animal models for research, and the limited insights into severe and fatal COVID-19 cases due to the lack of animal models exhibiting similar disease patterns to humans.']}, {'end': 4922.036, 'start': 4526.658, 'title': 'Manipulating rna viruses', 'summary': 'Discusses the manipulation of rna viruses through reverse transcription and dna modification, enabling the study and modification of rna viruses like poliovirus and sars-cov-2, with a particular focus on creating vaccines and antiviral drugs.', 'duration': 395.378, 'highlights': ['Reverse transcription enables the manipulation of RNA viruses, such as creating a DNA copy of poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2, allowing for modifications and experiments. Reverse transcription allows for the manipulation of RNA viruses like poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2, enabling the creation of DNA copies for modifications and experiments.', 'DNA can be modified to study and modify RNA viruses, with the example of creating a DNA copy of poliovirus and experimenting with modifications. DNA from RNA viruses like poliovirus can be modified and studied, as demonstrated by creating a DNA copy of poliovirus and conducting experiments with modifications.', 'The ability to modify RNA viruses has led to advancements in studying their properties, creating vaccines, and developing antiviral drugs. The capability to modify RNA viruses has facilitated advancements in studying their properties, developing vaccines, and creating antiviral drugs.', 'The process of reverse transcription and DNA modification has revolutionized the study and modification of RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Reverse transcription and DNA modification have revolutionized the study and modification of RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.', 'The focus on creating vaccines and antiviral drugs involves studying and targeting specific structural and functional parts of the virus, such as enzymes. Creating vaccines and antiviral drugs involves studying and targeting specific structural and functional parts of the virus, such as enzymes.']}], 'duration': 1345.395, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU3576641.jpg', 'highlights': ['Funding based on lab quality and track record is more effective than specifying goals like curing diseases, leading to the development of groundbreaking technologies like PCR, CRISPR, and recombinant DNA.', 'SARS-2 has a lot of reproduction just before symptoms appear, leading to high pre-symptomatic shedding and transmission, with many people remaining asymptomatic, explaining its high transmissibility.', 'The palm civets from the countryside were identified as the source of the SARS virus, obtained from a bat, and the viruses were found in a cave, providing the first hint of bats carrying coronaviruses that can infect people.', 'Reverse transcription enables the manipulation of RNA viruses, such as creating a DNA copy of poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2, allowing for modifications and experiments.']}, {'end': 6657.127, 'segs': [{'end': 5919.81, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5895.494, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5901.278, 'text': 'The only one that has had an issue is the polio replication competent vaccine.', 'start': 5895.494, 'duration': 5.784}, {'end': 5908.503, 'text': 'It was called Sabin vaccine or oral polio virus vaccine because you take it orally.', 'start': 5901.338, 'duration': 7.165}, {'end': 5911.125, 'text': "It's wonderful because you don't have to inject it.", 'start': 5908.943, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 5917.909, 'text': 'This is the perfect delivery, you know, either intranasal for a respiratory virus or orally for polio.', 'start': 5911.425, 'duration': 6.484}, {'end': 5919.01, 'text': 'It goes into your intestines.', 'start': 5917.929, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 5919.81, 'text': 'It reproduces.', 'start': 5919.05, 'duration': 0.76}], 'summary': 'The sabin vaccine, a polio replication competent vaccine, is taken orally and reproduces in the intestines.', 'duration': 24.316, 'max_score': 5895.494, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU5895494.jpg'}, {'end': 6022.463, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6001.729, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6015.458, 'text': "Okay, so the basic high-level how vaccines work principle is you want to deploy something in the body that's as close to the actual virus as possible but doesn't do nearly as much harm.", 'start': 6001.729, 'duration': 13.729}, {'end': 6015.838, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 6015.478, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 6019.661, 'text': "And there's like a million, not a million, but there's a bunch of ways you could possibly do that.", 'start': 6015.878, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 6020.521, 'text': 'So those are two ways.', 'start': 6019.681, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 6022.463, 'text': 'And now, of course, we have modern ways we can make.', 'start': 6020.561, 'duration': 1.902}], 'summary': 'Vaccines work by deploying harmless virus-like substances into the body to build immunity.', 'duration': 20.734, 'max_score': 6001.729, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU6001729.jpg'}, {'end': 6186.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6157.631, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6162.234, 'text': 'Yeah, in fact, we have about a dozen different virus vectors that have been studied for 20 years.', 'start': 6157.631, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 6166.297, 'text': "And those are the set of vaccine vectors that we're using.", 'start': 6162.955, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 6173.943, 'text': "So it includes adenovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, which is a cousin of rabies, but doesn't make people sick.", 'start': 6166.337, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 6180.187, 'text': 'Influenza virus is being used as a vector, and even measles virus.', 'start': 6175.464, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 6186.812, 'text': "So we're familiar with how to modify those to be vectors, and those are being used for COVID vaccines.", 'start': 6180.227, 'duration': 6.585}], 'summary': 'A dozen virus vectors studied for 20 years are being used for covid vaccines.', 'duration': 29.181, 'max_score': 6157.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU6157631.jpg'}, {'end': 6345.699, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6316.334, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6322.279, 'text': "one of the great things about you is you're able to say when you're wrong about intuitions you've had in the past,", 'start': 6316.334, 'duration': 5.945}, {'end': 6324.02, 'text': 'which is a beautiful thing for a scientist.', 'start': 6322.279, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 6331.166, 'text': "But, you know, I still think it's very surprising that something like that works, right? Yeah, I am surprised.", 'start': 6325.201, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 6335.63, 'text': "So you're just launching RNA in a protective membrane.", 'start': 6331.446, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 6345.699, 'text': 'Yeah And then, now, one thing is surprising that the RNA sort of lasts long enough in its structure.', 'start': 6335.65, 'duration': 10.049}], 'summary': "Scientist admits surprise at rna's longevity in protective membrane.", 'duration': 29.365, 'max_score': 6316.334, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU6316334.jpg'}, {'end': 6617.241, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6587.302, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6587.942, 'text': "then it's gone.", 'start': 6587.302, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 6591.765, 'text': "So that's a good thing because it's not gonna be around forever.", 'start': 6588.763, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 6594.346, 'text': 'So that would say okay.', 'start': 6593.065, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 6598.309, 'text': "so it's sticking around for your lifetime is not happening.", 'start': 6594.346, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 6599.51, 'text': 'but what else could happen?', 'start': 6598.309, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 6603.152, 'text': "Well, let's see the protein that's made.", 'start': 6600.07, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 6604.253, 'text': 'could that be an issue??', 'start': 6603.152, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 6608.509, 'text': "And again, proteins don't last forever.", 'start': 6605.385, 'duration': 3.124}, {'end': 6611.814, 'text': 'They have a finite longevity in the body.', 'start': 6608.529, 'duration': 3.285}, {'end': 6617.241, 'text': 'And this one also lasts perhaps at the best a few weeks.', 'start': 6612.755, 'duration': 4.486}], 'summary': 'Proteins have finite longevity in the body, lasting at most a few weeks.', 'duration': 29.939, 'max_score': 6587.302, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU6587302.jpg'}], 'start': 4922.897, 'title': 'Influenza vs coronavirus: differences and dangers', 'summary': 'Explains the differences between influenza and coronavirus, highlighting rna structure, infectious cycle, and pandemic potential. it also discusses flu vaccine limitations, with 60% efficiency, challenges of symptom reporting for trials, and vaccine development technologies, including mrna and vector vaccines.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5446.012, 'start': 4922.897, 'title': 'Influenza vs coronavirus: differences and dangers', 'summary': 'Explains the differences between the influenza virus family and the coronavirus family, highlighting the rna structure, infectious cycle, and pandemic potential of each, while also discussing the challenges of vaccine development for influenza viruses.', 'duration': 523.115, 'highlights': ['Influenza viruses have segmented, negative RNA, allowing for high frequency evolution and pandemics, posing a potential danger to humans. The segmented, negative RNA structure of influenza viruses enables high frequency evolution and the potential for pandemics, making them a significant threat to human health.', 'The infectious cycle of influenza viruses involves the need for the virus to carry in plus RNA, which is not present in the host cell, posing a challenge for translation. Influenza viruses require the carrying of plus RNA into the host cell, as the cell lacks the enzyme to make plus RNA from the minus RNA, presenting a challenge for the translation process.', 'The chapter discusses the challenges of developing strong vaccines for the influenza virus due to the difficulty in eliminating them from humans and the variability of efficacy. The difficulty in eradicating influenza viruses from humans, coupled with the variability in vaccine efficacy due to non-100% vaccination rates, presents challenges in developing strong vaccines for the influenza virus.', 'The old school method of influenza vaccine production involves growing the virus in eggs and treating it with formaldehyde for inactivation, which is still used today. The traditional method of influenza vaccine production, involving virus growth in eggs and inactivation with formaldehyde, continues to be utilized, albeit requiring a substantial amount of eggs for production.']}, {'end': 5663.427, 'start': 5446.313, 'title': 'Flu vaccine efficiency and symptom reporting', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of flu vaccines, with a maximum efficiency of 60%, and the challenges of relying on symptom reporting for vaccine trials, highlighting the distinction between signs and symptoms and the cultural influence on symptom reporting.', 'duration': 217.114, 'highlights': ['The flu vaccines currently in use are based on inactivated virus vaccines, which have a maximum efficiency of 60% at preventing influenza.', 'Vaccine trials rely on symptom reporting to assess effectiveness, but the distinction between signs and symptoms and cultural influences can lead to imprecise results.', 'Symptoms are what individuals feel, while signs are measurable indicators of infection, and cultural attitudes can affect the reporting of symptoms in vaccine trials.']