title
Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion | Lex Fridman Podcast #157

description
Natalya Bailey is a rocket propulsion engineer from MIT and now CTO of Accion Systems. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Munk Pack: https://munkpack.com and use code LEX to get 20% off - Four Sigmatic: https://foursigmatic.com/lex and use code LexPod to get up to 60% off - Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex and use code LEX to get 25% off premium - Sun Basket: https://sunbasket.com/lex and use code LEX to get $35 off EPISODE LINKS: Natalya's Twitter: https://twitter.com/natalya926 Accion Systems: https://accion-systems.com/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:46 - Intelligent life in the universe 5:47 - Life in our solar system 7:52 - Humans on Mars 11:26 - Robots vs human in space exploration 12:20 - AI in space 16:25 - How rocket engines work 21:42 - How ion engines work 26:05 - How colloid engines work 35:03 - Material science 37:52 - Nuclear powered rocket engines 42:51 - Electric propulsion out in space 46:18 - Satellites 51:12 - Photo of Earth from the Moon 52:50 - Humans on Mars 55:12 - Propulsion without fuel 1:03:07 - How to build a rocket company 1:10:05 - SpaceX and commercial spaceflight 1:14:38 - Advice to startup founders 1:21:13 - Book recommendations 1:29:31 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Natalya Bailey: Rocket Engines and Electric Spacecraft Propulsion | Lex Fridman Podcast #157', 'heatmap': [{'end': 2900.416, 'start': 2838.72, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 5667.943, 'start': 5623.154, 'weight': 0.93}], 'summary': "Natalia bailey, the founder of axion systems, discusses efficient space propulsion, ion engines, and nanometer ionic thrusters, highlighting the potential for private space stations, nuclear power for space propulsion, and the challenges of mars colonization, while reflecting on spacex and nasa's commercial human flights and the impact of reading on knowledge pursuit and empathy development.", 'chapters': [{'end': 105.165, 'segs': [{'end': 26.482, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.029, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6.032, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Natalia Bailey, a rocket scientist and spacecraft propulsion engineer,', 'start': 0.029, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 16.357, 'text': 'previously at MIT and now the founder and CTO of Axion Systems specializing in efficient space propulsion engines for satellites and spacecraft.', 'start': 6.032, 'duration': 10.325}, {'end': 22.02, 'text': 'So these are not the engines that get us from the ground on Earth out to space,', 'start': 16.857, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 26.482, 'text': 'but rather the engines that move us around in space once we get out there.', 'start': 22.02, 'duration': 4.462}], 'summary': 'Natalia bailey, rocket scientist, founder of axion systems, specializes in efficient space propulsion engines for satellites and spacecraft.', 'duration': 26.453, 'max_score': 0.029, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE829.jpg'}, {'end': 91.539, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 63.822, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 72.548, 'text': 'This moment of childlike cosmic curiosity is at the core of my own interest in space, in extraterrestrial life and, in general,', 'start': 63.822, 'duration': 8.726}, {'end': 74.95, 'text': 'in artificial intelligence, science and engineering.', 'start': 72.548, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 83.775, 'text': "Amid the meetings and the papers and the career rat race and all the awards, let's not let ourselves lose that childlike wonder.", 'start': 75.67, 'duration': 8.105}, {'end': 91.539, 'text': "Sadly, we're on Earth for only a very short time, so let's have fun solving some of the biggest puzzles in the universe while we're here.", 'start': 84.695, 'duration': 6.844}], 'summary': "Embrace childlike wonder in exploring space and ai, while having fun solving universe's puzzles.", 'duration': 27.717, 'max_score': 63.822, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE863822.jpg'}], 'start': 0.029, 'title': 'Efficient space propulsion', 'summary': "Discusses natalia bailey's journey to becoming a rocket scientist and founder of axion systems, specializing in efficient space propulsion engines, promoting childlike wonder in exploring the universe.", 'chapters': [{'end': 105.165, 'start': 0.029, 'title': 'Efficient space propulsion with natalia bailey', 'summary': "Discusses natalia bailey's journey from a young stargazer to a rocket scientist and founder of axion systems, specializing in efficient space propulsion engines for satellites and spacecraft, promoting childlike wonder in exploring the universe.", 'duration': 105.136, 'highlights': ['Natalia Bailey is the founder and CTO of Axion Systems, which specializes in efficient space propulsion engines for satellites and spacecraft.', "Natalia Bailey's childhood fascination with the stars and alien intelligences inspired her journey to become a rocket scientist and engineer.", 'The conversation emphasizes the importance of maintaining childlike wonder and curiosity in exploring space, extraterrestrial life, artificial intelligence, science, and engineering.']}], 'duration': 105.136, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE829.jpg', 'highlights': ['Natalia Bailey is the founder and CTO of Axion Systems, specializing in efficient space propulsion engines.', "Natalia Bailey's childhood fascination with the stars and alien intelligences inspired her journey to become a rocket scientist and engineer.", 'The conversation emphasizes the importance of maintaining childlike wonder and curiosity in exploring space, extraterrestrial life, artificial intelligence, science, and engineering.']}, {'end': 925.277, 'segs': [{'end': 215.676, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 190.995, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 197.219, 'text': 'whatever the magic that makes us who we are the collective intelligence thing that could be aliens themselves.', 'start': 190.995, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 199.2, 'text': 'That could be the medium of communication.', 'start': 197.679, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 203.663, 'text': 'The nature of our consciousness and intelligence itself is the medium of communication.', 'start': 199.78, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 210.167, 'text': "Being able to ask the questions themselves, I've never thought of it that way.", 'start': 204.844, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 215.676, 'text': 'Actually, yeah, asking the question whether aliens exist might be the very medium by which they communicate.', 'start': 210.535, 'duration': 5.141}], 'summary': 'Our collective intelligence may be the medium for alien communication.', 'duration': 24.681, 'max_score': 190.995, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8190995.jpg'}, {'end': 260.824, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 230.619, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 236.58, 'text': 'If you think about it, if we were way, way, way smarter, like a thousand years from now, we somehow survive.', 'start': 230.619, 'duration': 5.961}, {'end': 237.92, 'text': 'how would we actually communicate??', 'start': 236.58, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 248.554, 'text': "in a way that's like if we broadcast the signal And then it could somehow like percolate throughout the universe.", 'start': 239.308, 'duration': 9.246}, {'end': 251.196, 'text': 'Like that signal having an impact on- Multiverse.', 'start': 249.075, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 252.778, 'text': 'Multiverse, of course.', 'start': 251.817, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 260.824, 'text': 'That would have a signal, an effect on the most possible, the highest number of possible civilizations.', 'start': 255.279, 'duration': 5.545}], 'summary': 'Speculating on communication with other civilizations in the multiverse.', 'duration': 30.205, 'max_score': 230.619, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8230619.jpg'}, {'end': 362.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 308.076, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 314.819, 'text': "It's this very focused pursuit of moving things through space efficiently.", 'start': 308.076, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 326.546, 'text': 'But if you zoom out, one of the cool things that this enables us to do is find, forget even intelligent life, just life on Mars or on Europa,', 'start': 315.88, 'duration': 10.666}, {'end': 327.227, 'text': 'or something like that.', 'start': 326.546, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 332.792, 'text': "Does that excite you? Does that scare you? Oh, it's very exciting.", 'start': 328.188, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 345.042, 'text': "I mean, it's the whole reason I went into the field I'm in is to contribute to building the body of knowledge that we have as a species.", 'start': 332.952, 'duration': 12.09}, {'end': 346.983, 'text': 'Um, so very exciting.', 'start': 345.062, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 348.705, 'text': "Do you think there's life on Mars?", 'start': 347.584, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 357.351, 'text': 'like no longer well already living, but currently living, but also no longer living.', 'start': 350.746, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 362.675, 'text': 'like that, we might be able to find life, as some people suspect, basic microbial life.', 'start': 357.351, 'duration': 5.324}], 'summary': 'Exciting pursuit of space exploration for finding microbial life on mars and europa.', 'duration': 54.599, 'max_score': 308.076, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8308076.jpg'}, {'end': 476.68, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 453.076, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 460.065, 'text': "Like they might be running the entirety of human civilization and we're just like too dumb to realize that they're the smart ones.", 'start': 453.076, 'duration': 6.989}, {'end': 462.987, 'text': "Maybe that's the alien message.", 'start': 460.365, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 464.449, 'text': "It's in the trees.", 'start': 463.007, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 466.23, 'text': "It's in the trees.", 'start': 464.749, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 470.895, 'text': "It's not in the monolith in the Utah desert, it's in the trees.", 'start': 467.932, 'duration': 2.963}, {'end': 473.037, 'text': 'Right Yeah.', 'start': 470.975, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 474.438, 'text': "Let's go to space exploration.", 'start': 473.097, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 476.68, 'text': 'How do you think it would get humans to Mars?', 'start': 475.138, 'duration': 1.542}], 'summary': 'Discussion about potential alien messages in nature and space exploration for mars.', 'duration': 23.604, 'max_score': 453.076, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8453076.jpg'}, {'end': 742.151, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 708.769, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 719.396, 'text': "And I'm probably an unusual person for thinking that in my industry because humans want to explore.", 'start': 708.769, 'duration': 10.627}, {'end': 727.562, 'text': "but I almost wonder are we putting unnecessary obstacles, like we're very finicky biological things,", 'start': 719.396, 'duration': 8.166}, {'end': 733.987, 'text': 'in the way of some more robotic or more silicon-based exploration?', 'start': 727.562, 'duration': 6.425}, {'end': 738.989, 'text': 'Um, and yeah, do we need to colonize and spread??', 'start': 734.967, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 739.49, 'text': "I'm not sure.", 'start': 739.03, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 742.151, 'text': 'What do you think is the role of AI in space??', 'start': 739.51, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Questioning the role of ai in space exploration and the need for human colonization.', 'duration': 33.382, 'max_score': 708.