title
Google Python Class Day 1 Part 2

description
Google Python Class Day 1 Part 2: Lists, Sorting, and Tuples. By Nick Parlante. Support materials and exercises: http://code.google.com/edu/languages/google-python-class

detail
{'title': 'Google Python Class Day 1 Part 2', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1543.913, 'start': 1478.77, 'weight': 0.935}], 'summary': 'Covers python data structures including lists, tuples, and dictionaries, and aims to conclude by 4:15. it explains list operations, methods like append and pop, sorting, custom sorting using the sorted function and key function, and efficient usage of .join and .split methods in manipulating lists and strings.', 'chapters': [{'end': 280.068, 'segs': [{'end': 29.595, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.369, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1.689, 'text': 'This morning, I talked about strings.', 'start': 0.369, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 2.81, 'text': "They're just the most basic stuff.", 'start': 1.709, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 4.03, 'text': 'And then we had the string exercises.', 'start': 2.83, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 8.371, 'text': 'So the plan for the rest of the day is I want to talk about lists and tuples from other data structures.', 'start': 4.41, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 10.731, 'text': "And we'll have a set of little exercises about that.", 'start': 8.391, 'duration': 2.34}, {'end': 14.992, 'text': "And then I'll finish off talking about dictionaries and files and hash tables.", 'start': 11.811, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 17.893, 'text': "And then we'll have a large exercise, and that'll complete the day.", 'start': 15.872, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 19.053, 'text': "So that's the plan for today.", 'start': 18.153, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 21.453, 'text': "Probably get you out of here around, I don't know, 4.15, something like that.", 'start': 19.073, 'duration': 2.38}, {'end': 28.075, 'text': "All right, so let's talk about another Python type.", 'start': 22.774, 'duration': 5.301}, {'end': 29.595, 'text': "So I'll just fire up the interpreter here.", 'start': 28.095, 'duration': 1.5}], 'summary': "Today's plan includes teaching lists, tuples, dictionaries, and files, with exercises and a completion time around 4:15 pm.", 'duration': 29.226, 'max_score': 0.369, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI369.jpg'}, {'end': 112.097, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 66.752, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 68.954, 'text': 'So, you have a list of, you know, different types.', 'start': 66.752, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 74.578, 'text': "In reality, mostly you'll have a list of all the same thing for just, you know, it's just sort of the most intuitive case.", 'start': 69.894, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 86.227, 'text': 'Now Python has this sort of design idea that, instead of having, you know, one syntax for strings and another syntax for lists or whatever,', 'start': 76.419, 'duration': 9.808}, {'end': 89.99, 'text': 'Python tries to use the one syntax very consistently for all things.', 'start': 86.227, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 91.291, 'text': 'And so, this is a nice quality.', 'start': 90.09, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 94.253, 'text': "It means when you're learning it, there's less to memorize.", 'start': 91.311, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 98.355, 'text': 'the length function for lists is just the one we learned before.', 'start': 95.854, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 102.155, 'text': 'So yeah, I could say len of A, just like for strings.', 'start': 98.895, 'duration': 3.26}, {'end': 107.716, 'text': 'And in fact, many of the bits of syntax or operations for strings work on lists as well.', 'start': 102.435, 'duration': 5.281}, {'end': 110.117, 'text': 'And so Python is deliberately consistent.', 'start': 108.376, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 112.097, 'text': 'So for example, I could do a plus.', 'start': 110.137, 'duration': 1.96}], 'summary': 'Python promotes consistent syntax for strings and lists, reducing memorization. the length function for lists is the same as for strings, and many string operations work on lists as well.', 'duration': 45.345, 'max_score': 66.752, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI66752.jpg'}, {'end': 240.51, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 206.1, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 207.741, 'text': "You shouldn't a priori try and block that out.", 'start': 206.1, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 210.322, 'text': 'I will show you how to make a copy just if you wanted to.', 'start': 208.021, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 217.725, 'text': "The way you make a copy or actually, I'll set B to be a copy of A, is the Pythonic way is use slice syntax.", 'start': 211.202, 'duration': 6.523}, {'end': 225.508, 'text': "So if you say square bracket, colon, square bracket, that's the kind of Pythonic way of saying well, here's a linear collection of things.", 'start': 218.525, 'duration': 6.983}, {'end': 226.348, 'text': 'please make a copy of it.', 'start': 225.508, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 228.269, 'text': 'So, now B really is a copy.', 'start': 226.688, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 229.529, 'text': "So, if I change to A, then B wouldn't change.", 'start': 228.289, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 240.51, 'text': 'Yeah, a question over here? Yeah, so the question is, so before I made a copy, if I changed B, would it reflect an A? Yes.', 'start': 229.99, 'duration': 10.52}], 'summary': 'In python, creating a copy of a list involves using slice syntax, ensuring changes to the original list do not affect the copied list.', 'duration': 34.41, 'max_score': 206.1, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI206100.jpg'}], 'start': 0.369, 'title': 'Python data structures and list operations', 'summary': 'Covers a lesson on python data structures, including strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, files, and hash tables, with a goal to conclude by 4:15. it also delves into python lists, discussing the ability to have different types of elements, syntax consistency, and list copying using slice syntax to avoid sharing the same list in memory.', 'chapters': [{'end': 39.319, 'start': 0.369, 'title': 'Python data structures lesson', 'summary': 'Covered the plan for the day including topics such as strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, files, hash tables, and exercises, aiming to conclude by 4.15.', 'duration': 38.95, 'highlights': ['The plan for the day included covering topics such as strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, files, hash tables, and exercises, aiming to conclude by 4.15.', 'The chapter discussed the basics of strings and the plan to cover lists, tuples, dictionaries, files, and hash tables with exercises, concluding around 4.15.', 'The instructor mentioned covering strings and then moving on to lists and tuples, followed by dictionaries, files, and hash tables, with the aim to conclude the day by 4.15.']