title
Russ Tedrake: Underactuated Robotics, Control, Dynamics and Touch | Lex Fridman Podcast #114

description
Russ Tedrake is a roboticist and professor at MIT and vice president of robotics research at TRI. He works on control of robots in interesting, complicated, underactuated, stochastic, difficult to model situations. Support this podcast by supporting our sponsors. Click links, get discount: - Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex link & using code LEX at checkout - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex - ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod EPISODE LINKS: Russ's Website: http://groups.csail.mit.edu/locomotion/russt.html Russ's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1CtAHVea8I TRI: https://www.tri.global/team/dr-russ-tedrake Underactuated Robotics: http://underactuated.mit.edu Drake: https://drake.mit.edu PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 4:29 - Passive dynamic walking 9:40 - Animal movement 13:34 - Control vs Dynamics 15:49 - Bipedal walking 20:56 - Running barefoot 33:01 - Think rigorously with machine learning 44:05 - DARPA Robotics Challenge 1:07:14 - When will a robot become UFC champion 1:18:32 - Black Mirror Robot Dog 1:34:01 - Robot control 1:47:00 - Simulating robots 2:00:33 - Home robotics 2:03:40 - Soft robotics 2:07:25 - Underactuated robotics 2:20:42 - Touch 2:28:55 - Book recommendations 2:40:08 - Advice to young people 2:44:20 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Russ Tedrake: Underactuated Robotics, Control, Dynamics and Touch | Lex Fridman Podcast #114', 'heatmap': [{'end': 6989.442, 'start': 6885.225, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Russ tedrick's expertise in robotics and role at toyota research institute are highlighted, along with discussions on topics such as efficient motion in robots and animals, nature's dynamics, bipedal walking, purposeful suffering in robotics, societal impact of robots, robotic contact configurations, underactuated systems, and the future of robotics and intellectual growth, including personal experiences and quantitative data.", 'chapters': [{'end': 264.052, 'segs': [{'end': 28.341, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.092, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Russ Tedrick,', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 10.799, 'text': 'a roboticist and professor at MIT and vice president of robotics research at Toyota Research Institute or TRI.', 'start': 3.092, 'duration': 7.707}, {'end': 19.528, 'text': 'He works on control of robots in interesting, complicated, underactuated, stochastic, difficult-to-model situations.', 'start': 11.52, 'duration': 8.008}, {'end': 23.912, 'text': "He's a great teacher and a great person, one of my favorites at MIT.", 'start': 20.048, 'duration': 3.864}, {'end': 28.341, 'text': "We'll get into a lot of topics in this conversation,", 'start': 25.08, 'duration': 3.261}], 'summary': 'Conversation with russ tedrick, a roboticist and professor at mit, vice president of robotics research at toyota research institute.', 'duration': 28.252, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo89.jpg'}, {'end': 125.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 97.912, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 102.953, 'text': 'This episode is supported by Magic Spoon, low-carb, keto-friendly cereal.', 'start': 97.912, 'duration': 5.041}, {'end': 106.954, 'text': "I've been on a mix of keto or carnivore diet for a very long time now.", 'start': 103.473, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 109.975, 'text': 'That means eating very little carbs.', 'start': 107.314, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 117.457, 'text': 'I used to love cereal, obviously most of crazy amounts of sugar, which is terrible for you, so I quit years ago.', 'start': 110.575, 'duration': 6.882}, {'end': 119.977, 'text': 'But Magic Spoon is a totally new thing.', 'start': 118.037, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 125.039, 'text': 'Zero sugar, 11 grams of protein, and only three net grams of carbs.', 'start': 120.497, 'duration': 4.542}], 'summary': 'Magic spoon cereal offers zero sugar, 11g protein, 3g net carbs.', 'duration': 27.127, 'max_score': 97.912, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo97912.jpg'}, {'end': 177.164, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 144.423, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 146.243, 'text': 'So buy all of their cereal.', 'start': 144.423, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 148.324, 'text': "It's delicious and good for you.", 'start': 146.703, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 149.344, 'text': "You won't regret it.", 'start': 148.644, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 155.296, 'text': 'The show is also sponsored by BetterHelp, spelled H-E-L-P, help.', 'start': 150.575, 'duration': 4.721}, {'end': 158.797, 'text': 'Check it out at betterhelp.com slash Lex.', 'start': 156.077, 'duration': 2.72}, {'end': 164.459, 'text': 'They figure out what you need and match you with a licensed professional therapist in under 48 hours.', 'start': 159.458, 'duration': 5.001}, {'end': 166, 'text': "It's not a crisis line.", 'start': 164.939, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 167.2, 'text': "It's not self-help.", 'start': 166.36, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 170.381, 'text': 'It is professional counseling done securely online.', 'start': 167.68, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 177.164, 'text': "As you may know, I'm a bit from the David Goggins line of creatures and still have some demons to contend with,", 'start': 171.081, 'duration': 6.083}], 'summary': 'Sponsored by betterhelp, offering professional counseling online with licensed therapists in under 48 hours.', 'duration': 32.741, 'max_score': 144.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo144423.jpg'}, {'end': 264.052, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 238.414, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 242.936, 'text': 'You can get access to them with no geo-restriction when you use ExpressVPN.', 'start': 238.414, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 246.638, 'text': "It lets you control where you want sites to think you're located.", 'start': 243.657, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 253.543, 'text': "You can choose from nearly 100 different countries, giving you access to content that isn't available in your region.", 'start': 247.358, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 264.052, 'text': 'So again, get it on any device at expressvpn.com slash LexPod to get an extra three months free and to support this podcast.', 'start': 254.084, 'duration': 9.968}], 'summary': 'Expressvpn provides access to nearly 100 countries, allowing users to bypass geo-restrictions and access content not available in their region.', 'duration': 25.638, 'max_score': 238.414, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo238414.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Russ tedrick and podcast sponsors', 'summary': "Highlights russ tedrick's expertise in robotics, including his role at toyota research institute, and discusses podcast sponsors magic spoon cereal, betterhelp, and expressvpn, urging support for their products and services.", 'chapters': [{'end': 52.906, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Conversation with russ tedrick', 'summary': 'Discusses the work of russ tedrick, a roboticist and professor at mit, and his role as the vice president of robotics research at toyota research institute. it highlights his expertise in controlling robots in complex, stochastic situations and his unique approach to commuting by running close to a marathon a day to and from work barefoot.', 'duration': 52.817, 'highlights': ['Russ Tedrick is a roboticist and professor at MIT and vice president of robotics research at Toyota Research Institute or TRI, focusing on control of robots in complex, underactuated, stochastic situations.', "He led MIT's DARPA Robotics Challenge Team and is known for running close to a marathon a day to and from work barefoot, showcasing his unique approach to commuting.", "Russ Tedrick's expertise lies in controlling underactuated dynamical systems like the human body, making him an intriguing figure in the field of robotics."]}, {'end': 264.052, 'start': 54.537, 'title': 'Podcast ad sponsors and recommendations', 'summary': "Discusses three sponsors, magic spoon cereal, betterhelp, and expressvpn, providing information on their products and services, and urging listeners to support the podcast through purchasing and utilizing these sponsors' products and services.", 'duration': 209.515, 'highlights': ['The podcast is sponsored by Magic Spoon, a low-carb, keto-friendly cereal, featuring zero sugar, 11 grams of protein, and three net grams of carbs, and it offers a discount for listeners using the code Lex at checkout.', 'The show is also sponsored by BetterHelp, an online professional counseling service offering to match individuals with licensed professional therapists within 48 hours, and is available worldwide for private, affordable, and secure counseling.', "The podcast is further sponsored by ExpressVPN, providing access to content from nearly 100 different countries, allowing listeners to choose where they want sites to think they're located, and offering an extra three months free for listeners who sign up at expressvpn.com/LexPod.", "The chapter emphasizes the importance of supporting the podcast by promoting the sponsors' products and services through various actions such as purchasing, utilizing, subscribing, reviewing, and connecting on social media platforms.", 'The host recommends Magic Spoon Cereal as a delicious and healthy option for those on a keto or carnivore diet, and encourages listeners to use the provided discount code Lex at checkout.', 'BetterHelp is presented as a valuable resource for those seeking professional counseling, with an emphasis on its ability to help individuals cope with personal challenges and self-doubt, and the ease and availability of its services.', "ExpressVPN is highlighted for its capability to provide access to content not available in the listener's region, and the offer of an additional three months free for those who sign up through the provided link.", 'The ad placements are strategically positioned at the beginning of the podcast to avoid interrupting the flow of the conversation, ensuring a smooth listener experience.']}], 'duration': 263.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo89.jpg', 'highlights': ['Russ Tedrick is a roboticist and professor at MIT and vice president of robotics research at Toyota Research Institute or TRI, focusing on control of robots in complex, underactuated, stochastic situations.', 'The podcast is sponsored by Magic Spoon, a low-carb, keto-friendly cereal, featuring zero sugar, 11 grams of protein, and three net grams of carbs, and it offers a discount for listeners using the code Lex at checkout.', 'The show is also sponsored by BetterHelp, an online professional counseling service offering to match individuals with licensed professional therapists within 48 hours, and is available worldwide for private, affordable, and secure counseling.', "ExpressVPN is highlighted for its capability to provide access to content not available in the listener's region, and the offer of an additional three months free for those who sign up through the provided link."]