title
Charles Hoskinson: Cardano | Lex Fridman Podcast #192

description
Charles Hoskinson is the founder of Cardano, co-founder of Ethereum, a mathematician, and a farmer. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Gala Games: https://gala.games/lex - Allform: https://allform.com/lex to get 20% off - Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod and use code LexPod to get 3 months free - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex and use code LEX to get special savings EPISODE LINKS: Charles's Twitter: https://twitter.com/IOHK_Charles Charles's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/charleshoskinson Cardano Website: https://cardano.org/ IOHK Website: https://iohk.io/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 2:09 - What programming language is the simulation written in? 7:14 - Favorite philosophers 16:15 - Theory vs engineering in cryptocurrency 27:24 - What programming languages should everyone learn 35:39 - Haskell and beyond 39:23 - Plutus: Cardano's smart contract platform based on Haskell 43:50 - What is a blockchain? 48:02 - Hybrid smart contracts 53:53 - Proof of work vs proof of stake 1:02:39 - Cardano's proof of stake consensus algorithm 1:13:11 - What is Cardano? 1:21:52 - Cardano vs Ethereum vs Bitcoin 1:31:47 - The problem with Bitcoin 1:41:21 - Bitcoin Conference 1:45:02 - Ergo and Alex Chepurnoy 1:52:12 - Cardano's Extended UTXO Model 1:59:25 - Chainlink and Oracle Networks 2:06:37 - Cardano and Wolfram Alpha 2:11:32 - The future of video games 2:20:07 - Smart contracts timeline for Cardano 2:27:37 - Decentralized exchanges 2:33:18 - Jack Dorsey and Bitcoin 2:39:30 - Elon Musk and Tesla: Cardano, Ethereum, Bitcoin 2:42:47 - Dogecoin and Elon Musk 2:54:08 - Hydra vs Lightning Network 3:01:42 - Non-Interactive Proofs of Proof-of-Work (NIPoPoWs) 3:05:36 - Cardano failure modes 3:13:57 - Cardano vs Polkadot 3:19:02 - Vitalik Buterin 3:27:13 - Corrupting nature of power 3:37:23 - Satoshi Nakamoto 3:43:34 - Cardano's vision for decentralized governance 3:56:28 - Cardano in Ethiopia 4:00:30 - El Salvador and Bitcoin 4:06:47 - Cryptocurrency will inject capitalism with long-term incentives 4:16:39 - Day in the life of Charles Hoskinson 4:23:56 - Mushrooms 4:30:04 - Joe Rogan 4:34:57 - Video games 4:47:11 - Advice for young people 4:50:20 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Charles Hoskinson: Cardano | Lex Fridman Podcast #192', 'heatmap': [{'end': 15728.096, 'start': 15544.5, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Charles hoskinson, founder of cardano, discusses diverse topics such as cryptocurrency impact, plutus programming language, cardano's ouroboros, consensus evolution, bitcoin and ethereum's evolution, cardano's alonzo release, elon musk's influence, layer 2 network protocols, cardano's challenges, innovations in mathematics and governance, digital identity, and diverse mushroom applications, in a conversation emphasizing global freedom, decentralization, scalability, and societal impact.", 'chapters': [{'end': 111.036, 'segs': [{'end': 121.143, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 90.104, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 97.808, 'text': 'Next day, after talking with Charles, I spoke with Wionmi Park, who is a North Korean defector and who spent time in Mongolia,', 'start': 90.104, 'duration': 7.704}, {'end': 101.39, 'text': 'as many defectors do in her and their escape from North Korea.', 'start': 97.808, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 111.036, 'text': 'Her story, the story of North Korea, the story of atrocities throughout the 20th century committed by Hitler, Stalin and others,', 'start': 102.29, 'duration': 8.746}, {'end': 121.143, 'text': 'is a reminder that the world is full of darkness, but it is also full of beauty and love, and it is a world worth fighting for in every way.', 'start': 111.036, 'duration': 10.107}], 'summary': "Spoke with north korean defector wionmi park who spent time in mongolia, highlighting the world's darkness and beauty.", 'duration': 31.039, 'max_score': 90.104, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc90104.jpg'}], 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Charles hoskinson: founder of cardano', 'summary': "Delves into a conversation with charles hoskinson, covering his diverse background, interests, and perspectives on cryptocurrency's impact, emphasizing global freedom and empowerment.", 'chapters': [{'end': 111.036, 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Charles hoskinson: founder of cardano', 'summary': 'Discusses a conversation with charles hoskinson, highlighting his diverse background and interests, his views on the broader impact of cryptocurrency, and its potential for global freedom and empowerment.', 'duration': 110.967, 'highlights': ["Charles Hoskinson's diverse background as a mathematician, cryptocurrency innovator, Colorado-based farmer, gamer, fisherman, and world traveler.", 'Cryptocurrency as a technology that enables freedom from oppression and suffering, with a mention of its impact in Mongolia.', 'The broader impact of cryptocurrency beyond meme-driven speculation, emphasizing its potential for empowerment and global freedom.', 'The mention of the conversation with Wionmi Park, a North Korean defector, and her experiences in Mongolia.', "The conversation highlighting Charles Hoskinson's bold, innovative, and fun-loving nature, as evidenced by his diverse interests and activities."]}], 'duration': 110.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc69.jpg', 'highlights': ["Charles Hoskinson's diverse background as a mathematician, cryptocurrency innovator, Colorado-based farmer, gamer, fisherman, and world traveler.", 'Cryptocurrency as a technology that enables freedom from oppression and suffering, with a mention of its impact in Mongolia.', 'The broader impact of cryptocurrency beyond meme-driven speculation, emphasizing its potential for empowerment and global freedom.', 'The mention of the conversation with Wionmi Park, a North Korean defector, and her experiences in Mongolia.', "The conversation highlighting Charles Hoskinson's bold, innovative, and fun-loving nature, as evidenced by his diverse interests and activities."]}, {'end': 2821.52, 'segs': [{'end': 319.013, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 294.64, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 304.465, 'text': "So we're gonna set up an auction system or something like that with him and I think maybe end of this month or next month we'll figure out how to do NFTs on Cardano with Wolfram Universes.", 'start': 294.64, 'duration': 9.825}, {'end': 310.388, 'text': "So as soon as we can sell one, I'll give you one, and then we can all just claim that we're living in some sort of Wolfram simulation.", 'start': 304.525, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 319.013, 'text': "I don't know how much money I have, but I'm gonna give everything I have to get Rule 30, which is one of his universes that he's created,", 'start': 310.889, 'duration': 8.124}], 'summary': 'Planning nft auction on cardano with wolfram universes, aiming to acquire rule 30.', 'duration': 24.373, 'max_score': 294.64, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc294640.jpg'}, {'end': 410.254, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 385.976, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 399.367, 'text': "but when you're trying to create and we'll talk about something that operates the economy and the way humans transact and cooperate and fall in love and work together,", 'start': 385.976, 'duration': 13.391}, {'end': 402.47, 'text': "then you'd like to be a little bit more formal and try to say something conclusive.", 'start': 399.367, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 410.254, 'text': 'If this entire universe is just cellular automata, then being conclusive is kind of hopeless, generally speaking.', 'start': 402.83, 'duration': 7.424}], 'summary': 'Exploring the complexity of human interactions in the context of cellular automata.', 'duration': 24.278, 'max_score': 385.976, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc385976.jpg'}, {'end': 672.491, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 647.861, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 654.604, 'text': 'when he was in high school, he wrote these papers in Logic and Harvard contacted him and said hey, could you teach graduate courses at Harvard?', 'start': 647.861, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 659.386, 'text': 'And he said no, I really would like to finish high school first before I go and teach grad school at Harvard.', 'start': 655.104, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 665.088, 'text': 'And so this is just one of those guys that you can see through his work that he can think deeply about anything.', 'start': 659.946, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 666.729, 'text': "He's like the Galois of philosophy.", 'start': 665.108, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 672.491, 'text': "And he chose to try to clean up a lot of the messes that Tarski and others couldn't resolve.", 'start': 667.309, 'duration': 5.182}], 'summary': 'High school student offered to teach graduate courses at harvard, chose to finish high school first', 'duration': 24.63, 'max_score': 647.861, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc647861.jpg'}, {'end': 2486.146, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2461.295, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2467.26, 'text': 'If you dial up the expressiveness of the system, like Ethereum does and these big mutable account systems,', 'start': 2461.295, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 2474.942, 'text': "The problem is you have to have global state, so whatever you test locally doesn't actually necessarily translate to what you've deployed, okay?", 'start': 2467.74, 'duration': 7.202}, {'end': 2479.444, 'text': "So we spent a long time asking like where's the Goldilocks zone?", 'start': 2475.362, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 2486.146, 'text': "Bitcoin's grip was too restrictive and every single time Satoshi tried to dial it up, it led to mega problems.", 'start': 2479.664, 'duration': 6.482}], 'summary': "Balancing system expressiveness is crucial; bitcoin's restrictions led to issues.", 'duration': 24.851, 'max_score': 2461.295, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc2461295.jpg'}, {'end': 2649.959, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2619.203, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2621.784, 'text': 'So what kind of off-chain interactions are supported with Plutus?', 'start': 2619.203, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 2624.825, 'text': "What are the limits you want to put on the thing so it doesn't get chaotic?", 'start': 2621.984, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 2625.945, 'text': "Well, that's the beautiful thing.", 'start': 2624.845, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 2630.007, 'text': 'When you have a less expressive model on-chain, it means you can do anything you want off-chain.', 'start': 2626.006, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 2637.174, 'text': "So you started talking about smart contracts, but let's zoom back out and ask.", 'start': 2630.683, 'duration': 6.491}, {'end': 2641.421, 'text': 'the big question here is what is a blockchain and what is a cryptocurrency?', 'start': 2637.174, 'duration': 4.247}, {'end': 2645.836, 'text': 'So a blockchain is just a ledger and really it has three nice properties.', 'start': 2642.213, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 2649.959, 'text': "You're timestamped, you're immutable and auditable, either in a global or a local sense.", 'start': 2645.876, 'duration': 4.083}], 'summary': 'Plutus supports off-chain interactions, allowing flexibility and immutability in blockchain transactions.', 'duration': 30.756, 'max_score': 2619.203, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc2619203.jpg'}], 'start': 111.036, 'title': 'Exploring complex systems and cryptocurrency evolution', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of the universe as a self-learning system, bridging philosophy with computer science, the evolution of over 8,000 cryptocurrencies, and the potential of plutus programming language in enabling small to mid-sized smart contracts.', 'chapters': [{'end': 225.29, 'start': 111.036, 'title': 'Exploring the universe as a simulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the idea of the universe being a giant self-learning system and the challenges of understanding a potential simulation, touching on the autodidactic universe paper and the concept of p versus np.', 'duration': 114.254, 'highlights': ['The universe as a self-learning system Charles discusses the concept of the universe being a giant self-learning system, resembling nomic, and the autodidactic universe paper, suggesting a new perspective on reality.', 'Challenges of understanding a potential simulation The conversation delves into the challenges of comprehending a potential simulation, drawing parallels to Minecraft and the limitations of understanding the nature of the system from within.', 'The computation question of P versus NP The chapter touches upon the computation question of whether P equals NP, highlighting the complexity of emulating the universe and the potential unfamiliarity of its programming language.']}, {'end': 777.926, 'start': 225.39, 'title': 'Philosophy, logic, and programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of simple rules evolving into complex systems, the application of cellular automata in economic modeling, and the relevance of philosophers like bertrand russell and saul kripke to the understanding of formal languages, truth, and the bridge between human language and formal systems.', 'duration': 552.536, 'highlights': ['The concept of simple rules evolving into complex systems and its application in economic modeling is discussed, highlighting the predictive power of simple rules in certain cases. The Santa Fe Institute has been using the concept of setting simple rules and initial conditions to let systems run and observe the outcomes, demonstrating its predictive power in certain cases, especially in economic modeling.', 'The relevance of philosophers like Bertrand Russell and Saul Kripke to the understanding of formal languages, truth, and the bridge between human language and formal systems is explored. The discussion delves into the work of philosophers like Bertrand Russell and Saul Kripke, emphasizing their contributions to increasing the precision in analyzing formal languages and language in general, providing insights into the bridge between human language and formal systems.', 'The discussion on the concept of cellular automata and the challenges in predicting its evolution, emphasizing the beauty and complexity of simple rules and the limitations in making conclusive predictions. The conversation touches upon the challenges in predicting the evolution of cellular automata, highlighting the beauty and complexity of simple rules and the limitations in making conclusive predictions about its future evolution.']}, {'end': 1535.229, 'start': 778.006, 'title': 'Bridging philosophy and computer science', 'summary': 'Discusses the intersect of philosophy and computer science, the challenges in formalizing abstract concepts like love and art, the role of theoretical computer science in software engineering, and the balance between formal methods and engineering in complex distributed systems.', 'duration': 757.223, 'highlights': ['The intersect of philosophy and computer science, the challenges in formalizing abstract concepts like love and art The chapter explores the intersect of philosophy and computer science, addressing the challenges in formalizing abstract concepts like love, music, art, and poetry, and questioning the possibility of quantifying creativity and subjective experiences.', 'The role of theoretical computer science in software engineering The discussion delves into the role of theoretical computer science in software engineering, emphasizing the importance of theoretical computer science in providing guardrails and desirable properties for software programs.', 'The balance between formal methods and engineering in complex distributed systems The chapter emphasizes the balance between formal methods and engineering in complex distributed systems, highlighting the need to distinguish between high assurance and low assurance components and the importance of aligning incentives for self-correction in systems.']}, {'end': 2289.954, 'start': 1535.249, 'title': 'Cryptocurrency evolution & programming languages', 'summary': "Discusses the darwinian evolution of over 8,000 cryptocurrencies, the use of haskell for cardano's infrastructure, and the recommendation of programming languages for students. it also delves into the criteria for choosing a programming language and the role of languages like scala and rust. additionally, it explores the support for other languages in cardano's developer roadmap and the concept of plutusfest as an annual conference for developers.", 'duration': 754.705, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the Darwinian evolution of over 8,000 cryptocurrencies, the use of Haskell for Cardano's infrastructure, and the recommendation of programming languages for students. It provides insight into the competitive landscape of cryptocurrencies, Cardano's choice of Haskell for infrastructure, and programming language recommendations for students.", 'The criteria for choosing a programming language and the role of languages like Scala and Rust are explored. The chapter delves into the factors influencing the choice of a programming language and the significance of languages such as Scala and Rust in the programming landscape.', "The support for other languages in Cardano's developer roadmap and the concept of PlutusFest as an annual conference for developers are discussed. It explores the potential support for additional languages in Cardano's developer roadmap and the idea of organizing an annual conference, PlutusFest, for developers."]}, {'end': 2821.52, 'start': 2289.994, 'title': 'Evm integration and plutus programming language', 'summary': 'Discusses integrating llvm and evm into the blockchain system, highlighting the potential of plutus programming language in enabling small to mid-sized smart contracts with deterministic results, low fees, and high availability, and the advantages of blockchain as a transnational, auditable ledger for various applications.', 'duration': 531.526, 'highlights': ['The potential of Plutus programming language in enabling small to mid-sized smart contracts with deterministic results, low fees, and high availability. Plutus is designed to create a language for writing small to mid-sized programs with a high degree of confidence in correctness, deterministic results, and cost efficiency, ensuring low fees and high availability.', 'Advantages of blockchain as a transnational, auditable ledger for various applications, such as property ledger, medical records, and supply chains. Blockchain serves as a transnational, auditable ledger with immutability, timestamping, and auditability, offering benefits for applications like property ledger, medical records, and supply chains.', 'Integration of LLVM and EVM into the blockchain system, allowing for interoperability and encapsulated, separated systems. The ability to integrate LLVM and EVM into the blockchain system enables interoperability and encapsulated, separated systems, facilitating the movement of ADA applications information between the two systems.']}], 'duration': 2710.484, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc111036.jpg', 'highlights': ['Plutus programming language enables small to mid-sized smart contracts with deterministic results, low fees, and high availability.', 'The universe as a self-learning system, resembling nomic, and the autodidactic universe paper, suggests a new perspective on reality.', 'The concept of simple rules evolving into complex systems and its application in economic modeling is discussed, highlighting the predictive power of simple rules in certain cases.', 'The intersect of philosophy and computer science, addressing the challenges in formalizing abstract concepts like love, music, art, and poetry.', "The Darwinian evolution of over 8,000 cryptocurrencies, Cardano's choice of Haskell for infrastructure, and programming language recommendations for students are discussed."]}, {'end': 3742.104, 'segs': [{'end': 3311.233, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3270.777, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3273.82, 'text': 'and eventually you hit those magic numbers, and when you do,', 'start': 3270.777, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 3279.485, 'text': 'it means you have the right to make the block and generally you bundle the block making with the proof of work system.', 'start': 3273.82, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 3287.232, 'text': 'Now you can do this looking for a single, or you can do this to actually shard it and look for multiple block makers at the same time.', 'start': 3280.005, 'duration': 7.227}, {'end': 3288.733, 'text': 'So there are sharded proof of work.', 'start': 3287.532, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 3290.675, 'text': 'protocols like Prism is an example of that.', 'start': 3288.733, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 3299.683, 'text': "uh, actually, ethereum got started this way with spectre and and ghost and phantom, the avi, avi zahar's work and jonathan sam lapinski.", 'start': 3291.896, 'duration': 7.787}, {'end': 3304.928, 'text': "but the basic idea is you pick some collection of people, they make some collection of things and there's some way to sort it all out,", 'start': 3299.683, 'duration': 5.245}, {'end': 3306.949, 'text': 'serialize it and prevent double spends.', 'start': 3304.928, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 3311.233, 'text': "great proof of stake is the same, but it's a synthetic resource.", 'start': 3306.949, 'duration': 4.284}], 'summary': "Proof of work and proof of stake systems use specific protocols to create and validate blocks, such as sharded proof of work used in ethereum's start with spectre, ghost, and prism.", 'duration': 40.456, 'max_score': 3270.777, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc3270777.jpg'}, {'end': 3394.897, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3360.874, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3366.039, 'text': 'Not everybody can go to Mongolia and set up a five gigawatt power plant and a huge data thing.', 'start': 3360.874, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 3369.802, 'text': 'Not everybody has access to the patented ASICs that people produce.', 'start': 3366.339, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 3372.304, 'text': "Because what if I don't sell it to you and I have the patent on it?", 'start': 3369.822, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 3374.827, 'text': 'Or what if I control the supply chain for these things?', 'start': 3372.665, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 3382.894, 'text': "So you'll end up having centralization around maybe 10 or five major operations, as we've seen historically with proof of work.", 'start': 3375.307, 'duration': 7.587}, {'end': 3388.896, 'text': 'And that means you end up having a ruling class of a mining oligarchy in the system.', 'start': 3383.474, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 3394.897, 'text': 'Proof of stake, if you design the parameters correctly, you actually get more decentralized over time.', 'start': 3389.416, 'duration': 5.481}], 'summary': 'Centralization in mining can be reduced with proof of stake, leading to a more decentralized system.', 'duration': 34.023, 'max_score': 3360.874, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc3360874.jpg'}, {'end': 3448.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3416.606, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3419.008, 'text': "That means there's more people who can participate in the consensus.", 'start': 3416.606, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 3421.07, 'text': 'You can even tune economic parameters.', 'start': 3419.368, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 3423.912, 'text': 'And this is what we did with Cardano and Ouroboros.', 'start': 3421.19, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 3427.575, 'text': "We created this concept of K in the system, and it's just a parameter.", 'start': 3423.952, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 3432.219, 'text': "And it's like a forcing factor that tends to accumulate a certain amount of stake pools.", 'start': 3427.595, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 3435.881, 'text': 'So you can set it to 200 and then 500 and 1,000 and so forth.', 'start': 3432.239, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 3443.107, 'text': 'But the basic idea is as the price of ADA goes up, you make K larger and then you end up, in practical terms,', 'start': 3436.182, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 3448.351, 'text': 'having a larger and larger set of actors, making blocks that are unique and distinct.', 'start': 3443.107, 'duration': 5.244}], 'summary': "Cardano's ouroboros system adjusts k to grow stake pools as ada price rises.", 'duration': 31.745, 'max_score': 3416.606, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc3416606.jpg'}, {'end': 3501.488, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3473.106, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3475.588, 'text': "And if the government seizes it, well, it's their property now.", 'start': 3473.106, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 3480.111, 'text': 'A virtual resource, you can click a button and redeploy it to a different jurisdiction.', 'start': 3476.048, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 3489.018, 'text': 'So, to me, for a virtual asset, it makes a lot more sense to try to tie your security to something endogenous, something within the system,', 'start': 3480.831, 'duration': 8.187}, {'end': 3490.96, 'text': "because it's just like the asset.", 'start': 3489.018, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 3492.762, 'text': 'It can move anywhere at a click of a button.', 'start': 3491.02, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 3496.365, 'text': 'And human beings have a much harder time attacking something like that.', 'start': 3493.262, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 3501.488, 'text': "Well, so people, maybe you could sort of play devil's advocate and say what is the strength of proof of work system?", 'start': 3496.465, 'duration': 5.023}], 'summary': 'Virtual assets should tie security to endogenous systems for better protection and mobility.', 'duration': 28.382, 'max_score': 3473.106, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc3473106.jpg'}], 'start': 2821.6, 'title': 'Blockchain, cryptocurrency mechanics, and proof of stake', 'summary': "Delves into the potential of blockchain in securing medical records, the mechanics of ownership, transparency, and consensus algorithms in cryptocurrency systems, the differences between proof of work and proof of stake, and the advantages of cardano's ouroboros, including its parameter k for stake pools and portability of virtual resources.