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8708769.jpg'}], 'start': 106.4, 'title': 'The search for extraterrestrial intelligence', 'summary': 'Explores the likelihood of intelligent alien life and the impact of space exploration, considering factors such as the vastness of the universe, potential communication methods, and the role of ai, while questioning the necessity and implications of human colonization.', 'chapters': [{'end': 282.734, 'start': 106.4, 'title': 'Existence of intelligent life beyond earth', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of intelligent alien life, considering the vastness of the universe and the potential for communication through collective intelligence, with the suggestion that our very quest for knowledge could be the means of communication. the likelihood of other life forms is explored in relation to the age of the universe and the potential impact of a signal on the multiverse.', 'duration': 176.334, 'highlights': ['The likelihood of other life forms is explored in relation to the age of the universe and the potential impact of a signal on the multiverse.', 'The suggestion is made that our quest for knowledge could be the means of communication with potential alien civilizations, as collective emergent behavior could serve as the signal.', 'Considering the vastness of the universe and the potential for communication through collective intelligence, the chapter discusses the possibility of intelligent alien life.']}, {'end': 925.277, 'start': 282.754, 'title': 'Space exploration and life beyond earth', 'summary': 'Discusses the excitement of finding life beyond earth, the potential for intelligent life, the challenges of space colonization, and the role of ai in space exploration, while questioning the necessity of human colonization and the long-term implications of space travel.', 'duration': 642.523, 'highlights': ['The potential for finding life beyond Earth, including intelligent and basic microbial life, excites the speaker and drives their pursuit of knowledge in the field of space engineering. Excitement about finding life beyond Earth, interest in intelligent and basic microbial life, motivation for pursuing knowledge in space engineering.', 'The speaker expresses skepticism about the presence of life in our solar system, particularly on Mars, and highlights the challenges of untangling potential contamination from Earth. Skepticism about life in our solar system, challenges of untangling potential contamination from Earth.', "Discussion about the Drake equation and the implications of finding life on habitable planets, suggesting that the discovery of life on Mars or Europa would indicate the ease of life's existence on habitable planets. Implications of the Drake equation, significance of finding life on habitable planets.", 'The speaker speculates about the potential intelligence of trees and the possibility of a hidden alien message, while expressing doubts about the necessity and ethical implications of human colonization beyond Earth. Speculation about the intelligence of trees, doubts about the necessity and ethical implications of human colonization.', 'Discussion on the challenges and obstacles to human colonization of Mars, including political, financial, and ethical considerations, as well as the role of AI in space exploration. Challenges and obstacles to human colonization, role of AI in space exploration.']}], 'duration': 818.877, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8106400.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter explores the likelihood of intelligent alien life in relation to the age of the universe and the potential impact of a signal on the multiverse.', 'The potential for finding life beyond Earth, including intelligent and basic microbial life, excites the speaker and drives their pursuit of knowledge in the field of space engineering.', 'The chapter discusses the possibility of intelligent alien life considering the vastness of the universe and the potential for communication through collective intelligence.', 'The speaker expresses skepticism about the presence of life in our solar system, particularly on Mars, and highlights the challenges of untangling potential contamination from Earth.', 'The chapter delves into the implications of the Drake equation and the significance of finding life on habitable planets.', 'The speaker speculates about the potential intelligence of trees and the possibility of a hidden alien message, while expressing doubts about the necessity and ethical implications of human colonization beyond Earth.', 'Discussion on the challenges and obstacles to human colonization of Mars, including political, financial, and ethical considerations, as well as the role of AI in space exploration.']}, {'end': 1646.534, 'segs': [{'end': 948.774, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 925.277, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 936.206, 'text': 'I like working in labs and doing experiments and I wanted to go to like the coolest lab, the ISS, and do some experiments there.', 'start': 925.277, 'duration': 10.929}, {'end': 942.01, 'text': "That's being decommissioned, which is sad, but you know, there will be others, I'm sure.", 'start': 937.046, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 944.992, 'text': 'that I assess as being decommissioned? Yes.', 'start': 943.351, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 948.774, 'text': "I think by 2025, it's not going to be in use anymore.", 'start': 945.232, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': 'Expresses desire to conduct experiments on the iss, which will be decommissioned by 2025.', 'duration': 23.497, 'max_score': 925.277, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8925277.jpg'}, {'end': 1028.076, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 968.967, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 977.175, 'text': "I have three little ones and I won't, I won't be in the first thousand people to go to Mars.", 'start': 968.967, 'duration': 8.208}, {'end': 977.836, 'text': "Let's put it that way.", 'start': 977.195, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 979.658, 'text': 'Yeah Earth is kind of nice.', 'start': 978.697, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 982.941, 'text': "We have our troubles, but overall it's pretty nice.", 'start': 980.439, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 985.044, 'text': "Again, it's the Netflix.", 'start': 984.023, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 987.586, 'text': "Okay Let's talk rockets.", 'start': 986.045, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 996.216, 'text': 'How does a rocket engine work, or any kind of engine that can get us to space or float around in space?', 'start': 988.607, 'duration': 7.609}, {'end': 1000.421, 'text': 'The basic principle is conservation of momentum.', 'start': 996.82, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 1010.923, 'text': 'So you throw stuff out the back of the engine and that pushes the rocket and the spacecraft in the other direction.', 'start': 1000.561, 'duration': 10.362}, {'end': 1016.565, 'text': 'So there are two main types of rocket propulsion.', 'start': 1011.044, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 1023.191, 'text': "The one people are more familiar with is chemical because it's loud and there's fire.", 'start': 1017.986, 'duration': 5.205}, {'end': 1028.076, 'text': "And that's what's used for launch and is more televised.", 'start': 1023.211, 'duration': 4.865}], 'summary': 'Speaker discusses rockets and conservation of momentum for space travel.', 'duration': 59.109, 'max_score': 968.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8968967.jpg'}, {'end': 1187.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1139.648, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1141.989, 'text': 'Chemical is very well understood.', 'start': 1139.648, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 1150.852, 'text': "In its simplest form, it's like a firework, so it's been around since 400 BC or something like that.", 'start': 1142.009, 'duration': 8.843}, {'end': 1154.973, 'text': 'So even the big engines are quite well understood.', 'start': 1152.112, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 1166.489, 'text': 'I think one of the last gaps there is probably what exactly are the products of combustion??', 'start': 1154.993, 'duration': 11.496}, {'end': 1187.55, 'text': "Are modeling abilities kind of fall apart there because it's hot and gases are moving and you end up kind of having to venture into lots of different interdisciplinary fields of science to try to solve that?", 'start': 1167.47, 'duration': 20.08}], 'summary': 'Chemical combustion well understood since 400 bc, but challenges in modeling products and interdisciplinary approach needed for solution.', 'duration': 47.902, 'max_score': 1139.648, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81139648.jpg'}, {'end': 1219.258, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1195.202, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1207.597, 'text': "But that's I think one of the last unsolved pieces and really the kind of what people care about there is making it more fuel efficient.", 'start': 1195.202, 'duration': 12.395}, {'end': 1215.318, 'text': "So the chemical stuff, you can get a lot of instantaneous thrust, but it's not very fuel efficient.", 'start': 1207.837, 'duration': 7.481}, {'end': 1219.258, 'text': "It's much more fuel efficient to go with the electric type of propulsion.", 'start': 1215.358, 'duration': 3.9}], 'summary': 'Improving fuel efficiency is a priority, favoring electric propulsion over chemical for better efficiency.', 'duration': 24.056, 'max_score': 1195.202, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81195202.jpg'}, {'end': 1276.