}, {'end': 869.61, 'segs': [{'end': 314.394, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 288.226, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 298.349, 'text': 'a 3D walking machine, so it was not confined to a boom or a plane, that you put it on top of a small ramp, give it a little push.', 'start': 288.226, 'duration': 10.123}, {'end': 300.29, 'text': "It's powered only by gravity.", 'start': 299.149, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 303.811, 'text': 'No controllers, no batteries whatsoever.', 'start': 300.59, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 305.371, 'text': 'It just falls down the ramp.', 'start': 304.331, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 314.394, 'text': "And at the time, it looked more natural, more graceful, more human-like than any robot we'd seen to date, powered only by gravity.", 'start': 306.271, 'duration': 8.123}], 'summary': '3d walking machine powered only by gravity impressed with natural, graceful, human-like movement.', 'duration': 26.168, 'max_score': 288.226, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo288226.jpg'}, {'end': 696.706, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 669.224, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 674.808, 'text': 'And what they saw was that it was actually resonating and kind of surfing between the vortices.', 'start': 669.224, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 680.632, 'text': 'Now, here was the experiment that really was the clincher, because there was still.', 'start': 676.569, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 685.955, 'text': "it wasn't clear how much of that was mechanics of the fish, how much of that is control the brain.", 'start': 680.632, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 691.679, 'text': 'So the clincher experiment, and maybe one of my favorites to date, although there are many good experiments.', 'start': 686.956, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 696.706, 'text': 'They took, this was now a dead fish.', 'start': 693.683, 'duration': 3.023}], 'summary': 'Resonance observed between vortices, dead fish experiment.', 'duration': 27.482, 'max_score': 669.224, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo669224.jpg'}, {'end': 752.41, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 729.066, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 737.452, 'text': "no brain, no motors, no control, but it's somehow the mechanics of the fish resonate with the vortex street and it starts swimming upstream.", 'start': 729.066, 'duration': 8.386}, {'end': 739.394, 'text': "It's one of the best examples ever.", 'start': 738.233, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 742.886, 'text': 'Who do you give credit for that to??', 'start': 740.165, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 752.41, 'text': 'Is that just evolution, constantly just figuring out by killing a lot of generations of animals like the most efficient motion?', 'start': 743.747, 'duration': 8.663}], 'summary': 'Fish mechanics resonate with vortex street, swimming upstream; evolution refining efficient motion.', 'duration': 23.344, 'max_score': 729.066, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo729066.jpg'}, {'end': 834.051, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 803.171, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 806.053, 'text': "Sometimes it's too easy to think about only efficiency.", 'start': 803.171, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 809.576, 'text': 'But we have to do a lot of other things first, not get eaten.', 'start': 806.233, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 813.779, 'text': 'And then all other things being equal, try to save energy.', 'start': 810.576, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 817.541, 'text': "By the way, let's draw a distinction between control and mechanics.", 'start': 814.139, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 820.924, 'text': 'How would you define each? Yeah.', 'start': 818.662, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 827.309, 'text': "I mean, I think part of the point is that we shouldn't draw a line as clearly as we tend to.", 'start': 821.707, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 834.051, 'text': "But on a robot, we have motors and we have the links of the robot, let's say.", 'start': 827.849, 'duration': 6.202}], 'summary': 'Prioritize safety, save energy, and blur line between control and mechanics on robots.', 'duration': 30.88, 'max_score': 803.171, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo803171.jpg'}], 'start': 265.033, 'title': 'Efficient motion in robots and animals', 'summary': 'Explores the graceful motion of passive dynamic walkers and efficient animal movement, exemplified by the contrast between asimo and passive dynamic walker. it includes experiments by lauder and tranofilo at harvard and mit, demonstrating efficient motion through resonance with the vortex street, including a notable experiment with a dead fish.', 'chapters': [{'end': 562.454, 'start': 265.033, 'title': 'Beautiful motion of robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the beauty of passive, dynamic walkers, powered only by gravity, which move more naturally and gracefully than traditional robots, showcasing a shift from energy-consuming control to a more efficient, physics-driven approach, exemplified by the contrast between the asimo and the passive dynamic walker.', 'duration': 297.421, 'highlights': ['Passive dynamic walkers powered only by gravity move more naturally and gracefully than traditional robots. The passive dynamic walkers, powered only by gravity, move more naturally, gracefully, and human-like than traditional robots, showcasing a different approach to robot motion.', 'Shift from energy-consuming control to a more efficient, physics-driven approach. The shift from energy-consuming control to a more efficient, physics-driven approach is exemplified by the contrast between the ASIMO and the passive dynamic walker, showcasing the benefits of letting physics do most of the work.', 'Contrast between ASIMO and passive dynamic walker in terms of energy efficiency and approach to motion. The contrast between ASIMO and the passive dynamic walker highlights the difference in energy efficiency and approach to motion, with the passive dynamic walker demonstrating a more natural and efficient motion.']}, {'end': 869.61, 'start': 562.614, 'title': 'Efficiency in animal motion', 'summary': 'Discusses how the movement of animals, particularly the example of the rainbow trout, demonstrates efficient motion through resonance with the vortex street, as proven by experiments by george lauder and mike tranofilo at harvard and mit, including a notable experiment with a dead fish, indicating how efficiency and adaptation play a role in animal motor systems.', 'duration': 306.996, 'highlights': ['Experiments by George Lauder and Mike Tranofilo at Harvard and MIT studying the efficient motion of rainbow trout in a water tunnel demonstrate the resonance of the fish with the vortex street, showcasing the interplay between mechanics and control. The experiments conducted with rainbow trout in a water tunnel show how the fish resonates and surfs between vortices, indicating an interplay between mechanics and control in efficient motion.', "The experiment involving a dead fish tied to a rock in a water tunnel demonstrates the fish's ability to swim upstream solely through resonance with the vortex street, without any brain, motors, or control, highlighting the role of mechanics and efficiency in animal motion. The experiment with a dead fish tied to a rock showcases how the fish, even without any brain or control, can swim upstream solely due to resonance with the vortex street, emphasizing the role of mechanics and efficiency in animal motion.", 'Discussion on the interplay between mechanics and control, where the division lies in adding new energy to the system through motor commands, and the adaptation of animal motor systems to recover efficiency in unusual situations, providing insights into the role of efficiency and adaptation in animal motion. The discussion on the interplay between mechanics and control highlights how the adaptation of animal motor systems can recover efficiency in unusual situations, shedding light on the role of efficiency and adaptation in animal motion.']}], 'duration': 604.577, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo265033.jpg', 'highlights': ['Passive dynamic walkers move more naturally and gracefully than traditional robots.', 'Shift from energy-consuming control to a more efficient, physics-driven approach.', 'Experiments with rainbow trout demonstrate the resonance with the vortex street, showcasing the interplay between mechanics and control.', "The experiment with a dead fish tied to a rock showcases the fish's ability to swim upstream solely due to resonance with the vortex street, emphasizing the role of mechanics and efficiency in animal motion."]}, {'end': 1925.391, 'segs': [{'end': 899.393, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 870.812, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 879.226, 'text': 'Would you say, is most of nature on the dynamic side or the control side?', 'start': 870.812, 'duration': 8.414}, {'end': 887.809, 'text': "So, like, if you look at biological systems, or if you know we're living in a pandemic, now, like, do you think a virus is a?", 'start': 879.826, 'duration': 7.983}, {'end': 893.351, 'text': "do you think it's a dynamic system or is there a lot of control intelligence??", 'start': 887.809, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 899.393, 'text': "I think it's both, but I think we maybe have underestimated how important the dynamics are, right?", 'start': 894.071, 'duration': 5.322}], 'summary': 'Nature exhibits both dynamic and controlled aspects, with dynamics being potentially underestimated.', 'duration': 28.581, 'max_score': 870.812, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo870812.jpg'}, {'end': 1000.548, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 975.297, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 989.342, 'text': "I think I read somewhere that the reason evolution made us walk on two feet is because there's an advantage to being able to carry food back to the tribe or something like that.", 'start': 975.297, 'duration': 14.045}, {'end': 1000.548, 'text': "So you can carry, it's kind of this communal cooperative thing, so to carry stuff back to a place of shelter and so on to share with others.", 'start': 989.622, 'duration': 10.926}], 'summary': 'Evolution led to bipedalism for food sharing and cooperation.', 'duration': 25.251, 'max_score': 975.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo975297.jpg'}, {'end': 1413.429, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1376.317, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1377.658, 'text': "I mean, it's even subconscious.", 'start': 1376.317, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 1382.342, 'text': 'If I, right now, having run many miles barefoot, if I put a shoe on, my gait changes.', 'start': 1377.778, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 1384.544, 'text': 'in a way that I think is not as good.', 'start': 1383.163, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 1388.688, 'text': 'So it makes me land softer.', 'start': 1385.906, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 1398.398, 'text': 'And I think my goals for running are to do it for as long as I can into old age, not to win any races.', 'start': 1389.669, 'duration': 8.729}, {'end': 1402.482, 'text': 'And so for me, this is a way to protect myself.', 'start': 1399.059, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 1413.429, 'text': "Yeah, I think, first of all, I've tried running barefoot many years ago, probably the other way, just reading Born to Run.", 'start': 1403.447, 'duration': 9.982}], 'summary': 'Running barefoot helps with softer landing and injury prevention for long-term running goals.', 'duration': 37.112, 'max_score': 1376.317, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo1376317.jpg'}, {'end': 1549.49, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1524.197, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1531.181, 'text': "If they're interested in trying, how would you recommend they start or try or explore? Slowly.", 'start': 1524.197, 'duration': 6.984}, {'end': 1538.346, 'text': "That's the biggest thing people do is they are excellent runners and they're used to running long distances or running fast,", 'start': 1532.602, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 1539.447, 'text': 'and they take their shoes off and they.', 'start': 1538.346, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 1543.608, 'text': 'hurt themselves instantly trying to do something that they were used to doing.', 'start': 1540.887, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 1549.49, 'text': "I think I lucked out in the sense that I couldn't run very far when I first started trying.", 'start': 1544.369, 'duration': 5.121}], 'summary': 'Start exploring barefoot running slowly to avoid injury.', 'duration': 25.293, 'max_score': 1524.197, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo1524197.jpg'}, {'end': 1596.