title
How do computers and the internet work? - Computer Science Basics

description
Learn how computers work and how the internet works. This video explains the basics of computer hardware, software, and networks. ⭐️ Contents ⭐️ ⌨️ (00:00) The 4 basic parts of a computer ⌨️ (01:07) Computer hardware ⌨️ (01:55) Types of computers ⌨️ (03:27) Motherboard ⌨️ (05:16) Software ⌨️ (06:31) Binary code ⌨️ (07:27) Decoding a binary number ⌨️ (09:03) How to measure data size ⌨️ (11:25) Measuring data speed ⌨️ (12:53) Binary bytes ⌨️ (13:40) Data networks ⌨️ (15:21) IP addresses ⌨️ (16:35) How the internet works ⌨️ (17:58) Content delivery networks (CDN) ⌨️ (20:14) Analog vs Digital & File Compression ⌨️ (21:56) Routers and Packets Presented by Briana Marie. Follow her on Twitter: https://twitter.com/brianamarie132 -- Learn to code for free and get a developer job: https://www.freecodecamp.org Read hundreds of articles on programming: https://medium.freecodecamp.org

detail
{'title': 'How do computers and the internet work? - Computer Science Basics', 'heatmap': [{'end': 93.801, 'start': 74.69, 'weight': 0.717}, {'end': 328.02, 'start': 307.565, 'weight': 0.818}, {'end': 553.45, 'start': 534.064, 'weight': 0.945}, {'end': 700.317, 'start': 689.17, 'weight': 0.971}, {'end': 782.993, 'start': 743.447, 'weight': 0.762}, {'end': 929.321, 'start': 904.673, 'weight': 0.803}, {'end': 1002.657, 'start': 980.93, 'weight': 0.816}, {'end': 1028.364, 'start': 1010.86, 'weight': 0.842}, {'end': 1090.474, 'start': 1072.596, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 1331.852, 'start': 1309.257, 'weight': 0.741}], 'summary': 'Covers computer hardware basics, motherboard components, binary number system, data networks, and routers, providing detailed insights into fundamental components, motherboard connections, binary counting, data size progression, data networks, ip addresses, and router functions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 206.515, 'segs': [{'end': 46.473, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4.025, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8.568, 'text': "Hi, I'm Brianna from Free Code Camp, and today we're going to talk about the basics of computer hardware.", 'start': 4.025, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 11.07, 'text': 'Computers are made up of four basic parts.', 'start': 9.068, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 14.832, 'text': 'The input, output, CPU, and memory.', 'start': 11.53, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 18.055, 'text': "The input is what you're putting into the computer.", 'start': 15.373, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 24.119, 'text': "Think about mouse, keyboard, microphone, any way you're getting data into the computer.", 'start': 18.435, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 28.742, 'text': "The output is what you're watching on your monitor or listening to on your speakers.", 'start': 24.579, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 34.841, 'text': 'These can both be any format, like text, numbers, videos, images, what have you.', 'start': 29.696, 'duration': 5.145}, {'end': 35.382, 'text': "It doesn't matter.", 'start': 34.861, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 41.828, 'text': "The CPU stands for Central Processing Unit, and that's what we all think of when we think of a computer.", 'start': 35.402, 'duration': 6.426}, {'end': 46.473, 'text': "It's what does the functions, it's what runs the software, it manipulates the data.", 'start': 42.289, 'duration': 4.184}], 'summary': 'Brianna explains the four basic parts of a computer: input, output, cpu, and memory.', 'duration': 42.448, 'max_score': 4.025, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ4025.jpg'}, {'end': 103.464, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 74.69, 'weight': 0.717, 'content': [{'end': 77.692, 'text': 'The motherboard, expansion cards, and power supply.', 'start': 74.69, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 80.573, 'text': 'The motherboard is what connects everything.', 'start': 78.532, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 86.797, 'text': 'While the data is flying around over here trying to figure out where to go, the motherboard helps route it so it goes to the right place.', 'start': 80.654, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 93.801, 'text': 'Expansion cards are sound cards, video cards, that kind of thing that can really up your experience as a user.', 'start': 87.578, 'duration': 6.223}, {'end': 98.164, 'text': 'Power supply is, as it sounds, what gets power to the computer.', 'start': 94.342, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 101.686, 'text': "It's usually the part of the computer that has that fan on it to keep it from overheating.", 'start': 98.564, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 103.464, 'text': "So let's do a quick review.", 'start': 102.443, 'duration': 1.021}], 'summary': 'Motherboard routes data, expansion cards enhance user experience, power supply provides computer power and cooling.', 'duration': 28.774, 'max_score': 74.69, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ74690.jpg'}, {'end': 206.515, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 94.342, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 98.164, 'text': 'Power supply is, as it sounds, what gets power to the computer.', 'start': 94.342, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 101.686, 'text': "It's usually the part of the computer that has that fan on it to keep it from overheating.", 'start': 98.564, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 103.464, 'text': "So let's do a quick review.", 'start': 102.443, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 111.128, 'text': 'In addition to the four basic parts of input