title
Lee Cronin: Controversial Nature Paper on Evolution of Life and Universe | Lex Fridman Podcast #404

description
Lee Cronin is a chemist at University of Glasgow. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off - Shopify: https://shopify.com/lex to get $1 per month trial - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings - AG1: https://drinkag1.com/lex to get 1 month supply of fish oil TRANSCRIPT: https://lexfridman.com/lee-cronin-3-transcript EPISODE LINKS: Lee's Twitter: https://twitter.com/leecronin Lee's Website: https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/cronin/ Nature Paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06600-9 Chemify's Website: https://chemify.io PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:15 - Assembly theory paper 21:45 - Assembly equation 34:57 - Discovering alien life 53:16 - Evolution of life on Earth 1:01:12 - Response to criticism 1:18:50 - Kolmogorov complexity 1:30:40 - Nature review process 1:51:34 - Time and free will 1:57:59 - Communication with aliens 2:19:57 - Cellular automata 2:24:26 - AGI 2:41:15 - Nuclear weapons 2:47:00 - Chem Machina 2:59:54 - GPT for electron density 3:09:24 - God SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Lee Cronin: Controversial Nature Paper on Evolution of Life and Universe | Lex Fridman Podcast #404', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Lee cronin discusses the search for alien life, assembly theory, reactions to his controversial nature paper, detecting alien life, assembly theory's applications, challenges in scientific endeavors, debates on time's significance, uncertainty in quantum mechanics, ai concerns and risks, and ai's impact on novelty generation and drug discovery.", 'chapters': [{'end': 68.432, 'segs': [{'end': 23.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.129, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7.433, 'text': 'every star in the sky probably has planets and life is probably emerging on these planets.', 'start': 0.129, 'duration': 7.304}, {'end': 11.875, 'text': 'But I think the commentorial space associated to these planets is so different.', 'start': 7.913, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 15.837, 'text': 'Our causal cones are never going to overlap or not easily.', 'start': 12.635, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 18.719, 'text': 'And this is the thing that makes me sad about alien life.', 'start': 16.297, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 23.261, 'text': "Why? it's why we have to create alien life in the lab as quickly as possible,", 'start': 18.779, 'duration': 4.482}], 'summary': "Every star likely has planets with emerging life. causal cones won't overlap easily, prompting the urgency to create alien life in the lab.", 'duration': 23.132, 'max_score': 0.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk129.jpg'}, {'end': 71.335, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 45.262, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 49.527, 'text': 'but we become infinitely more lonely because of our scaffolding in that combinatorial space.', 'start': 45.262, 'duration': 4.265}, {'end': 56.22, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Lee Cronin, his third time on this podcast.', 'start': 52.216, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 61.105, 'text': 'He is a chemist from University of Glasgow who is one of the most fascinating,', 'start': 56.6, 'duration': 4.505}, {'end': 65.969, 'text': "brilliant and fun-to-talk-to scientists I've ever had the pleasure of getting to know.", 'start': 61.105, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 68.432, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 66.65, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 71.335, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 68.712, 'duration': 2.623}], 'summary': 'Lee cronin, a chemist from university of glasgow, discusses loneliness and combinatorial space on the lex friedman podcast.', 'duration': 26.073, 'max_score': 45.262, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk45262.jpg'}], 'start': 0.129, 'title': 'The search for alien life', 'summary': 'Delves into the possibility of life on exoplanets, highlighting concerns about human isolation in a universe teeming with life but separated by vast distances, and stresses the importance of creating alien life in labs to address this gap.', 'chapters': [{'end': 68.432, 'start': 0.129, 'title': 'The search for alien life', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of life on planets orbiting stars, expressing concern about the potential loneliness of humanity in a universe filled with life but separated by vast combinatorial space, while emphasizing the urgency of creating alien life in the lab to bridge the gap.', 'duration': 68.303, 'highlights': ['The possibility of life on planets orbiting stars is discussed, with the assertion that every star in the sky probably has planets and life is likely emerging on these planets. It is mentioned that every star in the sky probably has planets and life is probably emerging on these planets.', 'The concern about the potential loneliness of humanity in a universe filled with life is expressed, emphasizing the urgency of creating alien life in the lab to bridge the gap. The concern is raised that humanity may become infinitely more lonely due to our scaffolding in the combinatorial space, necessitating the urgent creation of alien life in the lab.', "The speaker's fear is expressed that life is everywhere, but humanity may struggle to intersect with alien intelligence in terms of time, space, and the ability to communicate. It is articulated that the fear lies in the difficulty of intersecting with alien intelligence architectures in time, space, and the ability to communicate."]}], 'duration': 68.303, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk129.jpg', 'highlights': ['The concern about the potential loneliness of humanity in a universe filled with life is expressed, emphasizing the urgency of creating alien life in the lab to bridge the gap.', 'The possibility of life on planets orbiting stars is discussed, with the assertion that every star in the sky probably has planets and life is likely emerging on these planets.', "The speaker's fear is expressed that life is everywhere, but humanity may struggle to intersect with alien intelligence in terms of time, space, and the ability to communicate."]}, {'end': 1382.175, 'segs': [{'end': 984.104, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 953.673, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 959.4, 'text': "I'm not saying there's some kind of woo woo memory in the universe, you know, morphic resonance or something.", 'start': 953.673, 'duration': 5.727}, {'end': 967.09, 'text': "I'm saying that there is an actual causal process that is being directed, constrained in some way.", 'start': 959.44, 'duration': 7.65}, {'end': 969.954, 'text': "Um, so it's not kind of, uh, just making everything.", 'start': 967.11, 'duration': 2.844}, {'end': 973.819, 'text': "Yeah, But Lee, what's the factory that made the factory?", 'start': 970.234, 'duration': 3.585}, {'end': 984.104, 'text': 'So, first of all, you assume the laws of physics has just sprung to existence at the beginning.', 'start': 976.762, 'duration': 7.342}], 'summary': 'Discussion on causal processes and the origins of laws of physics.', 'duration': 30.431, 'max_score': 953.673, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk953673.jpg'}, {'end': 1048.287, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1024.378, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1034.462, 'text': 'And the objective of those atoms that are being flung together in say molecule A, have to decompose, so molecules decompose over time.', 'start': 1024.378, 'duration': 10.084}, {'end': 1043.345, 'text': 'So the molecules in this magic environment have to not die, but they do die, they have a half-life.', 'start': 1035.002, 'duration': 8.343}, {'end': 1046.906, 'text': 'So the only way the molecules can get through that environment out the other side.', 'start': 1043.785, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 1048.287, 'text': "let's pretend the environment is a box.", 'start': 1046.906, 'duration': 1.381}], 'summary': 'Molecules in a magic environment decompose with a half-life, but some can make it through.', 'duration': 23.909, 'max_score': 1024.378, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk1024377.jpg'}, {'end': 1159.1, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1127.458, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1133.42, 'text': 'So like, you can assume that most of the objects in the universe are built in the shortest, in the most efficient way.', 'start': 1127.458, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 1139.536, 'text': 'Big leap I just took there.', 'start': 1134.195, 'duration': 5.341}, {'end': 1141.977, 'text': 'Yes and no, because there are other things.', 'start': 1140.056, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 1149.958, 'text': 'In the limit, yes, because you want to tell the difference between things that have required a factory to build them and just random processes.', 'start': 1142.497, 'duration': 7.461}, {'end': 1159.1, 'text': "But you can find instances where the shortest path isn't taken for an individual object, an individual function.", 'start': 1151.219, 'duration': 7.881}], 'summary': 'Objects in the universe are built efficiently, but exceptions exist.', 'duration': 31.642, 'max_score': 1127.458, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk1127458.jpg'}, {'end': 1255.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1222.643, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1223.564, 'text': 'You can work in parallel.', 'start': 1222.643, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 1225.946, 'text': 'You can get your friends together and they can… Yeah.', 'start': 1223.584, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 1231.45, 'text': "And the thing we're working on right now is how to understand these parallel processes.", 'start': 1226.106, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 1235.373, 'text': "Now there's a new thing we've introduced called assembly depth.", 'start': 1231.61, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 1243.758, 'text': "And assembly depth can be lower than the assembly index for a molecule when they're cooperating together,", 'start': 1236.353, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 1246.599, 'text': 'because exactly this parallel processing is going on.', 'start': 1243.758, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 1255.362, 'text': "And my team have been working this out in the last few weeks because we're looking at what compromises does nature need to make when it's making molecules in a cell?", 'start': 1247.56, 'duration': 7.802}], 'summary': 'Research on assembly depth in parallel processes for molecule cooperation.', 'duration': 32.719, 'max_score': 1222.643, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk1222643.jpg'}], 'start': 68.712, 'title': 'Assembly theory and object complexity', 'summary': 'Delves into assembly theory, quantifying object complexity and evolution process based on object copies, with applications in measuring molecules, language, and emoticons, and exploring efficient propagation of motifs and potential computational complexity.', 'chapters': [{'end': 235.732, 'start': 68.712, 'title': 'Assembly theory and object complexity', 'summary': "Discusses assembly theory, which quantifies an object's complexity by the number of steps it took to create it, and the process akin to evolution based on the number of object copies, as presented in the nature-published paper, sparking controversy and interesting discussions.", 'duration': 167.02, 'highlights': ["Assembly theory quantifies an object's complexity by the number of steps it took to create it and the process akin to evolution based on the number of object copies. The theory quantifies an object's complexity by the number of steps it took to create it and the process akin to evolution based on the number of object copies.", 'The paper on assembly theory was published in Nature, sparking controversy and interesting discussions. The paper on assembly theory was published in Nature, sparking controversy and interesting discussions.', 'An object is defined as finite, countable, decomposable, and having a history or memory that contributes to its complexity. An object is defined as finite, countable, decomposable, and having a history or memory that contributes to its complexity.']}, {'end': 599.434, 'start': 236.193, 'title': 'Assembly index in objects', 'summary': 'Discusses the assembly index as the minimum number of steps required to reproduce an object, and its applications in measuring molecules, language, and mathematical theorems, with potential computational complexity and shortcuts revealed through mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.', 'duration': 363.241, 'highlights': ['The assembly index is the minimum number of steps required to reproduce an object, and it is measurable for molecules, with potential applications in language and mathematical theorems. Minimum number of steps to create an object, measurable for molecules, potential applications in language and mathematical theorems.', 'Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance can be used to measure the assembly index of molecules, providing a potential shortcut to calculating the index computationally. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance as methods to measure the assembly index, providing a potential shortcut to computational calculations.', 'The application of assembly theory reaches beyond chemistry to encompass a bigger general theory of objects in the universe, with potential controversial implications. Assembly theory reaching for a bigger general theory of objects in the universe, potentially controversial implications.']}, {'end': 1002.83, 'start': 600.115, 'title': 'Assembly theory of emoticons', 'summary': 'Discusses the assembly theory of emoticons, including the calculation of assembly index and the concept of assembly universe, assembly possible, assembly contingent, and assembly observed, highlighting the importance of causal chain and selection process in creating unique objects.', 'duration': 402.715, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of assembly universe, assembly possible, assembly contingent, and assembly observed, emphasizing the importance of causal chain and selection process in creating unique objects. Concept of assembly universe, assembly possible, assembly contingent, assembly observed; Importance of causal chain and selection process', 'The discussion involves calculating the assembly index for emojis, determining the resolution, and analyzing macro and micro features of pixels, revealing the complexity of defining and assembling graphical objects. Calculation of assembly index for emojis; Analysis of pixel resolution and features', 'The concept of assembly theory challenges the notion of instant access to information and explores the combinatorial universe, scale, and constraints in the assembly process. Challenges of instant access to information; Exploration of combinatorial universe and constraints in assembly process']}, {'end': 1382.175, 'start': 1002.85, 'title': 'Shortest path and efficient propagation', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of the shortest path in the propagation of motifs, emphasizing the efficient construction of objects and molecules, the impact of parallel processes, and its potential application in economic and complex nested systems.', 'duration': 379.325, 'highlights': ['The shortest path concept demonstrates the minimal amount of information required for motif propagation, emphasizing the efficient construction of objects and molecules. Emphasizes the comparison of molecules requiring 10 steps versus 5 steps for survival in a given environment.', 'Parallel processes play a crucial role in construction, where objects can be built efficiently through cooperation and parallelization. Introduces the concept of assembly depth and its impact on the assembly index for molecules, indicating the significance of parallel processing in nature.', "The potential application of the shortest path concept in economic processes and complex nested systems, highlighting the efficiency-driven nature of capitalism and the system's ability to find new shortest paths over time. Draws parallels between the efficient propagation of motifs in nature and the optimization-driven nature of economic processes."]