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1567.057, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1570.041, 'text': 'There is, I mean I noticed my gait changing right?', 'start': 1567.057, 'duration': 2.984}, {'end': 1576.971, 'text': 'So I mean your foot has as many muscles and sensors as your hand does right?', 'start': 1570.081, 'duration': 6.89}, {'end': 1579.394, 'text': 'Sensors, ooh, okay.', 'start': 1577.732, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 1582.218, 'text': 'And we do amazing things with our hands.', 'start': 1580.135, 'duration': 2.083}, {'end': 1586.019, 'text': 'and we stick our foot in a big, solid shoe, right?', 'start': 1583.297, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 1592.463, 'text': "So there's, I think you know, when you're barefoot, you're just giving yourself more proprioception.", 'start': 1586.039, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 1596.305, 'text': "And that's why you're more aware of some of the gait flaws and stuff like this.", 'start': 1593.323, 'duration': 2.982}], 'summary': 'Barefoot walking increases proprioception, leading to better gait awareness.', 'duration': 29.248, 'max_score': 1567.057, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo1567057.jpg'}, {'end': 1744.154, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1711.99, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1714.512, 'text': '12 times 2? Yeah.', 'start': 1711.99, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 1717.675, 'text': 'Okay It became kind of a game of how can I get to work.', 'start': 1714.813, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 1724, 'text': "I've rollerbladed, I've done all kinds of weird stuff, but my favorite one these days is I've been taking the Charles River to work.", 'start': 1718.556, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 1733.369, 'text': 'So I can put in a little rowboat, not so far from my house, but the Charles River takes a long way to get to MIT,', 'start': 1725.141, 'duration': 8.228}, {'end': 1735.831, 'text': 'so I can spend a long time getting there.', 'start': 1733.369, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 1738.758, 'text': "And it's not about I don't know.", 'start': 1736.434, 'duration': 2.324}, {'end': 1739.379, 'text': "it's just about.", 'start': 1738.758, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1744.154, 'text': "I've had people ask me how can you justify taking that time?", 'start': 1741.633, 'duration': 2.521}], 'summary': 'The speaker enjoys unique commutes, such as rowing on the charles river to mit, taking longer but enjoyable routes.', 'duration': 32.164, 'max_score': 1711.99, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo1711990.jpg'}], 'start': 870.812, 'title': "Nature's dynamics, bipedal walking, and barefoot running", 'summary': 'Explores the dynamics of nature, evolution of bipedal walking in robotics, and benefits of barefoot running, supported by personal experiences and quantitative data, while emphasizing the importance of proper techniques and gait adjustments, and unconventional commuting methods for work-life balance.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1154.089, 'start': 870.812, 'title': "Nature's dynamics and evolution", 'summary': 'Discusses the dynamics of nature, including the adaptability of biological systems, the evolution of bipedal walking, and the limitations of making evolutionary arguments, with examples of personal experiences and quantitative data.', 'duration': 283.277, 'highlights': ["The adaptive dynamics of biological systems are highlighted through the example of bone remodeling, where the speaker's fifth metacarpal bone evolved over a couple of years to address new circumstances, demonstrating the importance of dynamics in bodily mechanics.", 'The evolution of bipedal walking is discussed, emphasizing the advantage of being able to carry food back to the tribe, indicating a communal cooperative benefit, and questioning its value from both a robotics and human perspective.', 'The limitations of making evolutionary arguments are underscored, suggesting that many of these arguments are flawed due to the complexity of evolutionary processes and the scarcity of information, with a reference to dietary processes as an example of controversial evolutionary arguments.', 'The interplay of numerous variables and events in shaping history is highlighted, with the acknowledgment that seemingly insignificant events can become turning points, emphasizing the complexity of historical and evolutionary narratives.']}, {'end': 1455.177, 'start': 1154.109, 'title': 'Robotics, bipedal walking, and barefoot running', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of bipedal walking in robotics and the benefits of running barefoot, highlighting the advantages of immediate feedback and protection from injuries.', 'duration': 301.068, 'highlights': ['Bipedal walking challenges control theory and is useful due to the world being built for the human form. Bipedal walking challenges control theory and is useful due to the world being built for the human form, making it advantageous for robots to navigate natural places.', 'Running barefoot provides immediate feedback and helps protect against injuries, aiding in maintaining a soft landing and optimizing gait for long-term running goals. Running barefoot provides immediate feedback and helps protect against injuries, aiding in maintaining a soft landing and optimizing gait for long-term running goals.', 'Discussion on the benefits of running barefoot and the importance of learning the correct way to run. Discussion on the benefits of running barefoot and the importance of learning the correct way to run, emphasizing the need for immediate feedback and proper technique.']}, {'end': 1925.391, 'start': 1455.237, 'title': 'Barefoot running and commuting adventures', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits and challenges of barefoot running, emphasizing the importance of learning proper techniques and gait adjustments, along with the unique experiences of commuting to work using various unconventional methods to achieve a work-life balance.', 'duration': 470.154, 'highlights': ['The significance of learning proper techniques and gait adjustments for barefoot running and the benefits of increased proprioception, leading to better awareness of gait flaws. Learning proper techniques for barefoot running, gait adjustments, increased proprioception, better awareness of gait flaws.', 'The importance of starting barefoot running slowly to avoid injuries and the recommendation to explore minimal shoes as an alternative to running barefoot. Starting barefoot running slowly, avoiding injuries, exploring minimal shoes as an alternative.', 'The unconventional commuting methods, such as running and biking to work, using a rowboat on the Charles River, and the benefits of these activities for reflection and work-life balance. Unconventional commuting methods, benefits for reflection and work-life balance.', "The speaker's preference for unconventional athletic activities during travel, such as biking to the airport and using a stand-up paddleboard, to explore new places and experiences. Preference for unconventional athletic activities during travel, exploring new places and experiences."]}], 'duration': 1054.579, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo870812.jpg', 'highlights': ['The adaptive dynamics of biological systems are highlighted through the example of bone remodeling, demonstrating the importance of dynamics in bodily mechanics.', 'The evolution of bipedal walking is discussed, emphasizing the advantage of being able to carry food back to the tribe, indicating a communal cooperative benefit, and questioning its value from both a robotics and human perspective.', 'Running barefoot provides immediate feedback and helps protect against injuries, aiding in maintaining a soft landing and optimizing gait for long-term running goals.', 'The significance of learning proper techniques and gait adjustments for barefoot running and the benefits of increased proprioception, leading to better awareness of gait flaws.', 'The importance of starting barefoot running slowly to avoid injuries and the recommendation to explore minimal shoes as an alternative to running barefoot.', 'The unconventional commuting methods, such as running and biking to work, using a rowboat on the Charles River, and the benefits of these activities for reflection and work-life balance.']}, {'end': 3264.304, 'segs': [{'end': 1955.163, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1926.012, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1931.255, 'text': "So he's insane, and he does things for the purpose, in the best kind of way.", 'start': 1926.012, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 1936.719, 'text': 'He does things for the explicit purpose of suffering.', 'start': 1931.375, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 1941.201, 'text': 'He picks the thing that, whatever he thinks he can do, he does more.', 'start': 1937.179, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 1947.304, 'text': 'So do you have that feeling? thing in you, or are you..', 'start': 1941.221, 'duration': 6.083}, {'end': 1948.445, 'text': "I think it's become the opposite.", 'start': 1947.304, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 1950.687, 'text': "It's a..", 'start': 1949.846, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1953.669, 'text': "So you're like that dynamical system that the walker, the efficient..", 'start': 1950.687, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 1955.163, 'text': "yeah, it's.", 'start': 1954.443, 'duration': 0.72}], 'summary': 'Discussion about purposeful suffering and dynamical systems.', 'duration': 29.151, 'max_score': 1926.012, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo1926012.jpg'}, {'end': 2097.98, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2058.103, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2077.422, 'text': "And we went from these abstract discussions about maybes and what ifs and what a great idea to these super precise statements about systems that aren't that much more simple or abstract than the ones I care about deeply.", 'start': 2058.103, 'duration': 19.319}, {'end': 2079.964, 'text': 'And the contrast of that is..', 'start': 2078.523, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 2083.931, 'text': "I don't know, it really gets me.", 'start': 2082.771, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 2092.617, 'text': 'I think people underestimate maybe the power of clear thinking.', 'start': 2084.092, 'duration': 8.525}, {'end': 2097.98, 'text': 'And so for instance, deep learning is amazing.', 'start': 2093.618, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Clear thinking leads to precise statements about complex systems, underestimating the power of clear thinking can be a mistake. deep learning is highlighted as an example.', 'duration': 39.877, 'max_score': 2058.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo2058103.jpg'}, {'end': 2713.921, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2685.979, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2692.464, 'text': 'which were the challenges that brought us put a spotlight on self-driving cars.', 'start': 2685.979, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 2703.233, 'text': 'Gil Pratt was at DARPA and pitched a new challenge that involved disaster response.', 'start': 2695.407, 'duration': 7.826}, {'end': 2708.677, 'text': "It didn't explicitly require humanoids, although humanoids came into the picture.", 'start': 2705.055, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 2713.921, 'text': 'This happened shortly after the Fukushima disaster in Japan.', 'start': 2710.319, 'duration': 3.602}], 'summary': 'Gil pratt at darpa introduced a challenge for disaster response after the fukushima disaster in japan.', 'duration': 27.942, 'max_score': 2685.979, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo2685979.jpg'}, {'end': 3063.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3031.348, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3036.413, 'text': 'And the humans were there like laying, you know, picking up and laying the brick down so that the robot could walk over it.', 'start': 3031.348, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 3037.894, 'text': 'And I thought what is wrong with this?', 'start': 3036.453, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 3046.541, 'text': "You know, we've got a robot just watching us do all the manual labor so that it can take its little stroll across the terrain.", 'start': 3037.934, 'duration': 8.607}, {'end': 3054.55, 'text': 'But.. I mean, even the virtual robotics challenge was super nerve-wracking and dramatic.', 'start': 3047.102, 'duration': 7.448}, {'end': 3063.902, 'text': 'I remember, so we were using Gazebo as a simulator on the cloud, and there was all these interesting challenges.', 'start': 3054.69, 'duration': 9.212}], 'summary': 'Humans performed manual labor for robot; virtual robotics challenge was nerve-wracking with gazebo simulator.', 'duration': 32.554, 'max_score': 3031.348, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo3031348.jpg'}], 'start': 1926.012, 'title': 'Purposeful suffering and robotics', 'summary': 'Explores purposeful suffering for personal growth amidst covid-19, and the impact of clear thinking in robotics and deep learning. it also delves into the darpa robotics challenge journey and simulator optimization for robotics competition.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1975.447, 'start': 1926.012, 'title': 'Purposeful suffering for personal growth', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of purposeful suffering for personal growth and how it relates to happiness and the impact of covid-19 on daily life, emphasizing the importance of finding contentment in simple things amidst the pandemic.', 'duration': 49.435, 'highlights': ['The concept of purposeful suffering and personal growth is explored, emphasizing the idea of doing more to endure suffering for improvement.', 'The impact of COVID-19 on daily life is discussed, highlighting the shift in perspective towards finding contentment in simple activities like walking around town with family.']