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3141.918, 'start': 2821.6, 'title': 'Blockchain and cryptocurrency mechanics', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of blockchain in securing medical records and implementing cryptocurrency, explaining the mechanics of ownership, transparency, and consensus algorithms, while also exploring the concept of multi-resource systems and their implications for governance and fairness.', 'duration': 320.318, 'highlights': ["Blockchain's potential in securing medical records and implementing cryptocurrency Blockchain could potentially secure medical records and implement cryptocurrency, leveraging its mechanics to ensure ownership, transparency, and security.", 'Mechanics of ownership, transparency, and consensus algorithms in blockchain and cryptocurrency The discussion delves into the mechanics of ownership, transparency, and consensus algorithms in blockchain and cryptocurrency, providing insights into proof of work, proof of stake, and multi-resource systems.', 'Exploration of multi-resource systems and implications for governance and fairness The concept of multi-resource systems is explored, highlighting its implications for governance and fairness, as well as the potential to create a balanced and diverse ecosystem.']}, {'end': 3416.366, 'start': 3141.978, 'title': 'Proof of work vs proof of stake', 'summary': 'Explains the differences between proof of work and proof of stake consensus mechanisms, highlighting the energy consumption and centralization concerns of proof of work, and the potential for decentralization and egalitarian distribution in proof of stake systems.', 'duration': 274.388, 'highlights': ["Proof of work involves solving puzzles and consumes significant energy, leading to centralization around a few major operations, while proof of stake uses a synthetic resource and has the potential to become more decentralized over time as the currency's value increases. Energy consumption, centralization concerns, potential for decentralization", 'In proof of work, the system becomes less decentralized over time due to the economy of scale, leading to centralization around a mining oligarchy, while in proof of stake, the distribution of the currency tends to become more egalitarian as its value increases. Centralization trend in proof of work, egalitarian distribution trend in proof of stake', "Bill Gates' shareholding in Microsoft decreased from 64% to less than 5% over time, demonstrating the potential for more egalitarian distribution as the currency's value increases in proof of stake systems. Bill Gates' shareholding in Microsoft"]}, {'end': 3742.104, 'start': 3416.606, 'title': "Cardano's ouroboros and proof of stake", 'summary': "Discusses the advantages of cardano's ouroboros, including its parameter k for stake pools, portability of virtual resources, and the flaws of proof of work systems. it also highlights the challenges faced in developing proof of stake protocols and the potential for combining proof of work and proof of stake.", 'duration': 325.498, 'highlights': ["Cardano's Ouroboros introduces the concept of K as a parameter for stake pools, allowing for the adjustment of economic parameters and the accumulation of a larger set of actors making unique and distinct blocks as the price of ADA increases. The parameter K in Cardano's Ouroboros system allows for the adjustment of stake pools, leading to a larger set of actors making unique and distinct blocks as the price of ADA increases.", "The portability of virtual resources in Cardano's Ouroboros allows for easy redeployment to different jurisdictions, providing a level of security not present in physical resource-based systems like mining. Cardano's Ouroboros offers the portability of virtual resources, enabling easy redeployment to different jurisdictions, unlike physical resource-based systems like mining, which are susceptible to government interventions.", 'Proof of work systems suffer from a winner-take-all dynamic, with miners having a perverse incentive to destroy one chain and profit from short selling the asset, a flaw not present in proof of stake systems. In proof of work systems, miners have a perverse incentive to destroy one chain and profit from short selling the asset, a flaw not present in proof of stake systems where ownership is required to participate.', 'The challenges faced in developing proof of stake protocols, including issues with random number generation, grinding attacks, and security properties, required extensive research and refinement over several years. Developing proof of stake protocols involved addressing challenges such as random number generation, grinding attacks, and security properties, necessitating extensive research and refinement over several years.', 'There is potential for combining proof of work and proof of stake, leveraging the useful aspects of proof of work and integrating incentives for network relay, despite the trade-offs involved in each approach. The potential exists for combining proof of work and proof of stake to leverage the useful aspects of both systems, while also integrating incentives for network relay, despite inherent trade-offs in each approach.']}], 'duration': 920.504, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc2821600.jpg', 'highlights': ["Blockchain's potential in securing medical records and implementing cryptocurrency", 'Mechanics of ownership, transparency, and consensus algorithms in blockchain and cryptocurrency', 'Exploration of multi-resource systems and implications for governance and fairness', 'Proof of work involves solving puzzles and consumes significant energy, leading to centralization around a few major operations', "Proof of stake uses a synthetic resource and has the potential to become more decentralized over time as the currency's value increases", "Cardano's Ouroboros introduces the concept of K as a parameter for stake pools, allowing for the adjustment of economic parameters and the accumulation of a larger set of actors making unique and distinct blocks as the price of ADA increases", "The portability of virtual resources in Cardano's Ouroboros allows for easy redeployment to different jurisdictions, providing a level of security not present in physical resource-based systems like mining", 'Proof of work systems suffer from a winner-take-all dynamic, with miners having a perverse incentive to destroy one chain and profit from short selling the asset, a flaw not present in proof of stake systems', 'The challenges faced in developing proof of stake protocols, including issues with random number generation, grinding attacks, and security properties, required extensive research and refinement over several years', 'There is potential for combining proof of work and proof of stake, leveraging the useful aspects of proof of work and integrating incentives for network relay, despite the trade-offs involved in each approach']}, {'end': 4871.233, 'segs': [{'end': 4055.739, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4025.423, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4027.824, 'text': 'The minute you have notion of delegation, you have these stake pools.', 'start': 4025.423, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 4035.187, 'text': 'What the hell does that mean? And so this is a beautiful kind of interdisciplinary notion that layers computer science and biology together.', 'start': 4027.844, 'duration': 7.343}, {'end': 4039.77, 'text': 'And the minute that complexity starts going up, you start seeing cell specialization.', 'start': 4036.088, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 4047.754, 'text': 'So you go from single cell organisms to organisms where you have eyeballs and brains and hearts, and each of these tissues do different things.', 'start': 4040.45, 'duration': 7.304}, {'end': 4051.937, 'text': 'Well, analogously, complex distributed systems start getting specialization.', 'start': 4048.115, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 4055.739, 'text': "You move from the single cell thing, Bitcoin, where everything's a full node.", 'start': 4052.117, 'duration': 3.622}], 'summary': 'Delegation leads to stake pools, increasing complexity results in cell specialization and complex distributed systems.', 'duration': 30.316, 'max_score': 4025.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc4025423.jpg'}, {'end': 4444.356, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4417.499, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4424.062, 'text': 'You have like this whiteboard overview video that you talk about the three generations of cryptocurrency, where Cardano is the third.', 'start': 4417.499, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 4430.464, 'text': "So that's like five different questions, way of asking the exact same thing you can answer however the hell you want.", 'start': 4424.502, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 4440.032, 'text': 'You know, I always term Cardano as like a FOSS, a financial operating system, and nobody likes it and everybody picks on me for using that term.', 'start': 4432.665, 'duration': 7.367}, {'end': 4444.356, 'text': 'But basically the idea is that, you know, the world runs on systems, especially the financial world.', 'start': 4440.052, 'duration': 4.304}], 'summary': 'Cardano is termed as a foss, a financial operating system, representing the third generation of cryptocurrency.', 'duration': 26.857, 'max_score': 4417.499, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc4417499.jpg'}, {'end': 4629.213, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4602.659, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4607.784, 'text': "So once you get the philosophy out of where's the target of what do you want to do, then you build a community.", 'start': 4602.659, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 4613.966, 'text': "Now it's over a million people strong, and that community keeps growing, and they keep pushing the system in that particular direction.", 'start': 4607.844, 'duration': 6.122}, {'end': 4618.728, 'text': "And what's nice about it is if you build the right philosophy within the system, it doesn't need founders.", 'start': 4614.386, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 4620.469, 'text': 'This is the great lesson of Satoshi.', 'start': 4618.888, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 4622.43, 'text': "It doesn't need founders to be able to get there.", 'start': 4620.489, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 4629.213, 'text': "So if you look at the academic side, that's very decentralized.", 'start': 4622.89, 'duration': 6.323}], 'summary': 'A community of over a million people is pushing the system in a decentralized direction without the need for founders.', 'duration': 26.554, 'max_score': 4602.659, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc4602659.jpg'}, {'end': 4679.867, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4641.483, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4645.746, 'text': 'some from China and some from Japan and America and Africa and South America.', 'start': 4641.483, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 4651.991, 'text': 'And the faces change, the languages change, the cultures change, but the process stays the same.', 'start': 4646.006, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 4656.495, 'text': 'And that is a permanent organ within what we have constructed as a system.', 'start': 4652.532, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 4660.137, 'text': "It's the same situation entering marketplaces, like we entered Ethiopia.", 'start': 4656.935, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 4662.978, 'text': 'What are we doing there? We have five million people in Ethiopia.', 'start': 4660.457, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 4667.12, 'text': "We're getting them digital identity and we're dragging that digital identity into the system,", 'start': 4663.018, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 4669.762, 'text': "because that's the most fundamental thing of a financial operating system.", 'start': 4667.12, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 4676.165, 'text': 'You need to know who people are in order to be able to do business with them, give them credit, be able to give them economic agency,', 'start': 4670.082, 'duration': 6.083}, {'end': 4676.645, 'text': 'and so the thing.', 'start': 4676.165, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 4679.867, 'text': "But once they're there, they're going to grow up with that system.", 'start': 4676.965, 'duration': 2.902}], 'summary': 'Providing digital identity to 5 million people in ethiopia to integrate into the financial system for economic agency.', 'duration': 38.384, 'max_score': 4641.483, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc4641483.jpg'}], 'start': 3742.544, 'title': "Cardano's resilient system and consensus evolution", 'summary': "Discusses cardano's incentivizing approach, hybrid consensus, and evolution of algorithms from gkl15 to prowse, culminating in implementation with stake pools and academic collaborations with over 30 contributors for 105 papers.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3810.692, 'start': 3742.544, 'title': "Cardano's resilient system", 'summary': "Discusses cardano's approach to incentivizing resources for a resilient system and its philosophical difference in solving the consensus problem, emphasizing the hybrid approach of proof of stake and proof of work.", 'duration': 68.148, 'highlights': ["Cardano's approach to incentivizing resources results in a resilient system that pays its own bills.", 'The philosophical difference between Cardano and Ethereum in solving the consensus problem is based on a hybrid approach of proof of stake and proof of work.', 'The importance of decomposing problems and the value of bringing in experienced academics to address complex issues.']}, {'end': 4239.018, 'start': 3810.692, 'title': 'Evolution of consensus algorithms', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of consensus algorithms from gkl15 to prowse, addressing key academic validations, feasibility of problems, and the transition from theory to practicality, culminating in the implementation of cardano with stake pools and the interdisciplinary nature of the concept.', 'duration': 428.326, 'highlights': ['The implementation of Cardano with stake pools and the interdisciplinary nature of the concept The introduction of stake pools in Cardano allows for multiple parties to delegate their staking capabilities to others, resulting in a complex system that requires interdisciplinary knowledge and game theory modeling.', 'The academic validations and feasibility of problems in the evolution of consensus algorithms Each step of the evolution of consensus algorithms, from GKL15 to Prowse, involved academic validations and demonstrated the feasibility of solving particular classes of problems, ultimately leading to the practical implementation of Cardano.', 'The transition from theory to practicality and the importance of solving hard problems The transition from theory to practicality involved solving hard problems in the evolution of consensus algorithms, requiring a shift from mathematician-style cryptographers to practical applied work, as demonstrated in the transition from GKL to Ouroboros Classic to Prowse.']}, {'end': 4871.233, 'start': 4239.258, 'title': "Cardano's vision and academic collaboration", 'summary': "Highlights cardano's vision as a financial operating system aiming for universal access and discusses the collaborative academic work on interdisciplinary problems, with over 30 contributors for 105 papers and the growing community's impact in global marketplaces.", 'duration': 631.975, 'highlights': ["Cardano's vision as a financial operating system aiming for universal access Cardano aims to provide a universal protocol that improves, speeds up, and reduces the cost of the legacy financial system, ensuring equal access to everyone globally, including those in less affluent countries.", "Collaborative academic work on interdisciplinary problems with over 30 contributors for 105 papers The collaboration involves over 30 contributors working on 105 papers, attracting global participation with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, reflecting the growing community's impact on global marketplaces.", 'Iterative approach and academic community engagement The iterative development approach leads to the identification of new problems, creating a stimulating environment for academic collaboration and research, with labs established in various academic institutions, including Tokyo Tech and University of Wyoming.']}], 'duration': 1128.689, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc3742544.jpg', 'highlights': ["Cardano's approach to incentivizing resources results in a resilient system that pays its own bills.", 'The philosophical difference between Cardano and Ethereum in solving the consensus problem is based on a hybrid approach of proof of stake and proof of work.', 'The importance of decomposing problems and the value of bringing in experienced academics to address complex issues.', 'The implementation of Cardano with stake pools and the interdisciplinary nature of the concept.', 'The academic validations and feasibility of problems in the evolution of consensus algorithms.', 'The transition from theory to practicality and the importance of solving hard problems.', "Cardano's vision as a financial operating system aiming for universal access.", 'Collaborative academic work on interdisciplinary problems with over 30 contributors for 105 papers.', 'Iterative approach and academic community engagement.']}, {'end': 6074.282, 'segs': [{'end': 5058.618, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5015.085, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5016.746, 'text': "It's like, I could never do that before.", 'start': 5015.085, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5018.488, 'text': 'And you know, some said, this is incredible.', 'start': 5016.806, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 5026.233, 'text': "Okay The problem is the minute that people validate the idea, they immediately want something they don't have.", 'start': 5019.028, 'duration': 7.205}, {'end': 5033.278, 'text': "So the minute Elon can land a rocket, there's the next big thing, right? You've landed the Falcon 9, now you're on the Starship.", 'start': 5026.273, 'duration': 7.005}, {'end': 5036.981, 'text': 'Similarly, you say, okay, I want programmability with this thing.', 'start': 5033.678, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 5039.943, 'text': 'is kind of like when javascript came to the web browser.', 'start': 5037.561, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 5049.25, 'text': 'you went from these static perhaps pretty, but ultimately static non-interactive pages to youtube and google and facebook and these amazing, rich,', 'start': 5039.943, 'duration': 9.307}, {'end': 5053.273, 'text': 'incredible experiences, because now you can actually interact with the user.', 'start': 5049.25, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 5054.434, 'text': 'you can program things.', 'start': 5053.273, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 5056.896, 'text': 'stuff runs on their side, stuff runs on your side.', 'start': 5054.434, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 5058.618, 'text': "it's a beautiful two-way relationship.", 'start': 5056.896, 'duration': 1.722}], 'summary': 'Advancements create demand for more; like rocket landings spurring starship; javascript transforming web interaction.', 'duration': 43.533, 'max_score': 5015.085, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc5015085.jpg'}, {'end': 5353.019, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5319.78, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5322.022, 'text': 'The problem is your tail is wagging the dog there.', 'start': 5319.78, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 5330.487, 'text': "You have a situation where you're so focused on the technology that you're failing to understand that there's still daisy here.", 'start': 5323.242, 'duration': 7.245}, {'end': 5331.508, 'text': 'You still have the user.', 'start': 5330.507, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 5332.949, 'text': "And where's the app store?", 'start': 5331.928, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 5334.35, 'text': "Where's the one-click install?", 'start': 5333.129, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5335.971, 'text': "Where's the use and utility?", 'start': 5334.79, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 5339.833, 'text': 'All these layer two protocols and these DeFi applications in five years.', 'start': 5336.391, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 5342.455, 'text': "they're completely protocol and blockchain agnostic.", 'start': 5339.833, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 5346.796, 'text': 'Because at the end of the day, they care about liquidity, operating cost, and user experience.', 'start': 5343.235, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 5353.019, 'text': "It's so preposterous and absurd for somebody to say oh well, I'm going to go build my application,", 'start': 5347.457, 'duration': 5.562}], 'summary': 'Focus on user, app store, one-click install, and user experience for defi applications.', 'duration': 33.239, 'max_score': 5319.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc5319780.jpg'}, {'end': 5411.905, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5377.986, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5379.867, 'text': "they're having the multi-chain conversation.", 'start': 5377.986, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 5386.33, 'text': "So I don't really believe in a winner-takes-all, maximalist view of, well, there's gonna be some protocol that becomes the god protocol.", 'start': 5380.447, 'duration': 5.883}, {'end': 5387.971, 'text': 'First, because they evolved too quickly.', 'start': 5386.39, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 5390.793, 'text': "Second, the incentives aren't aligned for that.", 'start': 5388.471, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5393.194, 'text': "TCPIP didn't have a token connected to it.", 'start': 5390.913, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 5400.138, 'text': "There was no financial incentive where if TCPIP got adopted over something else, they'd make some big company crazy amounts of money.", 'start': 5393.254, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 5401.839, 'text': 'It was a useful piece of infrastructure.', 'start': 5400.198, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 5411.905, 'text': 'So I think that the third generation is gonna be as defined by the social components and the usability components as it is by the technological capabilities of the system.', 'start': 5402.719, 'duration': 9.186}], 'summary': 'Multi-chain conversation, no winner-takes-all, 3rd generation defined by social, usability.', 'duration': 33.919, 'max_score': 5377.986, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc5377986.jpg'}, {'end': 5693.794, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5660.312, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5662.813, 'text': 'He was trying to innovate and do things in Bitcoin.', 'start': 5660.312, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 5668.817, 'text': 'And it was so hard and difficult that he started diverging and going and doing things in a different system entirely.', 'start': 5662.913, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 5672.639, 'text': 'You know, I knew the MasterCoin guys, JR, all these people.', 'start': 5669.697, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 5673.66, 'text': 'They were maximalists.', 'start': 5672.759, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 5676.442, 'text': 'They really wanted to build something cool and exciting for Bitcoin.', 'start': 5673.68, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 5679.204, 'text': 'And anything they did, the developers would attack them.', 'start': 5676.882, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5681.325, 'text': "It's, oh, you're misusing op return.", 'start': 5679.264, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 5682.086, 'text': "You're doing this, that.", 'start': 5681.345, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 5684.247, 'text': 'It was a holy war anytime you wanted to evolve.', 'start': 5682.126, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 5686.689, 'text': "So I think it's its own worst enemy.", 'start': 5684.748, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 5693.794, 'text': "It has the network effect, it has the brand name, it has the regulatory approval, but there's no way to change the system,", 'start': 5686.749, 'duration': 7.045}], 'summary': 'Bitcoin faced challenges in innovation. developers faced resistance when trying to evolve. it has network effect and brand, but limited ability to change.', 'duration': 33.482, 'max_score': 5660.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc5660312.jpg'}], 'start': 4871.274, 'title': 'Evolution of cryptocurrencies', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of cryptocurrencies in three generations, highlighting bitcoin, ethereum, and cardano, and the challenges of scalability and governance. it also delves into the challenges and design goals of third-generation cryptocurrencies, emphasizing self-governance, scalability, interoperability, and sustainability, and predicts ethereum's potential to win against bitcoin. additionally, it explores bitcoin's lack of clarity and direction, emphasizing frustrations with its ecosystem and the focus on price as a measure of success.