}, {'end': 6657.127, 'start': 5664.268, 'title': 'Vaccine development and technology', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of individual variability in experiencing vaccine symptoms, the historical development of vaccines, the safety and efficacy of different types of vaccines, and the innovative approaches of mrna and vector vaccines. it also addresses the skepticism towards mrna vaccines and the safety concerns regarding its potential impact, offering both perspectives on its safety and efficacy.', 'duration': 992.859, 'highlights': ['mRNA and vector vaccines are modern approaches to vaccine development, offering potential benefits in treating diseases such as cancer and monogenic diseases. mRNA and vector vaccines represent modern approaches to vaccine development and have the potential to cure monogenic diseases and cancers in 10 to 15 years.', 'The historical development of vaccines, including the yellow fever and polio vaccines, showcases the empirical and replication-competent methods used in early vaccine development. The historical development of vaccines, such as the yellow fever and polio vaccines, illustrates the empirical and replication-competent methods used in their development, emphasizing the safety and efficacy of replication-competent vaccines.', "The safety concerns and skeptics' hesitancy towards mRNA vaccines revolve around its novelty and potential impact on the body, including its longevity, protein production, and distribution in the body. The safety concerns and skeptics' hesitancy towards mRNA vaccines revolve around its novelty and potential impact on the body, including its longevity, protein production, and distribution in the body, offering both perspectives on its safety and efficacy.", 'The impact of individual variability in experiencing vaccine symptoms is discussed, highlighting the influence of expectations and mind-body interaction on self-reporting of symptoms. The impact of individual variability in experiencing vaccine symptoms is discussed, emphasizing the influence of expectations and mind-body interaction on self-reporting of symptoms after vaccination.']}], 'duration': 1734.23, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU4922897.jpg', 'highlights': ['Influenza viruses have segmented, negative RNA, enabling high frequency evolution and pandemics, posing a significant threat to human health.', 'mRNA and vector vaccines represent modern approaches to vaccine development, offering potential benefits in treating diseases such as cancer and monogenic diseases.', 'The flu vaccines currently in use are based on inactivated virus vaccines, with a maximum efficiency of 60% at preventing influenza.', 'The historical development of vaccines, such as the yellow fever and polio vaccines, illustrates the empirical and replication-competent methods used in their development, emphasizing the safety and efficacy of replication-competent vaccines.', 'Vaccine trials rely on symptom reporting to assess effectiveness, but the distinction between signs and symptoms and cultural influences can lead to imprecise results.', 'The old school method of influenza vaccine production involves growing the virus in eggs and treating it with formaldehyde for inactivation, which is still used today.']}, {'end': 7479.549, 'segs': [{'end': 6701.212, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6677.192, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6685.335, 'text': "So I think, at the levels that we're using in people, most of it's staying in the muscle, but sure small amounts go elsewhere.", 'start': 6677.192, 'duration': 8.143}, {'end': 6692.597, 'text': "Could there be a lot of harm caused if it goes elsewhere? Like let's say ridiculously high quantities.", 'start': 6686.575, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 6701.212, 'text': "I'm trying to understand what is the damage that could be done from an RNA just floating about? So the RNA itself is not going to be a problem.", 'start': 6693.417, 'duration': 7.795}], 'summary': 'Rna mainly stays in muscle, minimal migration. high quantities could cause harm.', 'duration': 24.02, 'max_score': 6677.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU6677192.jpg'}, {'end': 7291.387, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7223.829, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7235.062, 'text': 'So I can look at, As we just said, I can look at what might happen and I can make reasonable decisions about the likelihood of them happening.', 'start': 7223.829, 'duration': 11.233}, {'end': 7241.707, 'text': "And I can also say, I don't want to get COVID of any kind because I've seen how nasty it can be.", 'start': 7235.182, 'duration': 6.525}, {'end': 7247.011, 'text': "And I decide I'm taking the risk, whatever small of a long-term effect, I'm going to take the risk.", 'start': 7241.807, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 7249.793, 'text': 'My family took the risk and many other people did.', 'start': 7247.051, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 7250.834, 'text': 'Of a vaccine.', 'start': 7250.073, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 7251.875, 'text': 'Of getting vaccinated.', 'start': 7250.934, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 7256.52, 'text': "because I think it's very small, but I understand where people can't make that decision.", 'start': 7252.495, 'duration': 4.025}, {'end': 7261.065, 'text': 'And that begs the question what would they need to make a decision?', 'start': 7256.94, 'duration': 4.125}, {'end': 7268.318, 'text': "So if you're concerned about an effect in 40 years, We're not going to know for 40 years.", 'start': 7261.325, 'duration': 6.993}, {'end': 7275.941, 'text': 'Yeah. So I think, if I were to speak, cause I spoke, I talked to, like I mentioned offline to Joe Rogan and his podcast yesterday,', 'start': 7269.218, 'duration': 6.723}, {'end': 7277.702, 'text': 'I talked to him all the time about this.', 'start': 7275.941, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 7288.506, 'text': 'I think the concern is less about the uh long-term effects like on paper.', 'start': 7278.802, 'duration': 9.704}, {'end': 7291.387, 'text': "it's more about the the like.", 'start': 7288.506, 'duration': 2.881}], 'summary': 'Evaluating covid risk and vaccination decisions, considering long-term effects and uncertainties.', 'duration': 67.558, 'max_score': 7223.829, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7223829.jpg'}, {'end': 7383.523, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7360.767, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7368.132, 'text': "If they're speaking from authority like this, if everyone is in agreement like this, that means they all have emails between each other.", 'start': 7360.767, 'duration': 7.365}, {'end': 7371.295, 'text': "They said, we're gonna tell this, this is the message we're gonna tell the public.", 'start': 7368.152, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 7374.457, 'text': 'Then what is the truth? the actual truth.', 'start': 7371.855, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 7376.778, 'text': "Maybe there's a much bigger uncertainty.", 'start': 7374.877, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 7383.523, 'text': "Maybe there's dead people in the basement that they're hiding from bad mRNA vaccine experiments.", 'start': 7377.238, 'duration': 6.285}], 'summary': 'Uncertain claims about hidden emails, truth, and vaccine experiments.', 'duration': 22.756, 'max_score': 7360.767, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7360767.jpg'}, {'end': 7470.564, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7437.47, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7439.772, 'text': "But that's one solution for people who are able.", 'start': 7437.47, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 7443.414, 'text': "Now you could argue, well, maybe they've left data out.", 'start': 7440.432, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 7447.155, 'text': "Well, then not even I can help because then they're hiding it from me too.", 'start': 7443.454, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 7448.556, 'text': "And I think that's highly unlikely.", 'start': 7447.195, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 7457.562, 'text': "I think for the most part, the FDA requires the release of all the clinical trial data, right? So this clinical trial data, that's one thing.", 'start': 7448.596, 'duration': 8.966}, {'end': 7463.708, 'text': "So that's the data that we should be focusing on, right? So there's a lot of different data sets here.", 'start': 7457.642, 'duration': 6.066}, {'end': 7470.564, 'text': "So there's preclinical data, which is everything that was done in the lab before this vaccine ever went into a human arm.", 'start': 7464.181, 'duration': 6.383}], 'summary': 'Fda requires release of clinical trial data; includes preclinical data from lab tests.', 'duration': 33.094, 'max_score': 7437.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7437470.jpg'}], 'start': 6657.227, 'title': 'Mrna vaccine safety and long-term effects', 'summary': 'Delves into the safety and mechanism of mrna vaccines, emphasizing safety testing through phase one, two, and three trials with millions showing no significant adverse effects. it also discusses the lack of evidence on long-term vaccine effects, the importance of long-term experiments, and the uncertainties surrounding comparisons of vaccine and virus long-term effects.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6829.374, 'start': 6657.227, 'title': 'Mrna vaccine safety and mechanism', 'summary': 'Discusses the safety and mechanism of mrna vaccines, including their distribution in the body, potential harm, and the modification of spike proteins to prevent fusion, as well as the safety testing through phase one, phase two, and phase three trials, with millions of people not showing significant adverse effects.', 'duration': 172.147, 'highlights': ["mRNA vaccines were tested in mice at a thousand times higher concentrations than in humans, with nanoparticles found in every tissue of the mouse, indicating potential widespread distribution in the body. The experiment in mice showed that a thousand fold higher concentration of mRNA vaccines resulted in widespread distribution of nanoparticles in the mouse's tissues, suggesting potential distribution in the human body.", 'The mRNA codes for spike proteins, which have the potential to cause fusion of cells, but modifications were made to prevent fusion in the mRNA vaccine. The mRNA codes for spike proteins, which have the potential to cause fusion of cells, but modifications in the mRNA vaccine were made to prevent fusion, ensuring safety.', 'Safety testing through phase one, phase two, and phase three trials involving millions of people did not show significant adverse effects, such as myocarditis and clotting issues seen with other vaccines in the first couple of months. Phase one, phase two, and phase three trials involving millions of people did not show significant adverse effects, such as myocarditis and clotting issues seen with other vaccines in the first couple of months, indicating safety.']}, {'end': 7078.686, 'start': 6829.374, 'title': 'Long-term vaccine effects', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of evidence on the long-term effects of vaccines, the importance of long-term experiments, and the uncertainties surrounding the comparison of vaccine and virus long-term effects.', 'duration': 249.312, 'highlights': ["Long-term effects of COVID vaccines are uncertain as there hasn't been a long-term experiment, creating a risk-benefit calculation. The chapter emphasizes the uncertainty regarding the long-term effects of COVID vaccines due to the absence of long-term experiments, leading to the necessity of a risk-benefit calculation.", 'Comparing the long-term effects of the virus and the vaccine involves building intuition and making judgments based on available evidence. The discussion highlights the challenge of comparing the long-term effects of the virus and the vaccine, requiring the development of intuition and the need to make judgments based on the available evidence.', 'The uncertainty surrounding long-term vaccine effects is likened to the skepticism about the long-term consequences of consuming certain products, emphasizing the need for caution and further research. The chapter draws parallels between the skepticism about the long-term consequences of consuming certain products and the uncertainty surrounding long-term vaccine effects, emphasizing the need for caution and further research.']