}, {'end': 280.068, 'start': 39.479, 'title': 'Python lists and copying', 'summary': 'Discusses python lists, including the ability to have different types of elements, the consistency of syntax and operations with strings, and the concept of copying lists using slice syntax to avoid sharing the same list in memory.', 'duration': 240.589, 'highlights': ['Python lists can contain different types of elements, although having elements of the same type is more common. This is the most intuitive case. (e.g., 1, 2, AAA)', "Python uses consistent syntax and operations for both strings and lists, making it easier to learn and remember. For example, the length function 'len' works the same for both strings and lists.", 'Assigning a list to another variable does not create a copy, but rather makes both variables point to the same list in memory. Any changes made through one variable will reflect in the other. (e.g., B = A)', 'Lists are mutable, allowing elements to be changed, unlike strings. Making a mostly shared data structure using pointers is fine in Python, and making copies is not necessary due to the automatic memory management with the garbage collector.', 'To create a copy of a list to avoid sharing the same list in memory, the Pythonic way is to use slice syntax (e.g., B = A[:]). This ensures that changes made to one list do not reflect in the other.']}], 'duration': 279.699, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI369.jpg', 'highlights': ['The plan for the day included covering topics such as strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, files, hash tables, and exercises, aiming to conclude by 4.15.', 'The chapter discussed the basics of strings and the plan to cover lists, tuples, dictionaries, files, and hash tables with exercises, concluding around 4.15.', 'The instructor mentioned covering strings and then moving on to lists and tuples, followed by dictionaries, files, and hash tables, with the aim to conclude the day by 4.15.', 'Python lists can contain different types of elements, although having elements of the same type is more common. This is the most intuitive case. (e.g., 1, 2, AAA)', "Python uses consistent syntax and operations for both strings and lists, making it easier to learn and remember. For example, the length function 'len' works the same for both strings and lists.", 'To create a copy of a list to avoid sharing the same list in memory, the Pythonic way is to use slice syntax (e.g., B = A[:]). This ensures that changes made to one list do not reflect in the other.']}, {'end': 622.609, 'segs': [{'end': 323.85, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 280.488, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 283.469, 'text': "You'll find you can just not make copies, and most stuff's just going to work fine.", 'start': 280.488, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 285.589, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 285.169, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 286.509, 'text': "So let's see.", 'start': 285.969, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 288.85, 'text': "We've got the square bracket, the length.", 'start': 286.529, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 293.986, 'text': "Let's see, what are A and B these days? Oh, they're the same.", 'start': 291.943, 'duration': 2.043}, {'end': 298.271, 'text': 'The equals equals does comparisons, just like string.', 'start': 295.107, 'duration': 3.164}, {'end': 299.933, 'text': 'So you have two lists.', 'start': 298.972, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 303.118, 'text': "It actually follows the lists and checks piece by piece if they're the same.", 'start': 300.394, 'duration': 2.724}, {'end': 307.523, 'text': 'So as before, it does a kind of an intuitive notion of checking.', 'start': 303.418, 'duration': 4.105}, {'end': 313.503, 'text': "What's the other thing we did lists, right? Or with strings, it was a little complicated, was slices.", 'start': 310.08, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 314.864, 'text': 'That works with lists as well.', 'start': 313.863, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 316.745, 'text': "So here I've got this list.", 'start': 315.504, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 323.85, 'text': "If I say a, you know, I don't know, what, a 1 colon 3 or whatever, I can pull a slice out of a list.", 'start': 316.905, 'duration': 6.945}], 'summary': 'Introduction to list operations and comparisons in python.', 'duration': 43.362, 'max_score': 280.488, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI280488.jpg'}, {'end': 376.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 347.899, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 355.943, 'text': "So a very common thing to do, and actually I'm going to, I'll write it over here in nice big letters.", 'start': 347.899, 'duration': 8.044}, {'end': 360.625, 'text': 'A very common thing to do is to loop over a list.', 'start': 356.263, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 369.348, 'text': "And so, for example, in C, you've maybe written that loop where you say, for i equals 0, i less than something.", 'start': 361.638, 'duration': 7.71}, {'end': 371.771, 'text': 'In Python, it would be very rare to do that.', 'start': 369.408, 'duration': 2.363}, {'end': 376.557, 'text': "There's just a built-in for each construct that just loops over a list.", 'start': 371.831, 'duration': 4.726}], 'summary': "In python, there's a built-in for-each construct that loops over a list.", 'duration': 28.658, 'max_score': 347.899, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI347899.jpg'}, {'end': 523.596, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 496.066, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 501.811, 'text': "The idea that you have a list of a bunch of things and you kind of want to do something for each one, that's a common case.", 'start': 496.066, 'duration': 5.745}, {'end': 503.452, 