output, central processing unit and memory, we usually have a motherboard,', 'start': 103.744, 'duration': 7.384}, {'end': 114.03, 'text': 'expansion cards and a power supply.', 'start': 111.128, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 120.173, 'text': "We're going to talk about the different types of computers.", 'start': 114.05, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 125.136, 'text': "The biggest type of computer we're going to talk about is a supercomputer, which maybe you've heard of.", 'start': 120.634, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 131.3, 'text': 'A supercomputer uses a whole bunch of CPUs and uses something called parallel processing.', 'start': 125.757, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 135.609, 'text': 'All of those CPUs work on the same problem at the same time.', 'start': 132.046, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 138.791, 'text': "The next type we're going to talk about is a server.", 'start': 136.45, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 143.695, 'text': 'A server holds and accesses a bunch of data or programs.', 'start': 139.092, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 148.939, 'text': 'Our website, FreeCodeCamp, is hosted on a server which stores all that information.', 'start': 144.416, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 151.902, 'text': "Next, let's talk about a workstation computer.", 'start': 149.82, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 160.869, 'text': 'Now, a workstation computer, just looking at it, might look similar to a personal computer, but it has a bunch more power and is way more expensive.', 'start': 152.342, 'duration': 8.527}, {'end': 164.593, 'text': 'Toy Story was built on workstation computers.', 'start': 161.331, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 169.235, 'text': 'Now, personal computers, by far the most common type of computers.', 'start': 165.373, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 177.42, 'text': "Maybe you've heard, I'm a Mac, I'm a PC, something like they're different, but really this Mac is still just a PC.", 'start': 170.096, 'duration': 7.324}, {'end': 179.081, 'text': "It's a personal computer.", 'start': 177.48, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 181.482, 'text': "It's still both a Mac and a PC.", 'start': 179.181, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 186.285, 'text': "The last type of computer we're going to talk about is a microcontroller.", 'start': 182.783, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 194.368, 'text': "Microcontroller. that's the type of tiny computer you might have in your car that has a really specialized task and is really good at that.", 'start': 186.764, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 198.831, 'text': "one small thing, but it's not like you could use it like a regular personal computer.", 'start': 194.368, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 201.932, 'text': 'So just to review, five types of computers.', 'start': 199.611, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 206.515, 'text': 'Supercomputer, server, workstation, PC, and microcontroller.', 'start': 202.453, 'duration': 4.062}], 'summary': 'Overview of computer types: supercomputer, server, workstation, pc, and microcontroller.', 'duration': 112.173, 'max_score': 94.342, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ94342.jpg'}], 'start': 4.025, 'title': 'Computer hardware basics and types', 'summary': 'Discusses the fundamental components of a computer, including input, output, cpu, and memory, as well as additional elements like motherboard and power supply, along with the five main types of computers, emphasizing their features and applications.', 'chapters': [{'end': 114.03, 'start': 4.025, 'title': 'Basics of computer hardware', 'summary': 'Discusses the four basic parts of a computer: input, output, cpu, and memory, along with additional components such as motherboard, expansion cards, and power supply, emphasizing their functions and interconnections.', 'duration': 110.005, 'highlights': ['The CPU stands for Central Processing Unit, and it manipulates the data.', "The input is what you're putting into the computer, such as mouse, keyboard, microphone, etc.", 'The power supply is what gets power to the computer and has a fan to prevent overheating.']}, {'end': 206.515, 'start': 114.05, 'title': 'Types of computers', 'summary': 'Discusses the five main types of computers, including supercomputers, servers, workstations, personal computers, and microcontrollers, highlighting their key features and applications.', 'duration': 92.465, 'highlights': ['Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple CPUs to work on the same problem simultaneously, making them highly powerful and efficient.', 'Servers store and access a large amount of data or programs, such as hosting websites like FreeCodeCamp.', 'Workstation computers, more powerful and expensive than personal computers, were used to create movies like Toy Story.', 'Personal computers are the most common type, including both Mac and PC, and are widely used for various applications.', 'Microcontrollers are specialized tiny computers with specific tasks, commonly found in devices like cars.']}], 'duration': 202.49, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ4025.jpg', 'highlights': ['Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple CPUs to work on the same problem simultaneously, making them highly powerful and efficient.', 'Workstation computers, more powerful and expensive than personal computers, were used to create movies like Toy Story.', 'Personal computers are the most common type, including both Mac and PC, and are widely used for various applications.', 'Servers store and access a large amount of data or programs, such as hosting websites like FreeCodeCamp.', 'Microcontrollers are specialized tiny computers with specific tasks, commonly found in devices like cars.', 'The CPU stands for Central Processing Unit, and it manipulates the data.', "The input is what you're putting into the computer, such as mouse, keyboard, microphone, etc.", 'The power supply is what gets power to the computer and has a fan to prevent overheating.']