}, {'end': 7479.549, 'start': 7079.127, 'title': 'Polio vaccine history and public trust', 'summary': 'Discusses the history of the polio vaccine, highlighting the initial setbacks and challenges, the impact on public trust, and the current concerns about transparency and long-term effects, while emphasizing the availability of public data to address these concerns.', 'duration': 400.422, 'highlights': ["The initial release of the Salk vaccine in 1955 led to a few hundred cases of paralysis in kids due to improper inactivation, despite the urgent need for a polio vaccine to address the 30,000 annual cases of paralysis. The Salk vaccine's release in 1955 resulted in a few hundred cases of paralysis in children due to improper inactivation, despite the pressing need for a polio vaccine to address the 30,000 annual cases of paralysis.", "The impact of the initial setbacks on public trust and the medical establishment's failure to make necessary corrections have had lasting implications, leading to concerns about transparency and authenticity in the current context of vaccine decision-making. The lasting impact of the initial setbacks on public trust and the medical establishment's failure to make necessary corrections have raised concerns about transparency and authenticity in the current context of vaccine decision-making.", 'The availability of public data and the emphasis on the release of all clinical trial data by the FDA provide potential solutions to address concerns about transparency and long-term effects of vaccines. The availability of public data, including the release of all clinical trial data by the FDA, offers potential solutions to address concerns about transparency and long-term effects of vaccines.']}], 'duration': 822.322, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU6657227.jpg', 'highlights': ['Safety testing through phase one, phase two, and phase three trials involving millions of people did not show significant adverse effects, such as myocarditis and clotting issues seen with other vaccines in the first couple of months, indicating safety.', 'The mRNA codes for spike proteins, which have the potential to cause fusion of cells, but modifications in the mRNA vaccine were made to prevent fusion, ensuring safety.', "The experiment in mice showed that a thousand fold higher concentration of mRNA vaccines resulted in widespread distribution of nanoparticles in the mouse's tissues, suggesting potential distribution in the human body.", 'The chapter emphasizes the uncertainty regarding the long-term effects of COVID vaccines due to the absence of long-term experiments, leading to the necessity of a risk-benefit calculation.', 'The discussion highlights the challenge of comparing the long-term effects of the virus and the vaccine, requiring the development of intuition and the need to make judgments based on the available evidence.', 'The chapter draws parallels between the skepticism about the long-term consequences of consuming certain products and the uncertainty surrounding long-term vaccine effects, emphasizing the need for caution and further research.', "The Salk vaccine's release in 1955 resulted in a few hundred cases of paralysis in children due to improper inactivation, despite the pressing need for a polio vaccine to address the 30,000 annual cases of paralysis.", "The lasting impact of the initial setbacks on public trust and the medical establishment's failure to make necessary corrections have raised concerns about transparency and authenticity in the current context of vaccine decision-making.", 'The availability of public data, including the release of all clinical trial data by the FDA, offers potential solutions to address concerns about transparency and long-term effects of vaccines.']}, {'end': 8210.053, 'segs': [{'end': 7749.342, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7724.658, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7732.243, 'text': "There has to be a solution that people don't have this mistrust for a company making huge profits off of a drug.", 'start': 7724.658, 'duration': 7.585}, {'end': 7733.823, 'text': "But you know what? It's funny.", 'start': 7732.423, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 7744.256, 'text': 'It seems that vaccines and antivirals bear the brunt of this criticism, yet there are many other pharmaceuticals that people rely on of all sorts.', 'start': 7735.064, 'duration': 9.192}, {'end': 7749.342, 'text': "They don't seem to question and have issues with those, and they have far more side effects than vaccines and antivirals.", 'start': 7744.356, 'duration': 4.986}], 'summary': 'Mistrust in pharma profits, despite fewer side effects in vaccines and antivirals.', 'duration': 24.684, 'max_score': 7724.658, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7724658.jpg'}, {'end': 7861.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7827.97, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7841.377, 'text': 'Yeah, but that largely has to do not largely, but there is an individualistic spirit, you know, to the American people.', 'start': 7827.97, 'duration': 13.407}, {'end': 7844.979, 'text': "There's this, like, you're not gonna take my gun away from me.", 'start': 7841.417, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 7855.605, 'text': "You're not going, and I think that, you know, That's something that makes America what it is.", 'start': 7845.52, 'duration': 10.085}, {'end': 7861.288, 'text': "Just coming from the Soviet Union, there's a power to sort of resisting the overreach of government.", 'start': 7856.085, 'duration': 5.203}], 'summary': 'American individualistic spirit includes resistance to government overreach, such as protecting the right to bear arms.', 'duration': 33.318, 'max_score': 7827.97, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7827970.jpg'}, {'end': 7985.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7956.207, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7962.57, 'text': "When you're trying to present scientific ideas and then there's conspiracy theories, the conspiracy theories become much viral much faster.", 'start': 7956.207, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 7965.611, 'text': "And then you're not just having a discussion on level ground.", 'start': 7962.93, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 7971.053, 'text': "That's the frustrating part, that it's not an even discussion.", 'start': 7968.012, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 7973.003, 'text': 'Can I just say one more thing?', 'start': 7971.903, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 7977.005, 'text': "So I mean the internet is here to stay, so we're gonna have to figure out how to deal with it right?", 'start': 7973.043, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 7985.268, 'text': 'But from my perspective, I was skeptical that these mRNA vaccine, that any COVID vaccine, would be ready within a year.', 'start': 7977.305, 'duration': 7.963}], 'summary': "Conspiracy theories spread faster than scientific ideas, causing uneven discussions. internet's permanence demands effective management.", 'duration': 29.061, 'max_score': 7956.207, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7956207.jpg'}, {'end': 8055.334, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8027.754, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8033.718, 'text': "So it's unfortunate that we can't celebrate how amazing humans are to come up with this vaccine.", 'start': 8027.754, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 8036.08, 'text': 'Now, this vaccine might have long-term effects.', 'start': 8034.138, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 8039.162, 'text': "That doesn't mean this is not incredible.", 'start': 8037.341, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 8050.312, 'text': "Why couldn't you celebrate? Because I would love to inspire the world with the amazing things science can do.", 'start': 8042.629, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 8055.334, 'text': "And when you say something about the vaccines, they're not listening to the science.", 'start': 8051.513, 'duration': 3.821}], 'summary': 'Despite concerns, the vaccine showcases human ingenuity in science, yet some are not receptive to its benefits.', 'duration': 27.58, 'max_score': 8027.754, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8027754.jpg'}, {'end': 8185.457, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8155.154, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8166.063, 'text': 'So the core of the problem is the several characteristics of the way he was communicating to the public.', 'start': 8155.154, 'duration': 10.909}, {'end': 8168.845, 'text': 'So one is the general inauthenticity.', 'start': 8166.604, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 8174.529, 'text': "Two is a thing that it's very hard to put into words,", 'start': 8170.366, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 8181.034, 'text': "but there's certain ways of speaking to people that sounds like you're hiding something from them.", 'start': 8174.529, 'duration': 6.505}, {'end': 8183.015, 'text': "That sounds like you're full of shit.", 'start': 8181.714, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 8185.457, 'text': "That's the authenticity piece.", 'start': 8184.056, 'duration': 1.401}], 'summary': 'The problem lies in the inauthentic communication that sounds like hiding something or being insincere.', 'duration': 30.303, 'max_score': 8155.154, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8155154.jpg'}], 'start': 7480.029, 'title': 'Vaccine development and healthcare challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses financial incentives for vaccine makers, potential data fabrication, challenges of large-scale trials, impact of for-profit healthcare, potential of nonprofit vaccine production, influence of politics on healthcare, and skepticism surrounding vaccines in the context of the covid-19 pandemic.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7566.185, 'start': 7480.029, 'title': "Vaccine makers' incentives", 'summary': 'Discusses the financial incentives for vaccine makers, the potential for data fabrication, and the difficulty of faking large-scale trials, highlighting the potential for inconsistencies and the challenges of maintaining ethical standards.', 'duration': 86.156, 'highlights': ['Vaccine makers have significant financial incentives, despite public distrust, to produce effective vaccines.', 'Fabricating data for trials is a concern, but inconsistencies in large-scale trials can raise red flags and make it difficult to fake results.', 'The difficulty of faking large-scale trials is compared to the challenge of faking the moon landing, highlighting the complexities involved.', 'Ethical concerns arise due to the financial incentives, leading to the potential for sweeping issues under the rug.', 'Inconsistencies in trial data can indicate potential fabrication, necessitating careful examination of the data.']}, {'end': 8210.053, 'start': 7566.226, 'title': 'Healthcare system and vaccine production', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of for-profit healthcare, the potential of nonprofit vaccine production, the impact of capitalism on vaccine development, the need for an intermediate healthcare system, the influence of politics on healthcare, and the skepticism and conspiracy theories surrounding vaccines, all in the context of the covid-19 pandemic.', 'duration': 643.827, 'highlights': ['The impact of capitalism on vaccine development and production was discussed, with the argument that the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were produced would not have been possible in a non-capitalist system. Discussion on the role of capitalism in the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines.', 'The potential of nonprofit vaccine production institutes was highlighted, emphasizing that with adequate funding and talented staff, vaccine production could be achieved without the need for a for-profit model. Emphasis on the potential of nonprofit vaccine production institutes with talented staff and adequate funding.', 'The challenges of for-profit healthcare and the need for an intermediate healthcare system that minimizes inefficiencies and bureaucracy were discussed. Discussion on the challenges of for-profit healthcare and the need for an intermediate system to minimize inefficiencies and bureaucracy.', 'The influence of politics on healthcare, along with the skepticism and conspiracy theories surrounding vaccines, especially in the context of government mandates, was examined. Examination of the influence of politics on healthcare and the presence of skepticism and conspiracy theories surrounding vaccines, particularly in the context of government mandates.', 'The impact of social media and the internet on the spread of conspiracy theories and the challenges of presenting scientific ideas in an environment where conspiracy theories become viral much faster were highlighted. Discussion on the impact of social media and the internet on the spread of conspiracy theories and the challenges faced in presenting scientific ideas in such an environment.']