'text': 'And this is certainly the syntax you should use for that.', 'start': 501.891, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 507.435, 'text': 'There is a related syntax.', 'start': 505.153, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 510.678, 'text': 'So this is the first one.', 'start': 507.455, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 515.061, 'text': 'The second one is very simple, which is just you have some value.', 'start': 511.898, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 518.724, 'text': 'And you want to check if it is in a list.', 'start': 515.942, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 519.985, 'text': 'And you can imagine.', 'start': 519.464, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 523.596, 'text': "I'm sorry, is this too low down? You guys can't see? Sorry, I'll write it above.", 'start': 520.025, 'duration': 3.571}], 'summary': 'Using syntax for iterating over a list and checking values in a list.', 'duration': 27.53, 'max_score': 496.066, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI496066.jpg'}], 'start': 280.488, 'title': 'Python list operations', 'summary': "Covers list slicing and comparison, looping over a list using 'for each' construct, and common use cases and syntax for list operations in python.", 'chapters': [{'end': 346.958, 'start': 280.488, 'title': 'List slicing and comparison in python', 'summary': "Covers list slicing and comparison in python, including intuitive comparisons using '==' and the ability to extract subparts of a list using concise syntax such as 'a[1:3]'.", 'duration': 66.47, 'highlights': ["The '==' operator does comparisons, just like string, and it follows lists and checks piece by piece if they're the same.", "List slicing allows for the extraction of subparts of a list using concise syntax such as 'a[1:3]'."]}, {'end': 496.046, 'start': 347.899, 'title': 'Looping over a list in python', 'summary': "Explains the common practice of looping over a list in python using the built-in 'for each' construct, which simplifies the process and reduces the need for traditional 'for' loops, as demonstrated by the speaker with code examples and explanations.", 'duration': 148.147, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the common practice of looping over a list in Python using the built-in 'for each' construct The speaker emphasizes the prevalence of using the 'for each' construct in Python, simplifying the process of looping over a list.", "reduces the need for traditional 'for' loops It is mentioned that in Python, the built-in 'for each' construct reduces the necessity of using traditional 'for' loops, as they are rare in Python.", "demonstrated by the speaker with code examples and explanations The speaker provides code examples and explanations to demonstrate the usage and syntax of the 'for each' construct, enhancing the understanding of the concept."]}, {'end': 622.609, 'start': 496.066, 'title': 'Python list operations', 'summary': 'Discusses the common use cases and syntax for list operations in python, including checking if a value is in a list and using built-in methods for list manipulation and data structure operations.', 'duration': 126.543, 'highlights': ['Python provides syntax for iterating through a list and checking if a value is in a list, which is a common use case and should be memorized for efficient coding.', "The 'in' keyword allows for checking if a value is in a list and works efficiently for various data structures, including hash tables.", 'Python lists have built-in methods for manipulation and data structure operations, similar to string methods, and should be memorized for effective usage.']}], 'duration': 342.121, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI280488.jpg', 'highlights': ["List slicing allows for the extraction of subparts of a list using concise syntax such as 'a[1:3]'.", "The '==' operator does comparisons, just like string, and it follows lists and checks piece by piece if they're the same.", 'Python provides syntax for iterating through a list and checking if a value is in a list, which is a common use case and should be memorized for efficient coding.', "The 'in' keyword allows for checking if a value is in a list and works efficiently for various data structures, including hash tables.", "The chapter explains the common practice of looping over a list in Python using the built-in 'for each' construct."]}, {'end': 878.612, 'segs': [{'end': 653.428, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 624.091, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 625.433, 'text': "One is there's an append.", 'start': 624.091, 'duration': 1.342}, {'end': 628.478, 'text': 'And you can just guess what that does.', 'start': 627.298, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 630.699, 'text': 'Just puts it on the end there.', 'start': 629.439, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 637.622, 'text': 'One important thing about append is that it does not return a new list.', 'start': 631.88, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 642.184, 'text': 'It returns the special value none, which I know you saw in the starter code a little bit.', 'start': 638.082, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 646.205, 'text': "None, uppercase N, I'll just type here, is sort of the null value.", 'start': 642.684, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 647.105, 'text': 'It means like nothing.', 'start': 646.245, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 651.067, 'text': 'So, a.append returns nothing.', 'start': 648.486, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 653.428, 'text': 'What it does is it modifies the list.', 'start': 651.507, 'duration': 1.921}], 'summary': "The append method adds elements to a list and does not return a new list, instead returning the value 'none'.", 'duration': 29.337, 'max_score': 624.091, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI624091.jpg'}, {'end': 725.214, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 698.918, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 704.44, 'text': 'it removes it, sort of pops off the zeroth element and returns it to me and it modifies the list.', 'start': 698.918, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 706.101, 'text': 'So it kind of removes it from the list and sends it to you.', 'start': 704.46, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 710.703, 'text': 'So if you want to kind of remove an element and just kind of get it out of there, then pop is sort of handy.', 'start': 706.141, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 714.465, 'text': 'And whatever.', 'start': 713.644, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 