}], 'duration': 1313.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk68712.jpg', 'highlights': ["Assembly theory quantifies an object's complexity by the number of steps it took to create it and the process akin to evolution based on the number of object copies.", 'The assembly index is the minimum number of steps required to reproduce an object, and it is measurable for molecules, with potential applications in language and mathematical theorems.', 'The chapter discusses the concept of assembly universe, assembly possible, assembly contingent, and assembly observed, emphasizing the importance of causal chain and selection process in creating unique objects.', 'The shortest path concept demonstrates the minimal amount of information required for motif propagation, emphasizing the efficient construction of objects and molecules.']}, {'end': 2486.82, 'segs': [{'end': 1411.17, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1382.745, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1384.625, 'text': "When there's two of a thing, that's interesting.", 'start': 1382.745, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 1389.387, 'text': 'Two of a thing is super important, especially if the assembly index is high.', 'start': 1385.166, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 1392.527, 'text': 'So we could say several questions here.', 'start': 1390.127, 'duration': 2.4}, {'end': 1394.068, 'text': "One, let's talk about selection.", 'start': 1392.927, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 1396.388, 'text': 'What is this term selection?', 'start': 1395.148, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 1398.929, 'text': "What is this term evolution that we're referring to??", 'start': 1396.788, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 1403.01, 'text': 'Which aspect of Darwinian evolution are we referring to?', 'start': 1398.969, 'duration': 4.041}, {'end': 1403.95, 'text': "that's interesting here?", 'start': 1403.01, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 1408.389, 'text': 'so yeah, so this is probably what you know.', 'start': 1404.628, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 1408.949, 'text': 'the paper.', 'start': 1408.389, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 1409.429, 'text': 'we should talk about.', 'start': 1408.949, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 1410.09, 'text': 'the pay for a second.', 'start': 1409.429, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 1411.17, 'text': 'the paper did what it did.', 'start': 1410.09, 'duration': 1.08}], 'summary': 'The importance of having two of a thing, especially if the assembly index is high, is discussed in the context of selection and evolution.', 'duration': 28.425, 'max_score': 1382.745, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk1382745.jpg'}, {'end': 1792.539, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1765.125, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1771.87, 'text': 'So selection is the ability happens when an object survives in the environment for some time.', 'start': 1765.125, 'duration': 6.745}, {'end': 1782.457, 'text': "But and this is the thing that's super subtle the object has to be continually being destroyed and made by process.", 'start': 1772.81, 'duration': 9.647}, {'end': 1786.238, 'text': "so it's not just about the process, the object now, it's about the process and time that makes it,", 'start': 1782.457, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 1792.539, 'text': 'because a rock could just stand on the mountainside for four billion years and nothing happened to it.', 'start': 1786.238, 'duration': 6.301}], 'summary': 'Selection is the process where an object must continually be destroyed and made over time to survive in the environment.', 'duration': 27.414, 'max_score': 1765.125, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk1765125.jpg'}, {'end': 2087.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2060.204, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2065.446, 'text': 'And so that, looking at that, so in the initial box, although the amount of assembly was really small,', 'start': 2060.204, 'duration': 5.242}, {'end': 2069.668, 'text': 'it was able to replicate and use all the food and go up.', 'start': 2066.585, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 2080.156, 'text': "And that's what we're trying to do in the lab actually is kind of make those kind of experiments and see if we can spot the emergence of molecular networks that are producing complexity.", 'start': 2070.089, 'duration': 10.067}, {'end': 2087.261, 'text': 'as we feed in raw materials and we feed a challenge, an environment, you know, we try and kill the molecules.', 'start': 2080.156, 'duration': 7.105}], 'summary': 'Initial assembly led to replication and use of all food, aiming to create molecular networks producing complexity in lab experiments.', 'duration': 27.057, 'max_score': 2060.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk2060204.jpg'}], 'start': 1382.745, 'title': "Assembly theory and evolutionary biologists' reactions", 'summary': "Discusses the paper 'assembly theory explains and quantifies selection and evolution' published in nature, highlighting reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, addressing the disconnect between physics and biology, and emphasizing the need to quantify the point at which memories get made in chemistry through bonds.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1657.339, 'start': 1382.745, 'title': "Assembly theory and evolutionary biologists' reactions", 'summary': "Discusses the paper 'assembly theory explains and quantifies selection and evolution' published in nature, highlighting the unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, addressing the disconnect between physics and biology, and emphasizing the need to quantify the point at which memories get made in chemistry through bonds.", 'duration': 274.594, 'highlights': ["The paper 'Assembly Theory Explains and Quantifies Selection and Evolution' published in Nature caused unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, highlighting the disconnect between physics and biology.", 'The paper addresses the need to quantify the point at which memories get made in chemistry through bonds, emphasizing the interesting disconnect between physics and biology.', 'The paper emphasizes the unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, highlighting the disconnect between physics and biology.', "The paper 'Assembly Theory Explains and Quantifies Selection and Evolution' published in Nature caused unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, emphasizing the disconnect between physics and biology.", "The chapter discusses the paper 'Assembly Theory Explains and Quantifies Selection and Evolution' published in Nature, highlighting the unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, addressing the disconnect between physics and biology."]}, {'end': 2282.649, 'start': 1657.979, 'title': 'Understanding selection in molecules', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of selection in molecules, highlighting the criteria for an object to persist in an environment and the importance of turnover in time. it also delves into the potential application of the assembly equation in identifying advanced selection in molecular networks, as well as using high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect potential artifacts of alien life on other planets.', 'duration': 624.67, 'highlights': ["The concept of selection in molecules is based on an object's ability to persist in an environment, while continually being destroyed and made by process, requiring turnover in time for advanced selection. Object's persistence in an environment, turnover in time for advanced selection", 'The potential application of the assembly equation in identifying advanced selection in molecular networks and the emergence of complexity in molecular systems. Application of assembly equation, identification of advanced selection, emergence of complexity', 'Using high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect potential artifacts of alien life on other planets by analyzing the molecular weight and number of fragments of molecules, with a focus on identifying high assembly index artifacts. Utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry, detection of potential artifacts of alien life, focus on high assembly index artifacts']}, {'end': 2486.82, 'start': 2282.689, 'title': 'Concept of identical molecules', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of identical molecules in chemistry, emphasizing the importance of molecular composition and bonding, and the use of detection systems to determine equality, with a mention of assembly theory and its application in comparing objects.', 'duration': 204.131, 'highlights': ["Molecules are considered identical if their molecular composition, bonding, and configuration are indistinguishable, allowing for the existence of a mole of molecules with Avogadro's number of identical copies. The concept of identical molecules in chemistry is based on their indistinguishable molecular composition, bonding, and configuration, enabling the existence of a mole of molecules with Avogadro's number of identical copies.", 'The use of detection systems plays a crucial role in determining the equality of molecules, with the mention of the importance of resolution and the impact of different vibrational and rotational states on the perception of equality. Detection systems are essential in determining the equality of molecules, considering factors such as resolution and the influence of different vibrational and rotational states on the perception of equality.', 'Assembly theory is highlighted as a method for comparing objects based on their indistinguishability and assembly index, which provides insights into the need for different resolutions in determining equality. Assembly theory is mentioned as a method for comparing objects based on their indistinguishability and assembly index, indicating the requirement for different resolutions in determining equality.']}], 'duration': 1104.075, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk1382745.jpg', 'highlights': ["The paper 'Assembly Theory Explains and Quantifies Selection and Evolution' published in Nature caused unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, highlighting the disconnect between physics and biology.", "The concept of selection in molecules is based on an object's ability to persist in an environment, while continually being destroyed and made by process, requiring turnover in time for advanced selection. Object's persistence in an environment, turnover in time for advanced selection", "Molecules are considered identical if their molecular composition, bonding, and configuration are indistinguishable, allowing for the existence of a mole of molecules with Avogadro's number of identical copies. The concept of identical molecules in chemistry is based on their indistinguishable molecular composition, bonding, and configuration, enabling the existence of a mole of molecules with Avogadro's number of identical copies."]}, {'end': 3655.372, 'segs': [{'end': 3211.397, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3183.371, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3186.911, 'text': 'molecules originate originating from the beer sample and the E.', 'start': 3183.371, 'duration': 3.54}, {'end': 3187.671, 'text': 'coli sample.', 'start': 3186.911, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 3191.832, 'text': "So I mean, there, there were, I didn't know which one was higher.", 'start': 3188.051, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 3200.774, 'text': "We wouldn't really do any detail there, because now we are doing that, because one of the things we've done, um, it's a secret, but I can tell you,", 'start': 3191.872, 'duration': 8.902}, {'end': 3202.874, 'text': "I think it's.", 'start': 3200.774, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 3204.694, 'text': "Nobody's listening.", 'start': 3203.914, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 3211.397, 'text': "Well, is that we've just mapped the tree of life using assembly theory, because everyone said, oh, that you can't do it in biology.", 'start': 3205.155, 'duration': 6.242}], 'summary': 'Molecules originating from beer and e. coli were analyzed, but results were not disclosed.', 'duration': 28.026, 'max_score': 3183.371, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3183371.jpg'}, {'end': 3244.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3219.079, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3227.867, 'text': 'So the tree of life is basically tracing back the history of life on Earth, all the different species going back, who evolved from what,', 'start': 3219.079, 'duration': 8.788}, {'end': 3232.23, 'text': 'and it all goes all the way back to the first kind of life forms, and they branch off.', 'start': 3227.867, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 3239.737, 'text': 'And you have plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, the fungi kingdom, and different branches all the way up.', 'start': 3232.331, 'duration': 7.406}, {'end': 3244.399, 'text': "And the way this was classically done, and I'm no evolutionary biologist.", 'start': 3241.198, 'duration': 3.201}], 'summary': 'The tree of life traces the history of life on earth, from the first life forms to various kingdoms and species.', 'duration': 25.32, 'max_score': 3219.079, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3219079.jpg'}, {'end': 3317.621, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3285.346, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3289.467, 'text': "I think he's gone around the world in his yacht, just picking up samples, looking for new species,", 'start': 3285.346, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 3292.568, 'text': "where he's just found new species of life just from sequencing.", 'start': 3289.467, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 3293.489, 'text': "It's amazing.", 'start': 3292.588, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 3302.873, 'text': 'So you have taxonomy, you have sequencing, and then you can also do a little bit of molecular archaeology,', 'start': 3294.349, 'duration': 8.524}, {'end': 3307.735, 'text': 'like measure the samples and form some inference.', 'start': 3302.873, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 3317.621, 'text': 'What we did is we were able to fingerprint So we took a load of random samples from all of biology and we use mass spectrometry.', 'start': 3308.215, 'duration': 9.406}], 'summary': 'Scientist discovers new species from global yacht expedition using sequencing and mass spectrometry.', 'duration': 32.275, 'max_score': 3285.346, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3285346.jpg'}, {'end': 3522.209, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3492.458, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3496.86, 'text': 'I would love to get old fossil samples and apply assembly theory, mass spec,', 'start': 3492.458, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 3503.562, 'text': 'and see if we can find new forms of life that are no longer amenable to gene sequencing, because the DNA is all gone.', 'start': 3496.86, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 3506.883, 'text': 'Because DNA and RNA is quite unstable.', 'start': 3503.582, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 3511.743, 'text': 'but some of the more complex molecules might be there and might give you a hint, something new.', 'start': 3507.881, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 3522.209, 'text': "or wouldn't it be great if you, if you find a sample that's worth really persevering and doing, um, you know, doing, uh, the proper extraction to re,", 'start': 3511.743, 'duration': 10.466}], 'summary': 'Seeking new forms of life from old fossil samples using assembly theory and mass spec to analyze unstable dna and rna, aiming to extract complex molecules for potential discovery.', 'duration': 29.751, 'max_score': 3492.458, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3492458.jpg'}], 'start': 2487.04, 'title': 'Detecting alien life and molecular complexity analysis', 'summary': "Discusses using mass spectrometry to detect alien life, emphasizing molecules' complexity as evidence, and analyzes molecular complexity in various samples, successfully identifying living and dead samples.