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5169.988, 'start': 4871.274, 'title': 'Evolution of cryptocurrencies', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of cryptocurrencies in three generations, starting with bitcoin, followed by ethereum, and highlighting the challenges of scalability and governance faced by these systems, ultimately leading to the development of cardano as a cutting-edge solution.', 'duration': 298.714, 'highlights': ['Bitcoin marked the first generation of cryptocurrencies, addressing the need for a system that can represent and move value without requiring a trusted third party. Bitcoin was the first generation cryptocurrency, aiming to enable the representation and movement of value without the need for a trusted third party, ultimately leading to the creation of a billion-dollar market cap by 2013.', "Ethereum represented the second generation, introducing programmability to the blockchain and expanding its use cases, leading to the emergence of ICOs, DeFi, NFTs, and other applications. Ethereum represented the second generation of cryptocurrencies by adding programmability to the blockchain, enabling various applications such as ICOs, DeFi, NFTs, and expanding the use cases beyond Bitcoin's capabilities.", 'Challenges of scalability, cost, and governance emerged as Ethereum grew, leading to the need for a system like Cardano, addressing these issues through a cutting-edge solution. As Ethereum faced challenges related to scalability, high costs, and governance as it grew, the need for a system like Cardano emerged, aiming to address these issues through a cutting-edge solution incorporating scalability and governance features.']}, {'end': 5534.743, 'start': 5170.028, 'title': 'Challenges of third generation cryptocurrency', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and design goals of third-generation cryptocurrencies, emphasizing the need for self-governance, scalability, interoperability, and sustainability, as well as the competition and coexistence among various cryptocurrency projects.', 'duration': 364.715, 'highlights': ['Cryptocurrency evolution challenges The challenges of third-generation cryptocurrencies include the need for self-governance, scalability, interoperability, and sustainability, which impacts the competition and coexistence among various cryptocurrency projects.', 'Competition among cryptocurrency projects Various projects like Tezos, Algorand, ICP, and Polkadot are competing in the third-generation cryptocurrency space, each emphasizing different values such as scalability, interoperability, and governance.', 'Focus on self-evolving systems Cryptocurrency systems are designed to evolve and upgrade over time, with the possibility of Bitcoin and Ethereum evolving into third-generation systems through layer one and layer two protocols.']}, {'end': 5824.152, 'start': 5535.043, 'title': 'The evolution of bitcoin and ethereum', 'summary': "Discusses the drawbacks of cobol and bitcoin, and highlights the potential for improvement in bitcoin's protocol level, the contrasting cultural approach to evolution in ethereum, and the incentive for system evolution. it predicts ethereum's potential to win against bitcoin and emphasizes the need for user-driven evolution.", 'duration': 289.109, 'highlights': ['The lack of desirable features in COBOL, such as extremely long settlement time and low programmability, indicates its inevitable demise, supported by the analogy of an aging high school football star. (Relevance: 5)', "Bitcoin's need for fundamental improvements at the protocol level to enhance its competitiveness, including faster proof of work and programmability, and the potential to extend its capabilities for DeFi. (Relevance: 4)", "The cultural contrast between Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of their approach to evolution, with Ethereum's community being more open to evolving and upgrading, potentially leading to its victory in competition against Bitcoin. (Relevance: 3)", "The absence of an incentive for Bitcoin's system to evolve and become more competitive, compounded by the system being turned into a religious-like entity, as observed in a Bitcoin conference. (Relevance: 2)", 'The vision for Cardano to build a financial operating system that ensures equal access and fair treatment for all individuals, highlighting the motivation for user-driven evolution and inclusive participation. (Relevance: 1)']}, {'end': 6074.282, 'start': 5824.552, 'title': "Bitcoin's lack of clarity", 'summary': "Explores the lack of clarity and direction in bitcoin's purpose, questioning its role as a digital gold and highlighting the frustrations with the lack of focus and commitment in the ecosystem, with a focus on the price as the primary measure of success, demonstrated through the record attendance of the bitcoin conference due to its highest price point.", 'duration': 249.73, 'highlights': ['The frustration with the lack of focus and commitment in the Bitcoin ecosystem, with an emphasis on the price as the primary measure of success, demonstrated through the record attendance of the Bitcoin conference due to its highest price point.', "The lack of clarity and direction in Bitcoin's purpose, questioning its role as a digital gold, and highlighting the frustrations with the lack of focus and commitment in the ecosystem.", "The idea of creating a digital gold and a payment system in Bitcoin's early days, which has since led to various directions and a lack of consensus on its philosophy and purpose.", 'The inefficiency of building a successful banking credit system off of gold due to its underlying asset volatility, which has historical precedence from the Bretton Woods Agreement and other economic events.', 'The frustration with the slow implementation of upgrades and simplicity in layer two protocols interacting with Bitcoin, questioning why certain obvious upgrades, such as snore sigs, have taken a long time to be developed.', 'The emphasis on the price as the primary measure of success for Bitcoin, with the highest attendance at the Bitcoin conference attributed to its highest price point in history, indicating a focus on financial gains rather than actual economic activity and adoption.']}], 'duration': 1203.008, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc4871274.jpg', 'highlights': ['Ethereum represented the second generation, introducing programmability to the blockchain and expanding its use cases, leading to the emergence of ICOs, DeFi, NFTs, and other applications.', 'Bitcoin marked the first generation of cryptocurrencies, addressing the need for a system that can represent and move value without requiring a trusted third party.', 'Challenges of scalability, cost, and governance emerged as Ethereum grew, leading to the need for a system like Cardano, addressing these issues through a cutting-edge solution.', 'The challenges of third-generation cryptocurrencies include the need for self-governance, scalability, interoperability, and sustainability, which impacts the competition and coexistence among various cryptocurrency projects.', 'Cryptocurrency systems are designed to evolve and upgrade over time, with the possibility of Bitcoin and Ethereum evolving into third-generation systems through layer one and layer two protocols.', 'Various projects like Tezos, Algorand, ICP, and Polkadot are competing in the third-generation cryptocurrency space, each emphasizing different values such as scalability, interoperability, and governance.', 'The lack of desirable features in COBOL, such as extremely long settlement time and low programmability, indicates its inevitable demise, supported by the analogy of an aging high school football star.', "Bitcoin's need for fundamental improvements at the protocol level to enhance its competitiveness, including faster proof of work and programmability, and the potential to extend its capabilities for DeFi.", "The cultural contrast between Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of their approach to evolution, with Ethereum's community being more open to evolving and upgrading, potentially leading to its victory in competition against Bitcoin.", 'The frustration with the lack of focus and commitment in the Bitcoin ecosystem, with an emphasis on the price as the primary measure of success, demonstrated through the record attendance of the Bitcoin conference due to its highest price point.']}, {'end': 7209.487, 'segs': [{'end': 6436.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6406.893, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6410.234, 'text': 'they ironically purchased a lot of apple computers to do that,', 'start': 6406.893, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 6416.655, 'text': 'because apple was moving away from the power pc to intel and microsoft was moving towards the power pc just this weird intersection of history.', 'start': 6410.234, 'duration': 6.421}, {'end': 6422.357, 'text': 'so at that time, the largest order of mac computers made was done by microsoft and they were using it for xbox stuff.', 'start': 6416.655, 'duration': 5.702}, {'end': 6424.178, 'text': 'So, Ergo, we viewed the same way.', 'start': 6422.677, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6426.76, 'text': 'So we said, well, we have this extended UTXO model.', 'start': 6424.298, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 6432.505, 'text': "The only thing that's sufficiently close to it where we can beta test contracts is actually with Ergo.", 'start': 6426.8, 'duration': 5.705}, {'end': 6436.288, 'text': 'And Alex just was a little faster in getting certain things out,', 'start': 6433.045, 'duration': 3.243}], 'summary': 'Microsoft made the largest order of mac computers for xbox, as apple transitioned to intel and microsoft to powerpc.', 'duration': 29.395, 'max_score': 6406.893, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc6406893.jpg'}, {'end': 6528.115, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6502.043, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6507.606, 'text': 'So there was a nice intersection where there was overlapping technology with Ergo, with our technology,', 'start': 6502.043, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 6511.348, 'text': 'and the other thing was that the community was so open and friendly it was just a no-brainer.', 'start': 6507.606, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 6513.409, 'text': 'Just go in and start building some things there.', 'start': 6511.388, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 6515.65, 'text': 'Now, in terms of evolving ideas.', 'start': 6513.849, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 6518.992, 'text': "the whole Sigma protocol idea is very different and it's very interesting.", 'start': 6515.65, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 6525.614, 'text': "There's a guy at a Boston University his name will come to me in a second who came up with this stuff.", 'start': 6519.632, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 6528.115, 'text': "And I think there's some merit there,", 'start': 6526.214, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': 'Ergo and our technology overlapped, leading to sigma protocol idea, found merit in it.', 'duration': 26.072, 'max_score': 6502.043, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc6502043.jpg'}, {'end': 6871.869, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6843.79, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6848.173, 'text': 'The problem with this particular model is that the way it was implemented with Bitcoin.', 'start': 6843.79, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 6857.459, 'text': 'there was no notion of how do we run complex predicates, complex contracts on this thing where, instead of just saying okay,', 'start': 6848.173, 'duration': 9.286}, {'end': 6862.502, 'text': "I'm just going to push value to you, I want to put lots of terms and conditions into the movement of that value.", 'start': 6857.459, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 6866.125, 'text': 'Like. you only get this if I mow your lawn on Tuesday,', 'start': 6862.903, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 6871.869, 'text': 'or you only get this if some event happens like the Broncos win the Super Bowl or something like that.', 'start': 6866.125, 'duration': 5.744}], 'summary': 'Challenges in implementing complex contracts with bitcoin, requiring conditions for value transfer.', 'duration': 28.079, 'max_score': 6843.79, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc6843790.jpg'}, {'end': 6920.183, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6888.254, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6893.475, 'text': "So in a bank ledger, every time you do a withdrawal, a deposit, it's a mutable system.", 'start': 6888.254, 'duration': 5.221}, {'end': 6899.677, 'text': "With the cash register accounting, you don't tear up the bills, but the bank, you can deduct or add to the ledger all the time.", 'start': 6894.295, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 6907.219, 'text': "So Ethereum kind of works in that bank accounting system where you just you send messages, you send transactions and you're going up or down,", 'start': 6900.217, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 6909.26, 'text': 'and so you can trigger programs the same way.', 'start': 6907.219, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 6912.201, 'text': 'So what we did is we said okay,', 'start': 6910.28, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 6920.183, 'text': "if you take the UTXO model and you add some data to it and instead of saying it's just a digital signature but it's in a script,", 'start': 6912.201, 'duration': 7.982}], 'summary': 'Ethereum operates like a mutable bank ledger, allowing transactions and triggering programs.', 'duration': 31.929, 'max_score': 6888.254, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc6888254.jpg'}, {'end': 7176.247, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7150.135, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7154.317, 'text': 'It has to be done a little differently than the way that you would do it in an account-style model.', 'start': 7150.135, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 7158.699, 'text': 'Just like you can run an application in Java, you can run an application in Haskell.', 'start': 7154.377, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 7164.802, 'text': 'they both can do the same thing, but the code is going to look different and the canonical way of looking at things is different.', 'start': 7158.699, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 7167.603, 'text': 'In terms of Oracle Oracle networks?', 'start': 7165.322, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 7176.247, 'text': "what are your thoughts about Chainlink and external off-chain data sources and everything we've been talking about now with the extended UTXO model?", 'start': 7167.603, 'duration': 8.644}], 'summary': 'Comparing application execution in java and haskell, and discussing the use of chainlink and external off-chain data sources within the extended utxo model.', 'duration': 26.112, 'max_score': 7150.135, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7150135.jpg'}], 'start': 6074.302, 'title': 'Bitcoin and ergo communities', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of the bitcoin community, the collaboration with ergo, including the sigma protocol, extended utxo model for smart contracts, and their potential impact on decentralized finance and blockchain technology advancements.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6424.178, 'start': 6074.302, 'title': 'Bitcoin community evolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of the bitcoin community from its humble beginnings to its current state, highlighting the shift from a decentralized, intimate culture to a more commercialized and materialistic one, as well as the emergence of ergo as a potential spiritual successor to bitcoin.', 'duration': 349.876, 'highlights': ["Bitcoin's evolution from a decentralized, intimate culture to a more commercialized and materialistic one is lamented, citing the absence of community support booths and the influx of materialism at conferences. The shift in the Bitcoin community culture is highlighted, expressing disappointment at the absence of community support booths and the prevalence of materialism at conferences, indicating a departure from the original decentralized and intimate culture.", 'The rapid adoption of Bitcoin is emphasized, with a mention of encountering a camel herder in Mongolia who possessed Bitcoin, showcasing its pervasive nature. The rapid adoption of Bitcoin is underscored by an encounter with a camel herder in Mongolia who owned Bitcoin, indicating its widespread adoption within just 11 years of its existence.', 'The emergence of Ergo as a potential successor to Bitcoin is discussed, highlighting its similar culture and mentality, as well as its innovative technology, including a proof of work system, UTXO with smart contracts, and the Sigma protocol. The emergence of Ergo as a potential successor to Bitcoin is detailed, emphasizing its similar culture and mentality, along with its innovative technology, such as the proof of work system, UTXO with smart contracts, and the Sigma protocol, positioning it as a promising evolution from Bitcoin.']}, {'end': 6721.333, 'start': 6424.298, 'title': 'Ergo community and sigma protocol', 'summary': "Discusses the collaboration with ergo, highlighting the testing of stable coin and oracle on ergo, the open and friendly community, the modular framework of ergo, and the revolutionary sigma protocol, including its potential to validate proofs efficiently and the comparison with microsoft's pinocchio project.", 'duration': 297.035, 'highlights': ['The collaboration with Ergo involved testing a stable coin and Oracle and was facilitated by the open and friendly community.', 'The modular framework of Ergo, derived from the project Scorex, allowed for rapid prototyping and academic research, enabling ideas to be explored in a matter of weeks instead of months or years.', 'The Sigma protocol, introduced by Ergo, aims to efficiently validate proofs without running the entire program, potentially revolutionizing the approach to blockchains being used to validate proofs instead of running computation.', "The comparison with Microsoft's Pinocchio project highlights the potential of efficiently validating proofs for arbitrary computation, leading to the transformation from replicated to distributed problem-solving.", 'The concept of efficiently checking that the work was done correctly, facilitated by mechanisms like zero knowledge or sigma protocols, represents a shift towards more efficient checking of solutions, reminiscent of the P equals NP problem.']}, {'end': 7209.487, 'start': 6721.707, 'title': 'Extended utxo model for smart contracts', 'summary': "Discusses the extended utxo model, comparing it with the account model, and its advantages in enabling expressive smart contracts with determinism and without a global state, facilitating easier sharding and pluto smart contracts, while also supporting infrastructure similar to ethereum's development experience.", 'duration': 487.78, 'highlights': ['The extended UTXO model enables expressive smart contracts with determinism and without a global state, facilitating easier sharding and pluto smart contracts. The extended UTXO model allows for the development of expressive smart contracts with determinism and without a global state, making it easier to implement sharding and pluto smart contracts.', "The extended UTXO model supports infrastructure similar to Ethereum's development experience. The extended UTXO model allows for the implementation of infrastructure that provides a development experience similar to Ethereum.", 'The UTXO model, akin to cash register accounting, involves inputs and outputs that are atomic units, enabling programmability without a global state. The UTXO model, similar to cash register accounting, involves inputs and outputs as atomic units, allowing for programmability without a global state.', 'The extended UTXO model allows for the mapping of properties between UTXO and account models, providing a relatively similar development experience to Ethereum without the need to manage a global state. The extended UTXO model enables the mapping of properties between UTXO and account models, providing a development experience similar to Ethereum without the need to manage a global state.', 'External off-chain data sources like Chainlink are essential for smart contracts and the extended UTXO model. The chapter emphasizes the importance of external off-chain data sources like Chainlink for smart contracts and the extended UTXO model.']}], 'duration': 1135.185, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc6074302.jpg', 'highlights': ['The emergence of Ergo as a potential successor to Bitcoin is detailed, emphasizing its similar culture and mentality, along with its innovative technology, such as the proof of work system, UTXO with smart contracts, and the Sigma protocol, positioning it as a promising evolution from Bitcoin.', 'The rapid adoption of Bitcoin is underscored by an encounter with a camel herder in Mongolia who owned Bitcoin, indicating its widespread adoption within just 11 years of its existence.', 'The extended UTXO model allows for the development of expressive smart contracts with determinism and without a global state, making it easier to implement sharding and pluto smart contracts.', 'The modular framework of Ergo, derived from the project Scorex, allowed for rapid prototyping and academic research, enabling ideas to be explored in a matter of weeks instead of months or years.', 'The Sigma protocol, introduced by Ergo, aims to efficiently validate proofs without running the entire program, potentially revolutionizing the approach to blockchains being used to validate proofs instead of running computation.']}, {'end': 8384.142, 'segs': [{'end': 7593.566, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7560.986, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7561.867, 'text': 'You can just use ADA.', 'start': 7560.986, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 7565.409, 'text': "You don't need an oracle coin for these types of things to work.", 'start': 7562.187, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 7570.272, 'text': "And by the way, that's just for the injection component and the veracity attestation.", 'start': 7565.529, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 7573.394, 'text': "So is it true or not? That's not about the aggregation.", 'start': 7570.672, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 7577.076, 'text': "That's still a tremendously time-intensive, expensive proposition.", 'start': 7573.814, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 7580.638, 'text': "There's only a few people in the world that have what Steve has with Wolfram.", 'start': 7577.116, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 7586.281, 'text': 'And those guys, by just cutting off those supply to replicate what they have,', 'start': 7581.598, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 7588.923, 'text': 'is something that would cost hundreds of millions or billions of dollars.', 'start': 7586.281, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 7593.566, 'text': "And so it's an interesting question of how do you incentivize decentralized aggregation of information?", 'start': 7589.063, 'duration': 4.503}], 'summary': 'Ada can be used without an oracle coin for injection and veracity attestation, but decentralized aggregation remains time-intensive and expensive, potentially costing hundreds of millions or billions of dollars.', 'duration': 32.58, 'max_score': 7560.986, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7560986.jpg'}, {'end': 7701.938, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7674.138, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7676.918, 'text': "There's no sense in saying that we're somehow going to decentralize that.", 'start': 7674.138, 'duration': 2.78}, {'end': 7682.02, 'text': "What they're just trying to do is extend their currency or NFTs or whatever into new marketplaces.", 'start': 7676.978, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 7691.663, 'text': 'So the minting of that is controlled by a single entity and the world state of that, you just have to trust Blizzard to inject that into the system.', 'start': 7682.94, 'duration': 8.723}, {'end': 7698.633, 'text': 'You could try to imagine some sort of, like you know, Sentinel group of people within the game who keep Blizzard honest,', 'start': 7692.023, 'duration': 6.61}, {'end': 7701.938, 'text': "but it's completely unnecessary because they can change the rules of the system arbitrarily.", 'start': 7698.633, 'duration': 3.305}], 'summary': 'Centralized control of currency and nfts by single entity raises trust issues in system.', 'duration': 27.8, 'max_score': 7674.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7674138.jpg'}, {'end': 7780.875, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7752.054, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7753.235, 'text': 'and everything goes to hell.', 'start': 7752.054, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 7760.841, 'text': 'And, you know, the markets will eventually correct it for arbitrage-seeking behavior, but anything that was built on that will fail in the short term.', 'start': 7753.875, 'duration': 6.966}, {'end': 7763.403, 'text': "So Oracle's really just a game of you know.", 'start': 7761.281, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 7767.746, 'text': 'you have to build the standardized interfaces and make it as easy as possible for people to do that,', 'start': 7763.403, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 7773.591, 'text': 'and then let people choose how they want to inject data and what level of assurance do they need behind that?', 'start': 7767.746, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 7780.875, 'text': "And the question is how much do you leave to the user versus how much does the protocol take care of for you? And it's a difficult design question.", 'start': 7774.111, 'duration': 6.764}], 'summary': 'Market correction for arbitrage-seeking behavior, focuses on standardized interfaces and user autonomy in data injection.', 'duration': 28.821, 'max_score': 7752.054, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7752054.jpg'}, {'end': 7815.