}], 'duration': 730.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU7480029.jpg', 'highlights': ['Vaccine makers have significant financial incentives, despite public distrust, to produce effective vaccines.', 'Inconsistencies in trial data can indicate potential fabrication, necessitating careful examination of the data.', 'The difficulty of faking large-scale trials is compared to the challenge of faking the moon landing, highlighting the complexities involved.', 'The potential of nonprofit vaccine production institutes was highlighted, emphasizing that with adequate funding and talented staff, vaccine production could be achieved without the need for a for-profit model.', 'The impact of capitalism on vaccine development and production was discussed, with the argument that the speed at which COVID-19 vaccines were produced would not have been possible in a non-capitalist system.']}, {'end': 8945.181, 'segs': [{'end': 8241.718, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8211.534, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8214.596, 'text': 'But contributing to that is speaking from authority.', 'start': 8211.534, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 8223.682, 'text': 'Speaking with authority and confidence where neither is deserved.', 'start': 8215.757, 'duration': 7.925}, {'end': 8229.085, 'text': "So first of all, nobody's in authority on this new virus.", 'start': 8224.602, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 8236.852, 'text': "We're facing a deadly pandemic and especially in the early stages, it was unclear how deadly it would be.", 'start': 8230.187, 'duration': 6.665}, {'end': 8241.718, 'text': "It was unclear, probably still unclear fully how it's transmitted.", 'start': 8236.873, 'duration': 4.845}], 'summary': 'Facing a deadly pandemic, with unclear details on transmission and fatality', 'duration': 30.184, 'max_score': 8211.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8211534.jpg'}, {'end': 8491.333, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8462.776, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8466.619, 'text': "They're related to suffering, human suffering, which you could argue is worse than death.", 'start': 8462.776, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 8468.421, 'text': 'Prolonged suffering.', 'start': 8467.46, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 8471.564, 'text': "There's all of these questions.", 'start': 8468.441, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 8478.948, 'text': 'the fundamental question here is are we overreacting to COVID in our policies?', 'start': 8473.605, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 8482.649, 'text': 'So this is the.', 'start': 8479.388, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 8486.951, 'text': 'when we turn our eye and care about this particular thing and not other things,', 'start': 8482.649, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 8491.333, 'text': "are we dismissing the pain that business owners who've lost their businesses are going to feel?", 'start': 8486.951, 'duration': 4.382}], 'summary': "Debates whether covid policies are causing prolonged suffering and dismissing business owners' pain.", 'duration': 28.557, 'max_score': 8462.776, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8462776.jpg'}, {'end': 8715.185, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8684.488, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8686.328, 'text': "So here's what I think is driving.", 'start': 8684.488, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 8688.369, 'text': "I think it's all about kids.", 'start': 8687.329, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 8693.93, 'text': "because they're going to go back to school in the fall and many of them can't be vaccinated right?", 'start': 8690.287, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 8700.837, 'text': "So if they get infected, they do have less frequency of disease, but it's not zero.", 'start': 8694.05, 'duration': 6.787}, {'end': 8704.64, 'text': 'They do get sick and they can have long-term consequences.', 'start': 8701.277, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 8710.601, 'text': 'And at that age it would be shame, right, and not even their choice.', 'start': 8704.88, 'duration': 5.721}, {'end': 8715.185, 'text': "they can't decide to get vaccinated or not because they can't have access to it.", 'start': 8710.601, 'duration': 4.584}], 'summary': 'Many unvaccinated kids at risk of getting sick and facing long-term consequences, impacting their ability to access vaccines.', 'duration': 30.697, 'max_score': 8684.488, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8684488.jpg'}, {'end': 8778.567, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8730.997, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8739.867, 'text': "So you're saying that there should be an effort for increased vaccinations of kids going to school, just not for societal benefit,", 'start': 8730.997, 'duration': 8.87}, {'end': 8742.17, 'text': 'but for the benefit of each individual kid, right?', 'start': 8739.867, 'duration': 2.303}, {'end': 8747.256, 'text': 'So right now, kids under 12, right, are not yet vaccinated.', 'start': 8742.27, 'duration': 4.986}, {'end': 8749.098, 'text': 'Is that correct? Yeah, I think so.', 'start': 8747.556, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 8754.517, 'text': "And it's not going to be in time for school opening that they get vaccinated.", 'start': 8749.955, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 8760.9, 'text': 'And then I suppose the teachers are all going to be vaccinated.', 'start': 8756.778, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 8762.7, 'text': 'It makes sense for them to do that.', 'start': 8760.92, 'duration': 1.78}, {'end': 8765.922, 'text': "But I'm just worried the kids are going to be transmitting it amongst them.", 'start': 8762.82, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 8768.863, 'text': "And many states don't allow a mask mandate in school.", 'start': 8765.982, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 8775.866, 'text': "So I think that's what's driving the larger narrative in the US to protect kids.", 'start': 8768.963, 'duration': 6.903}, {'end': 8778.567, 'text': "It's kind of what I hear from Daniel Griffin.", 'start': 8776.686, 'duration': 1.881}], 'summary': 'Effort needed for increased school vaccinations to protect kids from covid-19 transmission.', 'duration': 47.57, 'max_score': 8730.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8730997.jpg'}, {'end': 8945.181, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8897.222, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8899.042, 'text': 'But paralyzed is different than hospitalized.', 'start': 8897.222, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 8901.383, 'text': 'So what does hospitalized mean? Long COVID.', 'start': 8899.062, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 8902.983, 'text': 'But this is the long COVID question.', 'start': 8901.463, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 8904.484, 'text': 'I mean, this is the open question.', 'start': 8903.043, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 8917.408, 'text': 'What is long COVID in kids? What is that? Well, a lot of the same issues, cognitive issues, motor issues, respiratory, GI dysfunction.', 'start': 8904.504, 'duration': 12.904}, {'end': 8919.729, 'text': "How long? We don't know.", 'start': 8917.788, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 8922.748, 'text': 'I mean, it could end in a year.', 'start': 8921.087, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 8928.131, 'text': 'As you know, there are other post-acute infectious sequelae that we know about.', 'start': 8923.308, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 8936.176, 'text': 'Chronic fatigue, ME-CFS, is thought to be a post-infectious sequelae, which has gone for many decades now in many millions of people.', 'start': 8928.691, 'duration': 7.485}, {'end': 8938.657, 'text': 'This could be another one of those.', 'start': 8936.536, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 8945.181, 'text': "So I'm just saying it might be worth erring on the side of not letting the kids get infected.", 'start': 8938.757, 'duration': 6.424}], 'summary': 'Long covid in kids may lead to cognitive, motor, respiratory, and gi issues, with potential long-term impact. caution advised against letting kids get infected.', 'duration': 47.959, 'max_score': 8897.222, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8897222.jpg'}], 'start': 8211.534, 'title': 'Challenges and implications of covid', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of addressing a new virus and implications of covid policies and vaccination for children, emphasizing the need for open communication, balanced approach, and earned trust.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8355.947, 'start': 8211.534, 'title': 'Challenges in addressing the new virus', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of speaking with authority on a new virus, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding its dynamics, transmission, vaccine development, and geopolitical implications, emphasizing the need for open communication and earned trust.', 'duration': 144.413, 'highlights': ['The uncertainty surrounding the dynamics, transmission, and solutions of the new virus, including the effectiveness of masks, test creation, vaccine development, quarantine methods, and data collection mechanisms.', 'The need for openness about the origins of the virus, whether from a lab or not, to build trust and credibility by being receptive to ideas that go against the mainstream.', 'Emphasizing the uncertainty around vaccines, particularly mRNA technology, and the importance of earning trust to communicate the best available course of action despite remaining uncertainties.']}, {'end': 8945.181, 'start': 8355.947, 'title': 'Covid policies and vaccination for children', 'summary': 'Discusses the implications of covid policies and vaccination for children, highlighting the debate around the risks and benefits, the potential long-term effects, and the impact on society and individuals, with a focus on the need for a balanced approach to address the challenges.', 'duration': 589.234, 'highlights': ['The focus on COVID policies and vaccination for children is driven by concerns about the potential long-term effects and the impact on society and individuals. The debate centers on the risks and benefits of COVID policies and vaccination for children, considering potential long-term effects and the societal impact.', 'The discussion emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to address the challenges of COVID policies and vaccination for children, considering the risks and benefits for both individuals and society. There is a call for a balanced approach that takes into account the potential long-term effects and societal impact while addressing the challenges of COVID policies and vaccination for children.', 'The concern for potential long-term effects of COVID and vaccines on children is a point of contention, with a focus on cognitive, motor, respiratory, and GI dysfunction, and the need to err on the side of caution. The debate revolves around the potential long-term effects of COVID and vaccines on children, including cognitive, motor, respiratory, and GI dysfunction, with a call to err on the side of caution to prevent long-term consequences.', 'The chapter raises questions about the risks for children, citing data on hospitalizations and the comparison to historical cases, emphasizing the need to consider the potential impact on young individuals. The discussion raises questions about the risks for children, presenting data on hospitalizations and drawing comparisons to historical cases to underscore the need to consider the potential impact on young individuals.', 'The debate also addresses the societal impact of COVID policies and vaccination for children, highlighting the potential repercussions on education, economic effects, and societal well-being. There is a focus on the societal impact of COVID policies and vaccination for children, considering the repercussions on education, economic effects, and societal well-being as part of the ongoing debate.']