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1246.543, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1254.685, 'text': 'And then on electric propulsion, I find it much more refreshingly poorly understood.', 'start': 1246.543, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 1256.865, 'text': 'Lots more mysteries.', 'start': 1254.705, 'duration': 2.16}, {'end': 1258.286, 'text': 'Yeah, I think so.', 'start': 1257.245, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 1267.815, 'text': 'One of the classes I took in college, we spent 90% of the class on chemical propulsion and then the last 10% on electric.', 'start': 1258.827, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 1273.781, 'text': 'And the professor said, like, we only sort of understand how it works, but it works kind of.', 'start': 1267.855, 'duration': 5.926}, {'end': 1274.862, 'text': "And I was like, that's..", 'start': 1273.901, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 1276.323, 'text': "That's interesting.", 'start': 1275.482, 'duration': 0.841}], 'summary': 'Electric propulsion remains poorly understood, with only 10% coverage in a college class.', 'duration': 29.78, 'max_score': 1246.543, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81246543.jpg'}, {'end': 1382.342, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1353.978, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1362.624, 'text': 'Then, of course, the category of engine that I work on, which has a lot of similarities to an ion engine but could be considered its own class,', 'start': 1353.978, 'duration': 8.646}, {'end': 1364.085, 'text': 'called a colloid thruster.', 'start': 1362.624, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 1366.226, 'text': 'Colloid Cool.', 'start': 1364.565, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 1368.728, 'text': 'What is an ion propulsion ion engine?', 'start': 1366.647, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 1377.681, 'text': 'Okay, so, in an ion engine you have an ionization chamber and you inject the propellant into that chamber,', 'start': 1368.979, 'duration': 8.702}, {'end': 1382.342, 'text': 'and this is usually a neutral gas like xenon or argon.', 'start': 1377.681, 'duration': 4.661}], 'summary': 'The colloid thruster is a unique type of engine with similarities to an ion engine, utilizing neutral gases like xenon or argon.', 'duration': 28.364, 'max_score': 1353.978, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81353978.jpg'}, {'end': 1516.512, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1491.579, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1502.263, 'text': 'So you also have to have an external cathode producer of electrons outside the engine that pumps electrons into that beam and neutralizes that.', 'start': 1491.579, 'duration': 10.684}, {'end': 1505.304, 'text': "So now it's net neutral everywhere and it won't come back to the spacecraft.", 'start': 1502.323, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 1507.345, 'text': "So that's an ion engine.", 'start': 1505.324, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 1513.93, 'text': 'What temperature are we talking about here? So in terms of like the chemical based engines, those are super hot.', 'start': 1507.945, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 1516.512, 'text': 'You mentioned plasma here.', 'start': 1514.891, 'duration': 1.621}], 'summary': 'Ion engine operates with external cathode, neutralizing beam for net neutrality and no return to spacecraft.', 'duration': 24.933, 'max_score': 1491.579, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81491579.jpg'}], 'start': 925.277, 'title': 'Space lab research & rocket propulsion', 'summary': "Discusses the decommissioning of the iss by 2025, potential for private space stations, speaker's risk profile shift, and explanations of rocket propulsion principles, including chemical and electric propulsion methods, differences, challenges, use cases, and fuel efficiency, highlighting ion engines and colloid thrusters.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1107.068, 'start': 925.277, 'title': 'Space lab research & rocket propulsion', 'summary': "Discusses the decommissioning of the iss by 2025, the potential for private companies to establish space stations, the speaker's shift in risk profile due to family responsibilities, and an explanation of rocket propulsion principles, including chemical and electric propulsion methods.", 'duration': 181.791, 'highlights': ['The ISS is expected to be decommissioned by 2025, but private companies are likely to set up new space stations. The ISS is anticipated to be decommissioned by 2025, but private companies are expected to establish new space stations.', "The speaker's risk profile has changed due to family responsibilities, and they express that they won't be among the first thousand people to go to Mars. The speaker mentions a change in their risk profile due to having three children and acknowledges that they won't be among the first thousand individuals to go to Mars.", 'The chapter provides an explanation of rocket propulsion principles, including the conservation of momentum and the two main types of rocket propulsion: chemical and electric. The chapter explains the principles of rocket propulsion, emphasizing the conservation of momentum and detailing the two primary types: chemical propulsion, commonly used for launch, and electric propulsion, which utilizes electrical energy and charged particles.']}, {'end': 1646.534, 'start': 1107.779, 'title': 'Chemical vs electric propulsion', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between chemical and electric propulsion, focusing on the challenges, use cases, and fuel efficiency, and provides insights into ion engines and colloid thrusters, highlighting the complexity and mysteries of electric propulsion.', 'duration': 538.755, 'highlights': ['The chemical propulsion is well understood and has been around since 400 BC, but one of the last gaps is understanding the products of combustion, and the focus is on making it more fuel efficient. Chemical propulsion has been around for centuries and is well understood, but the challenge lies in understanding the products of combustion and improving fuel efficiency.', 'Efforts are focused on making electric propulsion more fuel efficient and dealing with considerations like heating and cooling, as it is less fuel efficient but provides more instantaneous thrust compared to chemical propulsion. The focus in electric propulsion is on increasing fuel efficiency and addressing heating and cooling considerations, aiming to improve thrust per unit of fuel compared to chemical propulsion.', "Electric propulsion, particularly ion engines, remains poorly understood, with a professor stating that it only 'sort of works.' The complexity involves aspects of quantum mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, and electrostatics. Electric propulsion, especially ion engines, is characterized by a lack of understanding, with complexities involving quantum mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, and electrostatics.", 'The chapter provides insights into ion engines, their operation, and the challenges related to inefficiencies and temperature management, emphasizing the need for external cathode producers to neutralize the positive ion beam. Detailed insights into ion engines, their operation, inefficiencies, and temperature management are provided, highlighting the necessity of external cathode producers to neutralize the positive ion beam.', 'The colloid thruster, a type of electric propulsion, leverages ionic liquids as a source of ions, requiring manipulation on a nanoscale level, and its development was hindered until the advancement of silicon MEMS computer processors and foundry technology. The colloid thruster, a type of electric propulsion, utilizes ionic liquids as a source of ions and necessitates manipulation on a nanoscale level, with its development being facilitated by advancements in technology.']}], 'duration': 721.257, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE8925277.jpg', 'highlights': ['The ISS is expected to be decommissioned by 2025, but private companies are likely to set up new space stations.', "The speaker's risk profile has changed due to family responsibilities, and they express that they won't be among the first thousand people to go to Mars.", 'The chapter provides an explanation of rocket propulsion principles, including the conservation of momentum and the two main types of rocket propulsion: chemical and electric.', 'Efforts are focused on making electric propulsion more fuel efficient and dealing with considerations like heating and cooling, as it is less fuel efficient but provides more instantaneous thrust compared to chemical propulsion.', 'The chemical propulsion is well understood and has been around since 400 BC, but one of the last gaps is understanding the products of combustion, and the focus is on making it more fuel efficient.', "Electric propulsion, particularly ion engines, remains poorly understood, with a professor stating that it only 'sort of works.'", 'The chapter provides insights into ion engines, their operation, and the challenges related to inefficiencies and temperature management, emphasizing the need for external cathode producers to neutralize the positive ion beam.', 'The colloid thruster, a type of electric propulsion, leverages ionic liquids as a source of ions, requiring manipulation on a nanoscale level, and its development was hindered until the advancement of silicon MEMS computer processors and foundry technology.']}, {'end': 2239.927, 'segs': [{'end': 1726.164, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1667.486, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1676.128, 'text': "and the electric field stresses the liquid and you keep increasing the field and eventually the liquid will assume I'll go this way a conical shape.", 'start': 1667.486, 'duration': 8.642}, {'end': 1685.79, 'text': "It's when the electric field pressure that's pulling on it exactly balances the liquid's own restoring force, which is its surface tension.", 'start': 1677.148, 'duration': 8.642}, {'end': 1691.975, 'text': "So you have this balance and the liquid assumes a cone when it's perfectly balanced like that.", 'start': 1686.93, 'duration': 5.045}, {'end': 1697.66, 'text': 'And at the tip of a cone, the radius of curvature goes to zero right at the tip.', 'start': 1692.555, 'duration': 5.105}, {'end': 1712.753, 'text': 'And the electric field right at the tip of a sharp object would go to because it goes as one over the radius and one over the radius squared.', 'start': 1698.761, 'duration': 13.992}, {'end': 1720.799, 'text': 'And instead of the electric field going to infinity and maybe like generating a wormhole or something,', 'start': 1713.453, 'duration': 7.346}, {'end': 1726.164, 'text': 'a jet of ions instead starts issuing from the tip of that liquid.', 'start': 1720.799, 'duration': 5.365}], 'summary': 'Increasing electric field creates a conical liquid shape, emitting ions from the tip.', 'duration': 58.678, 'max_score': 1667.486, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81667486.jpg'}, {'end': 1795.147, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1767.544, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1775.111, 'text': "So if you have a cone that's emitting pure ions, I can't remember if it's the radius or diameter,", 'start': 1767.544, 'duration': 7.567}, {'end': 1781.217, 'text': 'but that emission is happening from of that cone is something like 20 nanometers.', 'start': 1775.111, 'duration': 6.106}, {'end': 1788.585, 'text': 'Oh, I was imagining something slightly bigger, but so like, this is, so this is tiny, tiny.', 'start': 1781.923, 'duration': 6.662}, {'end': 1791.786, 'text': 'Yes Hence the only being able to do it recently.', 'start': 1788.885, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 1792.686, 'text': "Yeah, that's right.", 'start': 1791.806, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 1795.147, 'text': 'So this is all controlled by a computer, I guess.', 'start': 1792.846, 'duration': 2.301}], 'summary': 'The cone emits ions with a 20nm radius, controlled by a computer.', 'duration': 27.603, 'max_score': 1767.