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7787.158, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7791.44, 'text': "And we know on the data set, they're second to none because not only do they have it, it's computable.", 'start': 7787.158, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 7794.822, 'text': 'You can do all kinds of things and manipulate with a very rich query language.', 'start': 7791.52, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 7800.545, 'text': "so that's a great thing and we want to make sure that that's accessible to developers and cardano.", 'start': 7795.322, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 7801.866, 'text': "but remember they're like bloomberg.", 'start': 7800.545, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 7804.327, 'text': "it's a centralized speed in that respect.", 'start': 7801.866, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 7809.51, 'text': "so if you want to build a chain link as competitor, you know there's other protocols you could do for that.", 'start': 7804.327, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 7815.573, 'text': 'now you asked about tom cryer and that was that was an attempt to kind of like sweep the oceans with the net.', 'start': 7809.51, 'duration': 6.063}], 'summary': "Cardano's high-quality dataset is computable with a rich query language, similar to bloomberg, but centralized.", 'duration': 28.415, 'max_score': 7787.158, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7787158.jpg'}, {'end': 7870.368, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7842.071, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7846.956, 'text': "The underlying websites still don't have any notion of veracity or reputation behind them.", 'start': 7842.071, 'duration': 4.885}, {'end': 7849.078, 'text': 'And then you also have the issue of storage.', 'start': 7847.356, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 7850.619, 'text': 'Where the hell do you put all of it??', 'start': 7849.438, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 7854.243, 'text': "If you have exabytes of data, what's the incentive for that?", 'start': 7851.24, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 7856.219, 'text': "That's the dream of the semantic web.", 'start': 7854.718, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 7858.4, 'text': 'that I still think is a fascinating idea.', 'start': 7856.219, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 7866.706, 'text': 'I want to basically convert the internet into a knowledge base that you can query.', 'start': 7858.42, 'duration': 8.286}, {'end': 7870.368, 'text': 'you can integrate, the same way you did with Wolfram Alpha, but much bigger.', 'start': 7866.706, 'duration': 3.662}], 'summary': "Challenges of web veracity and storage incentivize semantic web's potential as a massive knowledge base.", 'duration': 28.297, 'max_score': 7842.071, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7842071.jpg'}, {'end': 7917.159, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7887.736, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7889.977, 'text': "Finally, there's money to be made with a semantic web.", 'start': 7887.736, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 7892.618, 'text': "So that'll be an interesting kind of future.", 'start': 7890.957, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 7895.899, 'text': 'I do want to ask you about video games really quick as a small tangent,', 'start': 7892.858, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 7899.7, 'text': 'because you said this really interesting idea of Blizzard being centralized control.', 'start': 7895.899, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 7908.438, 'text': 'Is it possible to have items in the game that are not controlled by Blizzard.', 'start': 7900.421, 'duration': 8.017}, {'end': 7912.838, 'text': 'Sure, Being controlled in a decentralized fashion that you can like.', 'start': 7908.838, 'duration': 4}, {'end': 7913.219, 'text': 'what is it?', 'start': 7912.838, 'duration': 0.381}, {'end': 7915.339, 'text': 'the Grandfather Sword in Diablo??', 'start': 7913.219, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 7917.159, 'text': 'Hmm, what was it really?', 'start': 7916.139, 'duration': 1.02}], 'summary': 'Potential for profit in semantic web; decentralized control of in-game items discussed.', 'duration': 29.423, 'max_score': 7887.736, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7887736.jpg'}, {'end': 7955.773, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7927.061, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7930.302, 'text': 'Well, come on, we both know that Diablo 2 is far better than Diablo 3.', 'start': 7927.061, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 7931.563, 'text': "yeah, that's what they're saying.", 'start': 7930.302, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 7933.003, 'text': "this is the war that they're having.", 'start': 7931.563, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 7934.864, 'text': "okay, so we'll play.", 'start': 7933.003, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 7935.804, 'text': "it's coming out soon.", 'start': 7934.864, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 7940.246, 'text': "i'll play it fine, but nevertheless those items are owned by blizzard.", 'start': 7935.804, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 7941.007, 'text': 'is there?', 'start': 7940.246, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 7948.23, 'text': 'is it possible to create video games where items are owned by the people, like outside of blizzard?', 'start': 7941.007, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 7955.773, 'text': "and uh, do you think, in like a half century from now, we will all live in those games and we'll forget the physical space even?", 'start': 7948.23, 'duration': 7.543}], 'summary': 'Debate on diablo 2 vs. diablo 3 and ownership of in-game items, with a futuristic question about living in virtual games.', 'duration': 28.712, 'max_score': 7927.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7927061.jpg'}, {'end': 8046.143, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8018.154, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8021.916, 'text': "And frankly, that's what's going to happen in the gaming world, because there's so much value in that.", 'start': 8018.154, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 8026.218, 'text': 'I mean everybody wants to play and you know right now the model is you make a game,', 'start': 8022.076, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 8032.28, 'text': 'you sell licenses And you have a huge surge of people at the beginning of the game buying the video game.', 'start': 8026.218, 'duration': 6.062}, {'end': 8037.241, 'text': "And then you have this long tail, but you've gotten almost 95% of your value in the first six months.", 'start': 8032.32, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 8038.401, 'text': 'You have a huge churn rate.', 'start': 8037.321, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 8042.022, 'text': "The odds are the vast majority of people won't be playing the game within 12 months.", 'start': 8038.841, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 8046.143, 'text': "But if you can create an interactive game where there's an actual economy inside the game,", 'start': 8042.462, 'duration': 3.681}], 'summary': 'Gaming industry sees 95% value in first 6 months, huge churn rate within 12 months, focus on creating interactive games with in-game economy.', 'duration': 27.989, 'max_score': 8018.154, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc8018154.jpg'}], 'start': 7209.527, 'title': 'Oracles and future of video games', 'summary': 'Discusses the crucial role of oracles in smart contracts and the potential future where virtual reality and video games dominate the economy, including successful blockchain-based games and societal impact.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7948.23, 'start': 7209.527, 'title': 'Importance of oracles in smart contracts', 'summary': 'Discusses the crucial role of oracles in smart contracts, focusing on the importance of data aggregation, injection, and veracity attestation, as well as the challenges and potential solutions in achieving decentralized aggregation of information.', 'duration': 738.703, 'highlights': ['Oracles play a crucial role in smart contracts for any notion of value, requiring data aggregation, injection, and veracity attestation. Oracles are essential for smart contracts involving any notion of value, requiring data aggregation, injection, and veracity attestation to know when and how events occurred, and to establish truthiness or veracity metrics.', "Wolfram's comprehensive and computable data makes it an ideal aggregator for smart contract data, offering extensive capabilities for querying and data manipulation. Wolfram's data sets, which are computable and comprehensive, make it an ideal aggregator for smart contract data, providing extensive capabilities for querying and manipulating data.", 'Challenges in achieving decentralized aggregation and injection of data, with considerations for balancing off-chain computation and state management with on-chain operations. The challenges lie in achieving decentralized aggregation and injection of data, while balancing off-chain computation and state management with on-chain operations.', 'The potential benefits of off-chain computation include cost reduction and collapsing trust models, as well as the potential for layer two protocols to capture more of the smart contract stack. Off-chain computation offers potential benefits such as cost reduction, collapsing trust models, and the potential for layer two protocols to capture more of the smart contract stack.', 'The potential for decentralized aggregation of information, incentivization mechanisms, and the role of protocols like Town Crier in achieving this goal. The potential for decentralized aggregation of information and incentivization mechanisms, as well as the role of protocols like Town Crier in achieving this goal, are important considerations.']}, {'end': 8384.142, 'start': 7948.23, 'title': 'Future of video games', 'summary': 'Explores the potential future where virtual reality and video games dominate the economy, with examples of successful blockchain-based games and the potential societal impact of a shift towards virtual reality.', 'duration': 435.912, 'highlights': ['The potential for virtual reality and video games to dominate the economy is discussed, with examples of successful blockchain-based games like CryptoKitties. Examples of games like CryptoKitties and EVE Online are mentioned.', 'The economic benefits of creating interactive games with virtual economies, leading to longer player engagement and increased revenue, are emphasized. Discussion on the economic benefits of interactive games with virtual economies and longer player engagement.', 'The potential societal impact of a shift towards virtual reality, including the possibility of people finding meaning and wealth in playing video games, is explored. Discussion on the potential societal impact of a shift towards virtual reality and people finding meaning and wealth in playing video games.', 'The evolution of virtual reality and game engines, with a focus on the rapid advancements in technology and the overwhelming desire for escapism through video games, is highlighted. Rapid advancements in technology and the overwhelming desire for escapism through video games are mentioned.']}], 'duration': 1174.615, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc7209527.jpg', 'highlights': ['Oracles play a crucial role in smart contracts for any notion of value, requiring data aggregation, injection, and veracity attestation.', "Wolfram's comprehensive and computable data makes it an ideal aggregator for smart contract data, offering extensive capabilities for querying and data manipulation.", 'Challenges in achieving decentralized aggregation and injection of data, with considerations for balancing off-chain computation and state management with on-chain operations.', 'The potential benefits of off-chain computation include cost reduction, collapsing trust models, and the potential for layer two protocols to capture more of the smart contract stack.', 'The potential for decentralized aggregation of information, incentivization mechanisms, and the role of protocols like Town Crier in achieving this goal.', 'The potential for virtual reality and video games to dominate the economy is discussed, with examples of successful blockchain-based games like CryptoKitties.', 'The economic benefits of creating interactive games with virtual economies, leading to longer player engagement and increased revenue, are emphasized.', 'The potential societal impact of a shift towards virtual reality, including the possibility of people finding meaning and wealth in playing video games, is explored.', 'The evolution of virtual reality and game engines, with a focus on the rapid advancements in technology and the overwhelming desire for escapism through video games, is highlighted.']}, {'end': 10044.781, 'segs': [{'end': 8437.905, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8408.895, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8415.401, 'text': "But since we're talking about the future, let me ask you the timeline question, or even just like definitional.", 'start': 8408.895, 'duration': 6.506}, {'end': 8422.007, 'text': 'What is Alonzo? You mentioned some fun hello world experiments going on.', 'start': 8415.601, 'duration': 6.406}, {'end': 8426.231, 'text': 'And how and when will Cardano get smart contracts??', 'start': 8422.407, 'duration': 3.824}, {'end': 8432.137, 'text': 'Yeah, so Alonzo Church is a famous, famous mathematician, computer science guy, and he was a contemporary of Turing.', 'start': 8426.331, 'duration': 5.806}, {'end': 8437.905, 'text': 'there was, like these, three different views of computing recursive functions from girdle and Turing machines from Turing,', 'start': 8432.777, 'duration': 5.128}], 'summary': "Alonzo church is being experimented with for cardano's smart contracts.", 'duration': 29.01, 'max_score': 8408.895, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc8408895.jpg'}, {'end': 8551.795, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8524.873, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8530.697, 'text': "So you can do metadata and issue tokens on Cardano, but you'd have limited programmability on-chain.", 'start': 8524.873, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 8537.541, 'text': 'Alonzo adds the programmability in, but we already have most of the foundations of the extended UTXO model and the smart contract model.', 'start': 8531.177, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 8538.762, 'text': "it's just those things aren't ready.", 'start': 8537.541, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 8545.388, 'text': "So the first step is say fork it, so all those rules are now there, okay? So that's what we did with Alonzo Blue.", 'start': 8539.362, 'duration': 6.026}, {'end': 8551.795, 'text': 'We forked a testnet-based layer and it successfully survived going from Mary to Alonzo,', 'start': 8545.449, 'duration': 6.346}], 'summary': 'Alonzo adds programmability to cardano, forking testnet from mary to alonzo.', 'duration': 26.922, 'max_score': 8524.873, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc8524873.jpg'}, {'end': 8588.194, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8564.19, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8571.239, 'text': "We're bringing all these SPOs in, and then are we able to submit and run smart contracts on the system? And they actually return a round trip.", 'start': 8564.19, 'duration': 7.049}, {'end': 8572.901, 'text': 'You send something, you get something back.', 'start': 8571.299, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 8573.702, 'text': 'Yay, okay.', 'start': 8573.081, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 8575.543, 'text': "So that's where we're at.", 'start': 8574.783, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 8577.825, 'text': 'And then what you do is each step.', 'start': 8575.563, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 8578.926, 'text': 'so the next is white.', 'start': 8577.825, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 8586.993, 'text': "you go from like 50 people to several hundred and then purple's an open test net where we want every single person in the entire ecosystem to use it.", 'start': 8578.926, 'duration': 8.067}, {'end': 8588.194, 'text': "And it's also a dev net.", 'start': 8587.013, 'duration': 1.181}], 'summary': 'System allows running smart contracts, reaching hundreds of users in open test net.', 'duration': 24.004, 'max_score': 8564.19, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc8564190.jpg'}, {'end': 9606.076, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9574.908, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9578.569, 'text': 'but are openly looking to explore other cryptocurrency investments?', 'start': 9574.908, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 9581.19, 'text': 'What case would you make for Cardano?', 'start': 9579.65, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 9587.972, 'text': 'Well, if they truly care about alternative energy and sustainability, you know carbon reduction or carbon neutrality.', 'start': 9581.87, 'duration': 6.102}, {'end': 9594.514, 'text': "you can't be in a system where there is no built-in mechanism to constrain the energy consumption.", 'start': 9587.972, 'duration': 6.542}, {'end': 9597.955, 'text': 'You know, with proof of stake, energy consumption is a negative.', 'start': 9595.194, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 9599.895, 'text': 'You want to minimize it.', 'start': 9598.875, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 9606.076, 'text': "If you can get the same amount of stuff done on a Raspberry Pi as you can a big server, you're going to do it on the Pi because ultimately,", 'start': 9600.035, 'duration': 6.041}], 'summary': 'Promote cardano for its energy-efficient proof of stake system, enabling carbon reduction and sustainability.', 'duration': 31.168, 'max_score': 9574.908, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc9574908.jpg'}, {'end': 9728.84, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9704.301, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9712.909, 'text': "so you'd need fundamentally different infrastructure to create such a token and regulate such a system and have these things autonomously negotiate and do business with each other.", 'start': 9704.301, 'duration': 8.608}, {'end': 9718.353, 'text': 'you need dexes and stable coins and all kinds of mechanics to make something like that possible.', 'start': 9712.909, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 9724.437, 'text': "well, that's really beneficial to tesla if they could figure that out, because they could create, like an information sharing incentive scheme where,", 'start': 9718.353, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 9728.84, 'text': 'if the cars talk to each other, including other branded cars like GM cars and Fords,', 'start': 9724.437, 'duration': 4.403}], 'summary': 'Infrastructure needed for token system with autonomous negotiation and business. potential benefit for tesla in creating an information sharing incentive scheme.', 'duration': 24.539, 'max_score': 9704.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc9704301.jpg'}, {'end': 9770.714, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9746.365, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9753.627, 'text': 'The more closely you get to utility, the further down the road you get there, then, the more programmability you need.', 'start': 9746.365, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 9758.828, 'text': 'And so it makes a lot more sense to be an Ethereum fan or a Cardano fan than to be a Bitcoin fan.', 'start': 9753.707, 'duration': 5.121}, {'end': 9762.568, 'text': 'So to be both proof of stake and have the smart contracts capabilities.', 'start': 9758.928, 'duration': 3.64}, {'end': 9766.109, 'text': "Yes And that's why we went over Ethereum, because they're proof of work.", 'start': 9762.748, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 9770.714, 'text': 'You mentioned God, God spelled backwards is dog.', 'start': 9767.893, 'duration': 2.821}], 'summary': 'Utility requires programmability, favor ethereum or cardano over bitcoin for proof of stake and smart contracts capabilities.', 'duration': 24.349, 'max_score': 9746.365, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc9746365.jpg'}], 'start': 8384.682, 'title': "Cardano's alonzo release and smart contracts", 'summary': "Discusses the upcoming alonzo release bringing smart contracts to cardano within the next 90 days, platform developers' challenges, the rise of dex and the regulatory challenges, and the comparison between proof of work and proof of stake, emphasizing the need for a broader understanding of their security and trade-offs.", 'chapters': [{'end': 8696.771, 'start': 8384.682, 'title': "Cardano's alonzo release and smart contracts", 'summary': 'Discusses the upcoming alonzo release bringing smart contracts to cardano within the next 90 days, detailing the testing procedure and incremental steps involved, aiming for a methodical and coordinated evolution in preparation for the general public rollout.', 'duration': 312.089, 'highlights': ['The Alonzo release is bringing smart contracts to Cardano within the next 90 days It took a long time to reach this point, and the release process involves a series of steps, starting with Alonzo blue and progressing to white and purple, with the ultimate goal of initiating a hard-fork combinator event to introduce smart contracts.', "The testing procedure involves incremental steps from the Mary era to Alonzo, including the involvement of stake pool operators and a public infrastructure dev net The testing involves transitioning from the Mary era to Alonzo, with a focus on stake pool operators' ability to run the testnet and the public infrastructure dev net, enabling smart contract testing before the general public rollout.", 'Concerns and preparations for the methodical and coordinated evolution of the smart contract rollout The chapter discusses the coordination challenges and the need for methodical evolution in preparation for the general public rollout, emphasizing the involvement of numerous actors and constituencies, and the shift from a technological problem to a coordination problem.']}, {'end': 9042.778, 'start': 8696.791, 'title': "Platform developer's challenges", 'summary': "Discusses the challenges faced by platform developers, emphasizing the impact of application developers' actions on the platform's reputation, the need for ecosystem curation, and the efforts to establish standards for smart contracts. it also explains the concept of decentralized exchanges and their benefits over centralized exchanges, highlighting the risks associated with the latter.", 'duration': 345.987, 'highlights': ["The impact of application developers' actions on the platform's reputation is a significant concern for platform developers, as both wins and losses of application developers reflect on the platform's perception and credibility. N/A", 'The need to curate an ecosystem and foster the development of an ecosystem with assurance baked into the applications is a critical aspect, with the goal of providing users with a visible indication of code audit or adherence to specifications. N/A', 'Efforts to establish standards for certifying smart contracts, aiming to provide assurance and a visible indicator of reliability through a green check mark, present a significant coordination and information presentation challenge within the ecosystem. N/A', 'Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) aim to mitigate custodial risk associated with centralized exchanges, offering benefits such as increased security, reduced regulatory risk, and avoidance of sovereign risk, as well as addressing issues related to banks and regulatory authorities. N/A', 'The risks associated with centralized exchanges, including custodial risk and regulatory threats, are exemplified by the Mt Gox collapse, emphasizing the necessity for alternative exchange models like DEXs. The Mt Gox collapse in 2013 resulted in the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars.']}, {'end': 9271.273, 'start': 9042.978, 'title': 'The rise of dex and the regulatory challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the rise of dex, highlighting its open listing and barrier-free entry, while also outlining the regulatory challenges faced by dexs, including the absence of compliance, and the potential for the emergence of regulated dexs. it also delves into the comparison between proof of work and proof of stake, emphasizing the need for a broader understanding of their security and trade-offs.', 'duration': 228.295, 'highlights': ['The concept of a DEX eliminates the gatekeeping control, information asymmetries, and barriers to entry, offering open listing and liquidity with no counterpart or custodial risk. The DEX model provides an open listing, allowing assets to be traded without gatekeeping control, information asymmetries, and barriers to entry, while also enabling liquidity with no counterpart or custodial risk.', 'The biggest existential problem for DEXs is the concept of regulation, as the absence of compliance in DEXs raises concerns among regulators about potential illicit activities. The absence of compliance in DEXs poses a significant regulatory challenge, raising concerns among regulators about potential illicit activities and the need for a regulated framework.', 'Comparison between proof of work and proof of stake, emphasizing the need for a broader understanding of their security and trade-offs, and the importance of considering the nature of the participants in each system. The comparison between proof of work and proof of stake emphasizes the importance of understanding their security and trade-offs, while also highlighting the significance of considering the nature of the participants in each system.']}, {'end': 10044.781, 'start': 9271.273, 'title': 'Proof of stake vs proof of work', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of consensus protocols, including the emergence of permacoin in 2014, the potential integration of proof of useful computation, and the creation of a secure, programmable supercomputer and database within a proof of stake system. it also addresses the implications of proof of work on businesses like square and tesla, emphasizing the need for energy-efficient and programmable cryptocurrencies like cardano in the context of environmental sustainability and infrastructure development.', 'duration': 773.508, 'highlights': ['The emergence of Permacoin in 2014, a throwaway proof of work algorithm that requires large amounts of data, paving the way for the evolution of consensus protocols. Permacoin, introduced in 2014, is a notable proof of work algorithm that relies on large amounts of data, contributing to the evolution of consensus protocols.', 'The potential integration of proof of useful computation and the creation of a secure, programmable supercomputer and database within a proof of stake system. The integration of proof of useful computation in a proof of stake system can lead to the creation of a secure, programmable supercomputer and database, offering potential benefits in terms of functionality and security.', 'The need for energy-efficient and programmable cryptocurrencies like Cardano in the context of environmental sustainability and infrastructure development, particularly in the case of businesses like Square and Tesla. The discussion emphasizes the importance of energy-efficient and programmable cryptocurrencies like Cardano in the context of environmental sustainability and infrastructure development, especially for businesses like Square and Tesla.']