}], 'duration': 733.647, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8211534.jpg', 'highlights': ['The uncertainty surrounding the dynamics, transmission, and solutions of the new virus, including the effectiveness of masks, test creation, vaccine development, quarantine methods, and data collection mechanisms.', 'The need for openness about the origins of the virus, whether from a lab or not, to build trust and credibility by being receptive to ideas that go against the mainstream.', 'Emphasizing the uncertainty around vaccines, particularly mRNA technology, and the importance of earning trust to communicate the best available course of action despite remaining uncertainties.', 'The focus on COVID policies and vaccination for children is driven by concerns about the potential long-term effects and the impact on society and individuals.', 'The discussion emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to address the challenges of COVID policies and vaccination for children, considering the risks and benefits for both individuals and society.', 'The concern for potential long-term effects of COVID and vaccines on children is a point of contention, with a focus on cognitive, motor, respiratory, and GI dysfunction, and the need to err on the side of caution.', 'The chapter raises questions about the risks for children, citing data on hospitalizations and the comparison to historical cases, emphasizing the need to consider the potential impact on young individuals.', 'The debate also addresses the societal impact of COVID policies and vaccination for children, highlighting the potential repercussions on education, economic effects, and societal well-being.']}, {'end': 10015.515, 'segs': [{'end': 9414.029, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9386.443, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9394.171, 'text': 'So what was the hydroxychloroquine? So hydroxychloroquine was also shown early on to inhibit virus in cell culture.', 'start': 9386.443, 'duration': 7.728}, {'end': 9397.293, 'text': "And that's not surprising.", 'start': 9396.292, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 9400.316, 'text': 'Hydroxychloroquine, of course, is used for malaria.', 'start': 9397.333, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 9401.998, 'text': 'And what it does..', 'start': 9401.317, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 9412.108, 'text': 'When your cell takes up things from the plasma membrane, including viruses, it goes through a pathway called the endocytic pathway,', 'start': 9404.402, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 9414.029, 'text': 'which involves a vesicle moving through the cell.', 'start': 9412.108, 'duration': 1.921}], 'summary': 'Hydroxychloroquine inhibits virus in cell culture, used for malaria.', 'duration': 27.586, 'max_score': 9386.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU9386443.jpg'}, {'end': 9824.035, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9797.699, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9801.624, 'text': 'They were already there, but there was no selection for them to emerge.', 'start': 9797.699, 'duration': 3.925}, {'end': 9809.357, 'text': 'Until November, when we now had many millions of people who had mostly been infected, but also some vaccinated.', 'start': 9802.004, 'duration': 7.353}, {'end': 9815.341, 'text': 'Then we saw the alpha variant emerge in England, probably because of immune selection.', 'start': 9809.377, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 9824.035, 'text': 'Now the virus that had the change that evaded the antibody had an advantage, and that virus drove through the population.', 'start': 9815.381, 'duration': 8.654}], 'summary': 'Millions infected and vaccinated by november led to emergence of alpha variant in england.', 'duration': 26.336, 'max_score': 9797.699, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU9797699.jpg'}, {'end': 9954.86, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9923.306, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9930.032, 'text': "And there, you're more likely to get very sick because we know the vaccines are really good at preventing you from dying.", 'start': 9923.306, 'duration': 6.726}, {'end': 9936.359, 'text': "That's why it still makes sense to use vaccines because they prevent you from dying.", 'start': 9931.073, 'duration': 5.286}, {'end': 9937.921, 'text': "That's the bottom line.", 'start': 9936.92, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 9945.31, 'text': 'But can we ever make a vaccine that deals with all variants? Absolutely.', 'start': 9938.241, 'duration': 7.069}, {'end': 9954.86, 'text': 'And the reason I say that is because people who get Naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2, they develop COVID, they recover.', 'start': 9945.65, 'duration': 9.21}], 'summary': 'Vaccines are effective in preventing severe illness, but a universal variant vaccine is feasible.', 'duration': 31.554, 'max_score': 9923.306, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU9923306.jpg'}, {'end': 10025.018, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9993.949, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9995.01, 'text': 'Oh, the blog, yes.', 'start': 9993.949, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 10000.811, 'text': "But there's a particular post that's talking about reporting on a paper that makes a match strategy.", 'start': 9995.07, 'duration': 5.741}, {'end': 10001.191, 'text': 'Oh, yes.', 'start': 10000.831, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 10003.892, 'text': "That's one of my co-writers, Trudy Ray.", 'start': 10001.311, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 10004.672, 'text': 'Yeah, Yeah,', 'start': 10003.952, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 10015.515, 'text': "it's an interesting idea that there's some early evidence now that mixing and matching vaccines like one shot of Pfizer and one of Moderna,", 'start': 10004.672, 'duration': 10.843}, {'end': 10022.617, 'text': 'or something that creates a much better immunity than does two shots of Pfizer.', 'start': 10015.515, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 10025.018, 'text': "Yes, I think that's worth exploring, absolutely.", 'start': 10022.637, 'duration': 2.381}], 'summary': 'Mixing pfizer and moderna vaccines may create better immunity, worth exploring.', 'duration': 31.069, 'max_score': 9993.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU9993949.jpg'}], 'start': 8945.902, 'title': 'Covid-19 treatment research', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of ivermectin as a covid-19 treatment, highlights the ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine, and discusses the challenges of antiviral drug usage, vaccine impact on virus mutation, emergence of variants, and potential for broad-spectrum vaccines.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9386.023, 'start': 8945.902, 'title': 'Exploring ivermectin as covid-19 treatment', 'summary': 'Discusses the exploration of ivermectin as a potential covid-19 treatment, its safety and effectiveness, lack of early testing, and the financial dynamics influencing research and development decisions.', 'duration': 440.121, 'highlights': ["Ivermectin's potential as a safe and effective COVID-19 treatment is being rigorously studied in a 4,000-person trial. Highlighting the ongoing 4,000-person trial emphasizes the current rigorous study of ivermectin's potential as a COVID-19 treatment, indicating a significant research effort and potential for impactful results.", 'The decision to prioritize vaccine development over antivirals like ivermectin was influenced by financial considerations, with significantly less funding allocated to antiviral research. This insight into the financial dynamics influencing research and development decisions provides context for the lack of early testing and exploration of antivirals like ivermectin, highlighting the broader implications of financial incentives in medical research.', "Ivermectin's complex manufacturing process and limited availability have contributed to its lack of widespread testing and exploration. This explanation sheds light on the practical challenges and complexities surrounding the manufacturing and availability of ivermectin, offering a compelling reason for its limited testing and exploration in the early stages of the pandemic."]}, {'end': 9620.663, 'start': 9386.443, 'title': "Hydroxychloroquine's ineffectiveness in covid-19 treatment", 'summary': "Explains that hydroxychloroquine's inhibition of virus in cell culture does not translate to clinical effectiveness in treating covid-19, as it is ineffective in lung and respiratory cells where the virus reproduces, leading to a loss of optimism about its antiviral potential and highlighting the importance of early administration of antivirals in high-risk covid-19 patients.", 'duration': 234.22, 'highlights': ["Hydroxychloroquine's effectiveness in inhibiting virus in cell culture does not translate to clinical effectiveness in treating COVID-19, as it is ineffective in lung and respiratory cells where the virus reproduces. Inhibition of virus in cell culture does not translate to clinical effectiveness, Ineffective in lung and respiratory cells where the virus reproduces", 'Early administration of antivirals in high-risk COVID-19 patients is crucial, as waiting until hospitalization is too late for antivirals to be effective due to the rapid drop in viral shedding after the first symptom. Importance of early administration of antivirals in high-risk COVID-19 patients, Waiting until hospitalization is too late for antivirals to be effective', 'The ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and other repurposed drugs as antivirals in treating COVID-19 is also attributed to the fact that antivirals are usually needed when the virus has caused breathing difficulties, which signifies the transition from a viral issue to an inflammatory issue. Ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and other repurposed drugs as antivirals in treating COVID-19, Transition from a viral issue to an inflammatory issue when breathing difficulties occur']}, {'end': 10015.515, 'start': 9620.743, 'title': 'Antiviral drugs and selective pressure', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of antiviral drug usage, the impact of vaccines on virus mutation, the emergence of variants, and the potential for broad-spectrum vaccines to handle all variants.', 'duration': 394.772, 'highlights': ['The wrong approach of testing antivirals in hospitalized patients led to their failure, highlighting the need to administer drugs to individuals who have tested positive or for preventative measures. antivirals failed when tested in hospitalized patients', 'The necessity of having at least two or three antiviral drugs in combination to prevent the emergence of resistance, supported by the successful management of HIV and HCV with this approach. importance of using multiple drugs to reduce emergence of resistance', 'Vaccines create selective pressure for viruses to mutate, leading to the emergence of variants, and both natural infection and vaccination contribute to the selection of variants. vaccines and infections contribute to the selection of variants', 'The emergence of variants was driven by immune selection, with the alpha variant likely emerging due to immune selection in England, emphasizing the impact of immunity on variant emergence. impact of immunity on the emergence of variants', 'People who have been naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a broad immune response that handles all variants after receiving one vaccine dose, suggesting the potential for devising a strategy to develop broad-spectrum vaccines. naturally infected individuals develop broad immune response after one vaccine dose']}], 'duration': 1069.613, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU8945902.jpg', 'highlights': ["Ivermectin's potential as a safe and effective COVID-19 treatment is being rigorously studied in a 4,000-person trial.", 'The decision to prioritize vaccine development over antivirals like ivermectin was influenced by financial considerations, with significantly less funding allocated to antiviral research.', 'The emergence of variants was driven by immune selection, with the alpha variant likely emerging due to immune selection in England, emphasizing the impact of immunity on variant emergence.', 'Early administration of antivirals in high-risk COVID-19 patients is crucial, as waiting until hospitalization is too late for antivirals to be effective due to the rapid drop in viral shedding after the first symptom.', 'Vaccines create selective pressure for viruses to mutate, leading to the emergence of variants, and both natural infection and vaccination contribute to the selection of variants.']