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81767544.jpg'}, {'end': 1946.043, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1920.667, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1925.47, 'text': "And we're working on, increasing that by a factor of four in the coming months.", 'start': 1920.667, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 1932.193, 'text': 'In size or in the density? In the density, the number of emitters within the same square centimeter chip.', 'start': 1925.71, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 1938.116, 'text': "Because I think I've seen pictures of you with a tiny thing in your hand, that must be the thing.", 'start': 1932.353, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 1938.857, 'text': "That's an engine.", 'start': 1938.156, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 1946.043, 'text': 'So that is kind of the ionization chamber and thrust producing part of it.', 'start': 1939.917, 'duration': 6.126}], 'summary': 'Plan to increase emitters by a factor of four in coming months.', 'duration': 25.376, 'max_score': 1920.667, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81920667.jpg'}, {'end': 2083.735, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2056.251, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2064.257, 'text': "it's getting energy from the electric field and some of that energy is going into the bonds and making it vibrate and doing weird things to it.", 'start': 2056.251, 'duration': 8.006}, {'end': 2065.578, 'text': 'Sometimes it breaks them apart.', 'start': 2064.277, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 2069.842, 'text': 'And then zooming out to the whole beam.', 'start': 2066.679, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 2074.907, 'text': 'the beam has some behaviors as this beam of ions,', 'start': 2069.842, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 2083.735, 'text': "and there's a big gap between how do you connect those and how do we understand that better so that we can understand the beam.", 'start': 2074.907, 'duration': 8.828}], 'summary': 'Electric field energy causes bond vibration and beam ion behavior, needing better understanding.', 'duration': 27.484, 'max_score': 2056.251, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82056251.jpg'}], 'start': 1646.534, 'title': 'Electric field and nanometer ionic thruster', 'summary': 'Discusses utilizing a strong electric field to stress a liquid, resulting in the issuance of a jet of ions from the tip of the liquid, as well as the development of nanometer ionic thrusters emitting pure ions from cones as small as 20 nanometers, with potential to increase emitter density by a factor of four, while exploring the challenges in understanding the physics and material science at the nano scale.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1726.164, 'start': 1646.534, 'title': 'Electric field and liquid ions', 'summary': "Discusses using a strong electric field to stress a liquid, leading to the formation of a conical shape where the electric field pressure balances the liquid's restoring force, resulting in the issuance of a jet of ions from the tip of the liquid.", 'duration': 79.63, 'highlights': ["The liquid assumes a conical shape when the electric field pressure balances the liquid's own restoring force due to surface tension.", 'A jet of ions issues from the tip of the liquid when the electric field goes to zero at the tip of a sharp object.', 'The electric field stresses the liquid and as the field increases, the liquid assumes a conical shape.']}, {'end': 2239.927, 'start': 1726.244, 'title': 'Nanometer ionic thruster', 'summary': 'Discusses the development of nanometer ionic thrusters, emitting pure ions from cones as small as 20 nanometers, with potential to increase emitter density by a factor of four, while exploring the challenges in understanding the physics and material science at the nano scale.', 'duration': 513.683, 'highlights': ['Nanometer ionic thrusters emit pure ions from cones as small as 20 nanometers The chapter discusses the development of nanometer ionic thrusters, emitting pure ions from cones as small as 20 nanometers.', 'Potential to increase emitter density by a factor of four There is potential to increase emitter density by a factor of four in the coming months.', 'Challenges in understanding the physics and material science at the nano scale The chapter explores the challenges in understanding the physics and material science at the nano scale, including instabilities, stable regimes, and behaviors of the ion beam.']}], 'duration': 593.393, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE81646534.jpg', 'highlights': ["The liquid assumes a conical shape when the electric field pressure balances the liquid's own restoring force due to surface tension.", 'A jet of ions issues from the tip of the liquid when the electric field goes to zero at the tip of a sharp object.', 'Nanometer ionic thrusters emit pure ions from cones as small as 20 nanometers.', 'Potential to increase emitter density by a factor of four.', 'The electric field stresses the liquid and as the field increases, the liquid assumes a conical shape.', 'The chapter explores the challenges in understanding the physics and material science at the nano scale, including instabilities, stable regimes, and behaviors of the ion beam.']}, {'end': 3161.123, 'segs': [{'end': 2378.498, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2336.869, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2340.93, 'text': 'you know, solar panels are really inefficient and bulky and batteries.', 'start': 2336.869, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 2345.812, 'text': "I don't know when anybody's ever gonna improve battery technology.", 'start': 2340.93, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 2347.052, 'text': 'I know a lot of people that work on that.', 'start': 2345.852, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 2355.618, 'text': 'And nuclear power, we could have a lot more powerful electric propulsion systems.', 'start': 2349.493, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 2364.704, 'text': 'So they would be extremely fuel efficient but more instantaneous thrust to do more interesting missions if we could start launching more nuclear systems.', 'start': 2355.658, 'duration': 9.046}, {'end': 2371.048, 'text': "So like something that's powered, nuclear powered, that's the right way to say it.", 'start': 2365.164, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 2378.498, 'text': 'Yeah But is in a small enough container that could be launched? Yeah.', 'start': 2371.449, 'duration': 7.049}], 'summary': 'Solar panels and batteries are inefficient; nuclear power could offer more powerful and fuel-efficient electric propulsion systems for more interesting missions.', 'duration': 41.629, 'max_score': 2336.869, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82336869.jpg'}, {'end': 2517.791, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2495.567, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2504.029, 'text': "But that's a fascinating idea that we would use nuclear as a source for our vehicles and not just in outer space.", 'start': 2495.567, 'duration': 8.462}, {'end': 2504.589, 'text': "That's cool.", 'start': 2504.189, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 2505.509, 'text': "I'm gonna have to look into that.", 'start': 2504.609, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 2506.689, 'text': "That's super interesting.", 'start': 2505.929, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 2517.791, 'text': 'Well, just last year, Trump eased up a little bit on the regulations and NASA and hopefully others are starting to pick up on the development.', 'start': 2506.969, 'duration': 10.822}], 'summary': 'Trump eased regulations on nuclear use in space for vehicles, sparking interest in nasa and others.', 'duration': 22.224, 'max_score': 2495.567, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82495567.jpg'}, {'end': 2636.206, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2606.337, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2612.606, 'text': 'Even if your only goal was to just stay in your orbit and not move for the life of your mission.', 'start': 2606.337, 'duration': 6.269}, {'end': 2621.855, 'text': "you need propulsion to accomplish that, because the Earth's gravity field changes as you go around in orbit and pulls you out of your little box.", 'start': 2612.606, 'duration': 9.249}, {'end': 2627.499, 'text': 'There are other perturbations that can throw you off a bit.', 'start': 2622.596, 'duration': 4.903}, {'end': 2636.206, 'text': 'And then most people want to do things a little bit more interesting, like maneuver to avoid being hit by space debris,', 'start': 2628.22, 'duration': 7.986}], 'summary': "Propulsion is necessary to stay in orbit due to earth's gravity and other perturbations; maneuvering to avoid space debris is also important.", 'duration': 29.869, 'max_score': 2606.337, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82606337.jpg'}, {'end': 2722.963, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2700.796, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2709.298, 'text': 'So like how much propulsion is needed? Like how much is the life of a satellite is just like, oh crap, trying to avoid like little things down there.', 'start': 2700.796, 'duration': 8.502}, {'end': 2713.34, 'text': 'Yeah, I think one of the recent, you know,', 'start': 2709.318, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 2720.542, 'text': 'rules of thumb I heard was per year some of these small satellites are doing like three collision avoidance maneuvers.', 'start': 2713.34, 'duration': 7.202}, {'end': 2722.963, 'text': "So that's not- Oh, it's not too bad.", 'start': 2721.863, 'duration': 1.1}], 'summary': 'Small satellites may require 3 collision avoidance maneuvers per year.', 'duration': 22.167, 'max_score': 2700.