}], 'duration': 1660.099, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc8384682.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Alonzo release is bringing smart contracts to Cardano within the next 90 days.', 'The testing procedure involves incremental steps from the Mary era to Alonzo, including the involvement of stake pool operators and a public infrastructure dev net.', 'The emergence of Permacoin in 2014, a throwaway proof of work algorithm that requires large amounts of data, paving the way for the evolution of consensus protocols.', 'The need for energy-efficient and programmable cryptocurrencies like Cardano in the context of environmental sustainability and infrastructure development, particularly in the case of businesses like Square and Tesla.', 'The concept of a DEX eliminates the gatekeeping control, information asymmetries, and barriers to entry, offering open listing and liquidity with no counterpart or custodial risk.', 'Comparison between proof of work and proof of stake, emphasizing the need for a broader understanding of their security and trade-offs, and the importance of considering the nature of the participants in each system.', 'The risks associated with centralized exchanges, including custodial risk and regulatory threats, are exemplified by the Mt Gox collapse, emphasizing the necessity for alternative exchange models like DEXs.']}, {'end': 11121.846, 'segs': [{'end': 10070.469, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10044.841, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10053.087, 'text': 'And my hope is that a compromise can be made where real developers come in and they start working on Doge and they find a way to create some sort of use and utility for it.', 'start': 10044.841, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 10057.15, 'text': "So at least it has a value floor and it won't collapse.", 'start': 10053.447, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 10061.716, 'text': "Is it possible for Cardano and Doge going to work together somehow? Yeah, it'd be a lot of fun.", 'start': 10057.29, 'duration': 4.426}, {'end': 10070.469, 'text': "You know, I'm not adverse to the idea of cleaning up the code base, but legitimately, whoever comes in be two years or three years of work, you know,", 'start': 10062.196, 'duration': 8.273}], 'summary': 'Hope for real developers to add value to doge and prevent collapse, potential collaboration with cardano.', 'duration': 25.628, 'max_score': 10044.841, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10044841.jpg'}, {'end': 10311.762, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10284.213, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10292.124, 'text': "So in that way, I think that's one pro for Bitcoin is there's room.", 'start': 10284.213, 'duration': 7.911}, {'end': 10293.746, 'text': "It's hungry for innovation.", 'start': 10292.564, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 10300.995, 'text': 'But I think Cardano in that same way is hungry for innovation, just like you said, with some more rigor and formalism behind it.', 'start': 10293.786, 'duration': 7.209}, {'end': 10304.718, 'text': 'And even Ethereum has a hunger for innovation.', 'start': 10301.796, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 10311.762, 'text': "That's where Bitcoin is a little bit more, I would say, conservative in terms of how much innovating they're willing to do,", 'start': 10305.058, 'duration': 6.704}], 'summary': 'Bitcoin, cardano, and ethereum are hungry for innovation and bring different levels of conservatism to it.', 'duration': 27.549, 'max_score': 10284.213, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10284213.jpg'}, {'end': 10453.346, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10430.416, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10440.987, 'text': "And so I'm really hopeful to see what comes about this recent surge of interest and if Elon actually puts his money where his mouth is and takes some of his enormous engineering talent and,", 'start': 10430.416, 'duration': 10.571}, {'end': 10445.552, 'text': 'you know, capital and starts contributing and building something in the cryptocurrency space.', 'start': 10440.987, 'duration': 4.565}, {'end': 10447.254, 'text': "It'd be really cool to see that happen.", 'start': 10445.572, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 10453.346, 'text': "There's a bunch of different technical aspects I want to ask you about on the Cardano side.", 'start': 10448.922, 'duration': 4.424}], 'summary': "Hopeful for elon's contribution to cryptocurrency space, especially in cardano.", 'duration': 22.93, 'max_score': 10430.416, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10430416.jpg'}, {'end': 10560.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10535.984, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10543.57, 'text': 'so you go from a system of capacity of whatever it is to a system of N for the totality of all the stake pools.', 'start': 10535.984, 'duration': 7.586}, {'end': 10548.272, 'text': 'So, basically, Hydra is just the next generation of that,', 'start': 10544.19, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 10555.596, 'text': 'when you have the ability to tinker with the accounting model and the layer two solution is co-designed with the layer one solution.', 'start': 10548.272, 'duration': 7.324}, {'end': 10560.399, 'text': "So it's like what Lightning would have been had Lightning been co-developed when Bitcoin came out.", 'start': 10555.676, 'duration': 4.723}], 'summary': 'Hydra is a next-gen system with n capacity for all stake pools, co-designed with layer one, akin to lightning for bitcoin.', 'duration': 24.415, 'max_score': 10535.984, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10535984.jpg'}, {'end': 10649.634, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10625.682, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10634.306, 'text': 'so Hydra basically just has in its design a collection of ideas of how to do that, and the current paper is for a single head.', 'start': 10625.682, 'duration': 8.624}, {'end': 10636.747, 'text': 'The next thing you do is composition.', 'start': 10635.166, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 10640.689, 'text': "So you go multiple heads and there's a routing protocol between them.", 'start': 10637.407, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 10643.851, 'text': 'And then eventually create these tail protocols for when things get asynchronous.', 'start': 10640.889, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 10649.634, 'text': 'So, instead of always being aligned and always being available, what happens if they die for a bit and then they come back?', 'start': 10644.251, 'duration': 5.383}], 'summary': "Hydra's design includes multiple heads with a routing protocol for asynchronous communication.", 'duration': 23.952, 'max_score': 10625.682, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10625682.jpg'}, {'end': 10742.056, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10715.837, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10722.62, 'text': "The advantage of a layer two network where there's actual channels and there's interaction and there's service providers,", 'start': 10715.837, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 10726.442, 'text': 'is the channels can eventually scale in the collection of things that they can do.', 'start': 10722.62, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 10730.885, 'text': 'And eventually they can become interoperability networks between cryptocurrencies.', 'start': 10726.803, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 10735.93, 'text': 'So at some point we could modify the Bolt spec and make it somewhat interoperable with Hydra.', 'start': 10731.445, 'duration': 4.485}, {'end': 10742.056, 'text': 'And then what you could happen is you could use it as a bridge to actually do cross-chain traffic and send transactions between the systems.', 'start': 10736.39, 'duration': 5.666}], 'summary': 'Layer two networks can scale and become interoperability networks between cryptocurrencies, enabling cross-chain transactions.', 'duration': 26.219, 'max_score': 10715.837, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10715837.jpg'}, {'end': 10901.609, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10874.257, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10879.259, 'text': 'Either it gives me payments or lower cost of our contracts or interoperability or identity.', 'start': 10874.257, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 10880.96, 'text': "And then it's a marketplace.", 'start': 10879.84, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 10884.922, 'text': 'So you should have blockchain agnosticism with your layer two solutions.', 'start': 10881.62, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 10889.223, 'text': 'And so you can mix and match and choose whichever collection of services you need.', 'start': 10885.022, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 10893.565, 'text': "And that's actually how IT works these days with microservices and these other things.", 'start': 10889.283, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 10895.45, 'text': 'cloud software.', 'start': 10894.226, 'duration': 1.224}, {'end': 10901.609, 'text': 'Every firm is an aggregation of dozens of providers and basically that composition of them is your software stack.', 'start': 10895.57, 'duration': 6.039}], 'summary': 'Blockchain agnosticism allows flexible service selection for cost-effective, interoperable marketplace.', 'duration': 27.352, 'max_score': 10874.257, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10874257.jpg'}, {'end': 11073.668, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11049.472, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 11055.336, 'text': "It has to be key to the particular consensus algorithm, but usually there's some portability in this type of thing.", 'start': 11049.472, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 11060.979, 'text': "Like we're right now exploring, can you do NIPA piles with Prism or any of these sharded proof-of-work protocols? But it looks like you can.", 'start': 11055.376, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 11063.041, 'text': 'The closely related is log space mining.', 'start': 11061.46, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 11069.925, 'text': 'So you can use this concept and instead of having the entire blockchain to be able to mine, you can use a compressed representation of it.', 'start': 11063.641, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 11073.668, 'text': 'We wrote a paper called Log Space Mining that basically explains how to do that.', 'start': 11070.025, 'duration': 3.643}], 'summary': 'Exploring nipa piles with prism or sharded proof-of-work protocols for log space mining.', 'duration': 24.196, 'max_score': 11049.472, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11049472.jpg'}], 'start': 10044.841, 'title': "Elon musk's impact on crypto and layer 2 network protocols", 'summary': "Delves into elon musk's influence on the cryptocurrency space, his potential collaboration with cardano and dogecoin, and the importance of bold risks in the crypto world. it also explores layer 2 network protocols like hydra and roll-ups, emphasizing their scalability and efficient cross-chain traffic, with a focus on nipopows for compressed representation of blockchain history.", 'chapters': [{'end': 10368.294, 'start': 10044.841, 'title': 'Elon musk, dogecoin, and innovation', 'summary': "Discusses the potential collaboration between cardano and dogecoin, elon musk's approach to innovation, and the need for bold risks in the cryptocurrency space, highlighting the value of fun and the hunger for innovation in the crypto world.", 'duration': 323.453, 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's approach to innovation and the need for bold risks in the cryptocurrency space Elon Musk's approach to innovation is discussed, emphasizing the need for bold risks in the cryptocurrency space and the hunger for innovation, with a comparison of Bitcoin, Cardano, and Ethereum.", 'Potential collaboration between Cardano and Dogecoin The potential collaboration between Cardano and Dogecoin is mentioned, with a focus on the hope for real developers to work on Doge and create utility for it, contributing to its value floor and potential for collaboration with Cardano.', 'Value of fun and the hunger for innovation in the cryptocurrency world The value of fun and the hunger for innovation in the cryptocurrency world is highlighted, emphasizing the power of fun, the entertaining outcome, and the neuroscience aspect of enjoying work and play activities.']}, {'end': 10607.633, 'start': 10368.815, 'title': "Elon's impact on crypto", 'summary': "Discusses elon musk's influence on the cryptocurrency space, addressing the financial impact, regulatory consequences, and potential positive outcomes, while also exploring the technical aspects of scalability in cryptocurrencies through hydra and its comparison to other scalability ideas.", 'duration': 238.818, 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's influence on the cryptocurrency space is discussed, addressing the financial impact, regulatory consequences, and potential positive outcomes. Elon Musk's actions have had a significant impact on the cryptocurrency space, causing financial repercussions and regulatory events. The discussion also explores the potential positive outcomes of Elon Musk's involvement in bringing new and interesting developments to the space.", 'The technical aspects of scalability in cryptocurrencies are explored, focusing on Hydra and its comparison to other scalability ideas such as roll-ups. The conversation delves into the technical aspects of scalability in cryptocurrencies, specifically discussing Hydra and comparing it to other scalability ideas like roll-ups. The trade-offs with respect to security, UX, and other relevant aspects are highlighted.']}, {'end': 11121.846, 'start': 10607.913, 'title': 'Layer 2 network and cross-chain traffic', 'summary': 'Discusses layer 2 network protocols like hydra and roll-ups, emphasizing their potential for scalability, interoperability, and efficient cross-chain traffic, with a focus on nipopows for compressed representation of blockchain history.', 'duration': 513.933, 'highlights': ["Hydra's design includes state channels, composition, and tail protocols for asynchronous operations, aiming to prevent fund loss and enable failure recovery. Hydra's design incorporates state channels, composition, and tail protocols to handle asynchronous operations, ensuring fund security and offering failure recovery.", "Comparison between roll-ups and Hydra, emphasizing the latter's ability to support more expressive accounting and programming models, enabling greater flexibility and crypto integration. Hydra's design leverages its more expressive accounting and programming models, allowing for increased flexibility and crypto integration compared to roll-ups.", 'Advantages of layer 2 network in enabling scalability, interaction, and eventual interoperability between different cryptocurrencies, potentially leading to cross-chain traffic and asset swaps. Layer 2 networks, such as Hydra, can scale to offer various services and eventually facilitate interoperability between different cryptocurrencies, potentially enabling cross-chain traffic and asset swaps.', 'Discusses the concept of Layer 2 protocols as specialized services, offering payments, lower contract costs, interoperability, and identity, leading to an agnostic marketplace for users to choose services. Layer 2 protocols serve as specialized services, providing payments, lower contract costs, interoperability, and identity, creating an agnostic marketplace for users to select services based on their needs.', 'Explanation of NIPoPoWs and their role in providing a compressed representation of blockchain history for light wallets and side chains, with potential applications in proof of work mining and log space mining. NIPoPoWs offer a compressed representation of blockchain history, useful for light wallets and side chains, with potential applications in proof of work mining and log space mining.']}], 'duration': 1077.005, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc10044841.jpg', 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's influence on the cryptocurrency space, addressing the financial impact, regulatory consequences, and potential positive outcomes.", 'Potential collaboration between Cardano and Dogecoin, focusing on the hope for real developers to work on Doge and create utility for it, contributing to its value floor and potential for collaboration with Cardano.', "Elon Musk's approach to innovation and the need for bold risks in the cryptocurrency space, emphasizing the need for bold risks in the cryptocurrency space and the hunger for innovation, with a comparison of Bitcoin, Cardano, and Ethereum.", "Hydra's design incorporates state channels, composition, and tail protocols to handle asynchronous operations, ensuring fund security and offering failure recovery.", "Hydra's design leverages its more expressive accounting and programming models, allowing for increased flexibility and crypto integration compared to roll-ups.", 'Layer 2 networks, such as Hydra, can scale to offer various services and eventually facilitate interoperability between different cryptocurrencies, potentially enabling cross-chain traffic and asset swaps.', 'Layer 2 protocols serve as specialized services, providing payments, lower contract costs, interoperability, and identity, creating an agnostic marketplace for users to select services based on their needs.', 'NIPoPoWs offer a compressed representation of blockchain history, useful for light wallets and side chains, with potential applications in proof of work mining and log space mining.']}, {'end': 12857.713, 'segs': [{'end': 11196.204, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11171.227, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 11178.93, 'text': "So if it doesn't achieve that, where it can evolve itself iteration by iteration, then obviously the product didn't do what was intended.", 'start': 11171.227, 'duration': 7.703}, {'end': 11186.033, 'text': "If it continuously required the supervision of custodians in order for it to succeed, the system just won't work.", 'start': 11179.37, 'duration': 6.663}, {'end': 11189.116, 'text': 'The good news is we have a lot of data showing the opposite.', 'start': 11186.733, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 11196.204, 'text': "We used to run in a federated model and now we're completely decentralized for block production, but that didn't just happen overnight.", 'start': 11189.917, 'duration': 6.287}], 'summary': 'Product iteration leads to decentralization for block production, supported by data.', 'duration': 24.977, 'max_score': 11171.227, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11171227.jpg'}, {'end': 11271.595, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11208.356, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11213.641, 'text': 'and we went from several to thousands of people who were regularly maintaining the infrastructure.', 'start': 11208.356, 'duration': 5.285}, {'end': 11221.067, 'text': "But there's no guarantee that that would be sustainable, and there's no guarantee that the next step, the smart contract step,", 'start': 11214.061, 'duration': 7.006}, {'end': 11224.29, 'text': 'will achieve what we want and the next step, the governance step, will achieve what we want.', 'start': 11221.067, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 11226.73, 'text': "I mean, it's an experiment on all these types of things.", 'start': 11224.77, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 11232.592, 'text': 'All cryptocurrencies, all companies are, in a sense, experiments when they are evolving the business model.', 'start': 11226.97, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 11241.633, 'text': "And as our case, our business's systems and society, we're offering to the world a vision of how to run humanity in a different way.", 'start': 11232.972, 'duration': 8.661}, {'end': 11246.634, 'text': 'And the only way the system can do that is by millions of people joining the system,', 'start': 11242.293, 'duration': 4.341}, {'end': 11249.715, 'text': 'self-evolving the system and growing it in that particular direction.', 'start': 11246.634, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 11257.644, 'text': "Another failure scenario would be the system evolves in the wrong direction, so it's self-evolving, but it goes into a more centralized,", 'start': 11250.735, 'duration': 6.909}, {'end': 11261.308, 'text': "dystopian way, and that's problematic as well.", 'start': 11257.644, 'duration': 3.664}, {'end': 11262.149, 'text': 'What would that look like?', 'start': 11261.388, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 11265.934, 'text': 'What would dystopia, self-evolution, dystopia look like?', 'start': 11262.189, 'duration': 3.745}, {'end': 11271.595, 'text': 'A small group of actors have total control over who gets to use the system and how they get to use the system,', 'start': 11266.354, 'duration': 5.241}], 'summary': 'Experimenting with evolving a system for humanity, but risks of unsustainability and dystopia.', 'duration': 63.239, 'max_score': 11208.356, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11208356.jpg'}, {'end': 11315.145, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11290.751, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11301.316, 'text': "We start experiencing a churn rate and inputs don't match the outputs in that you lose more than you gain and then over time the system dies off.", 'start': 11290.751, 'duration': 10.565}, {'end': 11303.557, 'text': "however, that's really hard in practice.", 'start': 11301.836, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 11312.383, 'text': 'once you reach a certain network effect, even if you become stagnant, stale, you tend not to lose your users, and our evangelism is unbelievable.', 'start': 11303.557, 'duration': 8.826}, {'end': 11315.145, 'text': "in the cardinal community, i think we're number one for tattoos.", 'start': 11312.383, 'duration': 2.762}], 'summary': 'Churn rate leads to system decline, but strong user retention due to network effect and exceptional evangelism. number one for tattoos in the cardinal community.', 'duration': 24.394, 'max_score': 11290.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11290751.jpg'}, {'end': 11394.738, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11368.092, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11375.594, 'text': "If we become dogmatic and embrace an orthodoxy that is counterproductive innovation, then it'll stall out the ecosystem.", 'start': 11368.092, 'duration': 7.502}, {'end': 11378.375, 'text': "And you'll notice I never said price in any of this.", 'start': 11376.234, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 11384.456, 'text': 'I never said, hey, failure is if the price goes way down, and success is if the price goes way up.', 'start': 11378.595, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 11388.377, 'text': "That's unfortunately the metric that most people use, but I couldn't care less about it.", 'start': 11384.896, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 11394.738, 'text': 'Because the reality is, if you construct a system that encompasses the entire globe and has billions of users,', 'start': 11388.597, 'duration': 6.141}], 'summary': 'Avoid dogmatic orthodoxy to foster innovation, regardless of price metrics.', 'duration': 26.646, 'max_score': 11368.092, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11368092.jpg'}, {'end': 11641.881, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11614.558, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11617.26, 'text': 'And yeah, okay, an existential lurking bug could happen.', 'start': 11614.558, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 11621.463, 'text': "It's lower probability for us than the other systems because we use formal methods.", 'start': 11617.52, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 11625.546, 'text': 'And we use peer review inside the protocol design.', 'start': 11622.043, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 11629.129, 'text': "So there's been more eyeballs and tools and techniques used to check things.", 'start': 11625.947, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 11634.514, 'text': 'And we actually have discovered a lot of weird wonky bugs before production and resolve those bugs.', 'start': 11629.25, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 11636.516, 'text': 'So it shows you the system works.', 'start': 11635.015, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 11637.297, 'text': "It's a lot of fun.", 'start': 11636.676, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 11640.459, 'text': 'What about close kind of competitors?', 'start': 11637.796, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 11641.881, 'text': "I don't know if you would put it that way,", 'start': 11640.479, 'duration': 1.402}], 'summary': 'Using formal methods and peer review reduces bugs, showing system success.', 'duration': 27.323, 'max_score': 11614.558, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11614558.jpg'}, {'end': 12651.