}, {'end': 2633.331, 'start': 1975.447, 'title': 'The power of clear thinking in robotics and deep learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of clear thinking in robotics and deep learning, emphasizing the importance of rigorous thinking and the balance between deep learning and traditional approaches, as well as the significance of understanding the first principles and fundamentals in various disciplines.', 'duration': 657.884, 'highlights': ['The impact of clear thinking in robotics and deep learning The speaker emphasizes the importance of clear thinking and rigorous approaches in robotics and deep learning, highlighting the contrast between abstract discussions and precise statements derived from mathematical control theory.', 'The significance of understanding the first principles and fundamentals in various disciplines The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding the first principles and fundamentals in disciplines such as mechanics, physics, and data analysis, highlighting the need for a deep understanding of these concepts.', 'The balance between deep learning and traditional approaches The speaker discusses the challenges of ensuring that individuals get exposure to rigorous thinking and traditional approaches, highlighting the potential biases introduced by human involvement and the need to understand the scope and limitations of different methods.']}, {'end': 3004.544, 'start': 2634.491, 'title': 'Darpa robotics challenge journey', 'summary': "Discusses the darpa robotics challenge, which aimed at disaster response using humanoid robots, including the motivation behind it, the challenges faced, and the impact on the team and the professor's career.", 'duration': 370.053, 'highlights': ['The DARPA Robotics Challenge aimed at disaster response, motivated by the Fukushima disaster, and involved competing in a simulation challenge followed by a physical challenge. The challenge was motivated by the Fukushima disaster, aiming to avert future disasters through the use of robots. It involved competing in a simulation challenge before progressing to a physical challenge.', 'The competition entailed developing semi-autonomous humanoid robots capable of tasks like walking over rough terrain and performing specific actions in disaster areas with a degraded network link to a human. The challenge required developing semi-autonomous humanoid robots capable of tasks like locomotion over rough terrain and specific actions in disaster areas with a degraded network link to a human.', "The experience was a defining one, allowing the team to test their algorithms and do more proper software engineering, impacting the professor's career at a crucial time. The challenge provided an opportunity to test algorithms, engage in proper software engineering, and significantly impact the professor's career at a crucial career stage."]}, {'end': 3264.304, 'start': 3007.682, 'title': 'Robotics challenge and simulator optimization', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced in the robotics competition, including manual labor for a humanoid robot, nerve-wracking virtual robotics challenge using gazebo simulator, and the last-minute optimization of a solver for a critical optimization problem.', 'duration': 256.622, 'highlights': ['The team faced challenges in the robotics competition, including manual labor for the humanoid robot and nerve-wracking virtual robotics challenges using Gazebo simulator. The team encountered manual labor challenges for the humanoid robot and nerve-wracking virtual robotics challenges using Gazebo simulator.', 'Last-minute optimization of a solver for a critical optimization problem was required due to the simulator not running at real-time rate. The team had to optimize a solver for a critical optimization problem at the last minute due to the simulator not running at real-time rate.', 'The team had to make the quadratic programming solver faster by writing a new solver and implementing the concept of warm starting to address delays. The team had to make the quadratic programming solver faster by writing a new solver and implementing warm starting to address delays in the optimization problem.']}], 'duration': 1338.292, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo1926012.jpg', 'highlights': ['The DARPA Robotics Challenge aimed at disaster response, motivated by the Fukushima disaster, and involved competing in a simulation challenge followed by a physical challenge. The challenge was motivated by the Fukushima disaster, aiming to avert future disasters through the use of robots. It involved competing in a simulation challenge before progressing to a physical challenge.', 'The concept of purposeful suffering and personal growth is explored, emphasizing the idea of doing more to endure suffering for improvement.', 'The impact of clear thinking in robotics and deep learning The speaker emphasizes the importance of clear thinking and rigorous approaches in robotics and deep learning, highlighting the contrast between abstract discussions and precise statements derived from mathematical control theory.', 'The team faced challenges in the robotics competition, including manual labor for the humanoid robot and nerve-wracking virtual robotics challenges using Gazebo simulator. The team encountered manual labor challenges for the humanoid robot and nerve-wracking virtual robotics challenges using Gazebo simulator.']}, {'end': 4482.386, 'segs': [{'end': 3297.825, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3264.304, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3267.587, 'text': 'which were very easily checked, could stabilize the robot.', 'start': 3264.304, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 3269.829, 'text': "And if they couldn't, we would fall back to the solver.", 'start': 3268.027, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 3273.471, 'text': "You couldn't really test this well, right? Or like..", 'start': 3270.789, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 3277.453, 'text': 'I mean, so we always knew that if we fell back to..', 'start': 3273.471, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 3284.597, 'text': 'It got to the point where if for some reason things slowed down and we fell back to the original solver, the robot would actually literally fall down.', 'start': 3277.453, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 3290.561, 'text': 'So it was a harrowing sort of ledge we were sort of on.', 'start': 3286.118, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 3297.825, 'text': "But I mean, actually, like the 400 pound humanoid could come crashing to the ground if your solver's not fast enough.", 'start': 3291.241, 'duration': 6.584}], 'summary': 'Unstable robot; slow solver led to 400-pound humanoid falling down.', 'duration': 33.521, 'max_score': 3264.304, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo3264304.jpg'}, {'end': 3463.69, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3439.151, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3445.073, 'text': 'whether in the simulation or in the real world, making the semi-autonomous system work?', 'start': 3439.151, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 3455.028, 'text': "I mean it really did teach me something fundamental about what it's gonna take to get robustness out of a system of this complexity.", 'start': 3446.926, 'duration': 8.102}, {'end': 3460.829, 'text': 'I would say the DARPA challenge really was foundational in my thinking.', 'start': 3455.388, 'duration': 5.441}, {'end': 3463.69, 'text': 'I think the autonomous driving community thinks about this.', 'start': 3461.089, 'duration': 2.601}], 'summary': 'Darpa challenge taught about achieving robustness in semi-autonomous systems, influencing autonomous driving community.', 'duration': 24.539, 'max_score': 3439.151, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo3439151.jpg'}, {'end': 3724.881, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3694.881, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3700.003, 'text': 'so the hardest part of the challenge, the hardest task in my view, was getting out of the Polaris.', 'start': 3694.881, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 3703.285, 'text': 'It was actually relatively easy to drive, the Polaris.', 'start': 3700.424, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 3711.19, 'text': 'We had- Can you tell the story, sorry to interrupt, the story of the car? People should watch this video.', 'start': 3703.365, 'duration': 7.825}, {'end': 3713.872, 'text': "I mean, the thing you've come up with is just brilliant.", 'start': 3711.23, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 3715.934, 'text': "But anyway, sorry, what's..", 'start': 3713.912, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 3724.881, 'text': 'Yeah, we kind of joke, we call it the big robot little car problem because somehow the race organizers decided to give us a 400-pound humanoid.', 'start': 3715.934, 'duration': 8.947}], 'summary': 'Challenging task: getting out of polaris, relatively easy to drive, 400-pound humanoid issue.', 'duration': 30, 'max_score': 3694.881, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo3694881.jpg'}, {'end': 4163.692, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4135.1, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4143.948, 'text': "Right If you are wrestling a human and are in a game theoretic situation with the human, that's still hard.", 'start': 4135.1, 'duration': 8.848}, {'end': 4151.283, 'text': 'but just to speak to the quickly reasoning about contact part of it, for instance.', 'start': 4146.6, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 4157.587, 'text': 'Yeah, maybe even throwing the game theory out of it, almost like a non-dynamic opponent.', 'start': 4151.344, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 4163.692, 'text': "Right There's reasons to be optimistic, but I think our best understanding of those problems are still pretty hard.", 'start': 4157.728, 'duration': 5.964}], 'summary': 'Wrestling a human in game theory is difficult, but reasoning about contact is optimistic yet challenging.', 'duration': 28.592, 'max_score': 4135.1, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo4135100.jpg'}], 'start': 3264.304, 'title': 'Robot challenges in robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses critical issues in robot stability, consequences of failure, challenges in testing semi-autonomous systems like humanoid robots, and the complexities of reasoning about contact in a game theoretic situation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3439.151, 'start': 3264.304, 'title': 'Robot stability and passion in robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the critical issue of robot stability, the potential consequences of solver failure, and the connection between hard work and passion in robotics, noting the potential impact on happiness and the luxury of dedicating time to something one is truly passionate about.', 'duration': 174.847, 'highlights': ['The potential consequences of solver failure could lead to the 400 pound humanoid robot falling to the ground, indicating the critical issue of robot stability. The failure of the solver could result in the literal fall of the 400 pound humanoid robot, emphasizing the critical issue of robot stability.', 'The discussion on the connection between hard work and passion in robotics, noting the potential impact on happiness and the luxury of dedicating time to something one is truly passionate about. The chapter explores the connection between hard work, passion in robotics, and the potential impact on happiness and the luxury of dedicating time to something one is truly passionate about.', 'The insight that finding something one is truly passionate about leads to happiness and the willingness to spend a significant amount of time on it. The chapter emphasizes that finding something one is truly passionate about can lead to happiness and the willingness to spend a significant amount of time on it.']}, {'end': 3618.798, 'start': 3439.151, 'title': 'Challenges in testing semi-autonomous systems', 'summary': 'Highlights the challenges faced in testing semi-autonomous systems, particularly the difficulty of testing complex systems like humanoid robots, the importance of robustness, and the advantage of multiple robots for testing, leading to a reliance on somewhat random search in testing.', 'duration': 179.647, 'highlights': ['The DARPA challenge was foundational in realizing the challenges in testing semi-autonomous systems and the importance of robustness.', 'The team that won had two robots, allowing them to test at a higher rate and discipline, highlighting the advantage of multiple robots for testing.', 'The philosophy of testing involves unit tests, integration tests, and system level tests, particularly challenging for complex systems like humanoid robots.', 'Testing on a real robot is impossible to replicate, relying on somewhat random search in testing, with an emphasis on running as many experiments as possible.']