716.126, 'text': 'And then you should look at the docs.', 'start': 714.885, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 720.41, 'text': 'Yes, there are dozens of built-in list methods for all sorts of common stuff.', 'start': 716.246, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 725.214, 'text': 'And if you have a problem involving manipulating a list, searching it or replacing it or whatever, yeah,', 'start': 720.57, 'duration': 4.644}], 'summary': "The 'pop' method removes and returns the zeroth element from a list, facilitating easy element removal. python offers numerous built-in list methods for various operations.", 'duration': 26.296, 'max_score': 698.918, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI698918.jpg'}, {'end': 813.609, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 784.793, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 788.154, 'text': 'So it turns out you can use a del to actually reach into a list.', 'start': 784.793, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 794.537, 'text': 'So, if I say del of a square bracket 1, that kind of deletes it out of the list, but now the list actually shrinks.', 'start': 788.174, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 798.705, 'text': "So that's, I've showed you how to add, I've showed you pop.", 'start': 795.744, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 800.545, 'text': 'Well, so del is another way that you can sort of fiddle in there.', 'start': 798.725, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 801.726, 'text': 'Yeah, question over here.', 'start': 801.125, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 809.207, 'text': "So if you do, if you've assigned A to B, for instance, without copying it, but actually pointing to the same.", 'start': 802.566, 'duration': 6.641}, {'end': 811.108, 'text': 'So this is one of these cases where I should just do it in the interpreter.', 'start': 809.207, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 813.609, 'text': "Right Okay, so let's say B is something, like it's 12.", 'start': 811.128, 'duration': 2.481}], 'summary': 'Using del to remove items from a list and shrink its size. also discusses assigning variables and using the interpreter.', 'duration': 28.816, 'max_score': 784.793, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI784793.jpg'}, {'end': 862.423, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 835.829, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 840.271, 'text': 'Now, with the 12, my use of the word point there is a little inaccurate, but the basic pattern holds.', 'start': 835.829, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 842.292, 'text': 'All righty.', 'start': 841.932, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 847.134, 'text': 'So, the most interesting thing with lists I want to show you is sorting.', 'start': 842.592, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 857.84, 'text': "So, there's this old way of doing sorting where there's actually a dot sort method on the list and I want you to not use that one.", 'start': 848.592, 'duration': 9.248}, {'end': 862.423, 'text': "I'm going to show you this newer cooler way that it's just better in every way.", 'start': 858.16, 'duration': 4.263}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating a newer way for sorting lists, better in every way.', 'duration': 26.594, 'max_score': 835.829, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI835829.jpg'}], 'start': 624.091, 'title': 'Python list operations', 'summary': 'Covers important list methods in python including append and pop, emphasizing their return values and the significance of modifying the list, alongside discussing the del operator and its usage in removing variable definitions and list elements, while highlighting alternative methods for sorting lists.', 'chapters': [{'end': 738.505, 'start': 624.091, 'title': 'List methods in python', 'summary': 'Covers the important list methods in python, including append, pop, and the significance of their return values, highlighting the fact that append modifies the list in place and does not return a new list, and pop removes and returns the specified element while also modifying the list.', 'duration': 114.414, 'highlights': ['Append modifies the list in place and does not return a new list, emphasizing the significance of its return value of None.', 'Pop removes and returns the specified element while also modifying the list, providing a method for removing elements from a list and retrieving them.', 'The importance of looking at the built-in list methods for various common operations is highlighted, emphasizing the need to refer to the documentation for list manipulation.', "The significance of the special value 'None' as the return value of append is explained, providing insight into its role as a null value in Python."]}, {'end': 878.612, 'start': 740.353, 'title': 'Python lists and del operator', 'summary': 'Discusses the del operator in python, which is used to remove the definition of a variable from the local scope and to delete elements from a list, demonstrating its functionality in various scenarios and emphasizing a newer method for sorting lists.', 'duration': 138.259, 'highlights': ['The del operator in Python removes the definition of a variable from the local scope, making it unavailable for use, exemplified by the removal of variable A and its impact on the local scope.', 'The del operator can also be used to delete specific elements from a list, effectively reducing the size of the list, providing an alternative to adding and popping elements from a list.', 'The chapter introduces a newer and more efficient method for sorting lists in Python, emphasizing its superiority over the traditional dot sort method and encouraging its adoption for improved performance.']}], 'duration': 254.521, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI624091.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces a newer and more efficient method for sorting lists in Python, emphasizing its superiority over the traditional dot sort method and encouraging its adoption for improved performance.', 'The del operator can also be used to delete specific elements from a list, effectively reducing the size of the list, providing an alternative to adding and popping elements from a list.', 'Pop removes and returns the specified element while also modifying the list, providing a method for removing elements from a list and retrieving them.', 'Append modifies the list in place and does not return a new list, emphasizing the significance of its return value of None.']