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82700796.jpg'}, {'end': 2900.416, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2838.72, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2843.703, 'text': 'You want to be able to broadcast to as many people as possible.', 'start': 2838.72, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 2851.549, 'text': "You also can't just go to small satellites and say Moore's law for things like optics.", 'start': 2845.965, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 2856.593, 'text': "So if you have an aperture on your satellite, that doesn't follow Moore's law.", 'start': 2852.049, 'duration': 4.544}, {'end': 2857.733, 'text': "That's different.", 'start': 2856.753, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 2863.898, 'text': "So it's always going to be the size that it will be, unless there's some new physics that comes out that I'm not aware of.", 'start': 2857.794, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 2868.942, 'text': "But if you need a resolution and you're at an altitude, that kind of sets the size of your telescope.", 'start': 2864.298, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 2876.828, 'text': "Because of Moore's law, we are able to do a lot more with smaller packages,", 'start': 2871.644, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 2883.013, 'text': 'and with that comes more affordability and opening up access to space to more and more people.', 'start': 2876.828, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 2889.153, 'text': "Well, what's the smallest satellite you've seen go up there? Like what are the smallest kind, you said shoe boxes.", 'start': 2883.752, 'duration': 5.401}, {'end': 2896.595, 'text': 'Yeah, so I think, you know, the smallest common form factor can fit a softball inside.', 'start': 2889.333, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 2900.416, 'text': "Wow So that's 10 centimeters on each side.", 'start': 2896.955, 'duration': 3.461}], 'summary': 'Advancements in technology enable smaller, affordable satellites, expanding space access.', 'duration': 61.696, 'max_score': 2838.72, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82838720.jpg'}, {'end': 2896.595, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2871.644, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2876.828, 'text': "Because of Moore's law, we are able to do a lot more with smaller packages,", 'start': 2871.644, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 2883.013, 'text': 'and with that comes more affordability and opening up access to space to more and more people.', 'start': 2876.828, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 2889.153, 'text': "Well, what's the smallest satellite you've seen go up there? Like what are the smallest kind, you said shoe boxes.", 'start': 2883.752, 'duration': 5.401}, {'end': 2896.595, 'text': 'Yeah, so I think, you know, the smallest common form factor can fit a softball inside.', 'start': 2889.333, 'duration': 7.262}], 'summary': "Moore's law enables smaller, more affordable satellites, with the smallest being able to fit a softball inside.", 'duration': 24.951, 'max_score': 2871.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82871644.jpg'}, {'end': 3058.668, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3022.551, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3029.499, 'text': 'The two buckets of applications, one is imaging and the other is communication.', 'start': 3022.551, 'duration': 6.948}, {'end': 3043.334, 'text': 'So imaging, I think that will plateau because one, satellite or one constellation can take an image or a video and sell it to infinity customers.', 'start': 3029.519, 'duration': 13.815}, {'end': 3055.045, 'text': "But if you're providing communications like broadband internet or satellite cell or something like that satellite phone,", 'start': 3044.335, 'duration': 10.71}, {'end': 3058.668, 'text': "you're limited by your transponders and so on.", 'start': 3055.045, 'duration': 3.623}], 'summary': 'Imaging applications plateau due to infinite customer reach, while communication applications are limited by transponders.', 'duration': 36.117, 'max_score': 3022.551, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83022551.jpg'}], 'start': 2240.327, 'title': 'Space exploration and career impact', 'summary': "Covers simulation theory's impact on career decisions and finance job interviews, nuclear power for space propulsion, including recent developments and debates, and spacecraft propulsion for satellite maneuvering, collision avoidance, and the trend towards smaller, affordable satellites.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2276.144, 'start': 2240.327, 'title': 'Simulation theory and career planning', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of living in a simulation and the impact it has on career decisions, leading to a detour into finance job interviews.', 'duration': 35.817, 'highlights': ['The impact of the simulation theory on career decisions, leading to a detour into finance job interviews.', 'Speculation about the simulation being programmed with shortcuts and copied codes, prompting thoughts about living in a simulated reality.', 'Contemplation about living in a simulation and the possibility of shortcuts in its programming.']}, {'end': 2580.749, 'start': 2276.144, 'title': 'Nuclear power for space propulsion', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of current power supplies for space propulsion, the potential of nuclear power for more efficient and powerful electric propulsion systems, and the recent developments and debates surrounding the use of nuclear power in space exploration.', 'duration': 304.605, 'highlights': ['Nuclear power could enable more powerful electric propulsion systems for space exploration, making missions more fuel efficient and enabling more interesting missions with humans on board. Nuclear power has the potential to provide more powerful electric propulsion systems, increasing fuel efficiency and enabling more interesting missions with human crews.', 'Current power supplies for electric propulsion, such as solar panels and batteries, are limiting space exploration, prompting the need for more efficient power sources like nuclear power. The inefficiency and bulkiness of current power supplies like solar panels and batteries are limiting space exploration, driving the need for more efficient power sources like nuclear power.', 'Recent developments, including eased regulations by the Trump administration, indicate a growing interest in exploring nuclear power for space propulsion. Eased regulations by the Trump administration and the increasing interest from organizations like NASA suggest a growing focus on exploring nuclear power for space propulsion.']}, {'end': 3161.123, 'start': 2581.656, 'title': 'Spacecraft propulsion and satellite maneuvering', 'summary': "Discusses the use of chemical and electric propulsion systems for maneuvering spacecraft in orbit, the need for propulsion to counter the earth's gravity field and perturbations, the challenges of collision avoidance due to space debris, the trend towards smaller and more affordable satellites, and the potential future of tens of thousands of satellites in orbit.", 'duration': 579.467, 'highlights': ["The need for propulsion to counter the Earth's gravity field and perturbations in orbit, even for simple tasks like staying in orbit, and the challenge of maneuvering to avoid space debris or to lower orbit for higher resolution imaging.", 'The trend towards smaller and more affordable satellites, with examples of satellites the size of shoe boxes and even smaller ones, leading to increased accessibility to space.', 'The potential future of tens of thousands of satellites in orbit, driven by applications such as imaging and communication, with a need for more satellites to serve increasing data consumption.', 'The use of chemical engines and electric systems for spacecraft maneuvering in orbit, with the challenge of collision avoidance due to space debris and the responsible disposal of satellites at the end of their mission.', 'The impact of space debris and the need for collision avoidance maneuvers, with the example of some small satellites requiring three collision avoidance maneuvers per year, highlighting the planning and resources involved.']}], 'duration': 920.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE82240327.jpg', 'highlights': ['Recent developments indicate a growing interest in exploring nuclear power for space propulsion.', 'Nuclear power has the potential to provide more powerful electric propulsion systems, increasing fuel efficiency and enabling more interesting missions with human crews.', 'The inefficiency and bulkiness of current power supplies like solar panels and batteries are limiting space exploration, driving the need for more efficient power sources like nuclear power.', 'The trend towards smaller and more affordable satellites is leading to increased accessibility to space.', 'The potential future of tens of thousands of satellites in orbit, driven by applications such as imaging and communication, with a need for more satellites to serve increasing data consumption.', 'The impact of space debris and the need for collision avoidance maneuvers, with the example of some small satellites requiring three collision avoidance maneuvers per year, highlighting the planning and resources involved.', "The need for propulsion to counter the Earth's gravity field and perturbations in orbit, even for simple tasks like staying in orbit, and the challenge of maneuvering to avoid space debris or to lower orbit for higher resolution imaging."]}, {'end': 4236.941, 'segs': [{'end': 3260.575, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3234.196, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3246.787, 'text': "And as people have studied, right, it's like it's people, most likely the process of colonization like looks like basically a prison.", 'start': 3234.196, 'duration': 12.591}, {'end': 3252.591, 'text': "Like you're in a very tight enclosed space with people and it's just a really stressful environment.", 'start': 3247.308, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 3256.473, 'text': "You know, how do you select the kind of people that will go and then there'll be drama.", 'start': 3253.011, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 3257.453, 'text': "There's always drama.", 'start': 3256.493, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 3260.575, 'text': "And I just want to show up when there's some rules.", 'start': 3258.214, 'duration': 2.361}], 'summary': 'Colonization process resembles a stressful prison environment with drama and strict rules.', 'duration': 26.379, 'max_score': 3234.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83234196.jpg'}, {'end': 3311.