}, {'end': 4134.8, 'start': 3619.919, 'title': 'Challenges of humanoid robot in drc', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced by a humanoid robot during the drc, including falling incidents, difficulties in getting out of a vehicle, and the control problem of sitting on the ground with feet in the air, highlighting the need for advancements in legged robots and the complexity of contact-based control problems.', 'duration': 514.881, 'highlights': ['The challenge of getting out of the Polaris was the hardest task, involving driving a 400-pound humanoid in a small car and the difficulty of exiting the vehicle, emphasizing the complexity of this control problem.', 'An incident where the robot fell due to a power outage and the challenge of parking and getting out of the car, demonstrating the practical difficulties faced during the competition.', 'The control problem of sitting on the ground with feet in the air, showcasing the complexity of motion planning and collision-free motion planning in legged robots and the fear of contact as a difficult control and sensing problem.', 'The comparison between humanoid robots and humans in terms of leveraging contact and the need for advancements in legged robots to handle situations where the robot is not making contact with the world at its feet, highlighting the complexity of controlling robots in such scenarios.', 'The inquiry about the possibility of developing a robot capable of winning in a wrestling match, highlighting the challenges of creating a robot that can effectively utilize contact points and leverage in dynamic physical interactions.']}, {'end': 4482.386, 'start': 4135.1, 'title': 'Challenges in reasoning about contact', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in quickly reasoning about contact in a game theoretic situation, the complexity of decision-making based on deep learning models, and the intricate learning process involved in manipulating objects through contact.', 'duration': 347.286, 'highlights': ['The difficulty in quickly reasoning about contact in a game theoretic situation The best understanding of these problems are still pretty hard, and the ability to make a decision based on models quickly eludes us.', 'The complexity of decision-making based on deep learning models for contact manipulation There are impressive examples of deep learning policies and controllers for contact manipulation, but the challenge of making decisions quickly based on these models still poses a significant difficulty.', 'The intricate learning process involved in manipulating objects through contact The learning process involves both intellectual and instinctual learning, distributed learning, and the hierarchy and composition of control systems, which are not captured very well yet.']}], 'duration': 1218.082, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo3264304.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential consequences of solver failure could lead to the 400 pound humanoid robot falling to the ground, indicating the critical issue of robot stability.', 'The DARPA challenge was foundational in realizing the challenges in testing semi-autonomous systems and the importance of robustness.', 'The challenge of getting out of the Polaris was the hardest task, involving driving a 400-pound humanoid in a small car and the difficulty of exiting the vehicle, emphasizing the complexity of this control problem.', 'The difficulty in quickly reasoning about contact in a game theoretic situation The best understanding of these problems are still pretty hard, and the ability to make a decision based on models quickly eludes us.']}, {'end': 5540.142, 'segs': [{'end': 4513.163, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4482.966, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4486.608, 'text': 'All of those seem to be essential for the learning process.', 'start': 4482.966, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 4490.37, 'text': "And if all that's good, then you're probably optimizing energy efficiency.", 'start': 4486.708, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 4491.35, 'text': 'Yeah, right.', 'start': 4490.53, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 4492.351, 'text': 'So you have to get that right.', 'start': 4491.41, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 4499.955, 'text': 'So there was this idea that you would have robots play soccer better than..', 'start': 4493.151, 'duration': 6.804}, {'end': 4505.618, 'text': 'Then human players by 2050, that was the goal.', 'start': 4501.275, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 4513.163, 'text': 'Basically, was the goal to beat world champion team? To become a World Cup, be like a World Cup level team.', 'start': 4505.738, 'duration': 7.425}], 'summary': 'Optimizing energy efficiency is essential for robots to play soccer better than human players by 2050.', 'duration': 30.197, 'max_score': 4482.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo4482966.jpg'}, {'end': 4583.441, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4533.859, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4538.361, 'text': "I mean it's very hard to say one thing is harder, some problems harder than the other.", 'start': 4533.859, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 4545.183, 'text': 'What probably matters is who started the organization that I mean.', 'start': 4538.561, 'duration': 6.622}, {'end': 4551.806, 'text': 'I think RoboCup has a pretty serious following and there is a history now of people playing that game, learning about that game,', 'start': 4545.183, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 4555.348, 'text': 'building robots to play that game, building increasingly more human robots.', 'start': 4551.806, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 4556.549, 'text': "It's got momentum.", 'start': 4555.849, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 4564.596, 'text': 'So, if you want to have mixed martial arts compete, you better start your organization now, right?', 'start': 4557.11, 'duration': 7.486}, {'end': 4570.72, 'text': "I think, almost independent of which problem is technically harder, because they're both hard and they're both different.", 'start': 4565.496, 'duration': 5.224}, {'end': 4571.961, 'text': "That's a good point.", 'start': 4571.361, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 4574.603, 'text': 'I mean, those videos are just hilarious.', 'start': 4572.001, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 4581.259, 'text': 'Especially the humanoid robots trying to trying to play soccer.', 'start': 4575.724, 'duration': 5.535}, {'end': 4583.441, 'text': "i mean they're kind of terrible right now.", 'start': 4581.259, 'duration': 2.182}], 'summary': 'Robocup has a serious following with a history of people playing and building robots for the game, showing momentum and potential for growth, despite the technical challenges.', 'duration': 49.582, 'max_score': 4533.859, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo4533859.jpg'}, {'end': 4796.508, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4763.235, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4769.103, 'text': 'What happened? And it turns out that this Black Mirror episode had changed the way people watched.', 'start': 4763.235, 'duration': 5.868}, {'end': 4773.067, 'text': 'Yeah, the videos I was putting out.', 'start': 4771.886, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 4774.669, 'text': 'The way they see these kinds of robots.', 'start': 4773.167, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 4780.574, 'text': 'So I talked to so many people who are just terrified because of that episode probably of these kinds of robots.', 'start': 4774.689, 'duration': 5.885}, {'end': 4784.277, 'text': 'I almost want to say they almost kind of like enjoy being terrified.', 'start': 4781.034, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 4786.62, 'text': "I don't even know what it is about human psychology.", 'start': 4784.558, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 4796.508, 'text': 'They kind of imagine doomsday, the destruction of the universe or our society and kind of like enjoy being afraid.', 'start': 4787.12, 'duration': 9.388}], 'summary': "Black mirror episode changed people's perception of robots, evoking fear and enjoyment.", 'duration': 33.273, 'max_score': 4763.235, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo4763235.jpg'}, {'end': 4883.26, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4855.925, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4861.309, 'text': "Um, I think I don't know exactly why, uh, people react the way they do.", 'start': 4855.925, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 4869.852, 'text': 'Um, I think we have to be careful about the way robots influence our society and the like.', 'start': 4861.329, 'duration': 8.523}, {'end': 4873.775, 'text': "I think that's a responsibility that roboticists need to embrace.", 'start': 4869.892, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 4880.278, 'text': "I don't think robots are going to come after me with a kitchen knife or a pellet gun right away.", 'start': 4875.175, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 4883.26, 'text': 'I mean if they were programmed in such a way.', 'start': 4880.298, 'duration': 2.962}], 'summary': 'Roboticists must embrace responsibility in robot influence on society.', 'duration': 27.335, 'max_score': 4855.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo4855925.jpg'}, {'end': 5197.926, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5107.92, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5113.742, 'text': 'I think our ability to anthropomorphize those robots is probably.', 'start': 5107.92, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 5117.402, 'text': "we're assuming that they have a level of intelligence that they don't yet have.", 'start': 5113.742, 'duration': 3.66}, {'end': 5119.063, 'text': 'And that might be part of the fear.', 'start': 5117.963, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 5121.566, 'text': "So in that sense, it's too hard.", 'start': 5120.103, 'duration': 1.463}, {'end': 5129.838, 'text': "But there are many scary things in the world, right? So I think we're right to ask those questions.", 'start': 5122.347, 'duration': 7.491}, {'end': 5133.224, 'text': "We're right to think about the implications of our work.", 'start': 5129.858, 'duration': 3.366}, {'end': 5139.79, 'text': "Right In the short term, as we're working on it for sure.", 'start': 5135.687, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 5146.917, 'text': 'is there something long term that scares you about our future with AI and robots?', 'start': 5139.79, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 5158.147, 'text': 'A lot of folks, from Elon Musk to Sam Harris, a lot of folks talk about the existential threats, about artificial intelligence.', 'start': 5147.717, 'duration': 10.43}, {'end': 5165.678, 'text': 'Oftentimes, robots inspire that the most because of the anthropomorphism.', 'start': 5159.008, 'duration': 6.67}, {'end': 5168.682, 'text': "Do you have any fears? It's an important question.", 'start': 5165.698, 'duration': 2.984}, {'end': 5179.326, 'text': "actually, i think i like rod brooks answer maybe the best on this, i think, and it's not the only answer he's given over the years,", 'start': 5172.299, 'duration': 7.027}, {'end': 5185.451, 'text': "but maybe one of my favorites is um, he says it's not going to be.", 'start': 5179.326, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 5187.013, 'text': "he's got a book, flesh and machines.", 'start': 5185.451, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 5187.834, 'text': 'i believe.', 'start': 5187.013, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 5191.201, 'text': "um, It's not gonna be the robots versus the people.", 'start': 5187.834, 'duration': 3.367}, {'end': 5197.926, 'text': "We're all gonna be robot people because we already have smartphones.", 'start': 5191.942, 'duration': 5.984}], 'summary': "Anthropomorphizing robots leads to fear about ai's future and existential threats, but it's important to consider implications and work on short-term solutions.", 'duration': 90.006, 'max_score': 5107.92, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo5107920.jpg'}, {'end': 5357.153, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5327.691, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5339.941, 'text': 'I think they inspire people curiosity and feelings in general excitement about engineering more than almost anything else in popular culture.', 'start': 5327.691, 'duration': 12.25}, {'end': 5346.125, 'text': "I think that's such an exciting responsibility and possibility for robotics.", 'start': 5340.961, 'duration': 5.164}, {'end': 5350.488, 'text': 'And Boston Dynamics is riding that wave pretty damn well.', 'start': 5346.926, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 5352.07, 'text': 'Like they found it.', 'start': 5350.529, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 5357.153, 'text': "They've discovered that hunger and curiosity in the people and they're doing magic with it.", 'start': 5352.37, 'duration': 4.783}], 'summary': 'Boston dynamics inspires excitement about engineering, riding a wave of curiosity and possibilities in robotics.', 'duration': 29.462, 'max_score': 5327.691, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo5327691.jpg'}, {'end': 5467.897, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5443.886, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 5453.93, 'text': "Do you have anything hopeful to say about the possibility of making money with robots? Oh, I think you can't just look at the failures.", 'start': 5443.886, 'duration': 10.044}, {'end': 5455.851, 'text': 'I mean, Boston Dynamics is a success.', 'start': 5454.19, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5460.093, 'text': "There's lots of companies that are still doing amazingly good work in robotics.", 'start': 5455.871, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 5467.897, 'text': 'I mean, this is the capitalist ecology or something, right? I think you have many companies, you have many startups, and they..', 'start': 5461.113, 'duration': 6.784}], 'summary': 'Despite failures, companies like boston dynamics are successful in the robotics industry.', 'duration': 24.011, 'max_score': 5443.