}, {'end': 1447.543, 'segs': [{'end': 908.642, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 878.612, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 887.42, 'text': "The simplest way to do sorting is there's a function called sorted and you can feed a list into sorted.", 'start': 878.612, 'duration': 8.808}, {'end': 890.703, 'text': 'and what it does is it makes a new list and it sorts.', 'start': 887.42, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 892.845, 'text': 'it sorts it into increasing order.', 'start': 890.703, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 899.031, 'text': "Now, so in this case, when I call sorted on A, it's making this new list and then it's sorting it, in this case, we're getting a numeric sort.", 'start': 893.145, 'duration': 5.886}, {'end': 908.642, 'text': "In reality, what's going on is it's the comparison in Python depends on the type of thing being compared.", 'start': 900.952, 'duration': 7.69}], 'summary': "Python's sorted function creates a new list and sorts it in increasing order based on the type of items being compared.", 'duration': 30.03, 'max_score': 878.612, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI878612.jpg'}, {'end': 984.201, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 954.278, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 955.559, 'text': 'Anything that kind of looks like a sequence.', 'start': 954.278, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 962.317, 'text': 'So the syntax here, refers to optional named arguments.', 'start': 957.319, 'duration': 4.998}, {'end': 968.859, 'text': 'And so, this built-in like, yeah, you can just not specify CMP or key or reverse.', 'start': 963.958, 'duration': 4.901}, {'end': 971.819, 'text': 'But if you do specify them, then you can sort of give it this extra argument.', 'start': 969.059, 'duration': 2.76}, {'end': 973.819, 'text': 'So, this is a nice quality in Python.', 'start': 971.839, 'duration': 1.98}, {'end': 976.96, 'text': 'So, in this case, I had sorted of A is that way.', 'start': 974.28, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 982.241, 'text': 'I could also say sorted of A comma and then one of the optional arguments is called reverse.', 'start': 977.06, 'duration': 5.181}, {'end': 984.201, 'text': 'I mean, I had to go look up and see that that was the name.', 'start': 982.261, 'duration': 1.94}], 'summary': "Python's sorted() function allows optional named arguments for sorting, providing flexibility and ease of use.", 'duration': 29.923, 'max_score': 954.278, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI954278.jpg'}, {'end': 1067.047, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1039.733, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1045.516, 'text': 'So now I want to show you, this is a little more sophisticated, but how to do custom sorting in Python.', 'start': 1039.733, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 1050.118, 'text': 'And the Python syntax, the Python structure for this, I think, is really nice.', 'start': 1046.236, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 1052.239, 'text': "But it's going to be a little more complicated.", 'start': 1050.899, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 1058.062, 'text': "All right, so I'm going to set up my case so it's exactly the same as the one in the handout.", 'start': 1052.259, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 1061.304, 'text': "All right, so here I'm going to have some strings.", 'start': 1058.082, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 1067.047, 'text': "So if I say sorted of A here, they're strings.", 'start': 1063.605, 'duration': 3.442}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating custom sorting in python with strings.', 'duration': 27.314, 'max_score': 1039.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1039733.jpg'}, {'end': 1111.714, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1090.277, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1099.582, 'text': "How might I do that? Well, the old way to specify custom sorting in a lot of languages is that you write what's called a two argument comparator.", 'start': 1090.277, 'duration': 9.305}, {'end': 1107.57, 'text': 'You provide some function that takes two arguments and compares those two and returns either a negative number or a zero or a positive number,', 'start': 1099.883, 'duration': 7.687}, {'end': 1109.172, 'text': 'depending on how you wish for those to be ordered.', 'start': 1107.57, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 1111.714, 'text': 'And then you feed that into the sorting function and it uses it.', 'start': 1109.632, 'duration': 2.082}], 'summary': 'Old way: use two argument comparator for custom sorting in languages.', 'duration': 21.437, 'max_score': 1090.277, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1090277.jpg'}, {'end': 1249.283, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1206.354, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1213.92, 'text': "when I call sorted, I specify key function, it's going to make this shadow list and then it's going to sort the shadow list.", 'start': 1206.354, 'duration': 7.566}, {'end': 1217.083, 'text': 'So the one is going to come first, right, and then the two, whatever.', 'start': 1214.321, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 1225.73, 'text': 'It figures that out and I got to make this hand wavy motion, this is kind of like sorting motion, but then it applies it to the original list.', 'start': 1217.423, 'duration': 8.307}, {'end': 1228.252, 'text': 'It actually shifts around the original elements.', 'start': 1226.071, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 1231.179, 'text': 'And so the result is, then I get at the bottom.', 'start': 1229.079, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 1237.1, 'text': 'I get the original elements, but sorted according to the values of this shadow list.', 'start': 1231.219, 'duration': 5.881}, {'end': 1245.802, 'text': "Now, it's a little hard, it's a bit much to follow, but I'll tell you, in my experience, this is a much more convenient way to do custom sorting.", 'start': 1238.281, 'duration': 7.521}, {'end': 1249.283, 'text': 'But you just have to sort of get your brain around this idea of projecting out the shadow list.', 'start': 1246.382, 'duration': 2.901}], 'summary': 'Using a key function in sorted shifts and sorts elements based on a shadow list, providing a convenient way for custom sorting.', 'duration': 42.929, 'max_score': 1206.354, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1206354.jpg'}], 'start': 878.612, 'title': 'Python sorting and custom sorting', 'summary': 'Explains the use of the sorted function in python for increasing order list sorting and demonstrates custom sorting using the key function. it also illustrates the power and flexibility of custom sorting in python.