}, {'end': 447.1, 'segs': [{'end': 252.882, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 210.452, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 212.973, 'text': "We're going to be talking a little bit more about the motherboard.", 'start': 210.452, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 218.155, 'text': "Now the motherboard we mentioned briefly, but we're going to go into a little bit more detail today.", 'start': 213.493, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 223.897, 'text': 'So what makes a motherboard is the connection between the CPU and the memory.', 'start': 218.795, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 229.439, 'text': "If there's no connection between the central processing unit and the memory, we can't call it a motherboard.", 'start': 224.337, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 232.48, 'text': 'But most motherboards do a lot more than that.', 'start': 229.879, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 236.142, 'text': 'Primarily they have expansion slots and ports.', 'start': 232.881, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 245.277, 'text': 'Now expansion slots are where you put anything that can increase the performance of the computer without putting more load on the CPU.', 'start': 236.912, 'duration': 8.365}, {'end': 252.882, 'text': 'For example, a graphics or a sound card would up your user experience by giving you better video or better sound quality,', 'start': 245.677, 'duration': 7.205}], 'summary': 'Motherboards facilitate the cpu and memory connection, with expansion slots enhancing computer performance.', 'duration': 42.43, 'max_score': 210.452, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ210452.jpg'}, {'end': 331.539, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 307.565, 'weight': 0.818, 'content': [{'end': 315.911, 'text': 'The motherboard, at its very minimum, connects the CPU and the memory, but it also has expansion slots and ports.', 'start': 307.565, 'duration': 8.346}, {'end': 322.095, 'text': "We're going to talk about the basics of software.", 'start': 319.974, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 328.02, 'text': "We've already covered hardware, which are parts of the computer that you can actually see and feel with your hands.", 'start': 322.536, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 331.539, 'text': 'Software are the programs that run on the hardware.', 'start': 328.718, 'duration': 2.821}], 'summary': 'Motherboard connects cpu and memory, also has expansion slots and ports. basics of software: programs that run on hardware.', 'duration': 23.974, 'max_score': 307.565, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ307565.jpg'}, {'end': 370.596, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 342.744, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 350.259, 'text': "The two main types of software that we're going to talk about are the operating system, like Windows, Mac, or Linux, Those are the main three.", 'start': 342.744, 'duration': 7.515}, {'end': 351.98, 'text': "You're not really gonna get any more than that.", 'start': 350.279, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 353.922, 'text': 'Or applications.', 'start': 352.581, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 361.809, 'text': 'Now, everything that you think of as software probably falls into these two spaces, especially the applications.', 'start': 354.002, 'duration': 7.807}, {'end': 370.596, 'text': 'Applications cover everything from your web browser to games to things like Photoshop or your mail, how you edit documents.', 'start': 362.589, 'duration': 8.007}], 'summary': 'Two main types of software: operating systems (windows, mac, linux) and applications. applications cover web browsers, games, photoshop, and mail.', 'duration': 27.852, 'max_score': 342.744, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ342744.jpg'}, {'end': 414.717, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 386.099, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 390.88, 'text': 'but software consists of all the programs that you can run on that hardware.', 'start': 386.099, 'duration': 4.781}, {'end': 402.422, 'text': "Now binary code is a really, really basic, simple computer language where there's just ones and there's zeros.", 'start': 394.901, 'duration': 7.521}, {'end': 404.963, 'text': "There's by two things, ones and zeros.", 'start': 402.462, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 407.474, 'text': 'Ones meaning on, zeros meaning off.', 'start': 405.103, 'duration': 2.371}, {'end': 414.717, 'text': 'so think of like a light switch which in some cases in super old computers, there was an actual switch which was either on or off, one being on,', 'start': 407.474, 'duration': 7.243}], 'summary': 'Software consists of programs running on hardware. binary code uses ones and zeros to represent on and off in computers.', 'duration': 28.618, 'max_score': 386.099, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ386099.jpg'}], 'start': 210.452, 'title': 'Motherboard components and computer basics', 'summary': 'Discusses the essential components of a motherboard, emphasizing the role of connection between the cpu and memory, expansion slots, and ports, and their impact on computer performance. it also covers the basic components of a computer, including the motherboard, cpu, memory, and the distinction between hardware