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3282.872, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3291.28, 'text': 'how often do we not just have a revolution to redefine our government, as you know, smaller countries are still doing to this day,', 'start': 3282.872, 'duration': 8.408}, {'end': 3293.542, 'text': 'but literally start over from scratch?', 'start': 3291.28, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 3296.784, 'text': "There's just our financial system.", 'start': 3294.202, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 3299.166, 'text': 'It could be based on cryptocurrency.', 'start': 3296.824, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 3311.557, 'text': 'We have now the technology that can enable pure democracy, for example, if we choose to do that as opposed to representative democracy,', 'start': 3299.186, 'duration': 12.371}], 'summary': 'Smaller countries still revolutionize government, consider cryptocurrency-based financial system, and pure democracy.', 'duration': 28.685, 'max_score': 3282.872, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83282872.jpg'}, {'end': 3366.409, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3333.157, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3338.898, 'text': '50 years that you kind of think about? Or maybe even within the space of even just like?', 'start': 3333.157, 'duration': 5.741}, {'end': 3348.169, 'text': 'Like even ion engines, is there, like breakthroughs that might 10X the thing like, really improve it?', 'start': 3341.391, 'duration': 6.778}, {'end': 3355.285, 'text': 'So you know, the real game changer would be propellant-less propulsion.', 'start': 3349.102, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 3366.409, 'text': "And so every couple of years you see a new now a startup or a researcher comes up with some contraption for producing thrust that didn't require.", 'start': 3355.385, 'duration': 11.024}], 'summary': 'Innovations in propulsion technology, such as propellant-less propulsion, could significantly improve space exploration.', 'duration': 33.252, 'max_score': 3333.157, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83333157.jpg'}, {'end': 3603.07, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3574.419, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3576.059, 'text': 'And so what kind of propulsion?', 'start': 3574.419, 'duration': 1.64}, {'end': 3583.682, 'text': 'And do you think about what kind of propulsion will allow us to travel close to the speed of light? Or you know, half the speed of light?', 'start': 3576.079, 'duration': 7.603}, {'end': 3589.064, 'text': 'all those kinds of things that would allow us to get to Proxima Centauri and have reasonable in a lifetime?', 'start': 3583.682, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 3599.388, 'text': "You know, there's the project Breakthrough Starshot that's looking at sending those tiny little chipsets there.", 'start': 3590.623, 'duration': 8.765}, {'end': 3601.589, 'text': 'And like accelerating really fast.', 'start': 3599.668, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 3603.07, 'text': 'Yeah, using a laser.', 'start': 3601.829, 'duration': 1.241}], 'summary': 'Research on propulsion for near-light speed travel, including breakthrough starshot project using tiny chipsets and laser acceleration.', 'duration': 28.651, 'max_score': 3574.419, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83574419.jpg'}, {'end': 3668.088, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3638.317, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3648.764, 'text': "But do you see like human, like a spacecraft with a human on it? So it's like a heavy one being like us inventing new propulsion systems entirely.", 'start': 3638.317, 'duration': 10.447}, {'end': 3653.887, 'text': 'Like. do you ever see that in the on the radar of propulsion systems like that??', 'start': 3649.084, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 3656.649, 'text': 'Or are they completely out there in the impossible??', 'start': 3654.007, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 3668.088, 'text': "Well, we're going to quickly leave the realm of what I can describe with any credibility, but I think, because of special relativity,", 'start': 3657.304, 'duration': 10.784}], 'summary': 'Discussion about inventing new propulsion systems for spacecraft.', 'duration': 29.771, 'max_score': 3638.317, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83638317.jpg'}, {'end': 3895.701, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3842.289, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3853.313, 'text': "And Actually that's something I would say is very important throughout is a really exciting vision, because when everything goes to crap,", 'start': 3842.289, 'duration': 11.024}, {'end': 3860.235, 'text': 'you need that to get people getting themselves out of bed in the morning and thinking of the higher purpose there.', 'start': 3853.313, 'duration': 6.922}, {'end': 3885.742, 'text': 'And another thing along the way that I think is key in building any company is the right early employees that also have their own networks and can bring in a lot of people that really make the whole greater than just the sum of the early team.', 'start': 3861.516, 'duration': 24.226}, {'end': 3888.739, 'text': 'And how do you build that? Like how do you find people?', 'start': 3886.678, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 3891.92, 'text': "It's like asking like how do you make friends?", 'start': 3889.339, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 3895.701, 'text': 'But is there? Is it?, Is it luck??', 'start': 3892.44, 'duration': 3.261}], 'summary': 'A compelling vision is crucial for motivation; early employees with networks are key for company growth.', 'duration': 53.412, 'max_score': 3842.289, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83842289.jpg'}, {'end': 4101.171, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4074.311, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4080.735, 'text': "They've driven the cost of everything down so much that there's literally no room for innovation, for taking risks.", 'start': 4074.311, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 4081.655, 'text': 'So cars..', 'start': 4081.295, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 4089.722, 'text': 'which is funny, because not until Tesla really, which is one of the in a long,', 'start': 4083.636, 'duration': 6.086}, {'end': 4096.408, 'text': "long time one of the first successful new car companies that's constantly innovating,", 'start': 4089.722, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 4101.171, 'text': 'every other car company is really boring in terms of their technological innovation.', 'start': 4096.408, 'duration': 4.763}], 'summary': "Tesla is one of the first successful new car companies in a long time that's constantly innovating, while other car companies are really boring in terms of technological innovation.", 'duration': 26.86, 'max_score': 4074.311, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84074311.jpg'}], 'start': 3161.468, 'title': 'Challenges in space exploration', 'summary': 'Covers the psychological and social challenges of mars colonization, the potential breakthroughs and challenges in future propulsion systems, and the process of building a rocket company in the context of global competition and innovation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3311.557, 'start': 3161.468, 'title': 'Mars colonization: a psychological perspective', 'summary': 'Discusses the romantic notion of humans stepping on mars and the psychological and social challenges of colonization, with a focus on the desire to participate in defining the direction and the potential for a pure democracy based on cryptocurrency.', 'duration': 150.089, 'highlights': ['The desire to participate in defining the direction of Mars colonization as a citizen and the potential for a pure democracy based on cryptocurrency.', 'The psychological and social challenges of colonization, including the stress of enclosed spaces, drama, and the absence of modern amenities like Netflix and Twitter.', 'The romantic notion of humans stepping on Mars and the excitement of starting over from scratch with a new financial system and technology enabling pure democracy.']}, {'end': 3787.319, 'start': 3311.557, 'title': 'Future of propulsion systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the future of propulsion systems, including potential breakthroughs in propellant-less propulsion and debunked concepts such as the m-drive, as well as the challenges and possibilities of achieving interstellar travel and new propulsion systems.', 'duration': 475.762, 'highlights': ['The concept of propellant-less propulsion and its potential as a game changer in space travel, offering the possibility of not relying on carrying or finding propellant, which could revolutionize space exploration. The concept of propellant-less propulsion is highlighted as a potential game changer in space travel, offering the possibility of not relying on carrying or finding propellant, which could revolutionize space exploration.', 'The debunking of the M-Drive concept, which utilized a resonant cavity and microwaves to produce thrust, and the challenges in explaining its functionality, indicating the complexities of developing new propulsion systems. The debunking of the M-Drive concept, which utilized a resonant cavity and microwaves to produce thrust, and the challenges in explaining its functionality, indicating the complexities of developing new propulsion systems.', "The discussion of potential propulsion systems for achieving interstellar travel, including the Project Breakthrough Starshot's approach of using lasers to accelerate tiny chipsets towards Proxima Centauri, highlighting the innovative ideas and challenges in space exploration. The discussion of potential propulsion systems for achieving interstellar travel, including the Project Breakthrough Starshot's approach of using lasers to accelerate tiny chipsets towards Proxima Centauri, highlighting the innovative ideas and challenges in space exploration."]}, {'end': 4236.941, 'start': 3788.019, 'title': 'Building a rocket company: challenges and strategies', 'summary': "Discusses the process of building a rocket company, emphasizing the importance of an exciting vision, strong network, and innovation in competing with industry trends, like spacex's impact on driving down costs and the potential limitations on innovation. it also touches on the challenges and opportunities presented by the current global context.", 'duration': 448.922, 'highlights': ['The importance of having an exciting vision is emphasized as it helps in raising funds, attracting talent, and motivating the team, especially during challenging times.', 'Building a strong network and fostering genuine connections is highlighted as a key factor in finding the right early employees and growing the company.', "Staying ahead of industry trends and competition, particularly regarding cost and innovation, is emphasized as crucial, with the example of SpaceX's impact on driving down costs and potential limitations on innovation.", 'The potential impact of global events, such as elections, social division, and the pandemic, on human civilization and the opportunities for positive and inspiring developments, is briefly discussed.']}], 'duration': 1075.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE83161468.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential for a pure democracy based on cryptocurrency in Mars colonization.', 'The psychological and social challenges of colonization, including stress and absence of modern amenities.', 'The excitement of starting over from scratch with new financial system and technology enabling pure democracy.', 'The concept of propellant-less propulsion as a potential game changer in space travel.', 'The complexities of developing new propulsion systems and the challenges in explaining functionality.', 'The discussion of potential propulsion systems for achieving interstellar travel and the innovative ideas and challenges in space exploration.', 'The importance of having an exciting vision in raising funds, attracting talent, and motivating the team.', 'Building a strong network and fostering genuine connections as a key factor in finding the right early employees and growing the company.', 'Staying ahead of industry trends and competition, particularly regarding cost and innovation, is emphasized as crucial.', 'The potential impact of global events on human civilization and the opportunities for positive and inspiring developments.']}, {'end': 4853.748, 'segs': [{'end': 4269.