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12617.357, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 12621.062, 'text': 'All the best things in my life have come as a consequence of first giving.', 'start': 12617.357, 'duration': 3.705}, {'end': 12626.329, 'text': 'Like I got started in the cryptocurrency space by giving away a free class, Bitcoin or How I Learned to Stop Worrying or Love Crypto.', 'start': 12621.422, 'duration': 4.907}, {'end': 12628.091, 'text': 'You did a free podcast right?', 'start': 12626.589, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 12636.436, 'text': "In life, if you give and you develop that mindset of, I'm not attached to the things I have and if push comes to shove, it goes away.", 'start': 12628.291, 'duration': 8.145}, {'end': 12637.537, 'text': 'usually you get more back.', 'start': 12636.436, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 12640.018, 'text': 'Like I gave away all my ether, I never received any of it.', 'start': 12637.837, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 12641.639, 'text': '293,000 ether at the all-time high, over $1.2 billion.', 'start': 12640.038, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 12642.299, 'text': 'I gave it to my secretary.', 'start': 12641.659, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 12651.165, 'text': "I had no idea if it was gonna be worth anything or not, but he kinda got shafted and I was like well, they don't like me,", 'start': 12646.161, 'duration': 5.004}], 'summary': 'Giving led to success in crypto: started with free class, gave away 293,000 ether worth over $1.2 billion.', 'duration': 33.808, 'max_score': 12617.357, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc12617357.jpg'}, {'end': 12702.079, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12673.802, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 12678.685, 'text': 'the single best way of handling power is you have to do things to keep yourself grounded.', 'start': 12673.802, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 12683.788, 'text': 'in case of washington, he was deeply connected mount vernon during the revolutionary war.', 'start': 12678.685, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 12688.472, 'text': 'he was like sending letters talking about the irrigation ditches and the barn and things like that.', 'start': 12683.788, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 12693.635, 'text': "he was always connected to that and then also develop a mindset that you're only here temporarily.", 'start': 12688.472, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 12695.556, 'text': 'Everything you have is finite.', 'start': 12694.275, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 12697.397, 'text': "It's going to go away at some point.", 'start': 12695.716, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 12702.079, 'text': 'No matter how much you want to keep it, you will die, and somebody else will have it.', 'start': 12697.677, 'duration': 4.402}], 'summary': 'Washington stayed grounded by connecting to mount vernon and embracing impermanence.', 'duration': 28.277, 'max_score': 12673.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc12673802.jpg'}], 'start': 11121.846, 'title': "Cardano's challenges and values", 'summary': "Addresses cardano's challenges including self-evolution, decentralization sustainability, risk of centralization, and network effect impact. it also emphasizes community sustainability, openness, and the value beyond price, while exploring cryptocurrency bugs, competitor analysis, and maintaining humility and integrity in the cryptocurrency space.", 'chapters': [{'end': 11335.159, 'start': 11121.846, 'title': "Challenges of cardano's self-evolution", 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and potential failure scenarios of cardano, including the need for self-evolution, decentralization sustainability, and the risk of evolving in a centralized or dystopian direction, as well as the impact of network effect on user retention.', 'duration': 213.313, 'highlights': ["The need for self-evolution and potential failure if it doesn't achieve self-evolution, requiring continuous supervision, which contradicts the project goals. The project's goal was to achieve self-evolution, which is crucial for its success. Continuous supervision would indicate failure in achieving self-evolution.", 'The importance of decentralization sustainability and the challenges in achieving it, including the unpredictability of future steps such as smart contracts and governance. Transitioning from a federated model to complete decentralization involved several steps and challenges, with no guarantee of sustainability in the future steps like smart contracts and governance.', 'The risk of Cardano evolving in a more centralized or dystopian direction, leading to potential failure scenarios. Potential failure scenarios include Cardano self-evolving in a centralized or dystopian direction, with a small group having total control over the system and its users, reminiscent of social credit systems.', 'The impact of network effect on user retention, with strong evangelism and brand loyalty contributing to user retention even in stagnant periods. Network effect helps retain users even in stagnant periods, with strong brand loyalty and evangelism contributing to user retention, as seen in the Cardano community.']}, {'end': 11517.944, 'start': 11335.239, 'title': 'Community, mission, and values', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of community sustainability and openness in embracing ideas, while emphasizing the value of the project beyond its price and the potential challenges facing the ecosystem.', 'duration': 182.705, 'highlights': ["The community sustainability and openness to ideas are crucial for the project's success, beyond the value of the cryptocurrency. Community engagement and sustainability", 'Emphasizing the value of the project beyond its price and the potential challenges facing the ecosystem is essential for long-term success. Project value and challenges', 'The chapter also addresses the disheartening focus on monetary gains rather than the broader societal impact of the project. Community mindset and project impact']}, {'end': 12233.363, 'start': 11517.944, 'title': 'Cryptocurrency bugs and competitor analysis', 'summary': "Discusses potential failure cases in cryptocurrency systems due to bugs, highlighting the zcash incident and the importance of formal methods and peer review in reducing the probability of such bugs. it also explores the technical and philosophical differences between cardano and polkadot, emphasizing the focus on governance and predictability in cardano's approach. additionally, it delves into the human side of the cryptocurrency industry and the challenges of dealing with labels and rumors.", 'duration': 715.419, 'highlights': ["The importance of formal methods and peer review in reducing the probability of bugs in cryptocurrency systems is emphasized, with Zcash's subtle flaw damaging the fidelity of the cryptocurrency. Emphasizes the importance of formal methods and peer review in reducing the probability of bugs in cryptocurrency systems. Highlights the Zcash incident as an example of a subtle flaw damaging the fidelity of the cryptocurrency.", 'Technical and philosophical differences between Cardano and Polkadot are explored, focusing on governance, predictability, native multi-asset, and the rate of evolution with proof of stake. Explores technical and philosophical differences between Cardano and Polkadot, highlighting governance, predictability, native multi-asset, and the rate of evolution with proof of stake.', 'The chapter also discusses the human side of the cryptocurrency industry, highlighting the challenges of dealing with labels, rumors, and the love of creativity and building in the industry. Highlights the challenges of dealing with labels, rumors, and the love of creativity and building in the cryptocurrency industry.']}, {'end': 12857.713, 'start': 12233.363, 'title': 'Maintaining humility and integrity in the cryptocurrency space', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of power and wealth in the cryptocurrency space, emphasizing the importance of staying grounded, giving back, and thinking about the future, as well as highlighting the risks of unchecked power and the value of surrounding oneself with excellent people.', 'duration': 624.35, 'highlights': ['The challenges of power and wealth in the cryptocurrency space are discussed, emphasizing the importance of staying grounded, giving back, and thinking about the future. Discussion of the corrupting influence of power and wealth, emphasizing the importance of staying grounded and giving back to maintain integrity in the cryptocurrency space.', 'The risks of unchecked power and the value of surrounding oneself with excellent people are emphasized, drawing on personal experiences and family history. The importance of surrounding oneself with excellent people and the risks of unchecked power, drawing on personal experiences and family history to highlight the value of humility and integrity.', 'The discussion touches on historical examples, such as the unraveling of power structures in China and the Roman Empire, to illustrate the consequences of egocentric leadership and the importance of thinking for the future. Historical examples, like the unraveling of power structures in China and the Roman Empire, are used to illustrate the consequences of egocentric leadership and stress the importance of thinking for the future and considering institutions and systems.']}], 'duration': 1735.867, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc11121846.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of decentralization sustainability and the challenges in achieving it, including the unpredictability of future steps such as smart contracts and governance.', "The need for self-evolution and potential failure if it doesn't achieve self-evolution, requiring continuous supervision, which contradicts the project goals.", 'The risk of Cardano evolving in a more centralized or dystopian direction, leading to potential failure scenarios.', 'The impact of network effect on user retention, with strong evangelism and brand loyalty contributing to user retention even in stagnant periods.', "The importance of formal methods and peer review in reducing the probability of bugs in cryptocurrency systems is emphasized, with Zcash's subtle flaw damaging the fidelity of the cryptocurrency.", "The community sustainability and openness to ideas are crucial for the project's success, beyond the value of the cryptocurrency.", 'Emphasizing the value of the project beyond its price and the potential challenges facing the ecosystem is essential for long-term success.', 'The challenges of power and wealth in the cryptocurrency space are discussed, emphasizing the importance of staying grounded, giving back, and thinking about the future.', 'The risks of unchecked power and the value of surrounding oneself with excellent people are emphasized, drawing on personal experiences and family history.']}, {'end': 14078.546, 'segs': [{'end': 12896.923, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12873.003, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12880.369, 'text': "I never completed a PhD, but one of the things that I'm doing is I'm gonna put $20 million and set up a center to do automated theorem proving,", 'start': 12873.003, 'duration': 7.366}, {'end': 12886.054, 'text': "and we're gonna heavily invest in Lean, because I'm super excited about mechanizing math and making a machine understandable.", 'start': 12880.369, 'duration': 5.685}, {'end': 12888.256, 'text': 'I know all these guys who do this work.', 'start': 12886.494, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 12895.441, 'text': "There's, like all these mathematicians and computer scientists and no one pays attention to them and they're kind of like the redheaded stepchildren of mathematics,", 'start': 12888.296, 'duration': 7.145}, {'end': 12896.923, 'text': 'and they live on the boundaries and periphery.', 'start': 12895.441, 'duration': 1.482}], 'summary': 'Plan to invest $20 million in setting up a center for automated theorem proving and to heavily invest in lean for mechanizing math.', 'duration': 23.92, 'max_score': 12873.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc12873003.jpg'}, {'end': 12978.534, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12952.847, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 12961.192, 'text': 'I suppose Bitcoin has that with the original work by Satoshi Nakamoto and the sort of that.', 'start': 12952.847, 'duration': 8.345}, {'end': 12964.774, 'text': "even though it's anonymous, the idea still lives on through the community.", 'start': 12961.192, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 12968.076, 'text': 'But nevertheless, the leader is anonymous.', 'start': 12965.254, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 12974.059, 'text': 'Do you think this is an interesting case study about leadership?', 'start': 12968.536, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 12976.461, 'text': 'is for the leader to maintain anonymity?', 'start': 12974.059, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 12978.534, 'text': 'It was a saying from Sun Tzu.', 'start': 12976.932, 'duration': 1.602}], 'summary': "Bitcoin's community-driven leadership, despite anonymity, is an intriguing case study. the concept resonates with sun tzu's philosophy.", 'duration': 25.687, 'max_score': 12952.847, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc12952847.jpg'}, {'end': 13596.705, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13571.796, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 13577.08, 'text': 'but some goes into a decentralized treasury which now has over a billion dollars of ADA in it.', 'start': 13571.796, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 13578.161, 'text': "So it's a lot of money.", 'start': 13577.3, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 13582.065, 'text': "And that treasury is not under my control or the foundation's control.", 'start': 13578.722, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 13584.287, 'text': "It's actually controlled by the community as a whole.", 'start': 13582.145, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 13586.209, 'text': 'through a program called Catalyst.', 'start': 13584.827, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 13591.998, 'text': 'And so all these people can come together and they can submit spending ballots and other people who hold data can vote to approve that.', 'start': 13586.429, 'duration': 5.569}, {'end': 13596.705, 'text': "What's nice about it is you have a growth engine to improve two accesses.", 'start': 13592.459, 'duration': 4.246}], 'summary': 'Over a billion dollars of ada is in a decentralized treasury controlled by the community through catalyst, enabling collaborative spending decisions.', 'duration': 24.909, 'max_score': 13571.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc13571796.jpg'}, {'end': 13848.893, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13809.003, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13815.87, 'text': "We were talking about Lojban back in the day, right? So there's definitely formal languages you can use to express these things.", 'start': 13809.003, 'duration': 6.867}, {'end': 13820.934, 'text': "That's why I'm so interested in things like Idris and Coq and Agda and theorem proving,", 'start': 13815.89, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 13828.422, 'text': "because that's exactly what you're attempting to do is to express some concept or desire or construction in a language that's machine,", 'start': 13820.934, 'duration': 7.488}, {'end': 13829.723, 'text': 'understandable and manipulatable.', 'start': 13828.422, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 13832.925, 'text': 'In particular, how does the system know its own design?', 'start': 13830.163, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 13835.426, 'text': 'So what is the reference of a cryptocurrency?', 'start': 13833.405, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 13837.127, 'text': "Usually it's a canonical code base.", 'start': 13835.566, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 13842.109, 'text': "like you know, here's Bitcoin Core and the C++ code is that is the canonical code base.", 'start': 13837.127, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 13843.63, 'text': "But actually that's not right.", 'start': 13842.61, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 13848.893, 'text': 'You should have specifications, blueprints that are implementation agnostic as your canonical code base.', 'start': 13843.73, 'duration': 5.163}], 'summary': 'Interest in formal languages like idris, coq, and agda for expressing concepts in machine-understandable language.', 'duration': 39.89, 'max_score': 13809.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc13809003.jpg'}, {'end': 14008.915, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13984.326, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 13992.089, 'text': "you can do it indirectly or implicitly where there's some social process outside of the system, where you eventually approve a SIP,", 'start': 13984.326, 'duration': 7.763}, {'end': 13999.532, 'text': 'or you can do it explicitly where you directly vote or some representative democracy, some group of representatives directly votes, and then,', 'start': 13992.089, 'duration': 7.443}, {'end': 14000.932, 'text': "once you've decided, it's there.", 'start': 13999.532, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 14004.113, 'text': "The constitution's necessary because you need to know the decision threshold.", 'start': 14001.212, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 14008.915, 'text': 'Is it super majority or majority? And also the voting process.', 'start': 14004.774, 'duration': 4.141}], 'summary': 'Decision-making can be indirect or explicit, requiring a constitution to set thresholds and voting processes.', 'duration': 24.589, 'max_score': 13984.326, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc13984326.jpg'}], 'start': 12858.114, 'title': 'Innovations in mathematics and governance', 'summary': "Delves into investing $20 million in automated theorem proving, lean mechanization, and the potential to revolutionize mathematics; explores anonymity in leadership and publication through the bitcoin and satoshi nakamoto case study; discusses cardano's decentralized governance vision with a billion-dollar treasury and absolute participation; and emphasizes the need for formalizing concepts, system design specifications, and community-driven decision-making processes.", 'chapters': [{'end': 12922.1, 'start': 12858.114, 'title': 'Investing in mathematical community', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of supporting and investing in the mathematical community, outlining a commitment to contribute $20 million to set up a center for automated theorem proving and heavily invest in lean to mechanize math, with the potential to revolutionize the field within 50 to 100 years.', 'duration': 63.986, 'highlights': ['Setting up a center for automated theorem proving and investing $20 million in Lean to mechanize math, aiming to revolutionize the field within 50 to 100 years.', 'Expressing the desire to give back to the community and support mathematicians and computer scientists who are passionate about their work.', 'Highlighting the underappreciated nature of mathematicians and computer scientists and the potential for their work to become the dominant model of mathematics with the right resources.']}, {'end': 13413.277, 'start': 12922.904, 'title': 'Anonymity in leadership and publication', 'summary': 'Discusses the case of bitcoin and satoshi nakamoto as an interesting case study about leadership, the value of anonymity, and the misalignment of incentives in the academic world towards anonymity, with a focus on the implications for the academic and cryptographic space.', 'duration': 490.373, 'highlights': ["The leader's anonymity in Bitcoin's case serves as an interesting case study about leadership, as it allows the idea to live on through the community. Bitcoin's leadership case study, leader's anonymity, idea living through community", "Maintaining anonymity can be beneficial for a leader, as it inspires the next generation to act with the leader's principles, creating collective intelligence inside the organization. Benefits of leader's anonymity, inspiration for next generation, collective intelligence", 'The misalignment of incentives in the academic world towards anonymity is discussed, highlighting the drawbacks of publishing anonymously in the academic and cryptographic space. Drawbacks of anonymity in academic publishing, misalignment of incentives']}, {'end': 13788.778, 'start': 13414.498, 'title': "Cardano's decentralized governance vision", 'summary': "Discusses cardano's vision for a decentralized, secure governance system, emphasizing the shift towards less centralized power, the establishment of a treasury system with over a billion dollars, and the focus on meaningful and absolute participation in governance.", 'duration': 374.28, 'highlights': ["Cardano's treasury system holds over a billion dollars of ADA, not controlled by the foundation, fostering meaningful participation and potential protocol design discussions. The decentralized treasury system in Cardano, with over a billion dollars of ADA, is a significant factor in fostering meaningful and absolute participation in governance, potentially leading to discussions about protocol design and improvement proposals.", "The focus on meaningful participation in governance aims to increase both the absolute number of participants and the depth of their involvement through debate and interaction with funding proposals. Cardano's emphasis on meaningful participation in governance aims to increase both the absolute number of participants and the depth of their involvement, promoting interactions with funding proposals and debate to move beyond funding discussions.", "The goal is to achieve over 50% absolute participation and a high level of meaningful participation, enabling discussions on protocol design and hard forks through new voting systems and social structures. Cardano's goal of achieving over 50% absolute participation and a high level of meaningful participation aims to enable discussions on protocol design and hard forks through the implementation of new voting systems and social structures, signifying a critical mass for governance evolution.", "The establishment of an incubator and accelerator, in partnership with Governance Live and IdeaScale, aims to refine ideas through discussions, optimizations, and upgrades, while ensuring accountability in funding. Cardano's establishment of an incubator and accelerator, in partnership with Governance Live and IdeaScale, aims to refine ideas through discussions, optimizations, and upgrades, while ensuring accountability in funding, ultimately fostering a robust and accountable governance system."]}, {'end': 14078.546, 'start': 13788.778, 'title': 'Designing a formalized system', 'summary': 'Discusses the need for formalizing concepts in a machine-understandable language, the importance of specifications in system design, and the impact of voting systems on decision-making processes within a community-driven framework.', 'duration': 289.768, 'highlights': ['The need for formalizing concepts in a machine-understandable language is discussed, specifically mentioning languages like Idris and Coq that aim to express concepts in a way that is machine-understandable. Mention of formal languages like Idris and Coq.', 'The importance of specifications in system design is emphasized, with reference to the necessity of implementation-agnostic specifications as the canonical code base for a system. Emphasis on the necessity of implementation-agnostic specifications.', 'The impact of voting systems on decision-making processes within a community-driven framework is explored, including the discussion of voting thresholds and types of voting systems like preference voting and its potential for promoting political diversity. Exploration of voting thresholds and types of voting systems like preference voting.']}], 'duration': 1220.432, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc12858114.jpg', 'highlights': ['Investing $20 million in Lean to mechanize math, aiming to revolutionize the field within 50 to 100 years.', "The leader's anonymity in Bitcoin's case serves as an interesting case study about leadership, as it allows the idea to live on through the community.", "Cardano's treasury system holds over a billion dollars of ADA, fostering meaningful participation and potential protocol design discussions.", 'The need for formalizing concepts in a machine-understandable language is discussed, specifically mentioning languages like Idris and Coq.', 'The importance of specifications in system design is emphasized, with reference to the necessity of implementation-agnostic specifications as the canonical code base for a system.', 'The impact of voting systems on decision-making processes within a community-driven framework is explored, including the discussion of voting thresholds and types of voting systems like preference voting.']