and software, along with an introduction to the concept of binary code.', 'chapters': [{'end': 298.144, 'start': 210.452, 'title': 'Motherboard components and functions', 'summary': 'Discusses the essential components of a motherboard, emphasizing the role of connection between the cpu and memory, the presence of expansion slots and ports, and their impact on computer performance and user experience.', 'duration': 87.692, 'highlights': ["The motherboard's essential function is to facilitate the connection between the CPU and memory, without which it cannot be considered a motherboard.", 'Expansion slots on motherboards allow for the addition of components such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network interface cards, enhancing computer performance without overloading the CPU.', 'The presence of various ports on motherboards, including USB, FireWire, SD card, Ethernet, and audio plug-ins, enhances user connectivity and functionality of the computer.']}, {'end': 447.1, 'start': 298.658, 'title': 'Computer hardware and software basics', 'summary': 'Covers the basic components of a computer, including the motherboard, cpu, memory, and the distinction between hardware and software. it also explains the types of software, such as operating systems and applications, and introduces the concept of binary code.', 'duration': 148.442, 'highlights': ['The motherboard connects the CPU and the memory, and also has expansion slots and ports.', 'Software consists of all the programs that can run on computer hardware, including operating systems like Windows, Mac, or Linux, and various applications.', 'Binary code is a basic computer language consisting of ones and zeros, which can be translated into numbers and letters and forms the basis for all computer languages and programs.']}], 'duration': 236.648, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ210452.jpg', 'highlights': ['Expansion slots on motherboards allow for the addition of components such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network interface cards, enhancing computer performance without overloading the CPU.', 'The presence of various ports on motherboards, including USB, FireWire, SD card, Ethernet, and audio plug-ins, enhances user connectivity and functionality of the computer.', "The motherboard's essential function is to facilitate the connection between the CPU and memory, without which it cannot be considered a motherboard.", 'Software consists of all the programs that can run on computer hardware, including operating systems like Windows, Mac, or Linux, and various applications.', 'Binary code is a basic computer language consisting of ones and zeros, which can be translated into numbers and letters and forms the basis for all computer languages and programs.']}, {'end': 813.74, 'segs': [{'end': 483.686, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 451.282, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 455.704, 'text': "We're going to start by labeling, starting backwards, how many numbers there are.", 'start': 451.282, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 457.105, 'text': 'This will be zero.', 'start': 456.325, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 460.767, 'text': 'One, two, three, four, five, six.', 'start': 457.565, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 462.288, 'text': 'Pretty straightforward so far.', 'start': 460.947, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 468.275, 'text': "The next step that we're going to do is take 2 to the power of whatever place it is.", 'start': 463.752, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 474.599, 'text': "So here it'll be 2 to the 0, 2 to the 1, 2 to the 2, 2 to the 3.", 'start': 468.856, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 475.44, 'text': 'You get the picture.', 'start': 474.599, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 483.686, 'text': "All right, now that we've got the 2 to the given power figured out, all we got to do is fill in some blanks and we'll have our solution.", 'start': 476.901, 'duration': 6.785}], 'summary': 'Label numbers backwards, calculate 2 to the power, fill in blanks for solution.', 'duration': 32.404, 'max_score': 451.282, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ451282.jpg'}, {'end': 553.45, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 534.064, 'weight': 0.945, 'content': [{'end': 546.323, 'text': 'So this number in binary means 75.', 'start': 534.064, 'duration': 12.259}, {'end': 548.405, 'text': "We're gonna be talking about data size.", 'start': 546.323, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 553.45, 'text': 'The smallest size of data you can possibly have is called a bit.', 'start': 548.966, 'duration': 4.484}], 'summary': 'Exploring data size: smallest unit is a bit, with 75 represented in binary', 'duration': 19.386, 'max_score': 534.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ534064.jpg'}, {'end': 700.317, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 669.045, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 676.247, 'text': 'bit, tiny little, either 1 or 0, byte, 8 bits, kilobyte, 1024 bytes.', 'start': 669.045, 'duration': 7.202}, {'end': 685.309, 'text': 'After that, everything is an exponent off of 1024, going from kilobyte to megabyte to gigabyte to terabyte all the way up to a petabyte.', 'start': 676.967, 'duration': 8.342}, {'end': 690.971, 'text': "We're going to be talking about data speed.", 'start': 689.17, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 700.317, 'text': 'Data speed, unlike data size, is usually measured in bits per second, whereas size is measured in bytes.', 'start': 691.673, 'duration': 8.644}], 'summary': 'Data sizes are measured in bits and bytes, with kilobyte as 1024 bytes and data speed is measured in bits per second.', 'duration': 31.272, 