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4236.941, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4249.39, 'text': 'which is SpaceX and NASA doing the first commercial human flight, launching humans to space, and did it twice successfully.', 'start': 4236.941, 'duration': 12.449}, {'end': 4251.892, 'text': 'What is that??', 'start': 4250.671, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 4254.374, 'text': 'Did you get to watch that launch??', 'start': 4252.833, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 4255.035, 'text': 'Did you??', 'start': 4254.534, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 4256.656, 'text': 'What does it make you feel??', 'start': 4255.535, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4264.163, 'text': 'Do you think this is first days for a new era of space exploration??', 'start': 4256.676, 'duration': 7.487}, {'end': 4266.596, 'text': 'Yeah, I did watch it.', 'start': 4265.615, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 4269.799, 'text': 'We played it outside on a big screen at our place.', 'start': 4266.636, 'duration': 3.163}], 'summary': 'Spacex and nasa achieved the first commercial human flight to space, successfully launching humans twice, marking a new era in space exploration.', 'duration': 32.858, 'max_score': 4236.941, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84236941.jpg'}, {'end': 4348.355, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4301.125, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4302.006, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 4301.125, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 4306.087, 'text': 'more like fun, playful celebrity type.', 'start': 4302.606, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 4307.027, 'text': 'Yes, exactly.', 'start': 4306.127, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 4316.749, 'text': 'Astronaut versus the aura of the magical sort of heroic element of the single human representing us in space.', 'start': 4307.147, 'duration': 9.602}, {'end': 4317.75, 'text': 'Yes Yeah.', 'start': 4316.929, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 4320.33, 'text': "I think that's all for the better though.", 'start': 4318.13, 'duration': 2.2}, {'end': 4323.671, 'text': "It's so cool that it's such a commonplace thing now that we send.", 'start': 4320.39, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 4328.135, 'text': "I can't believe that sometimes I'll have to.", 'start': 4324.632, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 4335.102, 'text': "you don't even realize that astronauts are coming and going all the time, splashing back down, and it's just so common now.", 'start': 4328.135, 'duration': 6.967}, {'end': 4338.125, 'text': "but that's quite magical, I think.", 'start': 4335.102, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 4340.527, 'text': 'So yes, we did watch that.', 'start': 4339.126, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 4341.608, 'text': 'I love..', 'start': 4341.028, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 4348.355, 'text': 'love, love that we finally have that capability again to send people to the space station.', 'start': 4342.549, 'duration': 5.806}], 'summary': 'Sending astronauts to space station is now common and magical.', 'duration': 47.23, 'max_score': 4301.125, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84301125.jpg'}, {'end': 4482.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4455.6, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4460.592, 'text': 'But I think that You know again, depending on the goals,', 'start': 4455.6, 'duration': 4.992}, {'end': 4468.377, 'text': "we're just kind of at the very starting point of space exploration and science and understanding.", 'start': 4460.592, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 4472.219, 'text': 'So we should be spending more money there and not less.', 'start': 4469.077, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 4477.302, 'text': "And other countries are starting to spend more and more, and I think we'll fall behind because of that.", 'start': 4472.359, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 4482.081, 'text': 'So you have quite a bit of experience, first of all starting a company yourself.', 'start': 4478.174, 'duration': 3.907}], 'summary': 'Increase funding for space exploration to compete globally.', 'duration': 26.481, 'max_score': 4455.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84455600.jpg'}, {'end': 4540.061, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4510.932, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4515.054, 'text': 'Uh, I would say you know, like I mentioned earlier,', 'start': 4510.932, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 4527.908, 'text': 'but make sure the vision is something that will get you out of bed in the morning and that you can rally other people around you to achieve.', 'start': 4515.054, 'duration': 12.854}, {'end': 4536.257, 'text': 'Because I see a lot of folks that sort of cared about something or saw a window of opportunity to do something,', 'start': 4527.928, 'duration': 8.329}, {'end': 4540.061, 'text': 'and startups are hard and more often than not.', 'start': 4536.257, 'duration': 3.804}], 'summary': 'Vision should be compelling, rallying others for startup success.', 'duration': 29.129, 'max_score': 4510.932, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84510932.jpg'}, {'end': 4682.692, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4648.005, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4653.508, 'text': "There's not a blanket answer and there are a lot of factors, but that's a hard one.", 'start': 4648.005, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 4670.601, 'text': 'I think one other piece for the aspiring founder Spending a lot of time and effort on the culture and people piece is so important and is always an afterthought,', 'start': 4653.588, 'duration': 17.013}, {'end': 4682.692, 'text': "and something that I haven't really seen the founders or executives at companies purposefully carve out time and acknowledge that, yes,", 'start': 4670.601, 'duration': 12.091}], 'summary': 'Culture and people are crucial for aspiring founders, often overlooked by executives.', 'duration': 34.687, 'max_score': 4648.005, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84648005.jpg'}, {'end': 4863.34, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4827.966, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4829.928, 'text': "but you can't just think it's not going to have a cost.", 'start': 4827.966, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 4841.517, 'text': 'Yes, this was like the first thing I worked on with my leadership coach was how not to just snap at people when they were being an idiot.', 'start': 4830.868, 'duration': 10.649}, {'end': 4846.521, 'text': 'And first I got really good at apologizing.', 'start': 4841.917, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 4851.725, 'text': 'That was the first step because it was gonna take longer to fix the behavior.', 'start': 4846.661, 'duration': 5.064}, {'end': 4853.748, 'text': "she i've got.", 'start': 4852.586, 'duration': 1.162}, {'end': 4863.34, 'text': "i'm actually a lot better at it now and it started with things she's like every time you walk through a doorway think you know calm and take breaths before responding,", 'start': 4853.748, 'duration': 9.592}], 'summary': 'Improved response to conflict by taking deep breaths before reacting, coached on leadership behavior.', 'duration': 35.374, 'max_score': 4827.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84827966.jpg'}], 'start': 4236.941, 'title': "Spacex and nasa's successful commercial human flights", 'summary': "Discusses spacex and nasa's successful commercial human flights to space, reflecting on the casual and commonplace nature of space exploration today, with a touch of nostalgia for the heroic era of space travel. it also delves into the private sector's role in space exploration, emphasizing concerns about nasa's funding, the importance of vision in entrepreneurship, the significance of culture in company building, and the challenges of leadership and communication.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4348.355, 'start': 4236.941, 'title': "Spacex and nasa's commercial human flight", 'summary': "Discusses spacex and nasa's successful commercial human flights to space, reflecting on the casual and commonplace nature of space exploration today, with a touch of nostalgia for the heroic era of space travel.", 'duration': 111.414, 'highlights': ['SpaceX and NASA successfully launched humans to space twice, marking a new era of space exploration and commercial crew missions.', 'The casual nature of the recent human spaceflight missions, featuring a more fun and playful celebrity vibe, contrasts the historical heroic image of astronauts in space.', 'The sentiment of nostalgia for the magical and heroic nature of space exploration, alongside the appreciation for the commonplace occurrence of astronauts coming and going to the space station.']}, {'end': 4853.748, 'start': 4348.355, 'title': "Private sector's role in space exploration", 'summary': "Discusses the role of the private sector in space exploration, highlighting concerns about nasa's funding, the importance of vision in entrepreneurship, the significance of culture in company building, and the challenges of leadership and communication.", 'duration': 505.393, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses concerns about NASA's funding and pace in space exploration and science, advocating for increased government funding to prevent falling behind other countries. The speaker expresses concerns about NASA's funding and pace in space exploration and science, emphasizing the need for increased government funding to avoid falling behind other countries.", 'The importance of having a compelling vision to drive entrepreneurship and rally a team is highlighted, with a caution that mere opportunism may not sustain a startup through challenges. The importance of having a compelling vision to drive entrepreneurship and rally a team is emphasized, with a caution that mere opportunism may not sustain a startup through challenges.', 'The significance of prioritizing culture and people in company building is emphasized, stressing the need for founders to dedicate time and resources to this aspect from the beginning. The significance of prioritizing culture and people in company building is emphasized, stressing the need for founders to dedicate time and resources to this aspect from the beginning.', 'The challenges of leadership and communication are discussed, with a focus on the importance of thoughtful communication and the need to carefully consider the impact of expressing strong emotions in a professional setting. The challenges of leadership and communication are discussed, with a focus on the importance of thoughtful communication and the need to carefully consider the impact of expressing strong emotions in a professional setting.']}], 'duration': 616.807, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84236941.jpg', 'highlights': ['SpaceX and NASA successfully launched humans to space twice, marking a new era of space exploration and commercial crew missions.', 'The casual nature of recent human spaceflight missions contrasts the historical heroic image of astronauts in space.', 'The sentiment of nostalgia for the magical and heroic nature of space exploration, alongside the appreciation for the commonplace occurrence of astronauts coming and going to the space station.', 'The importance of having a compelling vision to drive entrepreneurship and rally a team is highlighted, cautioning against mere opportunism.', 'The significance of prioritizing culture and people in company building is emphasized, stressing the need for founders to dedicate time and resources to this aspect from the beginning.', 'The challenges of leadership and communication are discussed, emphasizing the importance of thoughtful communication and the need to carefully consider the impact of expressing strong emotions in a professional setting.', "The chapter discusses concerns about NASA's funding and pace in space exploration and science, advocating for increased government funding to prevent falling behind other countries."]