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2966.156, 'start': 2487.04, 'title': 'Detecting alien life with mass spectrometry', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of mass spectrometry to detect evidence of alien life on mars or other celestial bodies, emphasizing the importance of detecting complexity in molecules as evidence of selection, and highlighting the potential challenges and strategies for building a universal life meter. the approach involves using mass spectrometry and infrared analysis to detect high complexity, high abundant molecules as evidence of life.', 'duration': 479.116, 'highlights': ['The approach involves using mass spectrometry and infrared analysis to detect high complexity, high abundant molecules as evidence of life. The chapter discusses the use of mass spectrometry and infrared analysis to detect high complexity, high abundant molecules as evidence of life, emphasizing the importance of detecting complexity in molecules as evidence of selection.', 'Emphasizing the importance of detecting complexity in molecules as evidence of selection. The chapter emphasizes the importance of detecting complexity in molecules as evidence of selection, highlighting the significance of complexity and abundance as indicators of potential alien life.', 'The potential challenges and strategies for building a universal life meter are discussed. The chapter delves into the potential challenges and strategies for building a universal life meter, including the incorporation of mass spectrometry and infrared analysis, as well as the emphasis on detecting complexity and abundance as evidence of selection.']}, {'end': 3204.694, 'start': 2966.596, 'title': 'Molecular complexity analysis', 'summary': 'Discusses the analysis of molecular complexity in various samples, including whiskey, beer, e. coli, and nasa samples, revealing an assembly index greater than 15 for biological samples and less than 15 for abiotic samples, leading to successful identification of living and dead samples.', 'duration': 238.098, 'highlights': ['The assembly index of biological samples was greater than 15, while abiotic samples were less than 15, leading to successful identification of living and dead samples.', 'Analysis of whiskey, beer, E. coli, and NASA samples revealed high assembly index molecules originating from the beer and E. coli samples.', 'NASA provided super complex samples including fossils, a million-year-old sample, a 10,000-year-old sample, something from Antarctica seabed, and a Murchison meteorite, all analyzed for molecular complexity.', 'The intense brown color and complex flavor of peaty Scottish whiskey is attributed to complex molecules from peat finding their way into the whiskey, driven by molecular complexity.', 'In mass spec analysis, peaks were detected only when there were more than 10,000 identical molecules, and the biological samples gave molecules with an assembly index greater than 15.']}, {'end': 3655.372, 'start': 3205.155, 'title': 'Recreating tree of life with assembly theory', 'summary': 'Discusses the groundbreaking approach of using assembly theory and mass spectrometry to reconstruct the tree of life without gene sequencing, by fingerprinting molecules and inferring common origins, potentially allowing for dating of death and decomposition of molecules.', 'duration': 450.217, 'highlights': ['Using assembly theory and mass spectrometry to reconstruct the tree of life without gene sequencing The method involves using assembly theory and mass spectrometry to recreate the tree of life without relying on gene sequencing, offering a novel approach to understanding the evolutionary history of life on Earth.', 'Fingerprinting molecules and inferring common origins The process involves fingerprinting molecules and inferring common origins based on the assembly space, allowing for the identification of relationships between different life forms and potentially providing new insights into evolutionary history.', 'Potential for dating of death and decomposition of molecules The approach holds the potential for dating the death of molecules and tracing decomposition, offering a new dimension in understanding the age and history of complex molecules, potentially enabling the estimation of how old a molecule is and when it was produced by life.']}], 'duration': 1168.332, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk2487040.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential challenges and strategies for building a universal life meter are discussed.', 'Emphasizing the importance of detecting complexity in molecules as evidence of selection.', 'The approach involves using mass spectrometry and infrared analysis to detect high complexity, high abundant molecules as evidence of life.', 'Analysis of whiskey, beer, E. coli, and NASA samples revealed high assembly index molecules originating from the beer and E. coli samples.', 'Using assembly theory and mass spectrometry to reconstruct the tree of life without gene sequencing', 'Fingerprinting molecules and inferring common origins', 'Potential for dating of death and decomposition of molecules', 'In mass spec analysis, peaks were detected only when there were more than 10,000 identical molecules, and the biological samples gave molecules with an assembly index greater than 15.', 'NASA provided super complex samples including fossils, a million-year-old sample, a 10,000-year-old sample, something from Antarctica seabed, and a Murchison meteorite, all analyzed for molecular complexity.']}, {'end': 4684.548, 'segs': [{'end': 3780.823, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3752.761, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3756.363, 'text': 'if I have a publishing paper and want people to read it, I want to write that badly again.', 'start': 3752.761, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 3760.626, 'text': "I don't know what's the deep insight here about the negativity in the space.", 'start': 3756.383, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 3767.05, 'text': "I think it's probably the immune system of the scientific community making sure that there's no bullshit that gets published.", 'start': 3760.686, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 3773.134, 'text': "And it can overfire, it can do a lot of damage, it can shut down conversations in a way that's not productive.", 'start': 3767.47, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 3778.221, 'text': "I mean, I'll answer your question about the hierarchy and assembly, but let's go back to the reception.", 'start': 3773.599, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 3780.823, 'text': 'People saying the paper was badly written.', 'start': 3778.982, 'duration': 1.841}], 'summary': 'Scientific community ensures quality, but negativity can stifle productive conversations.', 'duration': 28.062, 'max_score': 3752.761, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3752761.jpg'}, {'end': 3995.615, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3965.821, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3973.884, 'text': "Because, look, you know, I didn't People misunderstand publication as well.", 'start': 3965.821, 'duration': 8.063}, {'end': 3979.967, 'text': 'Some of the people have said, how dare this be published in Nature? This is, you know, what a terrible journal.', 'start': 3974.204, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 3993.714, 'text': "And it really, and I want to say to people look, this is a brand new idea that's not only potentially going to change the way we look at biology,", 'start': 3980.927, 'duration': 12.787}, {'end': 3995.615, 'text': "it's gonna change the way we look at the universe.", 'start': 3993.714, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': "New idea in biology could change universe's perspective.", 'duration': 29.794, 'max_score': 3965.821, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3965821.jpg'}, {'end': 4118.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4094.48, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4103.366, 'text': "some people call it think about organizational principles that lots of people were not shocked by the paper because they'd done it before.", 'start': 4094.48, 'duration': 8.886}, {'end': 4106.709, 'text': "A lot of the arguments we got, some people said, oh, it's rubbish.", 'start': 4103.386, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 4108.83, 'text': 'Oh, by the way, I had this idea 20 years before.', 'start': 4107.009, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 4118.081, 'text': 'Which one? Is it the rubbish part or the really revolutionary part? So this kind of plucked two strings at once.', 'start': 4110.84, 'duration': 7.241}], 'summary': 'Transcript discusses organizational principles, with mixed reactions and prior experience.', 'duration': 23.601, 'max_score': 4094.48, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk4094480.jpg'}, {'end': 4389.487, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4359.725, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4363.307, 'text': 'yeah, and that means you need to have a, you need to have some idea of the anatomy.', 'start': 4359.725, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 4365.289, 'text': 'but is there an automated way to discover features?', 'start': 4363.307, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 4367.648, 'text': 'I guess so.', 'start': 4366.828, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 4375.195, 'text': 'I mean, and I think this is a good way to apply machine learning and image recognition just to basically characterize things.', 'start': 4367.669, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 4384.403, 'text': 'To apply compression to it to see what emerges and then use the thing, the features used as part of the compression as the measurement of..', 'start': 4375.215, 'duration': 9.188}, {'end': 4389.487, 'text': "as the thing that is searched for when you're measuring assembly index and copy number.", 'start': 4385.604, 'duration': 3.883}], 'summary': 'Automated feature discovery can apply machine learning and image recognition for assembly index and copy number measurement.', 'duration': 29.762, 'max_score': 4359.725, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk4359725.jpg'}], 'start': 3656.277, 'title': 'Assembly theory and living organisms', 'summary': 'Explores applying assembly theory to living organisms, including chemistry examples, engaging scientific papers, and criticism faced by evolutionary biologists. it delves into the impact on scientific discourse, potential implications on biology and the universe, and the use of assembly theory to measure complexity and quantify selection and evolution.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3704.483, 'start': 3656.277, 'title': 'Applying assembly theory to living organisms', 'summary': 'Discusses applying assembly theory to living organisms, using chemistry examples and exploring the application to complex objects like humans or living organisms made up of millions or billions of other organisms.', 'duration': 48.206, 'highlights': ['Explaining the concept of age in living organisms based on carbon metabolization. Discussing the concept of age in living organisms based on carbon metabolization and accumulation, with examples of different ages based on carbon activity.', 'Applying assembly theory to complex objects like humans or living organisms. Exploring the application of assembly theory to complex objects like humans or living organisms made up of millions or billions of other organisms.', 'Current focus on applying assembly theory to morphology in cells. Discussing the current focus on applying assembly theory to morphology in cells.']}, {'end': 3937.708, 'start': 3704.543, 'title': 'Cell surfaces and scientific criticism', 'summary': 'Discusses the engagement and reception of a scientific paper on cell surfaces, which had 2.3 million engagements on twitter and was downloaded over a few hundred thousand times, while facing criticism from evolutionary biologists and physicists, highlighting the controversial aspects of the paper and its impact on scientific discourse.', 'duration': 233.165, 'highlights': ["The paper had 2.3 million engagements on Twitter and was downloaded over a few hundred thousand times. The significant engagement and downloads indicate widespread interest in the paper's content, demonstrating its impact and relevance within the scientific community and beyond.", 'Received criticism from evolutionary biologists and physicists, revealing controversial aspects of the paper. The criticism from evolutionary biologists and physicists underscores the contentious nature of the paper, highlighting its potential to challenge established scientific beliefs and spark meaningful debate.', "The controversy surrounding the paper's content caused an immune response within the scientific community, impacting discourse and prompting discussions on fundamental concepts such as the origin of life. The paper's controversy led to an immune response within the scientific community, affecting discussions on fundamental concepts and sparking debates on topics such as the origin of life, demonstrating its significant impact on scientific discourse."]}, {'end': 4397.252, 'start': 3937.708, 'title': 'Evolutionary biology criticism', 'summary': 'Discusses the criticism faced by evolutionary biologists for a new idea published in nature, highlighting the potential impact on biology and the universe, the quantifiable nature of the claims, and the application of assembly theory to various levels of biological organization.', 'duration': 459.544, 'highlights': ['The new idea published in Nature is potentially going to change the way we look at biology and the universe, with a focus on being precise, testable, and correctable. The paper presents a new idea that could potentially change the way biology and the universe are perceived, emphasizing the precision, testability, and correctability of the claims.', 'The paper introduces a concrete series of statements that can be falsified and explored, particularly focusing on quantifying selection complexity and copy number in a primitive quantifiable way. The paper introduces a concrete series of statements that can be falsified and explored, emphasizing the quantification of selection complexity and copy number in a primitive quantifiable way.', 'The application of assembly theory to different levels of biological organization, from molecules to cells, tissues, and even culture and memes, is discussed, highlighting the potential for further application to higher scales. The discussion includes the application of assembly theory to various levels of biological organization, ranging from molecules to cells, tissues, culture, and memes, indicating the potential for further application to higher scales.']}, {'end': 4684.548, 'start': 4397.352, 'title': 'Assembly theory and complexity measurement', 'summary': 'Discusses the application of assembly theory to understand the development of brains in evolutionary history and biological development, and its potential for measuring the complexity of living organisms and language, aiming to create a general framework for quantifying selection and evolution.', 'duration': 287.196, 'highlights': ['The application of assembly theory to understand the development of brains in evolutionary history and biological development. The discussion highlights the long lineage of brains in evolutionary history and the potential for using assembly theory to understand the development not just in evolutionary history but also in biological development.', 'The potential for assembly theory to measure the complexity of living organisms and language, aiming to create a general framework for quantifying selection and evolution. The chapter explores the potential of assembly theory to measure the complexity of living organisms and language, aiming to create a general framework for quantifying selection and evolution, with the goal of understanding how to embed more intelligence in large language models.', 'The application of assembly theory to microprocessor architecture. The discussion explores the application of assembly theory to microprocessor architecture, specifically mentioning the M3 processor and its features as an example.']