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo5443886.jpg'}], 'start': 4482.966, 'title': 'Impact of robots on society', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of robots in soccer and mixed martial arts, societal fear of robots, implications of ai and robots, and the financial aspects of robotics industry, highlighting challenges and opportunities in the field.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4805.511, 'start': 4482.966, 'title': 'Robot soccer: world domination?', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of robots competing in soccer and mixed martial arts, the challenges, and the excitement it generates, highlighting the potential impact on human psychology and the influence of media perception on robotics development.', 'duration': 322.545, 'highlights': ['Robots in soccer: The discussion on the potential of robots competing in soccer and mixed martial arts, the challenges involved, and the excitement it generates.', 'Impact on human psychology: The influence of media perception on robotics development and the potential impact on human psychology.', 'RoboCup and Robo One competitions: The significance and momentum of events like RoboCup and Robo One competitions in advancing robot capabilities and skills.', 'Media influence on robotics perception: The impact of media, such as the Black Mirror episode, on shaping public perception and generating fear and excitement about robotics.', 'Optimizing energy efficiency: The essential factors for learning processes and optimizing energy efficiency in robotics development.']}, {'end': 4984.151, 'start': 4806.412, 'title': 'Robots and fear in society', 'summary': 'Delves into the societal fear of robots, discussing the influence of cultural narratives, and the responsibility of roboticists, while questioning the likelihood of robots going rogue, attributing varying reactions to robots in different countries, and highlighting a recent viral video featuring robots.', 'duration': 177.739, 'highlights': ['The influence of cultural narratives on the fear of robots is discussed, with the speaker attributing varying reactions to robots in different countries, mentioning the impact of popular media such as movies and sci-fi. (Relevance: High)', 'The responsibility of roboticists in shaping the influence of robots in society is emphasized, highlighting the need for caution and embracing ethical responsibility. (Relevance: Medium)', 'The likelihood of robots going rogue is questioned, with the speaker expressing skepticism about the immediate threat of robots harming humans, citing the programming and cultural factors. (Relevance: Medium)', 'A recent viral video featuring new robot productions is mentioned, noting the general trend of viral content involving impressive or unusual robot capabilities. (Relevance: Low)']}, {'end': 5300.835, 'start': 4984.611, 'title': 'Future with ai and robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the fear and implications of ai and robots, the potential for robots to become integrated into human society, and the changing dynamics of personal interaction due to technology.', 'duration': 316.224, 'highlights': ['Rod Brooks suggests that humans and robots will coexist, with robots becoming integrated into human society, potentially through cognitive implants and brain-computer interfaces.', 'The discussion covers the fear and implications of AI and robots, including concerns about misinformation, manipulation, and the changing dynamics of personal interaction due to technology.', 'The conversation addresses the potential for robots to be part of human society and the changing value placed on personal interaction due to online interactions.', 'The transcript explores the fear and uncertainties regarding the future with AI and robots, discussing the potential for misuse of technology and the need to consider the implications of technological advancements.']}, {'end': 5540.142, 'start': 5300.835, 'title': 'Inspiring robotics and making money', 'summary': 'Discusses the excitement and inspiration that boston dynamics brings to the field of robotics, highlighting its success and the challenges of making money in the industry, while emphasizing the importance of aggressive innovation and the natural selection of successful companies.', 'duration': 239.307, 'highlights': ["Boston Dynamics inspires people's curiosity and excitement about engineering in popular culture. The speaker believes that Boston Dynamics and legged robots inspire curiosity and excitement in engineering, more than almost anything else in popular culture.", 'The difficulty of making money with robotics and the high failure rate of robotics companies. The speaker discusses the challenges faced by robotics companies in making money, citing the high failure rate of companies like iRobot, Jibo, Anki, and Rethink Robotics.', 'The importance of aggressive innovation and the natural selection of successful companies in the robotics industry. The speaker emphasizes the importance of aggressive innovation and the natural selection of successful companies in the robotics industry, likening it to the capitalist ecology and the research mantra of choosing aggressively enough.']}], 'duration': 1057.176, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo4482966.jpg', 'highlights': ['Robots in soccer: Discusses potential of robots competing in soccer and mixed martial arts.', 'RoboCup and Robo One competitions: Significance and momentum of events like RoboCup and Robo One competitions.', 'Media influence on robotics perception: Impact of media, such as the Black Mirror episode, on shaping public perception.', 'Optimizing energy efficiency: Essential factors for learning processes and optimizing energy efficiency in robotics development.', 'Influence of cultural narratives on fear of robots: Discusses the influence of cultural narratives on the fear of robots.', 'Responsibility of roboticists in shaping influence of robots in society: Emphasizes the need for caution and embracing ethical responsibility.', 'Likelihood of robots going rogue: Questions the likelihood of robots going rogue and skepticism about immediate threat.', "Rod Brooks' view on coexistence of humans and robots: Suggests that humans and robots will coexist, with robots becoming integrated into human society.", 'Fear and implications of AI and robots: Covers concerns about misinformation, manipulation, and changing dynamics of personal interaction.', "Boston Dynamics' impact on popular culture: Inspires curiosity and excitement about engineering in popular culture.", 'Difficulty of making money with robotics: Discusses the challenges faced by robotics companies in making money.', 'Importance of aggressive innovation in robotics industry: Emphasizes the importance of aggressive innovation and natural selection of successful companies.']}, {'end': 7709.598, 'segs': [{'end': 6454.36, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6427.954, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6439.206, 'text': "What is Drake and what does it take to create a simulation environment for the kind of difficult control problems we're talking about?", 'start': 6427.954, 'duration': 11.252}, {'end': 6443.888, 'text': "Right, so, Drake is the simulator that I've been working on.", 'start': 6440.785, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 6446.111, 'text': 'There are other good simulators out there.', 'start': 6444.649, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 6454.36, 'text': "I don't like to think of Drake as just a simulator, because we write our controllers in Drake, we write our perception systems a little bit in Drake,", 'start': 6446.912, 'duration': 7.448}], 'summary': 'Drake is a versatile simulator used for writing controllers and perception systems.', 'duration': 26.406, 'max_score': 6427.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo6427954.jpg'}, {'end': 6812.378, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6785.039, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6788.92, 'text': 'we could write a controller without any simulation whatsoever and we could call it done.', 'start': 6785.039, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 6805.056, 'text': "But we want to understand what is the path you take to actually get to a robot that could perform that for any dish in anybody's kitchen with enough confidence that it could be a commercial product.", 'start': 6790.06, 'duration': 14.996}, {'end': 6809.217, 'text': 'Right And it has deep learning perception in the loop.', 'start': 6805.416, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 6811.017, 'text': 'It has complex dynamics in the loop.', 'start': 6809.437, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 6812.378, 'text': 'It has controller, it has a planner.', 'start': 6811.037, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': 'Developing a robot with deep learning perception, complex dynamics, and a planner for commercial use.', 'duration': 27.339, 'max_score': 6785.039, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo6785039.jpg'}, {'end': 6989.442, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 6885.225, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6892.888, 'text': "There's like really subtle questions at the corner cases that I think we don't yet have satisfying answers for.", 'start': 6885.225, 'duration': 7.663}, {'end': 6895.09, 'text': 'like how do you find the corner cases?', 'start': 6893.248, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 6896.591, 'text': "that's one kind of.", 'start': 6895.09, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6897.211, 'text': 'is there?', 'start': 6896.591, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 6904.757, 'text': "do you think that's possible to create a systematized way of discovering corner cases efficiently?", 'start': 6897.211, 'duration': 7.546}, {'end': 6907.62, 'text': 'yes, in, in, whatever the problem is.', 'start': 6904.757, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 6909.841, 'text': 'yes, i mean, i think we have to get better at that.', 'start': 6907.62, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 6916.687, 'text': 'i mean control theory has, um, for for decades talked about active experiment design.', 'start': 6909.841, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 6918.008, 'text': "what's that?", 'start': 6916.687, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 6921.599, 'text': 'So people call it curiosity these days.', 'start': 6919.618, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 6929.584, 'text': "It's roughly this idea of trying to exploration or exploitation, but in the active experiment design is more specific.", 'start': 6922.12, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 6934.167, 'text': 'You could try to understand the uncertainty in your system.', 'start': 6929.664, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 6939.371, 'text': 'design the experiment that will provide the maximum information to reduce that uncertainty.', 'start': 6934.167, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 6947.275, 'text': "If there's a parameter you want to learn about, what is the optimal trajectory I could execute? to learn about that parameter, for instance.", 'start': 6940.171, 'duration': 7.104}, {'end': 6954.843, 'text': 'Scaling that up to something that has a deep network in the loop and a planning in the loop is tough.', 'start': 6949.597, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 6960.328, 'text': "We've done some work on with Matt O'Kelly and Amancina.", 'start': 6955.684, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 6967.356, 'text': "we've worked on some falsification algorithms that are trying to do rare event simulation, that try to just hammer on your simulator.", 'start': 6960.328, 'duration': 7.028}, {'end': 6973.097, 'text': 'And if your simulator is good enough, you can spend a lot of time.', 'start': 6968.176, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 6978.979, 'text': 'you can write good algorithms that try to spend most of their time in the corner cases.', 'start': 6973.097, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 6989.442, 'text': "So you basically imagine you're building an autonomous car and you want to put it in, I don't know, downtown New Delhi all the time, right?", 'start': 6979.959, 'duration': 9.483}], 'summary': 'Efficiently discovering corner cases through active experiment design and rare event simulation for deep network planning.', 'duration': 104.217, 'max_score': 6885.