}, {'end': 15791.184, 'segs': [{'end': 14140.461, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14115.378, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 14120.503, 'text': "The peer review academic process means that there's now an academic incentive for graduate students,", 'start': 14115.378, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 14126.61, 'text': 'postdocs and professors to spend enormous amounts of time writing papers in our ecosystem because they want tenure.', 'start': 14120.503, 'duration': 6.107}, {'end': 14129.592, 'text': 'And we showed that you can get it.', 'start': 14127.63, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 14133.855, 'text': "There's been a lot of people who've gotten great academic careers from working with us.", 'start': 14129.612, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 14137.659, 'text': 'So yeah, keep adding to that pile of 105 papers.', 'start': 14134.396, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 14138.319, 'text': 'This is great.', 'start': 14137.699, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 14140.461, 'text': "And it doesn't need Charles Hoskinson.", 'start': 14139.06, 'duration': 1.401}], 'summary': 'Peer review process incentivizes academic writing, leading to 105 successful papers.', 'duration': 25.083, 'max_score': 14115.378, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc14115378.jpg'}, {'end': 14228.14, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14202.927, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14208.769, 'text': 'Like the Ethiopia deal, for example, we have 5 million people that we brought in with the DID system there.', 'start': 14202.927, 'duration': 5.842}, {'end': 14211.109, 'text': "That's going to follow them throughout their whole life.", 'start': 14209.289, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 14214.01, 'text': "Right now they're high school students, but when they're in their 20s, 30s,", 'start': 14211.169, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 14217.471, 'text': "they're going to want to use that for e-voting and for payments and so forth.", 'start': 14214.01, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 14220.353, 'text': "Can you describe the Ethiopia project? Because that's fascinating.", 'start': 14217.631, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 14222.415, 'text': 'Yeah, so we spent four years in Ethiopia.', 'start': 14220.513, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 14228.14, 'text': "I went there in 2017 and shook a lot of hands, kissed a lot of babies, and they said, oh yeah, we'll have it all done in six months.", 'start': 14222.575, 'duration': 5.565}], 'summary': 'Implemented did system for 5 million people in ethiopia, enabling e-voting and payments in the future.', 'duration': 25.213, 'max_score': 14202.927, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc14202927.jpg'}, {'end': 14355.56, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14326.739, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 14330.321, 'text': "And he's written this beautiful agenda called Digital Ethiopia 2025.", 'start': 14326.739, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 14335.564, 'text': 'And one of his things in the agenda is digital identity.', 'start': 14330.321, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 14339.966, 'text': 'He wants every person in the country to have a digital identity by 2025.', 'start': 14335.724, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 14342.908, 'text': 'And he wants to implement an e-voting system at some point for that.', 'start': 14339.966, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 14351.436, 'text': "So, when you ask about governance, all these governance tools that we're constructing for Cardano are completely reusable for a nation state,", 'start': 14343.388, 'duration': 8.048}, {'end': 14355.56, 'text': 'a company and, by the way, if you create a Cardano application will eventually be reusable for you.', 'start': 14351.436, 'duration': 4.124}], 'summary': 'Digital ethiopia 2025 aims for universal digital identity by 2025 and plans to implement e-voting system.', 'duration': 28.821, 'max_score': 14326.739, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc14326739.jpg'}, {'end': 14403.833, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14378.219, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 14383.724, 'text': 'They actually get this amazing voting system that they can use for smaller, large-scale decisions that they want to do.', 'start': 14378.219, 'duration': 5.505}, {'end': 14388.408, 'text': "On the US side, we're thinking about trying to roll something like this out in the state of Wyoming.", 'start': 14384.264, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 14390.849, 'text': "You know, there's been tons of laws that are passed.", 'start': 14388.888, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 14392.469, 'text': "It's a very friendly crypto place.", 'start': 14390.889, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 14399.752, 'text': "At the very least, it'd be fun to see if we can do the Republican Democrat primaries with preference voting and voter registration this way.", 'start': 14392.489, 'duration': 7.263}, {'end': 14403.833, 'text': 'Nice And do it completely online with an e-voting system.', 'start': 14400.472, 'duration': 3.361}], 'summary': 'A potential rollout of a new voting system in wyoming for republican democrat primaries and voter registration is being considered, with a focus on preference voting and e-voting.', 'duration': 25.614, 'max_score': 14378.219, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc14378219.jpg'}, {'end': 15019.842, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14995.534, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 15001.656, 'text': 'If we get this stuff into Africa, 1.2 billion people will be living in a considerably better system than the rest of the world.', 'start': 14995.534, 'duration': 6.122}, {'end': 15005.457, 'text': 'And then everybody else will look at that and say why the hell are those guys so rich?', 'start': 15002.236, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 15006.998, 'text': 'Why are those guys making the money?', 'start': 15005.677, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 15008.318, 'text': 'Why are those guys doing so well?', 'start': 15007.018, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 15012.34, 'text': "And it's not satisfying to hear well, Africa's just better.", 'start': 15008.818, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 15014.38, 'text': "No one's gonna say that.", 'start': 15013.42, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 15019.842, 'text': "They're gonna say, okay, yeah, it's nepotism and corruption and lack of transparency and these types of things.", 'start': 15014.42, 'duration': 5.422}], 'summary': 'Introducing the system in africa could benefit 1.2 billion people, leading to global admiration and addressing concerns of nepotism and corruption.', 'duration': 24.308, 'max_score': 14995.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc14995534.jpg'}, {'end': 15427.16, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15396.341, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 15397.902, 'text': 'You know, you take that.', 'start': 15396.341, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 15398.682, 'text': 'Life is good.', 'start': 15398.082, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 15405.266, 'text': "What is a productive day in the life of Charles Hoskinson look like? Now, we're getting to the details here.", 'start': 15400.043, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 15408.388, 'text': 'Diet like fasting or not.', 'start': 15406.167, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 15419.375, 'text': 'maybe coffee, non-coffee exercise, sleep scheduling like periods of deep work programming, then the social media stuff that you do.', 'start': 15408.388, 'duration': 10.987}, {'end': 15427.16, 'text': 'You clearly enjoy being on social media and also live streaming, educating, inspiring the world, or getting drunk and ranting at the computer.', 'start': 15419.855, 'duration': 7.305}], 'summary': 'Charles hoskinson leads a productive life with fasting, exercise, deep work, and social media engagement.', 'duration': 30.819, 'max_score': 15396.341, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc15396341.jpg'}, {'end': 15728.096, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 15544.5, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 15548.824, 'text': 'And so I started talking to some people who said well, Angus Barbary did 384 days.', 'start': 15544.5, 'duration': 4.324}, {'end': 15551.187, 'text': "Of course, I'm not as fat as Angus.", 'start': 15548.964, 'duration': 2.223}, {'end': 15552.668, 'text': 'So I said, oh, I can do two weeks.', 'start': 15551.227, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 15556.052, 'text': 'So I just kept going and kept going and kept going and kept going.', 'start': 15553.109, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 15562.718, 'text': 'And right around the two week mark, you know, I fainted for a little bit in a chair and I was like, okay.', 'start': 15556.092, 'duration': 6.626}, {'end': 15564.841, 'text': 'maybe I should start eating again.', 'start': 15563.479, 'duration': 1.362}, {'end': 15568.004, 'text': 'But then I was legitimately worried about like refeeding syndrome and this stuff.', 'start': 15564.901, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 15574.291, 'text': "Like, okay, how do I take care of that? So my brother's a doctor and I called him and I said, hey, Willie, you know, I haven't eaten in two weeks.", 'start': 15568.024, 'duration': 6.267}, {'end': 15580.537, 'text': "How do I start eating again? And he's like, what? Slowly.", 'start': 15574.351, 'duration': 6.186}, {'end': 15581.637, 'text': 'Slowly, yeah.', 'start': 15580.737, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 15587.179, 'text': "So, in the usual routine intermittent fasting, although I haven't been as good about it as I should be and I used to work out,", 'start': 15581.677, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 15589.08, 'text': "I don't do as much as that.", 'start': 15587.179, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 15593.882, 'text': 'the stress and the work-life balance has been horrible the last 24 months.', 'start': 15589.08, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 15596.743, 'text': "And I've gained a lot of weight and all that stuff, but I'll fix that.", 'start': 15593.902, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 15600.244, 'text': 'But I do try a lot of things, like I use the Calm app and I do meditation.', 'start': 15597.063, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 15603.886, 'text': 'Recently, I started doing photobiomodulation, You ever heard of that? No.', 'start': 15600.344, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 15605.947, 'text': "It's a crazy headset called a V-Lite.", 'start': 15604.146, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 15609.07, 'text': 'You saw that picture of me with like the weird thing with the red lights on.', 'start': 15605.967, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 15610.891, 'text': 'It actually shoots lights into your brain.', 'start': 15609.09, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 15613.173, 'text': "It's really cool stuff, but it improves blood flow.", 'start': 15610.931, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 15617.196, 'text': "And actually there's some peer reviewed studies that show that it does neurogenesis.", 'start': 15613.273, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 15619.858, 'text': 'So you actually generate new neurons and things like that.', 'start': 15617.256, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 15620.699, 'text': "It's really cool stuff.", 'start': 15619.898, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 15623.141, 'text': 'So I do that and it actually helps a lot.', 'start': 15621.239, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 15625.923, 'text': 'And you know, every day is a little different.', 'start': 15623.881, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 15633.411, 'text': 'Do you get a few hours of alone time to work, to think? Yeah, deep work is so important.', 'start': 15627.024, 'duration': 6.387}, {'end': 15636.615, 'text': "There's even a book on that, like Deep Work.", 'start': 15634.773, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 15637.977, 'text': 'Yeah, by Cal Newport.', 'start': 15636.835, 'duration': 1.142}, {'end': 15642.241, 'text': "I think you interviewed him, didn't you? Yeah, everyone should listen to his podcast, Deep Questions.", 'start': 15638.097, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 15643.143, 'text': "He's awesome.", 'start': 15642.622, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 15644.464, 'text': "He's a mathematician.", 'start': 15643.383, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 15649.27, 'text': 'theoretical computer scientists, so those guys really need their time alone to really think.', 'start': 15645.585, 'duration': 3.685}, {'end': 15650.932, 'text': "That's the one thing I deeply miss.", 'start': 15649.57, 'duration': 1.362}, {'end': 15654.797, 'text': "When you're a CEO, you're the master of the five-minute deal.", 'start': 15651.332, 'duration': 3.465}, {'end': 15658.741, 'text': 'You come in, you talk to people, you make a decision, you move on to the next thing, you move on to the next thing.', 'start': 15654.857, 'duration': 3.884}, {'end': 15661.204, 'text': 'And I used to be used to really deep focus.', 'start': 15659.122, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 15663.427, 'text': "You'd sit down and think about something for 10 hours, 15 hours, 20 hours.", 'start': 15661.264, 'duration': 2.163}, {'end': 15665.689, 'text': "And that's that.", 'start': 15665.109, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 15666.43, 'text': 'And I enjoyed it.', 'start': 15665.749, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 15671.273, 'text': 'It was just so beautiful to be, get lost into something and just go and go and go.', 'start': 15666.45, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 15674.315, 'text': "And then you become a CEO and it's like, you never can go and go.", 'start': 15671.833, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 15679.238, 'text': "You're lucky if you read a four page thing, because there's something else that comes up, you know, and you have to travel, you have to do that.", 'start': 15674.375, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 15685.942, 'text': "So I've been trying lately to have, and actually our chief of staff recommended like Fridays is do not disturb day.", 'start': 15679.798, 'duration': 6.144}, {'end': 15689.585, 'text': "So it's for deep work, you know, you don't have meetings, any of these things.", 'start': 15686.262, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 15694.106, 'text': 'So far, I have not committed to that, but everybody else in the organization has started to move there.', 'start': 15690.465, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 15697.167, 'text': 'But my hope is next month that I can actually get serious about that.', 'start': 15694.166, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 15700.627, 'text': "The other time I'm lost in thought is I do a lot of float tanks.", 'start': 15697.567, 'duration': 3.06}, {'end': 15703.148, 'text': 'Have you ever done isolation tanks? But I really want to.', 'start': 15700.687, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 15706.189, 'text': "It's one of the most amazing things you can do.", 'start': 15703.748, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 15710.61, 'text': "You come out on the other side and all your stress worries, they're just gone.", 'start': 15706.289, 'duration': 4.321}, {'end': 15713.771, 'text': 'And you have so much productivity and clarity.', 'start': 15711.33, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 15716.911, 'text': "If you combine that with daily naps, That's the way to go.", 'start': 15713.871, 'duration': 3.04}, {'end': 15718.472, 'text': "Yeah, I'm a huge fan of apps.", 'start': 15717.172, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 15721.533, 'text': 'So what about the social media stuff?', 'start': 15718.672, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 15723.634, 'text': 'and like you doing the live streams?', 'start': 15721.533, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 15725.855, 'text': 'Do you ever dread those??', 'start': 15724.555, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 15728.096, 'text': 'Are you energized by those??', 'start': 15726.696, 'duration': 1.4}], 'summary': 'Ceo discusses fasting for two weeks, work-life balance, and self-care practices like meditation and photobiomodulation.', 'duration': 183.596, 'max_score': 15544.5, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc15544500.jpg'}], 'start': 14078.566, 'title': 'Cardano, digital identity, and cryptocurrency impact', 'summary': "Discusses cardano's decentralized governance, academic incentives, and 5 million users through the did system in ethiopia, digital identity system for 20 million people, and the potential impact of cryptocurrency on global financial systems, particularly in africa.", 'chapters': [{'end': 14240.669, 'start': 14078.566, 'title': 'Decentralized governance and academic incentives', 'summary': 'Discusses the decentralization of protocol development, academic incentive, and the goal of achieving three independent clients in the cardano ecosystem, which has brought in 5 million users through the did system in ethiopia.', 'duration': 162.103, 'highlights': ["The peer review academic process means that there's now an academic incentive for graduate students, postdocs and professors to spend enormous amounts of time writing papers in our ecosystem. The academic incentive in the Cardano ecosystem has led to the publication of 105 papers and the advancement of academic careers for many individuals.", "The goal is to make sure there's at least three independent clients and to get a separation of the commercial clients from the reference code. The aim is to achieve three independent dev teams and code bases in the Cardano ecosystem, ensuring decentralization and formal specification of the reference code.", 'The Ethiopia project brought in 5 million people with the DID system, which will be used for e-voting and payments in the future. The DID system in Ethiopia has successfully onboarded 5 million users and is expected to have long-term applications such as e-voting and payments.']}, {'end': 14918.093, 'start': 14240.709, 'title': 'Digital identity system for credentials', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of a digital identity system for credentials in ethiopia, aiming to provide decentralized identifiers to every student in the country, which is expected to grow to 20 million people over the next 24 months, and the potential use of blockchain technology for governance and voting systems.', 'duration': 677.384, 'highlights': ["Ethiopia's initiative to implement a digital identity system for credentials aims to provide decentralized identifiers to every student in the country, potentially growing to 20 million people over the next 24 months.", "The system is designed to prove a student's credentials, including GPA and diplomas, with the capability to extend to include payments and proofs about themselves, and could be used for DeFi in the Cardano ecosystem.", 'The chapter also explores the potential use of blockchain technology for governance and voting systems, with plans to roll out a similar system in the state of Wyoming for online e-voting in the Republican Democrat primaries.', "The discussion also touches upon El Salvador's adoption of Bitcoin as a legal currency, the implications of this trend globally, and the potential for cryptocurrency to become a store of value and method of payments worldwide, offering programmable finance and efficient automation of compliance.", "The conversation further delves into the broader impact of cryptocurrency in pushing power to the people, potentially alleviating centralized power and addressing issues such as corruption and nepotism, reflecting the industry's relentless pursuit of creating a fair and open system."]}, {'end': 15263.883, 'start': 14919.054, 'title': 'Impact of cryptocurrency on financial systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of cryptocurrency on global financial systems, emphasizing the need for long-term thinking, fair and honest practices, and the potential to improve the human condition, with a focus on africa. it also highlights the burden and responsibility felt by leaders in this space, and the importance of delegation and trust in amplifying impact.', 'duration': 344.829, 'highlights': ["Cryptocurrency's potential to improve human conditions in Africa and globally by creating a fairer and more honest financial system Emphasizes the potential to create a considerably better financial system for 1.2 billion people in Africa, leading to global impact. Highlights the contrast between current financial systems and the need for more honest and fair practices.", 'The need to evolve capitalism and create long-term incentives within the system Discusses the need to shift from maximizing short-term gains to creating resources for the future, emphasizing the need to inject long-term incentives into the capital system.', 'The burden and responsibility felt by leaders in the cryptocurrency space Emphasizes the burden felt by leaders, particularly in terms of the impact on the lives of their employees, and the need to always show up and push forward.', 'The importance of delegation and trust in amplifying impact Discusses the positive impact of delegation and trust in amplifying efforts, emphasizing the need to leave something for others to carry on and the value of open source practices.']}, {'end': 15791.184, 'start': 15263.883, 'title': "Charles hoskinson's life and work", 'summary': "Highlights charles hoskinson's daily routine, including intermittent fasting, deep work, and live streaming, while also discussing his insights on innovation, financial regulations, and the importance of delegating responsibilities, emphasizing the impact of individual actions and the challenges faced in his career, and his positive outlook on life.", 'duration': 527.301, 'highlights': ['Charles Hoskinson discusses his daily routine, including intermittent fasting, deep work, and live streaming, as well as his insights on innovation and financial regulations. Charles Hoskinson talks about his daily routine, including intermittent fasting, deep work, and live streaming, while also discussing his insights on innovation and financial regulations, emphasizing the importance of delegating responsibilities and the impact of individual actions.', 'Charles Hoskinson emphasizes the impact of individual actions and the challenges faced in his career, while maintaining a positive outlook on life. Charles Hoskinson reflects on the impact of individual actions, citing the example of Norman Borlaug who saved a billion lives through teaching farming techniques, and discusses the challenges faced in his career, such as the potential for legal consequences in the financial innovation space, while maintaining a positive outlook on life.', 'Charles Hoskinson shares his positive outlook on life and the importance of delegating responsibilities. Charles Hoskinson shares his positive outlook on life, emphasizing the importance of delegating responsibilities and the impact of individual actions, citing the example of Norman Borlaug who saved a billion lives through teaching farming techniques.']}], 'duration': 1712.618, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc14078566.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Ethiopia project brought in 5 million people with the DID system, which will be used for e-voting and payments in the future.', 'The academic incentive in the Cardano ecosystem has led to the publication of 105 papers and the advancement of academic careers for many individuals.', "Ethiopia's initiative to implement a digital identity system for credentials aims to provide decentralized identifiers to every student in the country, potentially growing to 20 million people over the next 24 months.", 'The potential use of blockchain technology for governance and voting systems, with plans to roll out a similar system in the state of Wyoming for online e-voting in the Republican Democrat primaries.', "Cryptocurrency's potential to improve human conditions in Africa and globally by creating a fairer and more honest financial system Emphasizes the potential to create a considerably better financial system for 1.2 billion people in Africa, leading to global impact.", 'Charles Hoskinson discusses his daily routine, including intermittent fasting, deep work, and live streaming, as well as his insights on innovation and financial regulations.']}, {'end': 17861.737, 'segs': [{'end': 15929.164, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15895.859, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 15896.66, 'text': 'And this is a real thing.', 'start': 15895.859, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 15901.043, 'text': 'You could Google it and see these dead ants with these fungal staphs coming out of them.', 'start': 15897.1, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 15903.464, 'text': "It's like, holy God, this is crazy.", 'start': 15901.463, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 15909.789, 'text': "And in the same topic you go all the way to Lion's Mane,", 'start': 15903.484, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 15916.273, 'text': "and it could actually help treat Alzheimer's and treat depression and Parkinson's and regrow nerves and so forth.", 'start': 15909.789, 'duration': 6.484}, {'end': 15920.477, 'text': "Other things, they've shown some effectiveness against COVID.", 'start': 15916.913, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 15929.164, 'text': "It's just so crazy, the diversity in the mushroom kingdom of the medicinal applications, the pesticide applications.", 'start': 15920.857, 'duration': 8.307}], 'summary': "Mushrooms have diverse medicinal applications, treating alzheimer's, depression, parkinson's, and regrowing nerves, with potential effectiveness against covid.", 'duration': 33.305, 'max_score': 15895.859, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc15895859.jpg'}, {'end': 15992.333, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15962.219, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 15965.02, 'text': 'selective serotonin read-optic inhibitors for the treatment of depression.', 'start': 15962.219, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 15970.463, 'text': "They showed in the Johns Hopkins studies that they're equal or better in effectiveness in many cases.", 'start': 15965.561, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 15971.283, 'text': "Yeah, it's fascinating.", 'start': 15970.483, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 15975.985, 'text': 'For the treatment of depression than a drug that you have to take forever.', 'start': 15972.123, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 15980.087, 'text': 'And this is just one or two treatments and then you desist from it.', 'start': 15976.005, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 15986.15, 'text': "That's a miracle, because there's so many people suffer from severe depression and it's a lifetime ailment.", 'start': 15980.527, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 15992.333, 'text': "And the fact that we have something in the toolbox that we've underexplored is a very powerful thing.", 'start': 15986.85, 'duration': 5.483}], 'summary': 'Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are as effective as lifelong drugs for treating depression, offering a promising solution for many sufferers.', 'duration': 30.114, 'max_score': 15962.219, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc15962219.jpg'}, {'end': 16060.468, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16033.564, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 16041.672, 'text': 'They also do mushroom and they put these amazing labs and shipping containers that are kind of like controlled environments.', 'start': 16033.564, 'duration': 8.108}, {'end': 16045.735, 'text': 'You grow 400 pounds of gourmet mushrooms a single week off of that.', 'start': 16042.132, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 16048.438, 'text': 'And your margins can be up to 30% per year.', 'start': 16046.136, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 16053.883, 'text': "If you're just selling them for food consumption, if you're doing supplements, they can be even higher than that.", 'start': 16048.478, 'duration': 5.405}, {'end': 16060.468, 'text': "So it just kind of made sense from a diversification of assets to say, hey, let's do some stuff in hydroponics and aquaponics and in mushrooms.", 'start': 16054.423, 'duration': 6.045}], 'summary': 'Growing mushrooms in controlled environments yields 400 pounds per week with up to 30% margins annually.', 'duration': 26.904, 'max_score': 16033.564, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc16033564.jpg'}, {'end': 16176.