}], 'duration': 1028.271, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk3656277.jpg', 'highlights': ['The paper presents a new idea that could potentially change the way biology and the universe are perceived, emphasizing the precision, testability, and correctability of the claims.', "The significant engagement and downloads indicate widespread interest in the paper's content, demonstrating its impact and relevance within the scientific community and beyond.", "The controversy surrounding the paper's content caused an immune response within the scientific community, impacting discourse and prompting discussions on fundamental concepts such as the origin of life.", 'The discussion includes the application of assembly theory to various levels of biological organization, ranging from molecules to cells, tissues, culture, and memes, indicating the potential for further application to higher scales.', 'The potential for assembly theory to measure the complexity of living organisms and language, aiming to create a general framework for quantifying selection and evolution, with the goal of understanding how to embed more intelligence in large language models.', 'The application of assembly theory to understand the development of brains in evolutionary history and biological development.', 'The discussion explores the application of assembly theory to microprocessor architecture, specifically mentioning the M3 processor and its features as an example.', 'Exploring the application of assembly theory to complex objects like humans or living organisms made up of millions or billions of other organisms.', 'The paper introduces a concrete series of statements that can be falsified and explored, particularly focusing on quantifying selection complexity and copy number in a primitive quantifiable way.', 'Discussing the current focus on applying assembly theory to morphology in cells.', 'The application of assembly theory to different levels of biological organization, from molecules to cells, tissues, and even culture and memes, is discussed, highlighting the potential for further application to higher scales.', 'Received criticism from evolutionary biologists and physicists, revealing controversial aspects of the paper.']}, {'end': 5363.107, 'segs': [{'end': 4765.114, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4729.059, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4730.28, 'text': "Right Because it's all a lineage.", 'start': 4729.059, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 4740.852, 'text': 'Okay, another piece of criticism or by way of question, is how is assembly theory, or maybe assembly index, different from Kolmogorov complexity?', 'start': 4730.7, 'duration': 10.152}, {'end': 4749.402, 'text': "So, for people who don't know, Kolmogorov complexity of an object is the length of a shortest computer program that produces the object as output.", 'start': 4741.513, 'duration': 7.889}, {'end': 4757.71, 'text': 'Yeah, I seem to, there seems to be a disconnect between the computational approach to this.', 'start': 4750.666, 'duration': 7.044}, {'end': 4765.114, 'text': 'So yeah, so a Kolmogorov measure requires a Turing machine, requires a computer.', 'start': 4757.73, 'duration': 7.384}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the differences between assembly theory and kolmogorov complexity, involving computation and turing machines.', 'duration': 36.055, 'max_score': 4729.059, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk4729059.jpg'}, {'end': 5006.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4981.863, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4989.989, 'text': "But it's still computationally very difficult to compute that history right for complex objects.", 'start': 4981.863, 'duration': 8.126}, {'end': 4992.651, 'text': 'It is, it becomes harder.', 'start': 4991.33, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 5000.256, 'text': "But one of the things that's super nice is that it constrains your initial conditions, right? It constrains where you're going to be.", 'start': 4992.671, 'duration': 7.585}, {'end': 5006.801, 'text': "So if you take, say, imagine, so one of the things we're doing right now is applying assembly theory to drug discovery.", 'start': 5000.616, 'duration': 6.185}], 'summary': 'Applying assembly theory to drug discovery for complex objects.', 'duration': 24.938, 'max_score': 4981.863, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk4981863.jpg'}, {'end': 5072.785, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5046.816, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5053.421, 'text': "And that's the same thing if you're looking in assembly spaces for an object where you don't know the entire history,", 'start': 5046.816, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 5061.852, 'text': "but you know that in the history of this object it's not going to have some other motif there that doesn't appear in the past.", 'start': 5053.421, 'duration': 8.431}, {'end': 5072.785, 'text': "But just even for the drug discovery point you made, don't you have to simulate all of chemistry to figure out how to come up with constraints? No.", 'start': 5062.052, 'duration': 10.733}], 'summary': 'Assembly spaces help find objects with known history. simulating all chemistry is not needed for drug discovery.', 'duration': 25.969, 'max_score': 5046.816, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk5046816.jpg'}], 'start': 4684.948, 'title': 'Evolution and assembly theory', 'summary': "Explores the relationship between intelligence and evolution, human ability to abstract, and escape darwinian selection. it also discusses assembly theory's significance in understanding selection processes, causation, and constraints in chemistry, with applications in drug discovery and inferring object history.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4808.15, 'start': 4684.948, 'title': 'Evolution and intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the relationship between intelligence and evolution, emphasizing human ability to abstract and escape darwinian selection, while also comparing assembly theory to kolmogorov complexity.', 'duration': 123.202, 'highlights': ['Human ability to abstract and escape Darwinian selection, enabling thinking beyond trial and error, leading to technological advancements.', 'Comparison between assembly theory and Kolmogorov complexity, highlighting the differences in computational approach and the process of life evolution emergence.', 'Discussion on Kolmogorov complexity as a measure of the compression of a data set, with the realization that it does not provide much insight into the actual identification of complex systems.']}, {'end': 5363.107, 'start': 4808.15, 'title': 'Assembly theory and its applications', 'summary': "Discusses the significance of assembly theory in understanding selection processes, causation, and constraints in chemistry, and its applications in drug discovery, emphasizing the theory's ability to infer object history and constrain initial conditions.", 'duration': 554.957, 'highlights': ['Assembly theory allows us to understand when selections occur, leading to the production of factories, computers, and algorithmic information theory. Selection processes in assembly theory lead to the production of factories and computers, contributing to algorithmic information theory.', "Assembly theory focuses on causal chains, inferring the history of objects and determining their depth in time, providing powerful insights into object creation processes. The theory's emphasis on causal chains enables the inference of object history and depth in time, providing valuable insights into object creation processes.", "Application of assembly theory in drug discovery involves focusing on molecules' evolution over time to constrain the drug discovery process, allowing for informed predictions and targeted research. Using assembly theory in drug discovery involves leveraging the evolution of molecules to constrain research, leading to more targeted and predictive drug discovery processes.", 'The discussion challenges the concept of chemical reactions, emphasizing constraint application over the existence of traditional chemical reactions, highlighting the role of constraints in enabling chemical transformations. The discussion challenges the traditional notion of chemical reactions, emphasizing constraint application and the enabling role of constraints in chemical transformations.']}], 'duration': 678.159, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk4684948.jpg', 'highlights': ['Human ability to abstract and escape Darwinian selection, enabling technological advancements.', "Assembly theory's significance in understanding selection processes, causation, and constraints in chemistry.", 'Application of assembly theory in drug discovery involves leveraging the evolution of molecules to constrain research.']}, {'end': 6661.968, 'segs': [{'end': 5955.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5929.268, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5936.732, 'text': 'i kept it strictly like factual, and all i did is i just kept knocking it down bit by bit by bit by bit by bit,', 'start': 5929.268, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 5940.173, 'text': 'it was ultimately rejected and it got published elsewhere.', 'start': 5937.412, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 5944.173, 'text': 'And then, um, the actual experimental data.', 'start': 5940.193, 'duration': 3.98}, {'end': 5948.574, 'text': 'So this is kind of in this paper, the experimental justification was already published.', 'start': 5944.593, 'duration': 3.981}, {'end': 5955.755, 'text': 'So when we did this one and we went through the versions and, and then we sent it in and in the end it just got accepted.', 'start': 5949.194, 'duration': 6.561}], 'summary': 'Persistence led to success: a rejected paper got accepted after experimental data was published elsewhere.', 'duration': 26.487, 'max_score': 5929.268, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk5929268.jpg'}, {'end': 6312.194, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6282.03, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6283.172, 'text': 'And I thought, I can just go to university.', 'start': 6282.03, 'duration': 1.142}, {'end': 6288.797, 'text': "It's like curious people like, no, no, no, you need to have these, you have to be able to enter these exams to get this grade point average.", 'start': 6283.192, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 6295.964, 'text': "And the fact is the exams you've been entered into, you're not, you're just going to get C, D or E.", 'start': 6289.297, 'duration': 6.667}, {'end': 6299.067, 'text': "You can't even get A, B or C, right? This is the UK GCSEs.", 'start': 6295.964, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 6300.608, 'text': 'I was like, oh shit.', 'start': 6299.087, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 6305.089, 'text': "And I said, can you just put me into the high exams? I said, no, no, you're going to fail.", 'start': 6301.727, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 6306.53, 'text': "There's no chance.", 'start': 6305.109, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 6312.194, 'text': 'So my, my father kind of intervened and said, you know, just let him go in the exams.', 'start': 6307.271, 'duration': 4.923}], 'summary': 'Challenged by uk gcse exams, intervened to take higher exams.', 'duration': 30.164, 'max_score': 6282.03, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk6282030.jpg'}, {'end': 6383.23, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6341.588, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6345.91, 'text': "But they wouldn't let me go into the ABC for math because of some kind of coursework requirement back then.", 'start': 6341.588, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 6348.811, 'text': 'So the top grade I could have got was a C, so C, D, or E.', 'start': 6345.93, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 6349.972, 'text': 'So I got a C.', 'start': 6348.811, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 6355.854, 'text': 'And they let me do kind of AS level math, which is this half intermediate, but go to university.', 'start': 6349.972, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 6357.735, 'text': 'But in the end, I liked chemistry.', 'start': 6356.534, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 6358.795, 'text': 'I had a good chemistry teacher.', 'start': 6357.755, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 6361.276, 'text': 'So in the end, I got to university to do chemistry.', 'start': 6358.835, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 6363.097, 'text': 'So through that kind of process.', 'start': 6361.636, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 6370.902, 'text': "I think for kids in that situation it's easy to start believing that you're not.", 'start': 6363.097, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 6377.726, 'text': "well, how do I put it that you're stupid and basically give up that you're just not good at math, you're not good at school?", 'start': 6370.902, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 6383.23, 'text': 'So this is by way of advice for people, for interesting people.', 'start': 6378.447, 'duration': 4.783}], 'summary': 'Struggled in math, got a c grade, pursued chemistry, and advises others.', 'duration': 41.642, 'max_score': 6341.588, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk6341588.jpg'}, {'end': 6511.736, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6484.959, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 6489.302, 'text': "I hire people that I think that you know I'm kind of home.", 'start': 6484.959, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 6490.843, 'text': "I, if there's persistent enough.", 'start': 6489.442, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 6493.965, 'text': 'um, who am i to deny them the chance?', 'start': 6491.984, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 6498.488, 'text': 'because you know, people gave me a chance and i was able to do stuff.', 'start': 6493.965, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 6499.789, 'text': 'do you believe in yourself?', 'start': 6498.488, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 6502.07, 'text': "essentially, i'm i like.", 'start': 6499.789, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 6505.932, 'text': 'so i love being around smart people and i love confusing smart people.', 'start': 6502.07, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 6511.736, 'text': "and when i'm confusing smart people and you know, not by stealing their wallets and hiding it somewhere, but if i can confuse smart people,", 'start': 6505.932, 'duration': 5.804}], 'summary': 'Entrepreneur values persistence, believes in giving chances, and enjoys being around smart people.', 'duration': 26.777, 'max_score': 6484.959, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk6484959.jpg'}, {'end': 6661.087, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6626.459, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6630.082, 'text': "i'm like, but i'm not criticizing, you know you as a person.", 'start': 6626.459, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 6634.487, 'text': "i'm just criticizing the idea and trying to make it better and say well, what about this?", 'start': 6630.082, 'duration': 4.405}, {'end': 6636.829, 'text': "and you know, and sometimes i'm kind of.", 'start': 6634.487, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 6641.253, 'text': 'you know my filters are kind of truncated in some ways.', 'start': 6636.829, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 6642.654, 'text': "I'm just like, that's wrong, that's wrong, that's wrong.", 'start': 6641.293, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 6643.234, 'text': 'I want to do this.', 'start': 6642.674, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 6646.957, 'text': "And people are like, oh my God, you just told me, you destroyed my life's work.", 'start': 6643.274, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 6648.178, 'text': "I'm like, relax.", 'start': 6646.997, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 6650.439, 'text': "No, I'm just like, let's make it better.", 'start': 6648.378, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 6661.087, 'text': "And I think that we don't do that enough, because we're either personally critical, which isn't helpful, or we don't give any criticism at all,", 'start': 6651.04, 'duration': 10.047}], 'summary': 'Advocating for constructive criticism to improve ideas and work, rather than personal attacks or no feedback at all.', 'duration': 34.628, 'max_score': 6626.