}, {'end': 11577.85, 'segs': [{'end': 10743.294, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10715.902, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10719.723, 'text': "And if you do, there's not a controlled environment to measure droplets and so forth.", 'start': 10715.902, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 10721.684, 'text': "You'd have to do it in a laboratory.", 'start': 10719.743, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 10726.966, 'text': "If you use an animal, you just don't know what the relevance of that is to people.", 'start': 10722.764, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 10730.448, 'text': "You'd have to use human and do challenge experiments.", 'start': 10727.006, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 10733.509, 'text': "And we don't do that at this point, at least not for this virus.", 'start': 10730.528, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 10735.91, 'text': "So that's why it's hard to know what's going on.", 'start': 10733.789, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 10743.294, 'text': "So we have to make inferences from epidemiological associations where you're studying say transmission in a household.", 'start': 10735.95, 'duration': 7.344}], 'summary': 'Challenges in measuring virus droplets and relevance of animal studies to human, necessitating inferences from epidemiological associations.', 'duration': 27.392, 'max_score': 10715.902, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU10715902.jpg'}, {'end': 10877.245, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10850.819, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10864.314, 'text': 'so tests is one thing, but masks like good mask, whatever the good means, whatever that means, like some level of quality of material on your face.', 'start': 10850.819, 'duration': 13.495}, {'end': 10870.68, 'text': "if it's shown to actually like, thoroughly shown to work well, that seems like an obvious solution.", 'start': 10864.314, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 10877.245, 'text': 'to reopen society with if you have a good understanding of how well they work.', 'start': 10872.201, 'duration': 5.044}], 'summary': 'Effective masks are an obvious solution to reopen society, if proven to work well.', 'duration': 26.426, 'max_score': 10850.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU10850819.jpg'}, {'end': 11141.042, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11114.027, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 11120.111, 'text': 'But with some probability, this is the best option we got currently.', 'start': 11114.027, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 11122.652, 'text': 'And then in a month or two, adjust it.', 'start': 11120.191, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 11127.655, 'text': 'saying that, you know what, our uncertainty decreased a little bit.', 'start': 11123.813, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 11128.916, 'text': 'We have a better idea.', 'start': 11127.895, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 11134.579, 'text': "That was an incorrect estimate, but reveal that you're struggling.", 'start': 11128.936, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 11138.161, 'text': "It's not like this weird binary clock that goes one direction or the other.", 'start': 11134.919, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 11141.042, 'text': "You're struggling with uncertainty.", 'start': 11138.501, 'duration': 2.541}], 'summary': 'Current best option with some uncertainty, to be adjusted in a month or two.', 'duration': 27.015, 'max_score': 11114.027, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11114027.jpg'}, {'end': 11255.984, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11208.157, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11210.158, 'text': "Yeah They don't want to approve it.", 'start': 11208.157, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 11216.72, 'text': 'So that makes the mass manufacture like with emergency exceptions, all those kinds of things very difficult.', 'start': 11210.218, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 11220.261, 'text': "And then there's not much money to be made on it without that.", 'start': 11217.5, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 11221.121, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 11220.821, 'duration': 0.3}, {'end': 11224.363, 'text': "I think there's just economic pressures against it.", 'start': 11221.682, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 11230.564, 'text': 'And because so much investment was placed on the vaccines.', 'start': 11224.903, 'duration': 5.661}, {'end': 11237.446, 'text': "And obviously there's an incentive mechanism there where the companies, lobbyists and all those there's,", 'start': 11230.965, 'duration': 6.481}, {'end': 11246.628, 'text': "this machine that says arguing for tests is difficult because the thing that's worked for most severe viruses in the past is vaccines.", 'start': 11237.446, 'duration': 9.182}, {'end': 11248.328, 'text': 'Now we have vaccines.', 'start': 11247.228, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 11251.089, 'text': 'why the hell would you need tests? At that time?', 'start': 11248.328, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 11255.984, 'text': 'why the hell do you need tests when we can be working on vaccines?', 'start': 11252.82, 'duration': 3.164}], 'summary': 'Challenges in approving mass manufacture due to economic pressures and focus on vaccines.', 'duration': 47.827, 'max_score': 11208.157, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11208157.jpg'}, {'end': 11383.319, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11356.893, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11362.018, 'text': 'I think you need to balance those versus long-term effects of the disease, and you can make your decision.', 'start': 11356.893, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 11366.502, 'text': "I don't think you need to tell everybody to get vaccinated.", 'start': 11362.618, 'duration': 3.884}, {'end': 11368.223, 'text': 'I think you need to present the case.', 'start': 11366.622, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 11370.385, 'text': 'You say, here, we made good vaccines.', 'start': 11368.243, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 11371.707, 'text': "Here's the safety profile.", 'start': 11370.425, 'duration': 1.282}, {'end': 11374.309, 'text': "Here's the risk-benefit balance.", 'start': 11372.327, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 11375.27, 'text': 'And you should decide.', 'start': 11374.449, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 11376.131, 'text': "You're a smart person.", 'start': 11375.29, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 11376.892, 'text': 'You should decide.', 'start': 11376.171, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 11383.319, 'text': 'Now, companies are going to do differently, right? Companies may say you have to be vaccinated to work here.', 'start': 11377.933, 'duration': 5.386}], 'summary': 'Present vaccine case with safety profile and risk-benefit balance for individual decisions.', 'duration': 26.426, 'max_score': 11356.893, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11356893.jpg'}, {'end': 11577.85, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11530.282, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11532.004, 'text': 'So I do a lot of different pods.', 'start': 11530.282, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 11533.285, 'text': "They're all on YouTube.", 'start': 11532.024, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 11538.429, 'text': 'And I also do a live stream on Wednesday nights on YouTube, which you can find.', 'start': 11533.325, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 11541.032, 'text': "And that's where people can come and ask questions.", 'start': 11538.509, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 11542.453, 'text': "We don't have an agenda.", 'start': 11541.432, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 11543.254, 'text': 'We just start.', 'start': 11542.493, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 11549.579, 'text': "And by 30 minutes in, there's 700 people with questions that I can't even get through because there's so many of them.", 'start': 11543.734, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 11555.103, 'text': "And I'm actually astounded that so many people are have really good questions.", 'start': 11549.619, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 11558.964, 'text': 'Most of them are reasonable and they come back every week.', 'start': 11555.724, 'duration': 3.24}, {'end': 11563.026, 'text': "So it's a great, it's turning into a great forum to have a nice discussion.", 'start': 11559.004, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 11570.348, 'text': 'And the YouTube channel is called what? So you could search for my name, which is Vincent Racaniello.', 'start': 11564.286, 'duration': 6.062}, {'end': 11577.85, 'text': "It'll turn up or my handle on YouTube is profvrr, P-R-O-F-V-R-R.", 'start': 11570.428, 'duration': 7.422}], 'summary': 'Vincent racaniello hosts live stream with 700 viewers, answering good questions, creating a great discussion forum on youtube.', 'duration': 47.568, 'max_score': 11530.282, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11530282.jpg'}], 'start': 10015.515, 'title': 'Strategies for tackling influenza and covid-19', 'summary': 'Discusses developing lifelong immunity to influenza and coronavirus, emphasizes covid-19 testing methods and viral load significance, explores challenges in understanding covid transmission, and addresses obstacles in the covid-19 response.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10085.213, 'start': 10015.515, 'title': 'Creating lifelong immunity to influenza and coronavirus', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential to develop a vaccine for influenza and coronavirus that can provide lifelong or long-lasting immunity, targeting the stem part of the virus spike protein to prevent infection and reduce the likelihood of variant emergence.', 'duration': 69.698, 'highlights': ['Developing a vaccine for influenza and coronavirus that provides lifelong or long-lasting immunity by targeting the stem part of the virus spike protein, potentially reducing the need for annual vaccinations and minimizing the likelihood of variant emergence.', 'The spike of influenza, similar to the spike of SARS-CoV-2, has a long protein stuck in the virus membrane, with the part that changes every year being the very tip where the antibodies bind, while the stem remains unchanged, indicating the potential for developing broadly protective antibodies targeting the stem part.', 'Efforts to figure out how to make antibodies to the stem part of the virus spike protein for influenza and coronavirus, aiming to increase the production of antibodies to the stem and potentially prevent infection or reduce the impact of variants.']}, {'end': 10560.604, 'start': 10086.69, 'title': 'Covid-19 testing and viral load', 'summary': 'Discusses the types of covid-19 tests, including pcr and antigen tests, and emphasizes the significance of viral load in determining infectiousness, highlighting the importance of rapid antigen tests for future pandemics.', 'duration': 473.914, 'highlights': ['PCR tests are nucleic acid amplification tests that measure viral RNA loads, and a cycle threshold (CT) of less than a million indicates infectiousness. PCR tests measure viral RNA loads and can determine infectiousness based on the cycle threshold (CT).', 'Antigen tests detect the proteins produced by the virus and could have revolutionized testing if mass-manufactured, especially for daily testing and identifying variants. Antigen tests detect viral proteins and could have revolutionized testing if mass-manufactured.', 'Rapid antigen tests are emphasized as crucial for future pandemics and could have changed the current situation if implemented earlier, enabling effective control of transmission. Rapid antigen tests are crucial for future pandemics and could have greatly impacted the current situation if implemented earlier.']