}, {'end': 5671.231, 'segs': [{'end': 4877.501, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4853.748, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4863.34, 'text': "i'm actually a lot better at it now and it started with things she's like every time you walk through a doorway think you know calm and take breaths before responding,", 'start': 4853.748, 'duration': 9.592}, {'end': 4868.067, 'text': 'and there were all sorts of these little things we did, and it was mostly just changing the habit.', 'start': 4863.34, 'duration': 4.727}, {'end': 4868.838, 'text': 'Yeah.', 'start': 4868.618, 'duration': 0.22}, {'end': 4871.679, 'text': 'Yeah Oh, boy.', 'start': 4869.878, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 4872.7, 'text': "It's a long road.", 'start': 4871.879, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 4877.501, 'text': 'Yeah So people love it when we talk about books.', 'start': 4872.72, 'duration': 4.781}], 'summary': 'Improved communication through mindfulness practices and habit changes.', 'duration': 23.753, 'max_score': 4853.748, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84853748.jpg'}, {'end': 5287.83, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5262.751, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5271.583, 'text': 'yeah, and you know, my husband was never that into fiction, but then someone told him or he heard um, you know,', 'start': 5262.751, 'duration': 8.832}, {'end': 5275.008, 'text': 'you learn a lot of empathy through reading fiction.', 'start': 5271.583, 'duration': 3.425}, {'end': 5276.33, 'text': 'um, so you could think of it that way.', 'start': 5275.008, 'duration': 1.322}, {'end': 5277.985, 'text': "well, yeah, that's kind of what.", 'start': 5276.764, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5286.37, 'text': "yeah, yeah, and it's also fiction is a nice unlike not less so with non-fiction is a chance to travel.", 'start': 5277.985, 'duration': 8.385}, {'end': 5287.83, 'text': 'i see it as kind of traveling.', 'start': 5286.37, 'duration': 1.46}], 'summary': 'Reading fiction enhances empathy and offers a unique form of travel.', 'duration': 25.079, 'max_score': 5262.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE85262751.jpg'}, {'end': 5452.102, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5418.915, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5423.258, 'text': "I do think that you know the goal isn't.", 'start': 5418.915, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 5431.403, 'text': "the meaning isn't anymore just to be like a petri dish of bacteria that reproduces,", 'start': 5423.258, 'duration': 8.145}, {'end': 5437.107, 'text': 'and you know where survival and reproduction are the main objectives.', 'start': 5431.403, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 5439.949, 'text': "and maybe it's because now we're able to answer these.", 'start': 5437.107, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 5442.451, 'text': 'ask those questions.', 'start': 5440.829, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 5444.934, 'text': "That's maybe the turning point.", 'start': 5442.792, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 5452.102, 'text': "And instead, I think it's really the pursuit and generation of knowledge.", 'start': 5446.276, 'duration': 5.826}], 'summary': 'The goal is no longer just survival and reproduction, but the pursuit and generation of knowledge.', 'duration': 33.187, 'max_score': 5418.915, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE85418915.jpg'}, {'end': 5671.231, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5614.108, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5616.369, 'text': 'You work on such an exciting engineering field.', 'start': 5614.108, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 5623.114, 'text': 'And I think this is like what 20th, 21st century will be remembered for is space exploration.', 'start': 5616.87, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 5626.696, 'text': "So this is super exciting space that you're working on.", 'start': 5623.154, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 5630.639, 'text': 'So, and thank you so much for spending your time with me today.', 'start': 5626.836, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 5631.74, 'text': 'Thanks for having me.', 'start': 5630.959, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 5632.36, 'text': 'This was fun.', 'start': 5631.92, 'duration': 0.44}, {'end': 5636.214, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Natalia Bailey.', 'start': 5633.612, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 5638.435, 'text': 'And thank you to our sponsors.', 'start': 5636.534, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 5647.721, 'text': 'Monk Pack Low Carb Snacks, Four Sigmatic Mushroom Coffee, Blinkist, an app that summarizes books and Sun Basket meal delivery service.', 'start': 5638.435, 'duration': 9.286}, {'end': 5652.585, 'text': 'So the choice is snacks, caffeine, knowledge, or a delicious meal.', 'start': 5648.302, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 5654.226, 'text': 'Choose wisely, my friends.', 'start': 5653.165, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 5659.769, 'text': 'And if you wish, click the sponsor links below to get a discount and to support this podcast.', 'start': 5654.666, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 5663.472, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from Carl Sagan.', 'start': 5660.53, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 5667.943, 'text': 'All civilizations become either space-faring or extinct.', 'start': 5664.394, 'duration': 3.549}, {'end': 5671.231, 'text': 'Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 5668.825, 'duration': 2.406}], 'summary': 'Natalia bailey discusses the excitement of space exploration in engineering, sponsored by monk pack, four sigmatic, blinkist, and sun basket.', 'duration': 57.123, 'max_score': 5614.108, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE85614108.jpg'}], 'start': 4853.748, 'title': "Reading's impact and pursuit of knowledge", 'summary': "Explores how reading influenced habits and view of classics, recommends 'tender is the night' and 'the beginning of infinity', and emphasizes harry potter's role. it also discusses the value of fiction in empathy development, pursuit of knowledge, and pondering existential questions, including the importance of space exploration for the future.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5159.58, 'start': 4853.748, 'title': 'Reading impact on habits and love stories', 'summary': "Discusses how reading impacted the speaker's habits and view of classics, with specific recommendations of books like 'tender is the night' and 'the beginning of infinity', and the importance of harry potter in keeping the speaker reading.", 'duration': 305.832, 'highlights': ['The speaker discusses the impact of reading on habits, mentioning the advice of taking breaths before responding and changing habits by reading. NA', "The speaker recommends 'Tender is the Night' by Fitzgerald, highlighting the impact of the flowery prose and its role in transitioning to adult reading. NA", "The speaker discusses 'The Beginning of Infinity' by David Deutsch, emphasizing its rigorous way of talking about big ideas and its influence on the speaker's relationships. NA", 'The speaker expresses the importance of Harry Potter in keeping them reading, indicating a connection with the books due to their journey with the character Harry age-wise. NA']}, {'end': 5671.231, 'start': 5159.8, 'title': 'The power of reading and pursuit of knowledge', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of reading fiction, the pursuit of knowledge, and the meaning of life, emphasizing the value of fiction in developing empathy and the pursuit of knowledge, while pondering the existential questions and the importance of space exploration for the future.', 'duration': 511.431, 'highlights': ['Reading fiction fosters empathy and is a form of efficient traveling, providing the opportunity to meet new characters and explore different worlds.', 'The pursuit and generation of knowledge is considered the core aspect of the meaning of life, focusing on preserving knowledge for future civilizations and evolving beyond mere survival.', 'Space exploration is highlighted as an exciting and meaningful endeavor for the 21st century, emphasizing the importance of space propulsion and the potential for human civilization to become space-faring.', "The naming of the company Axion is revealed to be derived from the summoning charm 'Accio' from Harry Potter, reflecting the influence of fiction in real-world contexts."]}], 'duration': 817.483, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CejJ2aVRUE8/pics/CejJ2aVRUE84853748.jpg', 'highlights': ['The pursuit and generation of knowledge is considered the core aspect of the meaning of life, focusing on preserving knowledge for future civilizations and evolving beyond mere survival.', 'Space exploration is highlighted as an exciting and meaningful endeavor for the 21st century, emphasizing the importance of space propulsion and the potential for human civilization to become space-faring.', 'Reading fiction fosters empathy and is a form of efficient traveling, providing the opportunity to meet new characters and explore different worlds.', 'The speaker discusses the impact of reading on habits, mentioning the advice of taking breaths before responding and changing habits by reading.']}], 'highlights': ['Natalia Bailey, founder of Axion Systems, specializes in efficient space propulsion engines.', 'The potential for finding life beyond Earth excites the speaker and drives their pursuit of knowledge in space engineering.', 'The chapter provides insights into ion engines, their operation, and the challenges related to inefficiencies and temperature management.', 'Nanometer ionic thrusters emit pure ions from cones as small as 20 nanometers.', 'Recent developments indicate a growing interest in exploring nuclear power for space propulsion.', 'The potential future of tens of thousands of satellites in orbit is driven by applications such as imaging and communication.', 'The psychological and social challenges of colonization, including stress and absence of modern amenities, are discussed.', 'SpaceX and NASA successfully launched humans to space twice, marking a new era of space exploration and commercial crew missions.', 'The pursuit and generation of knowledge is considered the core aspect of the meaning of life, focusing on preserving knowledge for future civilizations and evolving beyond mere survival.', 'Reading fiction fosters empathy and is a form of efficient traveling, providing the opportunity to meet new characters and explore different worlds.']}