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1249.283, 'start': 878.612, 'title': 'Python sorting and custom sorting', 'summary': 'Explains the use of the sorted function in python to sort lists in increasing order and demonstrates custom sorting using the key function, where it projects a shadow list based on a specified function and sorts the original list accordingly.', 'duration': 370.671, 'highlights': ['Usage of sorted function The sorted function in Python can be used to sort a list in increasing order, where it creates a new list and sorts it, and the comparison depends on the type of elements being compared, such as numeric or textual comparison.', 'Custom Sorting using key function Python allows custom sorting using the key function, which projects a shadow list based on the specified function, such as len for string length, and sorts the original list according to the values of the shadow list, providing a more convenient way for custom sorting.', 'Optional Arguments for sorted function The sorted function in Python provides optional named arguments, such as reverse for sorting the list in the opposite order, and can be used to make a copy of the sorted list or overwrite the original list based on the requirement.']}, {'end': 1447.543, 'start': 1249.483, 'title': 'Custom sorting with python', 'summary': 'Illustrates custom sorting in python using the sorted function with optional arguments and demonstrates applying custom sort using a defined function, emphasizing the power and flexibility of custom sorting in python.', 'duration': 198.06, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates using the sorted function with optional arguments to perform custom sorting, showcasing the flexibility and power of custom sorting in Python.', 'The transcript explains how to define a custom function for sorting and apply it with the sorted function, highlighting the ability to create custom sorting rules based on specific requirements.', 'The speaker showcases the concept of custom sorting by manipulating the sort order based on specific attributes of the elements, underlining the versatility of custom sorting in Python.', 'The transcript mentions the upcoming exercises focusing on custom sorts, indicating the importance and prevalence of custom sorting techniques in practical Python programming.']}], 'duration': 568.931, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI878612.jpg', 'highlights': ['The sorted function in Python can be used to sort a list in increasing order, creating a new list and sorting it.', 'Python allows custom sorting using the key function, projecting a shadow list based on the specified function.', 'The sorted function in Python provides optional named arguments, such as reverse for sorting the list in the opposite order.', 'The chapter demonstrates using the sorted function with optional arguments to perform custom sorting, showcasing the flexibility and power of custom sorting in Python.', 'The transcript explains how to define a custom function for sorting and apply it with the sorted function.', 'The speaker showcases the concept of custom sorting by manipulating the sort order based on specific attributes of the elements.', 'The transcript mentions the upcoming exercises focusing on custom sorts, indicating the importance and prevalence of custom sorting techniques in practical Python programming.']}, {'end': 2101.257, 'segs': [{'end': 1543.913, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1478.77, 'weight': 0.935, 'content': [{'end': 1486.852, 'text': "It turns out That's okay, but there's a built-in that just takes a list and sort of concatenates or whatever,", 'start': 1478.77, 'duration': 8.082}, {'end': 1488.793, 'text': 'all the parts of it together just in one step.', 'start': 1486.852, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 1491.253, 'text': "And so that's such a common vibration, it's nice to know.", 'start': 1489.293, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 1494.314, 'text': 'So for example, if I were to say, so this is called .', 'start': 1491.593, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 1498.075, 'text': 'join So if I were to say colon .', 'start': 1494.314, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 1504.196, 'text': 'join of A, what it does is it just puts it all together in one string just in one step.', 'start': 1498.075, 'duration': 6.121}, {'end': 1511.831, 'text': "And so, it's a little un-intuitive but actually the case I most use most often is backslash n.", 'start': 1506.089, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 1517.854, 'text': "Like I say newline.join and then really I've now got one per line but just all in one step.", 'start': 1511.831, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 1520.295, 'text': 'And then I could just print that in one step or, you know, write it to a file or whatever.', 'start': 1518.034, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 1522.075, 'text': 'So, that is a handy one to know.', 'start': 1521.035, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 1523.876, 'text': "I'll switch back to the colon one.", 'start': 1522.856, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 1527.277, 'text': "So, going the other direction, there's also a split.", 'start': 1524.436, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 1533.628, 'text': "So actually here, I'll say, B is equal to that, so now B is the string I'll put together.", 'start': 1527.757, 'duration': 5.871}, {'end': 1543.913, 'text': "If I say colon.split on B, oops, was that wrong? I'm sorry, that's the other way.", 'start': 1534.029, 'duration': 9.884}], 'summary': "Python has a built-in method 'join' for concatenating lists, and a 'split' method for splitting strings into lists.", 'duration': 65.143, 'max_score': 1478.77, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1478770.jpg'}, {'end': 1522.075, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1498.075, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1504.196, 'text': 'join of A, what it does is it just puts it all together in one string just in one step.', 'start': 1498.075, 'duration': 6.121}, {'end': 1511.831, 'text': "And so, it's a little un-intuitive but actually the case I most use most often is backslash n.", 'start': 1506.089, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 1517.854, 'text': "Like I say newline.join and then really I've now got one per line but just all in one step.", 'start': 1511.831, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 1520.295, 'text': 'And then I could just