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk6626459.jpg'}], 'start': 5363.848, 'title': 'Challenges in scientific endeavors', 'summary': 'Covers various challenges in scientific endeavors including constraints in natural language conversation, challenges in publishing scientific papers, perseverance in publishing, overcoming learning difficulties, and innovation through criticism. it discusses grammar emergence, constraint application in chemistry, the process of publishing scientific papers, perseverance in publishing despite backlash, overcoming learning difficulties, and fostering innovation through constructive criticism.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5408.876, 'start': 5363.848, 'title': 'Constraints in natural language conversation', 'summary': "Discusses the emergence of grammar in reactions, the applicability of constraint application in the chemistry of the universe, and the potential implications for assembly theory, with a humorous mention of the reaction's inaccessibility on venus and the mixed reaction of chemists to the discussion.", 'duration': 45.028, 'highlights': ['The emergence of grammar in reactions and the reliable use of constraints in chemistry.', "The potential implications for assembly theory and the broader picture of the universe's chemistry.", 'Humorous mention of the inaccessibility of the Wittek reaction on Venus and the mixed reaction of chemists to the discussion.']}, {'end': 5696.107, 'start': 5410.137, 'title': 'Challenges in publishing scientific papers', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced in publishing a significant scientific paper, including the process of rewriting the paper, receiving critical feedback, and going through multiple rounds of review before finally getting it published in a prestigious journal.', 'duration': 285.97, 'highlights': ['The paper went through 160 versions before reaching the final one, with 40 versions being rewritten from scratch, and ultimately went through three rounds of review before being accepted. The authors went through an extensive process of rewriting the paper multiple times, with 40 versions being rewritten from scratch, and ultimately undergoing three rounds of review before being accepted.', 'The first assembly paper on mass spec sent to Nature went through six rounds of review and got rejected, while the current paper faced critical yet constructive feedback from reviewers, eventually leading to its acceptance. The previous assembly paper on mass spec faced rejection after six rounds of review, whereas the current paper received critical yet constructive feedback from reviewers, leading to its acceptance.', "The feedback from the editor and reviewers led to the removal of excessive equations from the paper, emphasizing the challenge of explaining complex concepts in a more understandable way. The editor and reviewers' feedback prompted the removal of excessive equations from the paper, highlighting the challenge of simplifying complex concepts for better understanding.", 'The author expresses the psychological impact of facing rejection and critical feedback, especially when trying to publish high-level scientific work, referencing previous experiences of rejection and disbelief from the scientific community. The author reflects on the psychological impact of facing rejection and critical feedback, drawing from previous experiences of rejection and disbelief from the scientific community when attempting to publish high-level scientific work.']}, {'end': 6110.712, 'start': 5696.587, 'title': 'Perseverance in publishing', 'summary': "Details the author's perseverance in getting a rejected scientific paper published, facing backlash, and the significance of the paper's discussion in pushing towards a new paradigm in evolutionary theory.", 'duration': 414.125, 'highlights': ["The author faced rejection and comments that they 'totally don't get it' for the paper, which compressed 'five years of angst' and was initially considered 'nonsense' and 'fraud' by some, but ultimately got accepted and published elsewhere.", "The author's paper discusses a concrete quantification before biological evolution, pushing towards an autocatalytic set and self-replicating molecules, and has sparked significant discourse, fulfilling the author's dream of contributing to a new paradigm in evolutionary theory.", "The editor's response to the backlash was positive, acknowledging the controversial but impactful nature of the paper and emphasizing the importance of discourse and the potential for the paper to lead to a new paradigm in evolutionary theory."]}, {'end': 6459.297, 'start': 6111.072, 'title': 'Overcoming learning difficulties', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's journey of overcoming learning difficulties, being denied access to advanced education due to poor academic performance, and still pursuing a career in science, ultimately leading to university admission and studying chemistry.", 'duration': 348.225, 'highlights': ['The speaker faced learning difficulties in primary and secondary school, struggling with poor handwriting, reading, and mathematics, leading to being placed in a remedial class.', 'Despite being denied entry to advanced exams due to low expected grades, the speaker passed the exams and got into A-levels, but was restricted from taking A-level maths due to a poor GCSE math grade.', "The speaker's passion for science and curiosity drove them to pursue a career in science, leading to studying chemistry at university despite facing academic challenges."]}, {'end': 6661.968, 'start': 6459.297, 'title': 'Innovation through criticism', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of first principle thinking, surrounding oneself with smart individuals, and embracing constructive criticism to foster innovation and growth, emphasizing the value of not giving up and the need for actionable feedback.', 'duration': 202.671, 'highlights': ['Embracing constructive criticism and integrating feedback is essential for growth and innovation. The speaker emphasizes the importance of receiving actionable criticism to improve and nurture new ideas, highlighting the value of integrating feedback to enhance innovation.', 'Surrounding oneself with smart individuals and challenging their perspectives can lead to innovative breakthroughs. The speaker values being around intelligent individuals and enjoys confusing them as a means of gauging the potential for interesting ideas, emphasizing the importance of engaging with smart peers to stimulate innovation.', 'The significance of not giving up and believing in oneself is highlighted. The speaker emphasizes the value of perseverance and self-belief, citing personal determination and curiosity as driving forces for finding answers and achieving success.']}], 'duration': 1298.12, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk5363848.jpg', 'highlights': ["The author's paper discusses a concrete quantification before biological evolution, pushing towards an autocatalytic set and self-replicating molecules, and has sparked significant discourse, fulfilling the author's dream of contributing to a new paradigm in evolutionary theory.", 'The feedback from the editor and reviewers led to the removal of excessive equations from the paper, emphasizing the challenge of explaining complex concepts in a more understandable way.', 'The first assembly paper on mass spec sent to Nature went through six rounds of review and got rejected, while the current paper faced critical yet constructive feedback from reviewers, eventually leading to its acceptance.', 'The author reflects on the psychological impact of facing rejection and critical feedback, drawing from previous experiences of rejection and disbelief from the scientific community when attempting to publish high-level scientific work.', "The speaker's passion for science and curiosity drove them to pursue a career in science, leading to studying chemistry at university despite facing academic challenges.", 'The emergence of grammar in reactions and the reliable use of constraints in chemistry.', 'Embracing constructive criticism and integrating feedback is essential for growth and innovation. The speaker emphasizes the importance of receiving actionable criticism to improve and nurture new ideas, highlighting the value of integrating feedback to enhance innovation.', 'Surrounding oneself with smart individuals and challenging their perspectives can lead to innovative breakthroughs. The speaker values being around intelligent individuals and enjoys confusing them as a means of gauging the potential for interesting ideas, emphasizing the importance of engaging with smart peers to stimulate innovation.', 'The significance of not giving up and believing in oneself is highlighted. The speaker emphasizes the value of perseverance and self-belief, citing personal determination and curiosity as driving forces for finding answers and achieving success.']}, {'end': 7473.91, 'segs': [{'end': 7033.961, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7007.119, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7013.325, 'text': 'biological evolution and then you have multicellularity than animals and abstraction.', 'start': 7007.119, 'duration': 6.206}, {'end': 7020.891, 'text': 'And with abstraction, there was another kick because you can then build architectures and computers and cultures and language.', 'start': 7013.365, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 7027.776, 'text': "And these things are the biggest things that exist in the universe because we can just build architectures that couldn't naturally arise anywhere.", 'start': 7021.311, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 7033.961, 'text': "And the further that distance goes in time and this kind of is just, it's gigantic.", 'start': 7028.196, 'duration': 5.765}], 'summary': 'Biological evolution led to multicellularity, animals, and abstraction, enabling the creation of architectures, computers, cultures, and language, which are significant advancements in the universe.', 'duration': 26.842, 'max_score': 7007.119, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7007119.jpg'}, {'end': 7078.504, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7053.738, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7060.564, 'text': "But how do you know there's not nearly infinite number of places where cool stuff like this is going on? I agree.", 'start': 7053.738, 'duration': 6.826}, {'end': 7069.013, 'text': "And I would say, I'll say again that Earth is the most gigantic thing we know in the universe, commentatorily, we know.", 'start': 7061.004, 'duration': 8.009}, {'end': 7070.795, 'text': 'We know.', 'start': 7069.033, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 7078.504, 'text': 'Now, I guess, this is just purely a guess, I have no data, but other than hope, well, maybe not hope, maybe, no, I have some data.', 'start': 7071.516, 'duration': 6.988}], 'summary': 'Earth is the most gigantic thing we know in the universe.', 'duration': 24.766, 'max_score': 7053.738, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7053738.jpg'}, {'end': 7392.519, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7363.437, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7368.48, 'text': 'literally completely different chemistry that we will be able to pass information from one another.', 'start': 7363.437, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 7370.062, 'text': "But it's not a given.", 'start': 7369.061, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 7382.115, 'text': 'And, you know, I have to kind of try and divorce hope and emotion, you know, away from what I can logically justify.', 'start': 7371.203, 'duration': 10.912}, {'end': 7392.519, 'text': "But it's just hard to intuit a world, a universe where there's nearly infinite complexity objects and they somehow can't detect each other.", 'start': 7382.554, 'duration': 9.965}], 'summary': 'New chemistry enables information transfer; infinite complexity objects should detect each other.', 'duration': 29.082, 'max_score': 7363.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7363437.jpg'}, {'end': 7473.91, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7432.999, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7438.12, 'text': 'But I think this commentorial space tells us something very important about the universe.', 'start': 7432.999, 'duration': 5.121}, {'end': 7444.182, 'text': 'I realized in assembly theory that the universe is too big to contain itself.', 'start': 7439.961, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 7455.248, 'text': "And I think this is, now coming back, and I want to kind of change your mind about time, because I'm guessing that your time is just coordinate.", 'start': 7445.762, 'duration': 9.486}, {'end': 7457.29, 'text': "So I'm going to change your mind.", 'start': 7455.669, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 7458.531, 'text': "I'm guessing you're one of those, yeah.", 'start': 7457.35, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 7462.033, 'text': "I'm going to change your mind in real time, or at least attempt.", 'start': 7458.551, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 7463.382, 'text': 'Oh, in real time.', 'start': 7462.421, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 7463.922, 'text': 'There you go.', 'start': 7463.522, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 7467.545, 'text': 'I already got the tattoo, so this is going to be embarrassing if you change my mind.', 'start': 7464.162, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 7472.389, 'text': 'But you can just add an arrow of time onto it, right? Yeah, true.', 'start': 7467.825, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 7473.91, 'text': 'Or erase it a bit.', 'start': 7472.429, 'duration': 1.481}], 'summary': 'The universe is too big to contain itself, and time is just a coordinate.', 'duration': 40.911, 'max_score': 7432.999, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7432999.jpg'}], 'start': 6663.669, 'title': "Time and universe's significance", 'summary': 'Explores debates on the fundamentality of time and its impact on assembly theory and free will, as well as the significance of earth in the universe, including the potential for creating alien life in the lab and the constraints and possibilities of the universe.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6934.966, 'start': 6663.669, 'title': 'Debating the fundamentality of time', 'summary': "Explores debates around the fundamentality of time, discussing how different conceptions of time impact assembly theory and the universe's ability to produce combinatorial novelty, while highlighting the necessity of time for free will and the limitations of predicting future events.", 'duration': 271.297, 'highlights': ["The necessity of time for assembly theory and combinatorial novelty production is discussed, challenging conceptions of time's fundamentality in the universe.", 'The argument that time is fundamental for free will is presented, emphasizing the need to shift from platonic mathematics to intuitionist mathematics.', "The limitation of the law of the excluded middle in predicting future events is explained, supporting the argument for time's fundamentality.", "The concept that the universe is not big enough to contain the future reinforces the idea of time's fundamentality and the impossibility of predicting future events with perfect information."]