'max_score': 669.045, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ669045.jpg'}, {'end': 782.993, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 743.447, 'weight': 0.762, 'content': [{'end': 746.189, 'text': 'Biggest distinction here, bits versus bytes.', 'start': 743.447, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 751.886, 'text': 'Data speed is generally measured in bits, Data size is measured in bytes.', 'start': 746.69, 'duration': 5.196}, {'end': 754.908, 'text': 'Another thing we want to discuss.', 'start': 753.387, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 759.872, 'text': 'just because, say, you have an internet speed that says you get a certain amount of download,', 'start': 754.908, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 764.696, 'text': "that doesn't mean you're going to be able to download that many bytes per second.", 'start': 759.872, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 765.977, 'text': "That's just not going to happen.", 'start': 764.756, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 767.438, 'text': "They're talking about bits.", 'start': 766.097, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 772.402, 'text': "It's going to take you a little bit longer to do that since your data size is dealing with bytes.", 'start': 767.838, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 782.993, 'text': "We're going to be talking about the very most basic level that computers can understand other languages, like JavaScript.", 'start': 776.527, 'duration': 6.466}], 'summary': 'Data speed measured in bits, size in bytes. internet speed not equal to download speed in bytes. computers understand languages like javascript.', 'duration': 39.546, 'max_score': 743.447, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ743447.jpg'}, {'end': 772.402, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 746.69, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 751.886, 'text': 'Data speed is generally measured in bits, Data size is measured in bytes.', 'start': 746.69, 'duration': 5.196}, {'end': 754.908, 'text': 'Another thing we want to discuss.', 'start': 753.387, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 759.872, 'text': 'just because, say, you have an internet speed that says you get a certain amount of download,', 'start': 754.908, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 764.696, 'text': "that doesn't mean you're going to be able to download that many bytes per second.", 'start': 759.872, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 765.977, 'text': "That's just not going to happen.", 'start': 764.756, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 767.438, 'text': "They're talking about bits.", 'start': 766.097, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 772.402, 'text': "It's going to take you a little bit longer to do that since your data size is dealing with bytes.", 'start': 767.838, 'duration': 4.564}], 'summary': "Data speed is measured in bits, data size in bytes; internet speed doesn't directly translate to download speed in bytes.", 'duration': 25.712, 'max_score': 746.69, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ746690.jpg'}], 'start': 451.282, 'title': 'Binary number system and data size', 'summary': 'Explains the binary number system, including counting in binary and computing 2 raised to the power of each place, and provides an overview of data size and speed, covering the progression of data size from bits to petabytes and distinctions between data speed and size.', 'chapters': [{'end': 520.899, 'start': 451.282, 'title': 'Binary number system explained', 'summary': 'Explains the binary number system, starting from counting numbers in binary, computing 2 raised to the power of each place, and determining which numbers to keep based on the binary representation.', 'duration': 69.617, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains counting numbers in binary, computing 2 raised to the power of each place, and determining which numbers to keep based on the binary representation.', 'The binary number system is explained through the process of counting numbers in binary, computing 2 raised to the power of each place, and determining which numbers to keep based on the binary representation.', 'The chapter demonstrates the process of counting numbers in binary, computing 2 raised to the power of each place, and determining which numbers to keep based on the binary representation.']}, {'end': 813.74, 'start': 521.219, 'title': 'Data size and speed overview', 'summary': 'Provides an overview of data size and speed, discussing the smallest data unit, progression of data size from bits to petabytes, and distinctions between data speed and size, including examples of measurement in bits and bytes.', 'duration': 292.521, 'highlights': ['The chapter provides an overview of data size and speed, discussing the smallest data unit, progression of data size from bits to petabytes, and distinctions between data speed and size, including examples of measurement in bits and bytes.', 'The next step up is a kilobyte, which is 1024 bytes, which times eight is a whole lot more bits.', "After the kilobyte, we've got megabyte, which is 1024 to the power of two, which is the same thing as 1, 048, 576 bytes.", "After megabyte, we've got gigabyte, also known as GB, which is 1024 to the power of three, then TB terabyte 1024 to the power of four and PB, not peanut butter, it is petabyte 1024 to the power of five.", 'Data speed, unlike data size, is usually measured in bits per second, whereas size is measured in bytes.']}], 'duration': 362.458, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ451282.