print that in one step or, you know, write it to a file or whatever.', 'start': 1518.034, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 1522.075, 'text': 'So, that is a handy one to know.', 'start': 1521.035, 'duration': 1.04}], 'summary': 'The join method combines strings into one, often used with backslash n for new lines.', 'duration': 24, 'max_score': 1498.075, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1498075.jpg'}, {'end': 1581.6, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1552.636, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1555.217, 'text': "split and you say, here's the essentially the delimiter.", 'start': 1552.636, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 1559.219, 'text': 'Then it kind of explodes it out so you can recover the original list.', 'start': 1556.418, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 1564.253, 'text': "So, split, I mean, these are, you know, they're, these are not really intellectually deep, but it just happens to be a common case.", 'start': 1560.231, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 1566.294, 'text': 'So, those are handy to know.', 'start': 1565.233, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 1570.296, 'text': 'Oh, I should mention, those are not regular expressions, those are just substrings.', 'start': 1567.234, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 1572.397, 'text': "We'll do regular expressions tomorrow.", 'start': 1571.356, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 1581.6, 'text': "Yeah, question? Did you talk, did you talk about something really simple which is like, what if you're I mean, here you're just defining this, but.", 'start': 1573.477, 'duration': 8.123}], 'summary': 'The discussion covers splitting and recovering original lists using delimiters and substrings, emphasizing they are not regular expressions.', 'duration': 28.964, 'max_score': 1552.636, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1552636.jpg'}, {'end': 1635.017, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1603.817, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1606.619, 'text': "And now I'm going to kind of, I want to add some of them to the results or whatever.", 'start': 1603.817, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 1609.56, 'text': "The way you would do that, I'll just add them all in this case.", 'start': 1607.019, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 1611.921, 'text': "But I'm going to loop through and I want to put some of this.", 'start': 1610.08, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1612.861, 'text': 'I would just use append.', 'start': 1612.001, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 1616.503, 'text': "So I'd say result.append of S in this case.", 'start': 1612.881, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 1623.046, 'text': "So now if I look at results, I mean essentially what I've done is I've just copied all the elements over.", 'start': 1618.904, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 1625.147, 'text': 'So in terms of, that is a common pattern.', 'start': 1623.626, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1627.428, 'text': 'You start with empty list and you kind of put some stuff in it.', 'start': 1625.587, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1635.017, 'text': "And you're starting your for loop.", 'start': 1633.396, 'duration': 1.621}], 'summary': 'Using append method to copy elements into results list in a for loop.', 'duration': 31.2, 'max_score': 1603.817, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1603817.jpg'}, {'end': 1754.468, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1726.447, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1728.83, 'text': 'range supports when you give it more optional arguments.', 'start': 1726.447, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 1731.933, 'text': 'And so, if you wanted to generate a series of numbers, you could, that would be the way to do it.', 'start': 1729.27, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 1738.094, 'text': "There's also a while loop which I'm just not even going to demonstrate, but yeah, it works like while loops in other languages.", 'start': 1733.77, 'duration': 4.324}, {'end': 1743.479, 'text': 'The most common case though is the one I showed you, just the for loop to loop over a collection.', 'start': 1739.555, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 1749.805, 'text': "The last thing I'll have to say about the for loop is that it does have this constraint, which is when you are looping over a list,", 'start': 1744.02, 'duration': 5.785}, {'end': 1754.468, 'text': 'you cannot modify that list in a way which changes its length or structure.', 'start': 1750.606, 'duration': 3.862}], 'summary': 'Python provides range and for loop for generating series and iterating over collections, with a constraint on modifying the list structure.', 'duration': 28.021, 'max_score': 1726.447, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1726447.jpg'}, {'end': 1912.443, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1876.942, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1879.142, 'text': 'The one difference is the tuple is immutable.', 'start': 1876.942, 'duration': 2.2}, {'end': 1887.003, 'text': "So, if I say a square bracket zero equals 13, I try and assign into it, then that's going to fail, right? So, the tuple can't be changed.", 'start': 1879.482, 'duration': 7.521}, {'end': 1888.304, 'text': "Once you create it, it's like a string.", 'start': 1887.143, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 1892.904, 'text': 'So, tuples and strings, immutable, lists, immutable.', 'start': 1889.384, 'duration': 3.52}, {'end': 1899.626, 'text': 'So, I had a, there was a question earlier about sorting.', 'start': 1895.365, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 1912.443, 'text': 'It turns out if you want to sort by one thing and then sort by another thing, the best way to do that is with tuples.', 'start': 1903.238, 'duration': 9.205}], 'summary': 'Tuples are immutable, unlike lists, and useful for sorting by multiple criteria.', 'duration': 35.501, 'max_score': 1876.942, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1876942.jpg'}, {'end': 1966.39, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1936.425, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1941.927, 'text': 'just the natural under the hood sorting what it does is it first compares the first elements of the tuples.', 'start': 1936.425, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 1943.768, 'text': "And if they're different, it just sorts by that.", 'start': 