}, {'end': 7473.91, 'start': 6934.986, 'title': "The universe and earth's significance", 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of earth in the universe, the potential for creating alien life in the lab, and the implications of the vast combinatorial space on communication with other life forms, with a focus on the constraints and possibilities of the universe.', 'duration': 538.924, 'highlights': ["Earth as the largest place in the universe due to combinatorial scaffolding, biological selection, and the ability to build architectures, cultures, and languages. The speaker emphasizes Earth's significance in the universe, attributing it to the combinatorial scaffolding, biological selection, and the ability to build architectures, cultures, and languages, which he considers the biggest things in the universe.", 'The potential for creating alien life in the lab to intersect with alien intelligence and architectures, and the desire to make a planet simulator for this purpose. The speaker expresses an interest in creating alien life in the lab to intersect with alien intelligence and architectures, highlighting the need for a planet simulator to achieve this and emphasizing the importance of this endeavor.', "The speaker's dream of creating life in the lab based on different constraints to understand the general nature of life and selection, and the possibility of using telescopes to seek combinatorial overlap with other planets. The speaker envisions creating life in the lab based on different constraints to understand the general nature of life and selection, expressing the possibility of using telescopes to seek combinatorial overlap with other planets and emphasizing the significance of this approach."]}], 'duration': 810.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk6663669.jpg', 'highlights': ["The necessity of time for assembly theory and combinatorial novelty production is discussed, challenging conceptions of time's fundamentality in the universe.", 'The argument that time is fundamental for free will is presented, emphasizing the need to shift from platonic mathematics to intuitionist mathematics.', "The limitation of the law of the excluded middle in predicting future events is explained, supporting the argument for time's fundamentality.", "The concept that the universe is not big enough to contain the future reinforces the idea of time's fundamentality and the impossibility of predicting future events with perfect information.", "Earth as the largest place in the universe due to combinatorial scaffolding, biological selection, and the ability to build architectures, cultures, and languages. The speaker emphasizes Earth's significance in the universe, attributing it to the combinatorial scaffolding, biological selection, and the ability to build architectures, cultures, and languages, which he considers the biggest things in the universe.", 'The potential for creating alien life in the lab to intersect with alien intelligence and architectures, and the desire to make a planet simulator for this purpose. The speaker expresses an interest in creating alien life in the lab to intersect with alien intelligence and architectures, highlighting the need for a planet simulator to achieve this and emphasizing the importance of this endeavor.', "The speaker's dream of creating life in the lab based on different constraints to understand the general nature of life and selection, and the possibility of using telescopes to seek combinatorial overlap with other planets. The speaker envisions creating life in the lab based on different constraints to understand the general nature of life and selection, expressing the possibility of using telescopes to seek combinatorial overlap with other planets and emphasizing the significance of this approach."]}, {'end': 8732.934, 'segs': [{'end': 7557.515, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7519.88, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7521.121, 'text': "Here's a problem with numbers.", 'start': 7519.88, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 7524.063, 'text': 'This is where Hilbert and Brauer fell out.', 'start': 7521.281, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 7532.309, 'text': "To have the coordinates of this object, a given object, as they're colliding, you have to have them to infinite precision.", 'start': 7527.806, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 7533.63, 'text': "That's what Hilbert says.", 'start': 7532.73, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 7535.772, 'text': 'He says, no problem, infinite precision is fine.', 'start': 7534.031, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 7537.313, 'text': "Let's just take that for granted.", 'start': 7536.212, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 7545.089, 'text': "But when the object is finite and it can't store its own coordinates, what do you do??", 'start': 7538.074, 'duration': 7.015}, {'end': 7557.515, 'text': "So, in principle, if a finite object cannot be specified to infinite precision, in principle the initial conditions don't apply.", 'start': 7549.111, 'duration': 8.404}], 'summary': 'The problem arises when finite objects cannot be specified to infinite precision, affecting initial conditions.', 'duration': 37.635, 'max_score': 7519.88, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7519880.jpg'}, {'end': 7618.255, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7592.356, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7598.602, 'text': 'So we can work out how many atoms there are in the golf ball, and we can store the coordinates in that golf ball down to that number.', 'start': 7592.356, 'duration': 6.246}, {'end': 7599.523, 'text': "But beyond that, we can't.", 'start': 7598.642, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 7601.484, 'text': "Let's make the golf ball smaller.", 'start': 7600.223, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 7608.15, 'text': 'And this is where I think that we think that we get randomness in quantum mechanics.', 'start': 7603.148, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 7610.631, 'text': "And some people say, you can't get randomness in quantum mechanics, it's deterministic.", 'start': 7608.21, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 7618.255, 'text': 'But aha, this is where we realize that classical mechanics and quantum mechanics suffer from the same uncertainty principle.', 'start': 7610.972, 'duration': 7.283}], 'summary': 'Quantum mechanics involves uncertainty principle in determining atomic coordinates.', 'duration': 25.899, 'max_score': 7592.356, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7592356.jpg'}, {'end': 8284.001, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8257.001, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8260.404, 'text': "That's what was just kind of the future being bigger than the past.", 'start': 8257.001, 'duration': 3.403}, {'end': 8268.049, 'text': "Well, that's one statement, and the statement that the universe is not big enough to contain the future is another statement.", 'start': 8262.545, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 8270.169, 'text': 'Yeah Yeah, yeah, yeah.', 'start': 8268.308, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 8271.049, 'text': 'That one is a big one.', 'start': 8270.189, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 8272.751, 'text': "That one's a really big one.", 'start': 8271.068, 'duration': 1.683}, {'end': 8273.712, 'text': 'I think so.', 'start': 8273.091, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 8278.396, 'text': "But I think it's entirely, because look, we have the second law.", 'start': 8274.232, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 8284.001, 'text': "And right now, I mean, we don't need the second law if the future's bigger than the past.", 'start': 8278.415, 'duration': 5.586}], 'summary': 'The future being bigger than the past, universe not big enough to contain the future, and the significance of the second law.', 'duration': 27, 'max_score': 8257.001, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk8257001.jpg'}, {'end': 8382.08, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8356.713, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8362.477, 'text': 'which is one of the most complex natural products produced by biology, was going to be invented by biology.', 'start': 8356.713, 'duration': 5.764}, {'end': 8364.539, 'text': "It's an accident.", 'start': 8362.537, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 8365.98, 'text': 'Taxol is unique to Earth.', 'start': 8364.558, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 8368.101, 'text': "There's no taxol elsewhere in the universe.", 'start': 8366.04, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 8372.764, 'text': 'And taxol was not decided by the initial conditions.', 'start': 8368.481, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 8378.648, 'text': 'It was decided by this interplay between the..', 'start': 8373.665, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 8382.08, 'text': 'So the past simply is embedded in the present.', 'start': 8378.648, 'duration': 3.432}], 'summary': 'Taxol, a complex natural product, unique to earth, was not decided by initial conditions, but by the interplay between biology and the environment.', 'duration': 25.367, 'max_score': 8356.713, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk8356713.jpg'}, {'end': 8442.003, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8409.184, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8411.845, 'text': 'given just basic rules and basic initial conditions?', 'start': 8409.184, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 8417.447, 'text': 'I think that this falls into the Brouwer-Hilbert trap.', 'start': 8412.365, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 8427.552, 'text': 'So how do you get a cellular automata to produce a complexity? You have a computer, you generate a display, and you map the change of that in time.', 'start': 8418.388, 'duration': 9.164}, {'end': 8431.855, 'text': 'there are some CAs repeat, like functions.', 'start': 8429.092, 'duration': 2.763}, {'end': 8434.677, 'text': "It's fascinating to me that for pi,", 'start': 8432.375, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 8442.003, 'text': 'there is a formula where you can go to the millionth decimal place of pi and read out the number without having to go there.', 'start': 8434.677, 'duration': 7.326}], 'summary': "Exploring cellular automata's complexity and pi's infinite decimal places.", 'duration': 32.819, 'max_score': 8409.184, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk8409184.jpg'}, {'end': 8603.726, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8569.486, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8571.588, 'text': "If you could, then it'd be fine.", 'start': 8569.486, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 8579.213, 'text': 'And that time is the foundation of the history, the memory of each of the things it created.', 'start': 8571.608, 'duration': 7.605}, {'end': 8584.417, 'text': 'It has to have that memory of all the things that led up to it.', 'start': 8579.233, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 8587.202, 'text': "think it's yeah, you have to have the resource.", 'start': 8585.021, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 8591.483, 'text': 'yeah, because time is a fundamental resource.', 'start': 8587.202, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 8594.904, 'text': "and and um, yeah, i'm becoming.", 'start': 8591.483, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 8603.726, 'text': 'i think i had a major um epiphany about randomness, but i keep doing that every two days and then it goes away again.', 'start': 8594.904, 'duration': 8.822}], 'summary': 'Time is a fundamental resource with a crucial role in history and memory.', 'duration': 34.24, 'max_score': 8569.486, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk8569486.jpg'}], 'start': 7474.771, 'title': 'The fundamental nature of time and uncertainty in quantum mechanics', 'summary': 'Discusses the uncertainty principle and its implications in quantum mechanics, as well as the fundamental nature of time, emphasizing non-determinism and the generation of novelty in the universe, with examples including taxol uniqueness and the future of agi.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7711.994, 'start': 7474.771, 'title': 'Uncertainty in quantum mechanics', 'summary': 'Discusses the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, highlighting the inability to specify initial conditions with infinite precision, leading to non-determinism and the generation of new phenomena in the universe.', 'duration': 237.223, 'highlights': ['The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics leads to the inability to specify initial conditions with infinite precision, resulting in non-determinism and the generation of new phenomena in the universe.', 'Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics both suffer from the same uncertainty principle, contributing to the inability to specify initial conditions to a precise enough degree for determinism.', "The argument emphasizes the challenge of storing infinite precision coordinates for finite objects, highlighting the limitations in predicting future events with precision due to the universe's intrinsic complexity."]}, {'end': 7909.785, 'start': 7715.695, 'title': 'Fundamental nature of time', 'summary': "Discusses the fundamental nature of time and free will, emphasizing the potential for experiments to prove time's fundamentality and the rejection of deterministic views in favor of non-determinism and novelty generation in the universe.", 'duration': 194.09, 'highlights': ["Experiments to prove time's fundamentality The speaker emphasizes the importance of conducting experiments to demonstrate that time is fundamental and the universe is generating novelty.", 'Rejection of deterministic views in favor of non-determinism The discussion rejects deterministic views and supports non-determinism as the mechanism for creativity and novelty in the universe.', 'Challenging the idea of Boltzmann brain The speaker expresses skepticism towards the idea of the Boltzmann brain, emphasizing the computational argument and the vastness of the space of possibility.', 'Importance of non-determinism in assembly theory The conversation highlights the significance of non-determinism in assembly theory, which explains the transition from predictable time to creative time.', 'Discussion on free will and time fundamentality The conversation delves into the relationship between free will and time fundamentality, linking the acceptance of free will to the belief in time as fundamental.']}, {'end': 8330.7, 'start': 7909.785, 'title': 'Life as a novelty miner', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of life as a novelty miner, exploring the origin of novelty, the relationship between determinism and indeterminism, and the idea of the future being larger than the past, aiming to crack the non-life-to-life transition and understand the mechanism of novelty mining.', 'duration': 420.915, 'highlights': ['Life as a novelty miner from the future actualized in the present The concept of life as a novelty miner is introduced, emphasizing its role in actualizing novelty from the future into the present.', 'Debating randomness and constrained opportunity in generating novelty The debate on randomness and the introduction of the concept of constrained opportunity as a mechanism for generating novelty is discussed.', 'Understanding the universe as deterministic in the past and undetermined in the future The viewpoint of the universe being deterministic in the past and undetermined in the future is presented, along with the challenges in reconciling determinism, indeterminism, and the non-life-to-life transition.', 'Challenging the traditional laws of physics and exploring the breakdown in precision of initial conditions The discussion on challenging traditional laws of physics and exploring the breakdown in precision of initial conditions is highlighted, along with the need to shift focus towards trajectories and combinatorial space in an expanding universe.', "Reconsidering the conception of time and the future's relationship to the present The concept of the future being larger than the present in a deterministic universe and the need to understand the mechanism of transitioning states, potentially involving indeterminism, is put forward."]