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter explains counting numbers in binary and computing 2 raised to the power of each place.', 'The chapter provides an overview of data size and speed, covering the progression of data size from bits to petabytes.', 'Data speed is usually measured in bits per second, whereas size is measured in bytes.']}, {'end': 1308.857, 'segs': [{'end': 929.321, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 878.242, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 883.245, 'text': 'You might think that those are connected over the internet and in the case of a virtual private network,', 'start': 878.242, 'duration': 5.003}, {'end': 887.287, 'text': 'which accomplishes basically the same thing as a wide area network, it is.', 'start': 883.245, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 891.689, 'text': 'VPNs use the internet to connect their two local area networks.', 'start': 887.667, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 898.289, 'text': 'However, a wide area network will usually rent a cable from an internet company and connect that way.', 'start': 892.145, 'duration': 6.144}, {'end': 904.153, 'text': 'So just to review, a local area network is a group of computers connected close to each other.', 'start': 898.869, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 912.839, 'text': 'A wide area network and a virtual private network are two local area networks or more that have been connected over long distances.', 'start': 904.673, 'duration': 8.166}, {'end': 920.824, 'text': 'The wide area network accomplishes this by renting a line from an internet company, and a virtual private network does it over the internet.', 'start': 913.559, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 929.321, 'text': "We're going to be talking about the internet, part one, how the internet works.", 'start': 925.66, 'duration': 3.661}], 'summary': 'Vpns use the internet to connect local area networks; wan rents cable from internet company.', 'duration': 42.582, 'max_score': 878.242, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ878242.jpg'}, {'end': 1014.382, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 980.93, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 985.354, 'text': 'Google can help you out there and actually give you something close to your location.', 'start': 980.93, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 993.532, 'text': 'What I want you to take away from this video is that every device that connects to the internet has an IP address and that it needs that IP address,', 'start': 986.209, 'duration': 7.323}, {'end': 995.293, 'text': 'so the information knows where to go.', 'start': 993.532, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 1002.657, 'text': "Let's talk a little bit more about how the internet works.", 'start': 999.775, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 1010.36, 'text': "We've already established that every device and every other thing along the way in the internet has its own IP address.", 'start': 1003.237, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 1014.382, 'text': 'Now these IP addresses are assigned based on location.', 'start': 1010.86, 'duration': 3.522}], 'summary': 'Every internet-connected device has an ip address for information to be routed accurately.', 'duration': 33.452, 'max_score': 980.93, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ980930.jpg'}, {'end': 1038.075, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1010.86, 'weight': 0.842, 'content': [{'end': 1014.382, 'text': 'Now these IP addresses are assigned based on location.', 'start': 1010.86, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 1021.301, 'text': 'Using these IP addresses, your device can talk to your modem, which you probably have in your home,', 'start': 1015.359, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 1024.083, 'text': 'then to a router which is set up by your web service.', 'start': 1021.301, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 1026.824, 'text': 'The router would go to the domain name server.', 'start': 1024.483, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 1028.364, 'text': 'This is still just sending a request.', 'start': 1026.844, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 1035.007, 'text': 'Now that domain name server would send back the information that was asked for, and it would go right back to your device.', 'start': 1028.944, 'duration': 6.063}, {'end': 1038.075, 'text': 'Now you might think this is pretty fallible.', 'start': 1035.953, 'duration': 2.122}], 'summary': 'Ip addresses are used for location-based communication, involving modems, routers, and domain name servers to send and receive information.', 'duration': 27.215, 'max_score': 1010.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1010860.jpg'}, {'end': 1097.819, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1072.596, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1078.143, 'text': 'And the way it gets there is through all the lines of the modems and routers and servers that make up the internet.', 'start': 1072.596, 'duration': 5.547}, {'end': 1086.932, 'text': 'We are going to talk about something called a CDN, a content delivery network.', 'start': 1082.369, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 1090.474, 'text': "Now the concept of a CDN isn't that hard to wrap your head around.", 'start': 1087.552, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 1097.819, 'text': 'What a CDN does is make a faster and smoother user experience by delivering content to the user faster.', 'start': 1091.175, 'duration': 6.644}], 'summary': 'Cdn improves user experience by delivering content faster.', 'duration': 25.223, 'max_score': 1072.