1942.267, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1946.849, 'text': 'But if those elements are the same, then it goes to the next one.', 'start': 1944.088, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 1950.731, 'text': 'So here, now I need to make this, now I say 1A.', 'start': 1948.37, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 1955.653, 'text': "All right, so what I've made is a list of tuples.", 'start': 1951.211, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 1966.39, 'text': 'And to show this off, I think if I do sorted on that, Where the first numbers are the same, it goes to the second.', 'start': 1957.193, 'duration': 9.197}], 'summary': 'The sorting algorithm compares first elements of tuples and then sorts based on subsequent elements when the first elements are the same.', 'duration': 29.965, 'max_score': 1936.425, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1936425.jpg'}, {'end': 2066.062, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2041.297, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2049.882, 'text': "so what we've seen really at this point, let's take in is lists, how to loop over them and a dot append and whatever and sorting,", 'start': 2041.297, 'duration': 8.585}, {'end': 2050.822, 'text': 'and a little bit about tuples.', 'start': 2049.882, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 2055.674, 'text': 'So what I would like you to do is take a look at.', 'start': 2051.362, 'duration': 4.312}, {'end': 2057.735, 'text': "there's an exercise.", 'start': 2055.674, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 2058.916, 'text': "I'm sorry, a question?", 'start': 2057.735, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 2063.4, 'text': 'Yeah, does slicing work with tuples?', 'start': 2061.658, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 2064.88, 'text': 'Yeah, slicing works with tuples.', 'start': 2063.42, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 2066.062, 'text': 'Just, yeah, like you think.', 'start': 2064.94, 'duration': 1.122}], 'summary': 'Introduction to lists, loops, append, sorting, and tuples in python.', 'duration': 24.765, 'max_score': 2041.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI2041297.jpg'}], 'start': 1448.083, 'title': 'Lists, strings, loops, and tuples', 'summary': 'Discusses efficient usage of .join and .split methods to manipulate lists and strings, and covers python lists, loops, and tuples, including range function, for and while loops, constraints of modifying a list during iteration, immutability of tuples, sorting with tuples, and parallel assignment feature.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1623.046, 'start': 1448.083, 'title': 'Working with lists and strings', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of .join and .split methods to manipulate lists and strings, emphasizing the efficiency and convenience of these operations for creating strings and recovering the original list.', 'duration': 174.963, 'highlights': ['The .join method is highlighted, showcasing its efficiency in creating a string from a list, with a specific example of using newline.join to format each element of the list into a new line, streamlining the process of producing the final output.', 'The .split method is explained, demonstrating its utility in breaking down a string into a list using a specified delimiter, offering an example to illustrate its practical application for extracting the original list from a string.', 'The use of append method for adding elements to a list is discussed, outlining its role in efficiently copying elements from one list to another, providing a clear example of its implementation for achieving this purpose.']}, {'end': 2101.257, 'start': 1623.626, 'title': 'Python lists, loops, and tuples', 'summary': 'Covers python lists, loops, and tuples, including a demonstration of the range function, for and while loops, constraints of modifying a list during iteration, and the immutability of tuples. additionally, it discusses sorting with tuples and the parallel assignment feature.', 'duration': 477.631, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers Python lists, loops, and tuples The transcript discusses Python data structures, focusing on lists, loops, and tuples.', 'A demonstration of the range function and for and while loops The speaker provides an explanation and demonstration of the range function for generating a series of numbers and the use of for and while loops for iterating over collections.', 'Constraints of modifying a list during iteration and the immutability of tuples The chapter explains the constraint of not modifying a list during iteration to prevent potential issues and highlights the immutability of tuples as a feature, which makes them suitable for storing fixed number items.', 'Sorting with tuples and the parallel assignment feature The transcript discusses sorting with tuples and the special assignment feature in tuples where parallel assignment can be achieved by using commas in the assignment.']}], 'duration': 653.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/EPYupizJYQI/pics/EPYupizJYQI1448083.jpg', 'highlights': ['The .join method efficiently creates a string from a list, e.g., newline.join to format each element into a new line.', 'The .split method is useful for breaking down a string into a list using a specified delimiter, with a practical application example.', 'The use of append method efficiently copies elements from one list to another, with a clear implementation example.', 'The chapter covers Python lists, loops, and tuples, emphasizing Python data structures.', 'The range function and for and while loops are explained and demonstrated for iterating over collections.', 'The chapter explains the constraint of not modifying a list during iteration and highlights the immutability of tuples.', 'Sorting with tuples and the parallel assignment feature are discussed in the chapter.']}], 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces a newer and more efficient method for sorting lists in Python, emphasizing its superiority over the traditional dot sort method and encouraging its adoption for improved performance.', 'The sorted function in Python can be used to sort a list in increasing order, creating a new list and sorting it.', 'The chapter demonstrates using the sorted function with optional arguments to perform custom sorting, showcasing the flexibility and power of custom sorting in Python.', 'The .join method efficiently creates a string from a list, e.g., newline.join to format each element into a new line.', 'The .split method is useful for breaking down a string into a list using a specified delimiter, with a practical application example.']}