}, {'end': 11113.466, 'start': 10560.644, 'title': 'Understanding covid transmission and mask efficacy', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in understanding covid transmission, including the role of droplets and aerosols, and the difficulty in studying it due to the lack of controlled environments. it also emphasizes the potential of masks as a solution to reopen society, while addressing the politicization and uncertainty surrounding their efficacy.', 'duration': 552.822, 'highlights': ['80% of transmissions are done by 20% of the infected people. This statistic highlights the disproportionate role of a small percentage of infected individuals in COVID transmission, emphasizing the importance of identifying and targeting high-transmission individuals.', "CDC and WHO's initial statement on masks not working affected public perception. The discussion underscores the impact of authoritative statements on public behavior and perception, shedding light on the challenges of reversing initial misinformation or uncertainty.", 'Masks could cut down transmission by 50 to 60%. This statistic provides a potential estimate of the impact of mask usage on reducing COVID transmission, reinforcing the potential efficacy of masks as a preventive measure.', 'Challenges in studying COVID transmission due to lack of controlled environments. The difficulty in studying COVID transmission is attributed to the absence of controlled environments, which hinders the measurement of droplets and other factors, highlighting the complexity of the research process.', 'The potential of masks as a solution to reopen society, contingent on a good understanding of their efficacy. This point emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding the efficacy of masks in order to consider them as a solution for reopening society, highlighting the need for rigorous scientific research and data.']}, {'end': 11577.85, 'start': 11114.027, 'title': 'Challenges in covid response', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in the covid-19 response, including the struggle with uncertainty, the importance of transparent information, the obstacles in promoting testing, and the need for balanced communication on vaccination.', 'duration': 463.823, 'highlights': ['The struggle with uncertainty is a key challenge in the current COVID response, emphasizing the need for adaptive decision-making. Struggle with uncertainty in decision-making, need for adaptive strategies', "Transparent and authentic information is essential for effective decision-making, emphasizing the public's intelligence in utilizing data for decision-making. Importance of transparent information, public's intelligence in decision-making", 'Obstacles in promoting testing, including economic pressures favoring vaccines and resistance from regulatory bodies, are hindering the comprehensive COVID response. Obstacles in promoting testing, economic pressures favoring vaccines, regulatory resistance', 'Balanced communication on vaccination is crucial, highlighting the need to present both sides calmly and leave the decision to individuals. Importance of balanced communication on vaccination, leaving decision to individuals']}], 'duration': 1562.335, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU10015515.jpg', 'highlights': ['Developing a vaccine for influenza and coronavirus targeting the stem part of the virus spike protein for lifelong immunity and reduced variant emergence.', 'PCR tests measure viral RNA loads and determine infectiousness based on cycle threshold (CT) of less than a million.', 'Rapid antigen tests are crucial for future pandemics and could have greatly impacted the current situation if implemented earlier.', '80% of transmissions are done by 20% of the infected people, emphasizing the importance of identifying and targeting high-transmission individuals.', 'Masks could cut down transmission by 50 to 60%, reinforcing the potential efficacy of masks as a preventive measure.', 'The struggle with uncertainty in decision-making and the need for adaptive strategies in the current COVID response.', "Importance of transparent information and the public's intelligence in decision-making.", 'Obstacles in promoting testing, including economic pressures favoring vaccines and resistance from regulatory bodies, hindering the comprehensive COVID response.', 'Importance of balanced communication on vaccination, leaving the decision to individuals.']}, {'end': 12511.223, 'segs': [{'end': 11712.316, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11680.492, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11681.733, 'text': 'the effect of the virus?', 'start': 11680.492, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 11690.307, 'text': 'We talked a lot about biology, but the effect of the virus on the the fabric of the common humanity that connects us.', 'start': 11681.753, 'duration': 8.554}, {'end': 11694.149, 'text': "Well, that's what a pandemic does.", 'start': 11691.448, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 11699.851, 'text': "It really cuts that, right? Because small outbreaks, they're local, they don't have global effects.", 'start': 11694.269, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 11712.316, 'text': 'But when you have something this big, where pretty much nobody escapes, and not just making people sick, it changes your life right?', 'start': 11700.972, 'duration': 11.344}], 'summary': "Pandemic's global impact changes lives and fabric of common humanity.", 'duration': 31.824, 'max_score': 11680.492, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11680492.jpg'}, {'end': 11859.475, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11832.261, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 11836.583, 'text': 'I mean I do think that the vaccine manufacturers maybe not the leaders,', 'start': 11832.261, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 11841.866, 'text': 'but the people working in the labs really wanted to get this out quickly and help people right?', 'start': 11836.583, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 11850.149, 'text': "I think at every level, people who are contributing really wanted to help other people and feel proud that they're able to do that.", 'start': 11842.806, 'duration': 7.343}, {'end': 11853.811, 'text': "So I view it as, you know, we're never going to be 100% good.", 'start': 11850.25, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 11859.475, 'text': 'because animals are not evolution made us.', 'start': 11855.732, 'duration': 3.743}], 'summary': 'Vaccine manufacturers and lab workers aimed to quickly help people, driven by a desire to contribute and feel proud.', 'duration': 27.214, 'max_score': 11832.261, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11832261.jpg'}, {'end': 11963.121, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11931.923, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11934.824, 'text': 'So, you know, people ask me this all the time.', 'start': 11931.923, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 11939.466, 'text': 'Are we gonna be ready for the next one? And I always say, we should be.', 'start': 11934.844, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 11942.547, 'text': 'We have all the information we need to know what to do.', 'start': 11939.526, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 11945.508, 'text': 'But somehow I think people forget.', 'start': 11943.047, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 11954.856, 'text': 'uh, that said sometimes, uh, we we really step up when the tragedies run in front of us.', 'start': 11947.632, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 11957.258, 'text': "we do on the catastrophe, so i don't know.", 'start': 11954.856, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 11963.121, 'text': "somehow humans have still survived the fact that we had nuclear weapons for so many decades and we're still not blowing each other up,", 'start': 11957.258, 'duration': 5.863}], 'summary': 'Despite having nuclear weapons for decades, humans have managed to avoid catastrophe and survive.', 'duration': 31.198, 'max_score': 11931.923, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11931923.jpg'}, {'end': 12363.583, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12298.757, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12301.84, 'text': "Yeah, they're much more directly concerned with survival.", 'start': 12298.757, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 12304.542, 'text': 'I think humans are able to contemplate their mortality.', 'start': 12302, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 12311.965, 'text': "see that even if we're okay today, we're eventually going to die and we really don't like that.", 'start': 12306.003, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 12316.967, 'text': 'So we try to come up with ways to push that deadline farther and farther away.', 'start': 12313.066, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 12321.689, 'text': "Well, we have really, I mean, we used to die in our 30s, right? And now it's 70s, 80s.", 'start': 12316.987, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 12325.791, 'text': 'Well, most of us used to die in the first few weeks.', 'start': 12321.709, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 12326.531, 'text': "That's true.", 'start': 12326.111, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 12328.112, 'text': 'Yeah, infant death.', 'start': 12327.251, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 12333.382, 'text': "I always tell people the only thing that's 100% is death.", 'start': 12329.501, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 12336.023, 'text': "It's the only thing in the world that's 100.", 'start': 12334.342, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 12338.763, 'text': 'I never- Do you think about your own mortality? No, I never think about it.', 'start': 12336.023, 'duration': 2.74}, {'end': 12342.544, 'text': "I'm just enjoying day to day, and I don't think about it.", 'start': 12339.023, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 12343.984, 'text': 'Really? You work on viruses.', 'start': 12342.644, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 12353.567, 'text': "You don't contemplate your own mortality given the deadliness of the viruses around us? No, I never thought COVID would kill me.", 'start': 12344.184, 'duration': 9.383}, {'end': 12355.087, 'text': 'No, I never was afraid of that.', 'start': 12353.607, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 12355.996, 'text': 'Not at all.', 'start': 12355.515, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 12362.102, 'text': 'I mostly feared for other people getting sick, especially people who could die.', 'start': 12356.556, 'duration': 5.546}, {'end': 12363.583, 'text': "I didn't want that to happen to them.", 'start': 12362.282, 'duration': 1.301}], 'summary': 'Humans contemplate mortality and seek to prolong life; life expectancy has increased from 30s to 70s/80s.', 'duration': 64.826, 'max_score': 12298.