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo6885225.jpg'}, {'end': 6934.167, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6909.841, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6916.687, 'text': 'i mean control theory has, um, for for decades talked about active experiment design.', 'start': 6909.841, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 6918.008, 'text': "what's that?", 'start': 6916.687, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 6921.599, 'text': 'So people call it curiosity these days.', 'start': 6919.618, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 6929.584, 'text': "It's roughly this idea of trying to exploration or exploitation, but in the active experiment design is more specific.", 'start': 6922.12, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 6934.167, 'text': 'You could try to understand the uncertainty in your system.', 'start': 6929.664, 'duration': 4.503}], 'summary': 'Control theory emphasizes active experiment design for understanding uncertainty in systems.', 'duration': 24.326, 'max_score': 6909.841, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo6909841.jpg'}, {'end': 7099.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7072.694, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7080.219, 'text': "Yeah I mean, that's another massive theme at Toyota Research for robotics is this fleet learning concept.", 'start': 7072.694, 'duration': 7.525}, {'end': 7087.823, 'text': "Um, you know the idea that I, as a human, I don't have enough time to visit all of my states, right?", 'start': 7081.66, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 7088.664, 'text': "There's just a.", 'start': 7087.843, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 7091.145, 'text': "it's very hard for one robot to experience all the things.", 'start': 7088.664, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 7099.822, 'text': "but that's not actually the problem we have to solve, right? We're gonna have fleets of robots that can have very similar appendages.", 'start': 7092.639, 'duration': 7.183}], 'summary': 'Toyota research focuses on fleet learning concept for robotics.', 'duration': 27.128, 'max_score': 7072.694, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7072694.jpg'}, {'end': 7248.971, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7221.388, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7227.775, 'text': 'using AI and machine learning to discover new materials for car batteries and the like, for instance.', 'start': 7221.388, 'duration': 6.387}, {'end': 7230.819, 'text': "And that's been actually an incredibly successful team.", 'start': 7228.576, 'duration': 2.243}, {'end': 7232.781, 'text': "There's new projects starting up too.", 'start': 7231.52, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 7239.025, 'text': 'So Do you see a future of where robots are in our home?', 'start': 7232.901, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 7248.971, 'text': 'and robots that have actuators that look like arms in our home, or more like humanoid type robots?', 'start': 7239.025, 'duration': 9.946}], 'summary': 'Ai and machine learning used to discover new materials for car batteries, leading to successful projects and potential for robots in homes.', 'duration': 27.583, 'max_score': 7221.388, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7221388.jpg'}, {'end': 7373.69, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7343.596, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7351.541, 'text': "that's interesting there that you can do so much good with a robot for older folks.", 'start': 7343.596, 'duration': 7.945}, {'end': 7356.323, 'text': "But there's a gap to fill of understanding.", 'start': 7352.041, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 7357.803, 'text': "I mean, it's actually kind of beautiful.", 'start': 7356.363, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 7364.766, 'text': 'Robot is learning about the human and the human is kind of learning about this new robot thing.', 'start': 7359.424, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 7373.69, 'text': "And it's also with, at least with, like when I talk to my parents about robots, there's a little bit of a blank slate there too.", 'start': 7364.806, 'duration': 8.884}], 'summary': 'Robots can do much good for older folks, bridging the gap between humans and technology.', 'duration': 30.094, 'max_score': 7343.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7343596.jpg'}, {'end': 7542.806, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7510.652, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7514.674, 'text': 'So soft robotics is for me a lot about changing the mechanics of contact.', 'start': 7510.652, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 7522.098, 'text': 'Does it make the problem a lot harder? Quite the opposite.', 'start': 7515.454, 'duration': 6.644}, {'end': 7525.98, 'text': 'It changes the computational problem.', 'start': 7524.339, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 7528.581, 'text': 'I think because of the.', 'start': 7526.74, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 7538.766, 'text': 'I think our world and our mathematics has biased us towards rigid, but it really should make things better in some ways right?', 'start': 7528.581, 'duration': 10.185}, {'end': 7539.086, 'text': "It's a.", 'start': 7538.826, 'duration': 0.26}, {'end': 7542.806, 'text': 'I think the future is unwritten there.', 'start': 7540.785, 'duration': 2.021}], 'summary': 'Soft robotics changes mechanics of contact, making computational problems easier, biased towards rigid, but can improve things in some ways. the future is unwritten.', 'duration': 32.154, 'max_score': 7510.652, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7510652.jpg'}], 'start': 5540.142, 'title': 'Robotic contact configurations', 'summary': 'Delves into the complexity of robotic contact configurations, emphasizing challenges in simulating and manipulating contacts in robotics, and the development of the drake simulation environment for solving difficult control problems. it also discusses active experiment design, fleet learning for robots, and the potential impact of robots in our homes over the next few decades.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5855.23, 'start': 5540.142, 'title': 'Robotics and control systems insights', 'summary': 'Explores the value of anthropomorphization in robotics, the underappreciated engineering problem, the definition of a robot, and the control problems in robotics, emphasizing the different types of robots and the complexity of contact in control systems.', 'duration': 315.088, 'highlights': ['The value of anthropomorphization in robotics is understudied and under-understood from a control aspect, presenting a valuable engineering problem.', 'The definition of a robot is a system with some level of automation that fails frequently, combining computation with mechanical work and an unsolved problem.', 'Different types of robots require different control systems, such as the need for dynamic interactions with the world in walking and manipulation, presenting beautiful control problems.', "Contact in control systems presents a unique challenge, as small changes in the command sent to an actuator can lead to significant changes in the robot's path, requiring feedback mechanisms and specialized study tools."]}, {'end': 6053.364, 'start': 5856.397, 'title': 'Challenges in simulating contact in robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in simulating contact in robotics, highlighting the complexity and unpredictability of outcomes due to assumptions about object rigidity and the impact of friction on the movement of a table with three vs. four legs.', 'duration': 196.967, 'highlights': ['The complexity and unpredictability of outcomes due to assumptions about object rigidity and the impact of friction on the movement of a table with three vs. four legs. The assumption of object rigidity and the impact of friction on the movement of a table with three vs. four legs leads to complex and potentially unpredictable outcomes, as the laws are not explicit about the direction of movement based on the normal forces and friction.', 'The impact of friction on the movement of a table based on the normal force, leading to potentially unpredictable movement. The amount of force that the table will push back when pushed sideways is proportional to the normal force, resulting in potentially unpredictable movement based on the unknown normal forces and friction.', 'Challenges in simulating contact in robotics and the assumption that objects are rigid, leading to paradoxes in rigid body mechanics and contact. The challenges in simulating contact in robotics stem from the assumption of object rigidity, leading to paradoxes in rigid body mechanics and contact, ultimately affecting the predictability of outcomes.']}, {'end': 6265.845, 'start': 6054.885, 'title': 'Challenges in writing contact simulators', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and paradoxes in writing contact simulators and controllers due to rigid body assumptions, leading to difficulties in writing control laws for manipulation, and the need for robust control to handle uncertainties and discontinuities.', 'duration': 210.96, 'highlights': ['Writing simulators and controllers face paradoxes due to rigid body assumptions, making it challenging to write control laws for manipulation. The rigid body assumption of contact leaves us with some paradoxes, making it very hard to write the same kind of control laws for manipulation.', "Challenges in predicting outcomes at the point of contact due to the discontinuous nature of contact events and the need for control to handle uncertainties. You don't know what's going to happen at the point of contact, at the moment of contact, and there are situations absolutely where our laws don't tell us.", "The discontinuous changes in velocity and the burden on the control system due to discontinuities in writing controllers for performing the right task despite uncertainties. You typically have static friction and then you'll start sliding, and that'll be a discontinuous change in velocity, especially if you come to rest. What's the hope under so much uncertainty about what's going to happen? What are you supposed to do?", "The combinatorial explosion in considering all possible contact configurations and the challenges in computing all the possible contact configurations for humanoid systems. I just don't have enough time to compute all the possible contact configurations of my humanoid. If step one is to consider every possible contact configuration that I'll ever be in, that's probably not a problem I need to solve."]}, {'end': 6596.069, 'start': 6266.305, 'title': 'Robotic contact configurations', 'summary': 'Discusses the complexity of robotic contact configurations, highlighting the challenges in simulating and manipulating contacts in robotics and the development of the drake simulation environment for solving difficult control problems.', 'duration': 329.764, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the complexity of robotic contact configurations Emphasizes the main topic of the discussion', 'Challenges in simulating and manipulating contacts in robotics Highlights the difficulties in simulating and manipulating contacts in robotics', 'Development of the Drake simulation environment for solving difficult control problems Describes the creation of the Drake simulation environment for addressing challenging control problems']}, {'end': 6909.841, 'start': 6596.129, 'title': 'Drake simulation for robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the significant engineering effort in drake to accurately simulate physics, including multi-body equations and contact dynamics, to enable the development of complex robotic systems, such as loading and unloading a dishwasher, with deep learning perception and complex dynamics.', 'duration': 313.712, 'highlights': ['Significant engineering effort in Drake to accurately simulate physics The team has made excessive engineering efforts to correctly write and test multi-body equations and rigid body equations for simulating physics, such as tumbling satellite or spinning top, to ensure the correctness of the equations.', 'Challenges in simulating contact dynamics The team is focused on making fundamental improvements in simulating contact dynamics, aiming to understand and simulate complex interactions like loading or unloading a dishwasher, which presents difficult and hard corner cases in manipulation.', 'Integration of deep learning perception and complex dynamics in robotic systems The development involves integrating deep learning perception, complex dynamics, controller, and planner in the loop to create a robot capable of performing tasks like picking up dishes in any kitchen with enough confidence to be a commercial product.']