}, {'end': 8732.934, 'start': 8331.241, 'title': 'The role of time in complexity and evolution', 'summary': 'Explores how complexity in the universe is shaped by the interplay of evolutionary processes, the role of time and initial conditions, illustrated through examples such as the uniqueness of taxol, cellular automata, and the limitations of predicting complexity, while also debating the nature of intelligence and the future of agi.', 'duration': 401.693, 'highlights': ['The interplay of evolutionary processes gives rise to complex molecules, such as taxol, one of the most complex natural products produced by biology, which is unique to Earth. Taxol, a complex natural product unique to Earth, serves as an example of how evolutionary processes shape complexity, highlighting the role of biology in producing intricate molecules.', 'Cellular automata (CAs) are capable of generating incredible complexity with basic rules and initial conditions, showcasing the limitations in predicting complexity and the role of time in shaping novelty. The discussion on cellular automata demonstrates how basic rules and initial conditions can lead to remarkable complexity, emphasizing the influence of time in generating novelty and the challenges in predicting outcomes.', 'The debate on the nature of intelligence and the future of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) presents contrasting perspectives, with skepticism about our understanding of AGI and the belief in the potential of technology. The contrasting perspectives on AGI highlight the uncertainty surrounding our comprehension of intelligence and the future of technology, challenging the beliefs about the regulation and potential of AI.']}], 'duration': 1258.163, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk7474771.jpg', 'highlights': ['The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics leads to non-determinism and the generation of new phenomena in the universe.', 'Classical and quantum mechanics both suffer from the same uncertainty principle, contributing to the inability to specify initial conditions for determinism.', "Experiments to prove time's fundamentality emphasize the importance of demonstrating that time is fundamental and the universe generates novelty.", 'The rejection of deterministic views in favor of non-determinism supports creativity and novelty in the universe.', 'The concept of life as a novelty miner emphasizes its role in actualizing novelty from the future into the present.', 'Taxol, a complex natural product unique to Earth, serves as an example of how evolutionary processes shape complexity.', 'Cellular automata demonstrate how basic rules and initial conditions can lead to remarkable complexity, emphasizing the influence of time in generating novelty.', 'The debate on the nature of intelligence and the future of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) presents contrasting perspectives.']}, {'end': 9997.566, 'segs': [{'end': 8936.981, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8911.499, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8919.546, 'text': 'And we need to be careful about how we use those tools in terms of manipulating human beings and faking stuff, right? Right.', 'start': 8911.499, 'duration': 8.047}, {'end': 8923.649, 'text': "Well, let me try to sort of steel man the AI doomer's argument.", 'start': 8919.586, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 8925.332, 'text': "Actually, I don't know.", 'start': 8924.531, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 8932.758, 'text': "Are AI Doomers in the Yudkowsky camp saying it's definitely going to kill us? Because there's a spectrum.", 'start': 8925.352, 'duration': 7.406}, {'end': 8934.799, 'text': '95%, I think, is the limit.', 'start': 8932.778, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 8936.2, 'text': '95% plus? No, not plus.', 'start': 8934.819, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 8936.981, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 8936.301, 'duration': 0.68}], 'summary': 'Discusses caution with ai manipulation and the uncertainty of its impact.', 'duration': 25.482, 'max_score': 8911.499, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk8911499.jpg'}, {'end': 9080.127, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9052.024, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9054.005, 'text': "Here's a number of reasons to fail it on.", 'start': 9052.024, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 9058.287, 'text': "First of all, we don't know where the intention comes from.", 'start': 9054.685, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 9064.811, 'text': 'The problem is that people think, they keep, you know, watching all the hucksters online with the prompt engineering and all this stuff.', 'start': 9058.387, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 9075.022, 'text': 'When I talk to a typical AI computer scientist, they keep talking about the AI as having some kind of decision-making ability.', 'start': 9066.652, 'duration': 8.37}, {'end': 9076.344, 'text': 'That is a category error.', 'start': 9075.303, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 9080.127, 'text': 'The decision-making ability comes from human beings.', 'start': 9077.745, 'duration': 2.382}], 'summary': 'The ai lacks decision-making ability, which comes from human beings.', 'duration': 28.103, 'max_score': 9052.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk9052024.jpg'}, {'end': 9626.61, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9596.418, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9598.1, 'text': "there's nuclear power throughout the world,", 'start': 9596.418, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 9607.306, 'text': "and it just feels like we're on the brink of a potential world war to a percentage that I don't think people are properly calibrating in their head.", 'start': 9598.1, 'duration': 9.206}, {'end': 9611.768, 'text': "We're all thinking it's a Twitter battle as opposed to actual threat.", 'start': 9607.646, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 9615.35, 'text': "So it's nice to have that kind of level of concern.", 'start': 9612.169, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 9626.61, 'text': "But to me, when I hear AI doomers, what I'm imagining is, with unintended consequences, a potential situation where, let's say,", 'start': 9615.731, 'duration': 10.879}], 'summary': 'Nuclear power poses a potential world war threat, overlooked by many.', 'duration': 30.192, 'max_score': 9596.418, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk9596418.jpg'}, {'end': 9714.624, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9686.905, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9689.707, 'text': 'They were really worried, right? There was some great, well, not great.', 'start': 9686.905, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 9691.689, 'text': 'There was some horrific documentaries.', 'start': 9689.727, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 9697.914, 'text': "I think there's one called Fred's that was generated in the UK, which was like, it was terrible.", 'start': 9691.709, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 9699.155, 'text': 'It was like so scary.', 'start': 9697.934, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 9707.66, 'text': "And I think that The correct thing to do is obviously get rid of nuclear weapons, but let's think about unintended consequences.", 'start': 9700.956, 'duration': 6.704}, {'end': 9714.624, 'text': "We've got rid of all the sulfur particles in the atmosphere, or the soot.", 'start': 9708.301, 'duration': 6.323}], 'summary': "Documentaries on nuclear weapons were terrifying, like 'fred's' from the uk, causing concern about unintended consequences.", 'duration': 27.719, 'max_score': 9686.905, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk9686905.jpg'}, {'end': 9785.092, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9746.47, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9749.352, 'text': "But if you could say globally, look, here's some game theory here.", 'start': 9746.47, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 9759.599, 'text': 'What is the minimum number of nuclear weapons we need to distribute around the world to everybody? to basically reduce war to zero.', 'start': 9750.112, 'duration': 9.487}, {'end': 9768.347, 'text': 'I mean just this thought experiment of the United States and China and Russia and major nuclear powers get together and say all right,', 'start': 9759.879, 'duration': 8.468}, {'end': 9772.051, 'text': "we're going to distribute nuclear weapons to every single nation on earth.", 'start': 9768.347, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 9785.092, 'text': 'Yeah, oh boy, i mean that has a probably greater than 50 chance of eliminating major military conflict.', 'start': 9772.151, 'duration': 12.941}], 'summary': 'Distributing nuclear weapons globally may reduce war to zero, with a 50% chance of eliminating major military conflict.', 'duration': 38.622, 'max_score': 9746.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk9746470.jpg'}], 'start': 8732.934, 'title': 'Ai concerns and risks', 'summary': 'Discusses ai doom scenarios, concerns about superintelligent systems, regulation concerns, and the potential use of ai in global nuclear weapon distribution, highlighting the need for caution and proper concern in addressing these issues. it emphasizes the lack of evidence for agi and potential dangers of giving ai control over critical aspects of human life. it also explores the potential impact on human psychology and economic consequences of ai-led global nuclear weapon distribution.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9098.442, 'start': 8732.934, 'title': 'Ai doom and agi concerns', 'summary': 'Discusses the resurgence of clippy, ai-doom scenarios, and the lack of evidence for agi, highlighting the nonsensical nature of ai-doom arguments and the need to focus on authentic data and human manipulation in ai usage.', 'duration': 365.508, 'highlights': ['The chapter highlights the lack of evidence for AGI and the nonsensical nature of AI-doom scenarios. The speaker expresses frustration with the AI-doom narrative, emphasizing the lack of evidence for achieving AGI anytime soon and deeming the AI-doom scenario as nonsensical.', 'The discussion emphasizes the need to focus on authentic data and human manipulation in AI usage. The speaker underscores the importance of prioritizing authentic data and being cautious about the manipulation of human beings in AI usage.', "The mention of AI's current capabilities being powerful machine learning tools is highlighted. The speaker notes the current state of AI as powerful machine learning tools, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in utilizing these tools to accomplish meaningful tasks."]}, {'end': 9391.813, 'start': 9099.042, 'title': 'Concerns about superintelligent systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations and potential dangers of superintelligent systems, emphasizing that humans may not be able to create more intelligent systems and highlighting the potential risks of giving ai control over critical aspects of human life.', 'duration': 292.771, 'highlights': ['Humans may not be able to create more intelligent systems The speaker argues that there is no reason to expect that humans will make systems that are more intelligent or capable than themselves, using the example of chess-playing computers.', 'Risks of giving AI control over critical aspects of human life The chapter emphasizes the potential dangers of giving AI control over critical aspects of human life, leading to unintended consequences that could cause significant damage.', "Concerns about the paperclip scenario The speaker criticizes the paperclip scenario as unrealistic and highlights the impracticality of commandeering the Earth's surface for paperclip manufacturing due to the lack of resources and energy."]}, {'end': 9726.542, 'start': 9391.833, 'title': 'Ai doom and regulation concerns', 'summary': 'Discusses the interplay between evolution and propagation, the concern about engineering a perfect virus, the role of societal messages of concern, the potential consequences of ai doom, and the impact of regulation on knowledge generation, highlighting the need for proper concern and caution in addressing these issues.', 'duration': 334.709, 'highlights': ['There is an interplay between evolution and propagation, as super killer viruses that kill the ribosome have emerged but cannot propagate, leading to their eventual demise.', 'The concern about engineering a perfect virus is dismissed as nonsensical, as a virus too deadly would not be able to replicate effectively.', "Societal messages of concern, such as 'we're all gonna die,' serve a role in filtering proper concern for threats like nuclear weapons, which are currently not properly calibrated in people's minds.", "The potential consequences of AI doom are discussed in terms of unintended suffering for a portion of the world's population, emphasizing the need for caution in handling AI developments.", 'The impact of regulation on knowledge generation is highlighted, with the speaker advocating for the generation of as much knowledge as possible and expressing concerns about regulation hindering this process.']}, {'end': 9997.566, 'start': 9727.122, 'title': 'Ai-led global nuclear weapon distribution', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of using ai to distribute a minimum number of nuclear weapons globally to reduce war, leading to a potential greater than 50% chance of eliminating major military conflicts, while considering the impact on human psychology and potential economic consequences.', 'duration': 270.444, 'highlights': ['The idea of using AI to distribute a minimum number of nuclear weapons globally to reduce war, potentially eliminating major military conflicts, has a greater than 50% chance of success.', 'Considering the impact on human psychology and potential economic consequences of virtual nuclear agreements and simulations for deterring nuclear weapon use in the metaverse.', 'Exploring the concept of burning all nuclear material for energy and transitioning to a virtual nuclear agreement in the metaverse with dire consequences for simulating nuclear weapon use.', 'Discussion on the potential of reducing the number of nuclear weapons to avoid conventional warfare and the consideration of a global doomsday switch to improve average human quality of life.', 'Speculation on the probability of a bad actor nation setting off a nuclear weapon and the potential effects of distributing nuclear weapons based on population, with a focus on preventing nuclear weapon use by small nations.']}], 'duration': 1264.632, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk8732934.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the lack of evidence for AGI and the nonsensical nature of AI-doom scenarios.', 'The potential dangers of giving AI control over critical aspects of human life are highlighted.', 'The speaker underscores the importance of prioritizing authentic data and being cautious about the manipulation of human beings in AI usage.', 'The current state of AI as powerful machine learning tools is noted, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in utilizing these tools.', 'The idea of using AI to distribute a minimum number of nuclear weapons globally to reduce war has a greater than 50% chance of success.', 'The impact of regulation on knowledge generation is highlighted, with concerns about regulation hindering this process.', "The potential consequences of AI doom are discussed in terms of unintended suffering for a portion of the world's population, emphasizing the need for caution in handling AI developments.", 'The concern about engineering a perfect virus is dismissed as nonsensical, as a virus too deadly would not be able to replicate effectively.']