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16148.538, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 16155.481, 'text': 'And I say, guys, can you imagine if like we had a real big thing, what this would be like? We need to have domestic food production.', 'start': 16148.538, 'duration': 6.943}, {'end': 16157.642, 'text': 'We need to have resilience at the community level.', 'start': 16155.501, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 16163.005, 'text': "So let's go build a 40, $50 million aquaponics facility next to every major city.", 'start': 16158.042, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 16167.791, 'text': "So at least you have some local production of food and people won't starve to death.", 'start': 16163.445, 'duration': 4.346}, {'end': 16169.473, 'text': "Otherwise it's very bad.", 'start': 16167.971, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 16176.323, 'text': 'And again, the margins are phenomenal there, 20%, 30%, if you actually do it right and alternate your crops properly and so forth.', 'start': 16169.874, 'duration': 6.449}], 'summary': 'Propose building aquaponics facilities to ensure local food production, with potential margins of 20-30%.', 'duration': 27.785, 'max_score': 16148.538, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc16148538.jpg'}, {'end': 16540.195, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16513.07, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 16520.036, 'text': 'So, way back in the day, the Elder Scrolls series was inspired by a game called Legends of Valor that I played when I was a little kid.', 'start': 16513.07, 'duration': 6.966}, {'end': 16521.957, 'text': "And it doesn't actually have an ending.", 'start': 16520.196, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 16523.618, 'text': 'They ran out of money before they finished it.', 'start': 16522.137, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 16527.163, 'text': 'So they just kind of like put this little thing on and said, okay, but you never finish it.', 'start': 16523.659, 'duration': 3.504}, {'end': 16530.526, 'text': 'So I actually bought all the intellectual property for the game.', 'start': 16527.463, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 16533.949, 'text': "I didn't know there was a connection between Legends of Valor and Arena.", 'start': 16530.826, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 16534.95, 'text': 'I forget the name of the guy.', 'start': 16534.008, 'duration': 0.942}, {'end': 16540.195, 'text': 'Was it Todd something at Bethesda? He played it and he was inspired by it.', 'start': 16534.99, 'duration': 5.205}], 'summary': 'Elder scrolls series inspired by legends of valor game, purchased intellectual property, and influenced todd at bethesda.', 'duration': 27.125, 'max_score': 16513.07, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc16513070.jpg'}, {'end': 16679.892, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16649.895, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 16654.837, 'text': 'I said, well, take some old piece of IP and then you can kind of retrofit it and clean it up.', 'start': 16649.895, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 16657.299, 'text': "And what's nice about Legends of Valor is it's a blank slate.", 'start': 16654.917, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 16659.219, 'text': 'You can do your own Elder Scrolls.', 'start': 16657.458, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 16662.041, 'text': 'You can create your own class system and level system and so forth.', 'start': 16659.259, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 16666.163, 'text': 'You could write some beautiful, exciting, fun narratives for that.', 'start': 16662.58, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 16670.846, 'text': 'And also it gives me a chance to explore a lot of things I think should be dragged into game development.', 'start': 16666.262, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 16673.328, 'text': 'Like algorithmically generated music is one example.', 'start': 16670.885, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 16679.892, 'text': 'The problem with sound games, as you mentioned, you play lots and lots of hours, but your sound content is much smaller.', 'start': 16673.707, 'duration': 6.185}], 'summary': 'Legends of valor provides a blank slate for creating own class and level system, and exploring algorithmically generated music for game development.', 'duration': 29.997, 'max_score': 16649.895, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc16649895.jpg'}, {'end': 16917.025, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16888.375, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 16890.956, 'text': 'Arcanum is my favorite game.', 'start': 16888.375, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 16900.419, 'text': 'Troika Games was just this amazing studio where they took the time to build probably the most compelling game worlds.', 'start': 16891.436, 'duration': 8.983}, {'end': 16905.741, 'text': 'In the case of Arcanum, it takes place in kind of like a 19th century Victorian England play, so steampunk.', 'start': 16900.459, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 16908.422, 'text': "But then there's also magic inside this game world.", 'start': 16906.341, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 16911.983, 'text': "And there's this crazy juxtaposition between magic and technology.", 'start': 16908.782, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 16914.264, 'text': 'And the more technology you have, magic stops working.', 'start': 16912.023, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 16917.025, 'text': 'The more magic you have, it disrupts technology.', 'start': 16914.705, 'duration': 2.32}], 'summary': 'Arcanum is a compelling steampunk game with a unique blend of magic and technology.', 'duration': 28.65, 'max_score': 16888.375, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc16888375.jpg'}, {'end': 16989.495, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16960.008, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 16963.292, 'text': 'You can be on the magic side, the technology side, kind of be neutral.', 'start': 16960.008, 'duration': 3.284}, {'end': 16965.995, 'text': "And there's like 40 different endings for the game.", 'start': 16963.312, 'duration': 2.683}, {'end': 16967.137, 'text': "It's just incredible.", 'start': 16966.215, 'duration': 0.922}, {'end': 16968.678, 'text': 'And this is all like 2000.', 'start': 16967.157, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 16975.004, 'text': 'And then you talk about a procedurally generated world, You have a quick travel, but if you want, you can just walk, and the world randomly generates.', 'start': 16968.678, 'duration': 6.326}, {'end': 16977.666, 'text': "But it's not like Daggerfall, where there's interesting things along the way.", 'start': 16975.044, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 16982.33, 'text': 'So it was really ahead of its time, and it was kind of the last of a generation of games.', 'start': 16978.066, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 16989.495, 'text': 'It was based on the same framework that Interplay used for Fallout, the original Fallout, Fallout 2.', 'start': 16982.79, 'duration': 6.705}], 'summary': 'The game has 40 different endings and is based on the framework used for fallout, with a procedurally generated world and advanced features, released around 2000.', 'duration': 29.487, 'max_score': 16960.008, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc16960008.jpg'}, {'end': 17063.489, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17033.004, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 17036.046, 'text': 'Planescape Torment is the other one I think is probably the greatest.', 'start': 17033.004, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 17041.289, 'text': "What's it called, Planescape? Yeah, it's another one on the Infinity Engine, which was what was used for Baldur's Gate.", 'start': 17036.066, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 17042.49, 'text': "So it looks like Baldur's Gate.", 'start': 17041.349, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 17045.732, 'text': 'And God, that was such an incredibly well-written game.', 'start': 17042.93, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 17049.575, 'text': 'You play this character called the Nameless One, this little blue guy, and you wake up in a morgue.', 'start': 17046.012, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 17051.717, 'text': "And it turns out that you're immortal.", 'start': 17050.135, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 17053.719, 'text': 'And every time you die, you lose all your memories.', 'start': 17051.917, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 17058.584, 'text': "And so you've just been apparently living this life for a very long time.", 'start': 17054.239, 'duration': 4.345}, {'end': 17063.489, 'text': "And you meet all these people in this crazy city called Sigil who know you, but you don't know yourself.", 'start': 17058.644, 'duration': 4.845}], 'summary': 'Planescape torment, a game on the infinity engine, features an immortal character who loses all memories upon death and navigates through the city of sigil.', 'duration': 30.485, 'max_score': 17033.004, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc17033004.jpg'}, {'end': 17196.116, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17172.29, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 17179.732, 'text': 'And actually with AI now coming in and really good AI coming in the next five or 10 years, your storytelling is not static anymore.', 'start': 17172.29, 'duration': 7.442}, {'end': 17185.794, 'text': 'The person can actually majorly participate and change the outcome in ways that were previously unpredictable.', 'start': 17180.132, 'duration': 5.662}, {'end': 17187.714, 'text': "The other thing is they're still educational.", 'start': 17186.274, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 17190.375, 'text': 'You can teach people concepts that they never knew before.', 'start': 17187.754, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 17196.116, 'text': "And it's like, if you want to teach people about bizarre geometries or like Minecraft is a great example.", 'start': 17190.715, 'duration': 5.401}], 'summary': 'Ai will transform storytelling, allowing audience participation and education in new concepts like bizarre geometries and minecraft.', 'duration': 23.826, 'max_score': 17172.29, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc17172290.jpg'}, {'end': 17526.762, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17501.937, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 17509.278, 'text': "That's a very Japanese story, right? The point is that it's not the actual blossom finding the perfection that matters.", 'start': 17501.937, 'duration': 7.341}, {'end': 17513.559, 'text': "It's the things you do on a day-to-day basis, the places you go, the people you meet,", 'start': 17509.398, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 17517.68, 'text': 'the experiences you have and the joy you take in the things that you do here in the moment, now.', 'start': 17513.559, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 17519.36, 'text': 'You have to get there.', 'start': 17518.48, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 17526.762, 'text': "You know, if you look at Jiro Dreams of Sushi, there's this guy, 70 years of his life, making the same damn piece of sushi again and again and again.", 'start': 17519.38, 'duration': 7.382}], 'summary': 'The value lies in daily experiences and joy, as seen in jiro dreams of sushi.', 'duration': 24.825, 'max_score': 17501.937, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc17501937.jpg'}, {'end': 17618.397, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17593.763, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 17600.847, 'text': "you're in a position where you can find a modicum of happiness and love and empathy for others in that moment.", 'start': 17593.763, 'duration': 7.084}, {'end': 17607.031, 'text': 'And then the highest pursuit of life is the ability to share that mindset with other people and give it to them somehow.', 'start': 17601.528, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 17614.195, 'text': "And that's really hard, you know, because everybody comes to you, they're always Eeyore, oh, doom and gloom, and cynical, yeah, but this and that,", 'start': 17607.791, 'duration': 6.404}, {'end': 17615.295, 'text': 'and reputation, this, that.', 'start': 17614.195, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 17618.397, 'text': "You have to somehow transcend all of it and say, you know, that doesn't matter.", 'start': 17615.636, 'duration': 2.761}], 'summary': 'Pursue sharing happiness and empathy with others, despite cynicism and negativity.', 'duration': 24.634, 'max_score': 17593.763, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc17593763.jpg'}, {'end': 17816.823, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17791.074, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 17796.495, 'text': "I'd love to catch one now and be in my 60s and catch the same fish twice and recognize it.", 'start': 17791.074, 'duration': 5.421}, {'end': 17798.135, 'text': "Maybe I'll lift a scar or something.", 'start': 17796.635, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 17800.356, 'text': "That'd be really cool, going back to the fish thing.", 'start': 17798.235, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 17804.897, 'text': "Because both the fish has gone through a lot, I've gone through a lot and we can just be like a whole frame.", 'start': 17800.736, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 17808.477, 'text': 'Reminisce Exactly, exactly.', 'start': 17804.917, 'duration': 3.56}, {'end': 17811.238, 'text': "And then I'll die of a heart attack and my mammoths will eat me.", 'start': 17808.597, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 17812.939, 'text': "That's something to look forward to.", 'start': 17811.658, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 17816.823, 'text': "Charles, this was one of the most amazing conversations I've ever had.", 'start': 17813.46, 'duration': 3.363}], 'summary': 'Desiring to catch the same fish twice in old age and reminiscing about life experiences, leading to a profound conversation.', 'duration': 25.749, 'max_score': 17791.074, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc17791074.jpg'}], 'start': 15793.105, 'title': 'Diverse mushroom applications and game worlds', 'summary': 'Explores the diverse applications of mushrooms, including medicinal, pesticide, and mind-expanding capabilities, and discusses potential game world overhauls influenced by evolving technology, emphasizing the importance of storytelling and practical applications.', 'chapters': [{'end': 16019.208, 'start': 15793.105, 'title': 'Exploring the fascinating world of mushrooms', 'summary': 'Explores the diverse and powerful applications of mushrooms, including their medicinal, pesticide, and mind-expanding capabilities, with a focus on the effectiveness of psychedelics in treating depression and end-of-life issues.', 'duration': 226.103, 'highlights': ['Psychedelic mushrooms have shown effectiveness equal or better than SSRIs in treating depression in many cases, offering a potential solution for severe depression with just one or two treatments. Effectiveness of psychedelics in treating depression compared to SSRIs, potential for one or two treatments to desist from medication, addressing severe depression as a lifetime ailment.', "Mushrooms like Lion's Mane have potential in treating Alzheimer's, depression, Parkinson's, regrowing nerves, and showing effectiveness against COVID, demonstrating the broad medicinal applications of mushrooms. Mushrooms' potential in treating Alzheimer's, depression, Parkinson's, regrowing nerves, and effectiveness against COVID, illustrating the diverse medicinal applications of mushrooms.", 'Exploration of mushrooms as an underexplored area of science and botany, highlighting the need for further research due to the vast unexplored potential of mushrooms. Mushrooms as an underexplored area of science and botany, emphasizing the need for further research and exploration of their potential.']}, {'end': 16489.988, 'start': 16019.588, 'title': 'Mushrooms, aquaponics, and cryptocurrency', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential for commercial success in mushroom farming, the benefits of aquaponics and hydroponics, and strategies for communicating cryptocurrency concepts to a broader audience, emphasizing the importance of practical applications and connecting to personal interests.', 'duration': 470.4, 'highlights': ["The potential for commercial success in mushroom farming, with the ability to grow 400 pounds of gourmet mushrooms per week with margins of up to 30% per year. Through vertical hydroponic farming and controlled environments like shipping containers, it's possible to grow 400 pounds of gourmet mushrooms per week with margins of up to 30% per year.", 'The importance of domestic food production and resilience at the community level, with proposed plans for building aquaponics facilities near major cities to ensure local food production and create high-paying jobs. Emphasizing the need for domestic food production and resilience at the community level, with plans to build aquaponics facilities near major cities to ensure local food production and create high-paying jobs.', 'Strategies for communicating cryptocurrency concepts, emphasizing the importance of practical applications and connecting to personal interests to engage a broader audience. Emphasizing the need to connect cryptocurrency concepts to personal interests, such as elk hunting or intellectual property, to engage a broader audience and drive understanding and adoption.']}, {'end': 16888.335, 'start': 16490.428, 'title': 'Legends of valor: reviving a classic game', 'summary': "Delves into the potential overhaul of the classic game 'legends of valor' to create a new elder scrolls-style game, incorporating algorithmically generated music, better dialogue, and alternative physics systems, influenced by past game experiences and the evolving technology landscape.", 'duration': 397.907, 'highlights': ["The chapter delves into the potential overhaul of the classic game 'Legends of Valor' to create a new Elder Scrolls-style game, incorporating algorithmically generated music, better dialogue, and alternative physics systems. Potential overhaul of 'Legends of Valor' to create a new Elder Scrolls-style game, use of algorithmically generated music, better dialogue, and alternative physics systems.", 'The Elder Scrolls series was inspired by a game called Legends of Valor that had no ending due to a lack of funds, leading to the speaker purchasing all the intellectual property for the game. Elder Scrolls series inspired by Legends of Valor, lack of ending due to lack of funds, the speaker purchasing all the intellectual property for the game.', "The speaker plans to work on the 'Legends of Valor' project in 2022-2023, aiming to build a team and create the game in Wyoming, with a focus on programmatically generated music and other innovative game elements. Plans to work on 'Legends of Valor' project in 2022-2023, focus on programmatically generated music and innovative game elements, aiming to build a team and create the game in Wyoming."]}, {'end': 17424.82, 'start': 16888.375, 'title': 'Arcanum and planescape: timeless game worlds', 'summary': 'Discusses the compelling game worlds of arcanum and planescape, featuring a 19th century victorian england setting with steampunk and magic, offering 40 different endings, and emphasizing the importance of storytelling and learning in video games.', 'duration': 536.445, 'highlights': ["The game Arcanum features a 19th century Victorian England setting with a unique blend of steampunk and magic, creating a world where technology disrupts magic and vice versa, leading to a conflict between different races and the player's choices.", 'Players can experience 40 different endings in Arcanum, offering a high level of player agency and replay value.', 'Planescape Torment is an incredibly well-written game set in a city called Sigil, where players take on the role of an immortal character trying to uncover their identity and the curse of forgetting memories upon each death, featuring extensive dialogue and the ability to resolve conflicts through conversation rather than combat.', 'The chapter emphasizes the value of storytelling in video games, highlighting the undivided attention of players and the potential for enhanced storytelling tools and technology, including AI, to create more interactive and educational experiences.', 'The advice for young people includes the importance of learning how to learn, developing emotional intelligence, giving back to others through mentoring and volunteerism, and separating passion and career to avoid burnout.']}, {'end': 17861.737, 'start': 17424.88, 'title': 'The meaning of life and pursuit of happiness', 'summary': "Delves into the japanese story of the shogun's pursuit of the perfect cherry blossom, emphasizing the importance of finding joy in daily experiences and the pursuit of meaningful endeavors; it also discusses the pursuit of happiness, the essence of life, and the love for mathematics and life.", 'duration': 436.857, 'highlights': ["The shogun's pursuit of the perfect cherry blossom emphasizes the importance of finding joy in daily experiences and the pursuit of meaningful endeavors. Story of the shogun's pursuit of the perfect cherry blossom, emphasizing the importance of finding joy in daily experiences and the pursuit of meaningful endeavors.", 'Emphasizing the value of daily experiences, the story conveys the message that the process and joy of the journey matter more than the destination. The message that the process and joy of the journey matter more than the destination.', 'Discussion about the pursuit of happiness, the essence of life, and the importance of finding meaning in daily experiences and the ability to share that mindset with others. Discussion about the pursuit of happiness, the essence of life, and the importance of finding meaning in daily experiences and the ability to share that mindset with others.', "Charles Hoskinson's love for mathematics and his passion for bringing back the woolly mammoth, along with his interest in fishing and his aspiration to catch the same fish twice in his 60s. Charles Hoskinson's love for mathematics, passion for bringing back the woolly mammoth, interest in fishing, and aspiration to catch the same fish twice in his 60s."]}], 'duration': 2068.632, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/FKh8hjJNhWc/pics/FKh8hjJNhWc15793105.jpg', 'highlights': ['Psychedelic mushrooms show effectiveness equal or better than SSRIs in treating depression, offering potential solution with one or two treatments.', "Mushrooms like Lion's Mane have potential in treating Alzheimer's, depression, Parkinson's, regrowing nerves, and showing effectiveness against COVID.", 'Potential for commercial success in mushroom farming, with the ability to grow 400 pounds of gourmet mushrooms per week with margins of up to 30% per year.', 'Importance of domestic food production and resilience at the community level, with proposed plans for building aquaponics facilities near major cities.', "Potential overhaul of 'Legends of Valor' to create a new Elder Scrolls-style game, incorporating algorithmically generated music, better dialogue, and alternative physics systems.", 'The Elder Scrolls series was inspired by a game called Legends of Valor that had no ending due to a lack of funds.', 'The game Arcanum features a 19th century Victorian England setting with a unique blend of steampunk and magic, creating a world where technology disrupts magic and vice versa.', 'Players can experience 40 different endings in Arcanum, offering a high level of player agency and replay value.', 'Planescape Torment is an incredibly well-written game set in a city called Sigil, where players take on the role of an immortal character trying to uncover their identity and the curse of forgetting memories upon each death.', 'The chapter emphasizes the value of storytelling in video games, highlighting the undivided attention of players and the potential for enhanced storytelling tools and technology, including AI, to create more interactive and educational experiences.', "The shogun's pursuit of the perfect cherry blossom emphasizes the importance of finding joy in daily experiences and the pursuit of meaningful endeavors.", 'Emphasizing the value of daily experiences, the story conveys the message that the process and joy of the journey matter more than the destination.', 'Discussion about the pursuit of happiness, the essence of life, and the importance of finding meaning in daily experiences and the ability to share that mindset with others.', "Charles Hoskinson's love for mathematics, passion for bringing back the woolly mammoth, interest in fishing, and aspiration to catch the same fish twice in his 60s."]}], 'highlights': ["Charles Hoskinson's diverse background as a mathematician, cryptocurrency innovator, Colorado-based farmer, gamer, fisherman, and world traveler.", 'Cryptocurrency as a technology that enables freedom from oppression and suffering, with a mention of its impact in Mongolia.', 'The broader impact of cryptocurrency beyond meme-driven speculation, emphasizing its potential for empowerment and global freedom.', 'Plutus programming language enables small to mid-sized smart contracts with deterministic results, low fees, and high availability.', 'The universe as a self-learning system, resembling nomic, and the autodidactic universe paper, suggests a new perspective on reality.', "Blockchain's potential in securing medical records and implementing cryptocurrency.", "Cardano's approach to incentivizing resources results in a resilient system that pays its own bills.", 'Ethereum represented the second generation, introducing programmability to the blockchain and expanding its use cases, leading to the emergence of ICOs, DeFi, NFTs, and other applications.', 'The emergence of Ergo as a potential successor to Bitcoin is detailed, emphasizing its similar culture and mentality, along with its innovative technology, such as the proof of work system, UTXO with smart contracts, and the Sigma protocol, positioning it as a promising evolution from Bitcoin.', 'Oracles play a crucial role in smart contracts for any notion of value, requiring data aggregation, injection, and veracity attestation.', 'The Alonzo release is bringing smart contracts to Cardano within the next 90 days.', "Elon Musk's influence on the cryptocurrency space, addressing the financial impact, regulatory consequences, and potential positive outcomes.", 'Investing $20 million in Lean to mechanize math, aiming to revolutionize the field within 50 to 100 years.', 'The Ethiopia project brought in 5 million people with the DID system, which will be used for e-voting and payments in the future.', 'Psychedelic mushrooms show effectiveness equal or better than SSRIs in treating depression, offering potential solution with one or two treatments.', 'Importance of domestic food production and resilience at the community level, with proposed plans for building aquaponics facilities near major cities.']}