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU12298757.jpg'}, {'end': 12507.521, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 12387.527, 'weight': 0.77, 'content': [{'end': 12395.89, 'text': "I think that biologically you just can't, you know, the ends of our chromosomes keep getting shorter and shorter and that's eventually what kills us.", 'start': 12387.527, 'duration': 8.363}, {'end': 12398.952, 'text': "So you just can't keep going on.", 'start': 12397.311, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 12400.692, 'text': "But that's fine.", 'start': 12399.692, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 12401.613, 'text': "I don't need to.", 'start': 12400.992, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 12405.034, 'text': "I understand from the vampires that it's not good to live forever.", 'start': 12402.333, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 12410.127, 'text': 'I guess make the most of the time you got.', 'start': 12407.466, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 12415.21, 'text': 'Bacteria live a much shorter time, so we got that on bacteria.', 'start': 12411.488, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 12425.235, 'text': 'Bacteria are just little bags of chemicals that split, so they have no stake in the matter at all.', 'start': 12415.25, 'duration': 9.985}, {'end': 12432.688, 'text': 'I think you have to go a long ways before you get into some kind of consciousness, but.', 'start': 12425.275, 'duration': 7.413}, {'end': 12436.75, 'text': "Yeah, it's weird that this bag of chemicals has a stake in the matter.", 'start': 12433.008, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 12441.332, 'text': 'Like our human body is, consciousness is a weird thing.', 'start': 12437.09, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 12444.254, 'text': 'Not just in us, but they make half of the oxygen on the planet.', 'start': 12441.432, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 12446.195, 'text': '20% of the oxygen comes from bacteria.', 'start': 12444.494, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 12454.759, 'text': 'And they made, in the beginning of Earth, they made enough oxygen to start oxygenation going, life going.', 'start': 12448.016, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 12456.5, 'text': 'I mean, they have an incredible role.', 'start': 12454.779, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 12458.101, 'text': 'It was all an accident, just happened.', 'start': 12456.52, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 12464.475, 'text': "Well, Vincent, like I told you, I'm a huge fan.", 'start': 12460.572, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 12467.057, 'text': "It's a big honor that you would talk to me today.", 'start': 12464.755, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 12468.338, 'text': 'Thank you so much for coming down.', 'start': 12467.137, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 12470.259, 'text': 'Thank you for spending so much time with me.', 'start': 12468.458, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 12476.964, 'text': 'And thank you for everything you do in terms of educating about viruses, about biology, microbiology, and everything else.', 'start': 12471.82, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 12477.985, 'text': "I can't wait.", 'start': 12477.405, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 12483.029, 'text': "Everybody should check out Vincent's YouTube, watch his lectures, listen to the podcast.", 'start': 12478.285, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 12484.49, 'text': "It's truly incredible.", 'start': 12483.089, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 12486.652, 'text': 'Thank you so much for talking to me, Vincent.', 'start': 12485.11, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 12487.212, 'text': 'My pleasure.', 'start': 12486.792, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 12491.633, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Vincent Racaniello.', 'start': 12488.271, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 12495.595, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 12492.293, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 12500.017, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from Isaac Asimov.', 'start': 12496.635, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 12507.521, 'text': 'The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.', 'start': 12501.018, 'duration': 6.503}], 'summary': 'Chromosomes shorten, bacteria role in oxygen production, and interview with vincent racaniello.', 'duration': 119.994, 'max_score': 12387.527, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU12387527.jpg'}, {'end': 12444.254, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12415.25, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 12425.235, 'text': 'Bacteria are just little bags of chemicals that split, so they have no stake in the matter at all.', 'start': 12415.25, 'duration': 9.985}, {'end': 12432.688, 'text': 'I think you have to go a long ways before you get into some kind of consciousness, but.', 'start': 12425.275, 'duration': 7.413}, {'end': 12436.75, 'text': "Yeah, it's weird that this bag of chemicals has a stake in the matter.", 'start': 12433.008, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 12441.332, 'text': 'Like our human body is, consciousness is a weird thing.', 'start': 12437.09, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 12444.254, 'text': 'Not just in us, but they make half of the oxygen on the planet.', 'start': 12441.432, 'duration': 2.822}], 'summary': "Bacteria are essential for producing half of the planet's oxygen.", 'duration': 29.004, 'max_score': 12415.25, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU12415250.jpg'}], 'start': 11580.11, 'title': 'Parallels and advice', 'summary': "Discusses parallels between camus' the plague and covid-19, emphasizing love's impact on humanity, societal disruptions, human motivation, survival instincts, and the need to prepare for future pandemics. it also highlights advice from a virologist about career development, curiosity, passion, life's meaning, mortality, and the pace of gathering knowledge versus wisdom in society.", 'chapters': [{'end': 11806.174, 'start': 11580.11, 'title': 'The plague and the pandemic', 'summary': "Discusses the parallels between camus' the plague and the covid-19 pandemic, emphasizing the impact of love and the virus on the fabric of common humanity, as well as the societal disruptions caused by the pandemic.", 'duration': 226.064, 'highlights': ["The pandemic reveals the best and worst of human nature, emphasizing the impact of love and the virus on the fabric of common humanity. The discussion draws parallels between Camus' The Plague and the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the theme of love as the liberating force amidst the encroaching mortality and the breaking of common humanity.", 'The societal disruptions caused by the pandemic, including job losses, relocations, and disruptions to education, have far-reaching effects beyond sickness and mortality. The pandemic has led to widespread societal disruptions, such as job losses, relocations, disruptions to education, and changes in social structures, which have profound effects beyond sickness and mortality.', "The pandemic's impact on society extends beyond sickness and mortality, causing a significant rupture with far-reaching ramifications. The pandemic has caused a major rupture in society, with ramifications extending beyond sickness and mortality, highlighting the profound societal impact of the virus."]}, {'end': 12059.989, 'start': 11806.174, 'title': "Humanity's motivation and survival", 'summary': 'Discusses the innate human desire to help others, the impact of the pandemic on human behavior, and the potential for human survival despite base instincts, with a call for preparedness for future pandemics.', 'duration': 253.815, 'highlights': ['The majority of people are driven by the motivation to help others, as evidenced by the efforts of vaccine manufacturers and lab workers to swiftly develop vaccines to aid people. The vaccine manufacturers and lab workers were motivated to quickly develop the vaccine to help people, showcasing the predominant desire to assist others.', 'The conversation delves into the impact of an invisible virus on human behavior and the need for preparedness for future pandemics, emphasizing the importance of developing antivirals, vaccines, and testing modalities. The speaker stresses the need for preparedness for future pandemics, urging the development of antivirals, vaccines, and testing modalities to effectively respond to such crises.', 'The discussion touches on the core of human nature, highlighting the prevalence of kindness, compassion, and the desire to do good for the world, which outweighs the negative aspects of human behavior. The core of human nature is described as being rooted in kindness, compassion, and the desire to do good for the world, surpassing the negative aspects of human behavior.', "The conversation also reflects on the potential for human survival despite base instincts, attributing it to an underlying 'ocean of love for each other' and the evolutionary advantage of kindness and compassion. The potential for human survival despite base instincts is attributed to an underlying 'ocean of love for each other' and the evolutionary advantage of kindness and compassion."]}, {'end': 12511.223, 'start': 12060.009, 'title': 'Life advice from a virologist', 'summary': "Highlights the importance of curiosity and passion in career development, emphasizing the value of finding one's passion and being curious about everything, while also discussing the meaning of life and mortality, and concluding with a quote about the pace of gathering knowledge versus wisdom in society.", 'duration': 451.214, 'highlights': ["The significance of being curious and passionate is underscored, with emphasis on not planning too much and finding something that doesn't feel like a job, as the speaker's successful career was built on curiosity and passion.", 'The absence of meaning in life is discussed, attributing human existence to a rare accident and highlighting the ability of humans to influence their fate through consciousness and medical advancements.', "The speaker's lack of fear of mortality and confidence in their immune system is mentioned, along with the acknowledgment that biological limitations prevent immortality, ultimately suggesting the importance of making the most of the present.", 'The role of bacteria in oxygen production and the rapid pace of knowledge accumulation in science compared to societal wisdom are briefly touched upon at the conclusion of the conversation.']}], 'duration': 931.113, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/G433fa01oMU/pics/G433fa01oMU11580110.jpg', 'highlights': ['The pandemic reveals the impact of love and the virus on common humanity.', 'Societal disruptions include job losses, relocations, and disruptions to education.', 'The pandemic has caused a major rupture in society with far-reaching ramifications.', 'Vaccine manufacturers and lab workers were motivated to quickly develop vaccines to help people.', 'Preparedness for future pandemics is emphasized, urging the development of antivirals, vaccines, and testing modalities.', 'The core of human nature is rooted in kindness, compassion, and the desire to do good for the world.', "The potential for human survival is attributed to an underlying 'ocean of love for each other' and the evolutionary advantage of kindness and compassion.", 'The significance of being curious and passionate is underscored for career development.', 'The absence of meaning in life is discussed, attributing human existence to a rare accident.', 'The importance of making the most of the present is suggested in light of mortality.', 'The rapid pace of knowledge accumulation in science compared to societal wisdom is briefly touched upon.']}], 'highlights': ['The decision to take the COVID vaccine is based on understanding data and assessing risks.', 'Importance of empathy and compassion in addressing fear and division is emphasized.', 'Negative effects of fear and anger in driving division are discussed.', 'Viruses play a crucial role in the biogeochemical pump, cycling of material in the ocean.', 'The evolutionary history of viruses highlights their early role in the development of life on Earth.', 'Funding based on lab quality and track record is more effective than specifying goals like curing diseases.', 'mRNA and vector vaccines represent modern approaches to vaccine development.', 'Safety testing through phase one, phase two, and phase three trials did not show significant adverse effects.', 'Vaccine makers have significant financial incentives to produce effective vaccines.', 'The need for openness about the origins of the virus to build trust and credibility.', 'The struggle with uncertainty in decision-making and the need for adaptive strategies in the current COVID response.', 'The pandemic reveals the impact of love and the virus on common humanity.', 'Preparedness for future pandemics is emphasized, urging the development of antivirals, vaccines, and testing modalities.', 'The core of human nature is rooted in kindness, compassion, and the desire to do good for the world.', 'The significance of being curious and passionate is underscored for career development.', 'The rapid pace of knowledge accumulation in science compared to societal wisdom is briefly touched upon.']}