}, {'end': 11951.837, 'segs': [{'end': 10739.42, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10711.451, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10714.293, 'text': 'And that may be true, and I may be completely wrong.', 'start': 10711.451, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 10722, 'text': 'But right now, the human mind is able to mine novelty in a way that artificial intelligence systems cannot.', 'start': 10714.833, 'duration': 7.167}, {'end': 10724.403, 'text': "And this is why we still have a job and we're still doing stuff.", 'start': 10722.02, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 10726.526, 'text': 'And, you know, I use chat GPT for a few weeks.', 'start': 10724.463, 'duration': 2.063}, {'end': 10727.247, 'text': 'Oh, this is cool.', 'start': 10726.546, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 10728.329, 'text': 'And then it took me two.', 'start': 10727.528, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 10729.771, 'text': 'I had to.', 'start': 10728.609, 'duration': 1.162}, {'end': 10731.673, 'text': 'Well, what happened is it took me too much time to correct it.', 'start': 10729.811, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 10732.474, 'text': 'Then it got really good.', 'start': 10731.693, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 10734.617, 'text': "And now they've they've done something to it.", 'start': 10732.835, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 10735.438, 'text': "It's not actually that good.", 'start': 10734.697, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 10736.739, 'text': 'Yeah, right.', 'start': 10736.019, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 10737.659, 'text': "I don't know what's going on.", 'start': 10736.819, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 10739.42, 'text': 'Some censorship, yeah.', 'start': 10737.679, 'duration': 1.741}], 'summary': 'Human mind mines novelty better than ai; ai needs improvement for effectiveness.', 'duration': 27.969, 'max_score': 10711.451, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk10711451.jpg'}, {'end': 10909.328, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10880.29, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10884.112, 'text': 'And then in this case it hallucinates, like all of them do.', 'start': 10880.29, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 10890.876, 'text': "but the hallucinations are good because it means I don't have to train on such a large number, such a huge data set,", 'start': 10884.112, 'duration': 6.764}, {'end': 10893.198, 'text': 'because these data sets are very expensive.', 'start': 10890.876, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 10894.358, 'text': 'because how do you produce it?', 'start': 10893.198, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 10896.16, 'text': 'So go back a step.', 'start': 10895.279, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 10899.222, 'text': "So you've got all these molecules in this data set,", 'start': 10896.2, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 10905.165, 'text': "but what you've literally done is a quantum mechanical calculation where you produce electron densities for each molecule.", 'start': 10899.222, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 10909.328, 'text': 'So you say, oh, this representation of this molecule has these electron densities associated with it.', 'start': 10905.526, 'duration': 3.802}], 'summary': 'Using hallucinations to reduce training data, due to expensive datasets and quantum calculations.', 'duration': 29.038, 'max_score': 10880.29, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk10880290.jpg'}, {'end': 11643.955, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11615.737, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11620.219, 'text': 'i i think that the universe is able to do what it can in the present Right.', 'start': 11615.737, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 11622.94, 'text': 'And then I think in the future, there are other things that could be possible.', 'start': 11620.579, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 11625.021, 'text': "We can imagine lots of things, but they don't all happen.", 'start': 11622.96, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 11630.002, 'text': "Sure So that's where you sneak in free will right there.", 'start': 11625.801, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 11640.346, 'text': "Yeah So I guess what I'm saying is what exists is a convolution of the past with the present and the free will going into the future.", 'start': 11630.183, 'duration': 10.163}, {'end': 11643.955, 'text': 'But we can still imagine stuff, right? We can imagine stuff that will never happen.', 'start': 11640.814, 'duration': 3.141}], 'summary': 'The universe operates in the present, while the future holds possibilities. free will influences the future outcomes.', 'duration': 28.218, 'max_score': 11615.737, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk11615737.jpg'}, {'end': 11909.606, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11882.528, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11886.209, 'text': "I think maybe this is like in a thousand years there'll be a new discipline in humans.", 'start': 11882.528, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 11892.271, 'text': 'Yeah, of course, this is how it all works, right? In retrospect, it will all be obvious, I think.', 'start': 11886.229, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 11894.829, 'text': 'I think assembly theory is obvious.', 'start': 11893.587, 'duration': 1.242}, {'end': 11896.011, 'text': "That's why a lot of people got angry.", 'start': 11894.849, 'duration': 1.162}, {'end': 11898.315, 'text': 'Right They were like, oh my God, this is such nonsense.', 'start': 11896.071, 'duration': 2.244}, {'end': 11903.844, 'text': "Yeah You know, and like, oh, you know, actually it's not quite, but the, the writing's really bad.", 'start': 11898.735, 'duration': 5.109}, {'end': 11909.606, 'text': "Well, I can't wait to see where it evolves, Lee.", 'start': 11905.663, 'duration': 3.943}], 'summary': 'Assembly theory may lead to new human discipline in a thousand years.', 'duration': 27.078, 'max_score': 11882.528, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk11882528.jpg'}, {'end': 11951.837, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11943.59, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11948.194, 'text': 'our willingness to embrace what is true rather than what feels good.', 'start': 11943.59, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 11951.837, 'text': 'Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 11949.095, 'duration': 2.742}], 'summary': 'Embrace truth over comfort. stay tuned for future episodes.', 'duration': 8.247, 'max_score': 11943.59, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk11943590.jpg'}], 'start': 9997.926, 'title': 'Ai and novelty generation', 'summary': "Explores creating conscious ai with a chemical brain, challenges in ai novelty generation, the fundamental role of time, ai's impact on drug discovery, and lee cronin's views on ethics, ai consciousness, and the universe.", 'chapters': [{'end': 10486.842, 'start': 9997.926, 'title': 'Creating conscious ai with chemical brain', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of ai, the potential of creating conscious ai using a chemical brain, and the fundamental differences between human and ai intelligence, emphasizing the need for domain flexibility, integration of information, and the ability to generate novel ideas.', 'duration': 488.916, 'highlights': ["Humans possess the ability to integrate across all domains, synthesize knowledge, and come up with universal explanations, while AIs lack this capability, being limited to inductivism. Humans' ability to integrate across domains and synthesize knowledge, AIs limited to inductivism.", 'The discussion on the limitations of current machine learning technologies in understanding the future without training examples and the comparison with human ability to mine the future, emphasizing the fundamental difference in capabilities. Limitations of current machine learning technologies in understanding the future, comparison with human ability to mine the future.', 'The potential of creating conscious AI using a chemical brain, which would enable processing a lot more information and training models billions of times cheaper, emphasizing the importance of cross-domain knowledge. Potential of creating conscious AI using a chemical brain, advantages in processing information and training models, importance of cross-domain knowledge.']}, {'end': 10750.443, 'start': 10486.842, 'title': 'Artificial intelligence and novelty', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in distinguishing trial and error from the generation of new knowledge in artificial intelligence, emphasizing the limitations of current ai systems in producing truly novel ideas and the importance of human ability to mine novelty.', 'duration': 263.601, 'highlights': ['Human ability to mine novelty is a key differentiator from current artificial intelligence systems, which are limited in producing truly novel ideas.', 'Distinguishing between novelty and interpolation is crucial in characterizing the limitations of current AI systems.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of intention and the causal chain in understanding the limitations of artificial intelligence in reasoning and generating new knowledge.', 'The limitations of current AI systems in producing truly novel ideas highlight the continued importance of human involvement in generating new knowledge and the need to understand the differences between trial and error and genuine innovation.']}, {'end': 10961.568, 'start': 10750.683, 'title': 'Fundamental role of time in generating novelty', 'summary': 'Highlights the use of ai in chemistry to generate novel molecules by training a model on electron densities of millions of molecules, enabling the production of electron densities for unknown pockets, resulting in the generation of molecules that fit maximizes electrostatic potential and minimizes steric hindrance.', 'duration': 210.885, 'highlights': ['The use of AI in chemistry to generate novel molecules by training a model on electron densities of millions of molecules.', 'Enabling the production of electron densities for unknown pockets, resulting in the generation of molecules that fit maximizes electrostatic potential and minimizes steric hindrance.', 'Utilizing a GPT-like system to turn electron densities into a smile string, representing molecules in letters and generating them.', 'Demonstrating the fundamental role of time in generating novelty and expanding datasets to cope with unexpected environmental factors.']}, {'end': 11279.135, 'start': 10961.588, 'title': 'Ai impact on drug discovery', 'summary': "Discusses the use of ai in drug discovery, emphasizing its ability to generate new molecules and the challenges in quantifying the novelty of these creations, as well as the ethical considerations regarding ai's impact on society and the difficulty in measuring its positive impact.", 'duration': 317.547, 'highlights': ['The AI system is able to generate molecules of up to 12 heavy atoms, demonstrating its capability in drug discovery.', "The chapter raises questions about the novelty of AI-generated entities and the difficulty in quantifying their novelty, highlighting the ethical considerations and challenges in measuring AI's positive impact on society.", "The discussion touches on the ethical implications of AI technology, particularly concerning social media's impact on society and the challenges in measuring its positive influence."]}, {'end': 11951.837, 'start': 11279.175, 'title': 'Lee cronin: on ethics, ai, and universe', 'summary': "Delves into lee cronin's views on ethics, ai consciousness, and the open-ended nature of the universe, emphasizing the importance of authenticated data for ai, the role of imagination in shaping the future, and the fundamental force of selection in the universe.", 'duration': 672.662, 'highlights': ['Lee emphasizes the need for authenticated human users and data in AI, highlighting the importance of ethics and accountability in AI development. Importance of authenticated human users and data in AI, emphasis on ethics and accountability in AI development.', 'Lee discusses the role of imagination in changing the future, highlighting its causal consequence and its ability to shape the future in a tangible way. Role of imagination in shaping the future, its causal consequence and ability to bring about tangible change.', 'Lee reflects on the fundamental force of selection in the universe, highlighting its role in creating novelty and affecting the existence of life in the universe. Reflection on the fundamental force of selection in the universe, its role in creating novelty and affecting the existence of life.']}], 'duration': 1953.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/CGiDqhSdLHk/pics/CGiDqhSdLHk9997926.jpg', 'highlights': ['Potential of creating conscious AI using a chemical brain, advantages in processing information and training models, importance of cross-domain knowledge.', 'The use of AI in chemistry to generate novel molecules by training a model on electron densities of millions of molecules.', 'The AI system is able to generate molecules of up to 12 heavy atoms, demonstrating its capability in drug discovery.', 'Lee emphasizes the need for authenticated human users and data in AI, highlighting the importance of ethics and accountability in AI development.', 'Reflection on the fundamental force of selection in the universe, its role in creating novelty and affecting the existence of life.']}], 'highlights': ['The urgency of creating alien life in the lab to bridge the potential loneliness of humanity in a universe filled with life is emphasized.', 'The possibility of life on planets orbiting stars is discussed, asserting that every star probably has planets and life is likely emerging on these planets.', 'The fear that life is everywhere, but humanity may struggle to intersect with alien intelligence in terms of time, space, and the ability to communicate is expressed.', "Assembly theory quantifies an object's complexity by the number of steps it took to create it and the process akin to evolution based on the number of object copies.", 'The concept of assembly universe, assembly possible, assembly contingent, and assembly observed is discussed, emphasizing the importance of causal chain and selection process in creating unique objects.', "The paper 'Assembly Theory Explains and Quantifies Selection and Evolution' published in Nature caused unexpected reactions from evolutionary biologists, physicists, prebiotic chemists, and creationists, highlighting the disconnect between physics and biology.", 'The potential challenges and strategies for building a universal life meter are discussed, emphasizing the importance of detecting complexity in molecules as evidence of selection.', 'The paper presents a new idea that could potentially change the way biology and the universe are perceived, emphasizing the precision, testability, and correctability of the claims.', 'Human ability to abstract and escape Darwinian selection, enabling technological advancements, is highlighted.', "The author's paper discusses a concrete quantification before biological evolution, pushing towards an autocatalytic set and self-replicating molecules, and has sparked significant discourse, fulfilling the author's dream of contributing to a new paradigm in evolutionary theory.", "The necessity of time for assembly theory and combinatorial novelty production is discussed, challenging conceptions of time's fundamentality in the universe.", 'The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics leads to non-determinism and the generation of new phenomena in the universe.', 'The chapter emphasizes the lack of evidence for AGI and the nonsensical nature of AI-doom scenarios.', 'The potential of creating conscious AI using a chemical brain, advantages in processing information and training models, importance of cross-domain knowledge, is highlighted.']}