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1072596.jpg'}, {'end': 1161.776, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1136.314, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1145.501, 'text': 'Now, what you need to know about CDNs in the big picture is they are hired by sites or created by sites to make the user experience faster.', 'start': 1136.314, 'duration': 9.187}, {'end': 1153.147, 'text': 'An example of a CDN that you should know about as a developer is how Google hosts languages like jQuery.', 'start': 1146.222, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 1161.776, 'text': "If you link to jQuery from Google's library instead of uploading it yourself to your site, that's going to be way faster for your user.", 'start': 1154.409, 'duration': 7.367}], 'summary': "Cdns improve user experience by hosting content and speeding up site performance. for instance, using google's cdn for jquery can boost speed.", 'duration': 25.462, 'max_score': 1136.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1136314.jpg'}, {'end': 1279.235, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1253.517, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1258.899, 'text': 'Later, the computer could take those numbers and reinterpret them and turn them into actual sound again.', 'start': 1253.517, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 1268.331, 'text': "We're also gonna discuss a little bit of data compression, how computers compress data that is in a sound file, an image file, or a video file.", 'start': 1259.741, 'duration': 8.59}, {'end': 1275.499, 'text': "Now the benefit of compression is that it's a smaller file so it's easier to store, it takes up less space, and it's easier to send to somebody else.", 'start': 1268.751, 'duration': 6.748}, {'end': 1279.235, 'text': 'One of the ways this is done in sound is it would take it less often.', 'start': 1275.919, 'duration': 3.316}], 'summary': 'Computers can compress sound data to smaller files for easier storage and transmission.', 'duration': 25.718, 'max_score': 1253.517, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1253517.jpg'}], 'start': 813.86, 'title': 'Understanding data networks and ip addresses', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of data networks and ip addresses, including the three types of data networks and the significance of ip addresses in internet connectivity and data transmission, emphasizing the communication process and the role of cdns in digital content delivery.', 'chapters': [{'end': 920.824, 'start': 813.86, 'title': 'Understanding data networks', 'summary': 'Explains that all computer data is in binary bytes and discusses the three types of data networks: local area network, wide area network, and virtual private network, with emphasis on their connectivity and distinctions.', 'duration': 106.964, 'highlights': ['A local area network is a small group of computers that are connected together, with the most important feature being their proximity.', 'A wide area network connects two local area networks over a long distance, often using rented lines from an internet company.', 'Virtual private networks accomplish the same as wide area networks, using the internet to connect two local area networks.']}, {'end': 1072.256, 'start': 925.66, 'title': 'Understanding ip addresses and how the internet works', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of ip addresses in the functioning of the internet, highlighting that every device connecting to the internet requires an ip address for data transmission, and the process involved in the communication between devices and servers.', 'duration': 146.596, 'highlights': ['Every device connecting to the internet requires an IP address for data transmission.', 'Process involved in the communication between devices and servers.', 'IP addresses are assigned based on location.']}, {'end': 1308.857, 'start': 1072.596, 'title': 'Cdn and digital conversion', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of cdns in delivering content faster, the impact on user experience, and the process of converting analog to digital files, including benefits of data compression.', 'duration': 236.261, 'highlights': ['CDNs improve user experience by delivering content faster and more directly, such as Google hosting jQuery, resulting in faster loading times and potential browser caching.', "CDNs are hired or developed by websites to optimize user experience, making it important for developers to leverage services like Google's libraries for faster content delivery.", 'The process of converting analog sound waves to digital files involves measuring points and reinterpreting them, with the key benefit being better quality in digital files.', 'Data compression in sound, image, and video files reduces file size for easier storage and transmission, achieved through methods like less frequent sampling and averaging of pixel colors.']}], 'duration': 494.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ813860.jpg', 'highlights': ['CDNs improve user experience by delivering content faster and more directly, such as Google hosting jQuery, resulting in faster loading times and potential browser caching.', 'Data compression in sound, image, and video files reduces file size for easier storage and transmission, achieved through methods like less frequent sampling and averaging of pixel colors.', 'A wide area network connects two local area networks over a long distance, often using rented lines from an internet company.', 'Virtual private networks accomplish the same as wide area networks, using the internet to connect two local area networks.', 'Every device connecting to the internet requires an IP address for data transmission.']}, {'end': 1488.888, 'segs': [{'end': 1333.672, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1309.257, 'weight': 0.741, 'content': [{'end': 1315.74, 'text': "And when you're looking at compression, you really need to look at how far you're willing to go to ensure that the user still has the best experience.", 'start': 1309.257, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 1323.683, 'text': 'We are going to talk a little bit more about routers and how they relate to networking.', 'start': 1320.142, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 1328.966, 'text': 'Routers are the things that connect different small area networks.', 'start': 1324.584, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 1331.852, 'text': 'I want to give kind of a metaphor for this.', 'start': 1329.911, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 1332.572, 'text': "so I'm a teacher.", 'start': 1331.852, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 1333.672, 'text': 'I work at a school.', 'start': 1332.572, 'duration': 1.1}], 'summary': 'Discussion on compression, routers, and networking in a teaching context.', 'duration': 24.415, 'max_score': 1309.257, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1309257.jpg'}, {'end': 1424.901, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1387.879, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1394.163, 'text': 'Routers can be different sizes, different capacities, but what they do is just know their own neighborhood,', 'start': 1387.879, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 1396.505, 'text': 'take the information and pass it on in the right direction.', 'start': 1394.163, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 1403.609, 'text': "Another really powerful thing that we're going to get into a little bit later is they don't have to have the full package of information either.", 'start': 1397.065, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 1410.653, 'text': "If this computer is trying to send information all the way up here, it might get split up and go to two different routers and that's okay.", 'start': 1403.749, 'duration': 6.904}, {'end': 1414.516, 'text': 'The computers are still going to know how to put that information back together correctly.', 'start': 1410.794, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 1419.717, 'text': 'Now the little pieces of information that are sent are called packets.', 'start': 1415.933, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 1424.901, 'text': "Packets are actually little pieces of binary code, which I'm going to drop here for you.", 'start': 1420.337, 'duration': 4.564}], 'summary': 'Routers pass information in packets, which are pieces of binary code, allowing for efficient data transmission.', 'duration': 37.022, 'max_score': 1387.879, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1387879.jpg'}, {'end': 1488.888, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1470.593, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1473.535, 'text': 'it can be broken up into frames or smaller little packets.', 'start': 1470.593, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 1476.037, 'text': "These packets don't have to go the same route.", 'start': 1474.096, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 1482.463, 'text': "They go whichever route's available, whichever's fastest, and since they have the end IP address encoded into them,", 'start': 1476.077, 'duration': 6.386}, {'end': 1483.964, 'text': 'all the routers know where to send them.', 'start': 1482.463, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1488.888, 'text': 'When they get to the end destination, that computer knows how to put it all together.', 'start': 1484.464, 'duration': 4.424}], 'summary': 'Data packets can take different routes based on availability and speed, reaching the end destination with the encoded ip address for reassembly.', 'duration': 18.295, 'max_score': 1470.593, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1470593.jpg'}], 'start': 1309.257, 'title': 'Routers and networking basics', 'summary': 'Delves into the role of routers in networking, emphasizing their function in connecting small area networks and the use of binary code in data transmission. it details the process of packet transmission through routers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1488.888, 'start': 1309.257, 'title': 'Routers and networking basics', 'summary': 'Explains the role of routers in networking, highlighting their function in connecting small area networks, the process of packet transmission, and the use of binary code in data transmission through routers.', 'duration': 179.631, 'highlights': ['Routers connect different small area networks and only need to know their own connections, simplifying the process of packet transmission.', 'Packets, which are small pieces of binary code, are sent across routers, and large files can be broken up into smaller packets for transmission.', 'Binary code, represented by ones and zeros, is used in data transmission through routers, offering a powerful means of communication.']}], 'duration': 179.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/AV_VYsJnHQQ/pics/AV_VYsJnHQQ1309257.jpg', 'highlights': ['Routers connect different small area networks and simplify packet transmission', 'Binary code is used in data transmission through routers', 'Packets are sent across routers, and large files can be broken up into smaller packets']}], 'highlights': ['Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple CPUs to work on the same problem simultaneously, making them highly powerful and efficient.', 'Expansion slots on motherboards allow for the addition of components such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network interface cards, enhancing computer performance without overloading the CPU.', 'The chapter explains counting numbers in binary and computing 2 raised to the power of each place.', 'CDNs improve user experience by delivering content faster and more directly, such as Google hosting jQuery, resulting in faster loading times and potential browser caching.', 'Routers connect different small area networks and simplify packet transmission']}