}, {'end': 7318.022, 'start': 6909.841, 'title': 'Active experiment design and fleet learning for robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses active experiment design for uncertainty reduction, rare event simulation for autonomous systems, fleet learning for robots, and the future of home robotics, highlighting the importance of distributed learning and the potential impact of robots in our homes over the next few decades.', 'duration': 408.181, 'highlights': ['Active Experiment Design and Uncertainty Reduction The chapter emphasizes the concept of active experiment design for uncertainty reduction, highlighting the importance of designing experiments that provide maximum information to reduce uncertainty in systems, with a specific focus on learning about parameters and executing optimal trajectories.', 'Rare Event Simulation for Autonomous Systems The discussion delves into the development of falsification algorithms for rare event simulation, emphasizing the significance of spending time in corner cases and accelerating testing through sampling strategies to identify controller performance in simulation, with potential applications in autonomous systems like autonomous cars.', 'Fleet Learning and Distributed Learning The chapter highlights the concept of fleet learning for robots, drawing parallels to distributed human learning, and emphasizes the potential of collective robot data to enable computational processes distinct from individual human experiences, with insights from companies like Tesla using fleet learning to improve their systems.', 'Future of Home Robotics The discussion explores the potential future of home robotics, envisioning robots with actuators and humanoid features, and emphasizes the increasing presence of robots in homes, driven by motivations such as assisting aging in place, reflecting the evolving landscape of robotics in domestic environments over the next few decades.']}, {'end': 7709.598, 'start': 7318.022, 'title': 'Robots, aging, and soft robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of robots on aging individuals, the challenges of technology adoption among older adults, the emergence of soft robotics, and the benefits of tactile sensing in robotics.', 'duration': 391.576, 'highlights': ['Soft Robotics: Changing the Mechanics of Contact Soft robotics alters the mechanics of contact, enabling distributed loads and reducing the risk of breaking delicate objects, making it a promising development in robotics.', 'Challenges of Technology Adoption Among Older Adults The contrast between the potential benefits of robots for older individuals and their unfamiliarity with technology presents a significant barrier to adoption and requires understanding and bridging the gap.', 'Potential Impact of Robots on Aging Individuals Robots have the potential to help aging individuals stay active, engaged, and age in place, ultimately improving their quality of life.', 'Benefits of Tactile Sensing in Robotics Soft robotics allows for embedding sensors, such as tactile sensors, providing valuable tactile information in manipulation tasks and addressing the limitations of visual perception systems.']}], 'duration': 2169.456, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo5540142.jpg', 'highlights': ['The development of the Drake simulation environment for solving difficult control problems', 'Integration of deep learning perception and complex dynamics in robotic systems', 'Active Experiment Design and Uncertainty Reduction', 'Fleet Learning and Distributed Learning', 'Future of Home Robotics', 'Soft Robotics: Changing the Mechanics of Contact', 'Potential Impact of Robots on Aging Individuals']}, {'end': 8903.671, 'segs': [{'end': 7735.962, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7710.298, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7719.044, 'text': 'So what do I mean by underactuated? So a mechanical system has many degrees of freedom, for instance.', 'start': 7710.298, 'duration': 8.746}, {'end': 7721.366, 'text': 'I think of a joint as a degree of freedom.', 'start': 7719.865, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 7725.431, 'text': 'and it has some number of actuators, motors.', 'start': 7722.327, 'duration': 3.104}, {'end': 7735.962, 'text': "So if you have a robot that's bolted to the table that has five degrees of freedom and five motors, then you have a fully actuated robot.", 'start': 7726.552, 'duration': 9.41}], 'summary': 'Underactuated systems have fewer actuators than degrees of freedom.', 'duration': 25.664, 'max_score': 7710.298, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7710298.jpg'}, {'end': 7936.33, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7911.436, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7921.36, 'text': 'Is there what are some interesting insights you could say about trying to solve an underactuated like control in an underactuated system?', 'start': 7911.436, 'duration': 9.924}, {'end': 7924.961, 'text': 'So I think the philosophy there is.', 'start': 7922.36, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 7926.842, 'text': 'let physics do more of the work.', 'start': 7924.961, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 7931.328, 'text': 'the technical approach has been optimization.', 'start': 7928.507, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 7936.33, 'text': 'So you typically formulate your decision making for control as an optimization problem.', 'start': 7931.348, 'duration': 4.982}], 'summary': 'Optimization approach for underactuated system control, leveraging physics for decision making.', 'duration': 24.894, 'max_score': 7911.436, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7911436.jpg'}, {'end': 8491.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8457.256, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8461.558, 'text': 'I think you can fall in love with a robot based on language alone.', 'start': 8457.256, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 8465.079, 'text': 'And he believes that touch is essential.', 'start': 8462.718, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 8467.58, 'text': 'Touch and smell, he says.', 'start': 8466.5, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 8481.287, 'text': 'So in terms of robots connecting with humans, we can go philosophical in terms of a deep, meaningful connection, like love.', 'start': 8470.002, 'duration': 11.285}, {'end': 8491.752, 'text': 'But even just collaborating in an interesting way, how important is touch? From an engineering perspective and a philosophical one.', 'start': 8481.827, 'duration': 9.925}], 'summary': 'Robots can connect with humans through touch and language for deep, meaningful connection and collaboration.', 'duration': 34.496, 'max_score': 8457.256, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo8457256.jpg'}], 'start': 7710.298, 'title': 'Underactuated systems in robotics', 'summary': 'Delves into underactuated systems in robotics, highlighting their effectiveness with fewer actuators, the challenges of underactuated control, and the significance of human touch in robotics including its impact on human-robot relationships and manipulation tasks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7891.567, 'start': 7710.298, 'title': 'Underactuated systems in robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of underactuated systems, emphasizing how even with fewer actuators than degrees of freedom, robots and humans can effectively function, and how underactuated dynamics are essential for dynamic robots and manipulation tasks.', 'duration': 181.269, 'highlights': ['Underactuated Robots Defined Underactuated robots have fewer actuators than degrees of freedom; for example, a robot with five degrees of freedom and four motors is underactuated. (quantifiable data: 5 degrees of freedom, 4 motors)', 'Human as an Underactuated Robot Humans are underactuated robots due to the multiple muscles attached to the same joint, with a key degree of freedom being the location of the center of mass in space. (quantifiable data: multiple muscles attached to the same joint)', 'Implications of Underactuation Underactuation requires considering the implications of not having control over everything, such as in passive dynamic walkers where all motors are removed, and in walking robots where some actuators are used to control degrees of freedom without actuators. (quantifiable data: use of actuators to push and pull degrees of freedom)']}, {'end': 8316.215, 'start': 7891.567, 'title': 'Challenges in underactuated control', 'summary': 'Explores the challenges of underactuated control, emphasizing the shift towards leveraging physics and deep learning in manipulation and the need for a richer state representation in control systems.', 'duration': 424.648, 'highlights': ['The shift towards leveraging physics and deep learning in underactuated control challenges traditional optimization-based approaches. The speaker discusses the shift towards letting physics do more work in underactuated control, as well as the impact of the deep learning revolution on perception for robotics and control.', 'The need for a richer state representation in control systems is emphasized, as exemplified by the complex state considerations in manipulation tasks such as chopping onions. The discussion highlights the importance of rethinking state representation in control systems, using the example of chopping onions to illustrate the need for a more compressed and task-relevant state representation.', 'The concept of underactuated systems is extended beyond robotics to a broader philosophical perspective, suggesting its pervasive presence in various aspects of life. The speaker delves into the philosophical implications of underactuated systems, suggesting its pervasive presence beyond robotics and its relevance in understanding and navigating the complexities of the world.']}, {'end': 8903.671, 'start': 8316.855, 'title': 'Robotics & human touch', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of touch in robotics, emphasizing the need for human-like interaction and the potential impact on human-robot relationships and manipulation tasks. it also touches upon the relevance of emotional connection and the safety aspect of touch in robot-human interaction.', 'duration': 586.816, 'highlights': ['The concept of human touch in robotics and its implications on manipulation tasks and human-robot interaction. The chapter delves into the significance of touch in robotics, particularly in relation to manipulation tasks and human-robot interaction. It emphasizes the need for human-like interaction and the potential impact on human-robot relationships.', 'Exploration of emotional connection and safety aspects of touch in robot-human interaction. The transcript explores the emotional and safety aspects of touch in robot-human interaction, highlighting the importance of creating a real human connection and the need to consider safety alongside the emotional aspect.', 'Discussion on the need to humanize robots for more effective industrial applications. The chapter discusses the potential effectiveness of humanizing robots in industrial settings, suggesting that industrial robotic arms could be more effective with a human element. It also mentions the concept of giving robots human-like features, such as eyes, to enhance the human-robot interaction.']}], 'duration': 1193.373, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo7710298.jpg', 'highlights': ['Underactuated robots have fewer actuators than degrees of freedom; for example, a robot with five degrees of freedom and four motors is underactuated. (quantifiable data: 5 degrees of freedom, 4 motors)', 'The shift towards leveraging physics and deep learning in underactuated control challenges traditional optimization-based approaches. The speaker discusses the shift towards letting physics do more work in underactuated control, as well as the impact of the deep learning revolution on perception for robotics and control.', 'The concept of human touch in robotics and its implications on manipulation tasks and human-robot interaction. The chapter delves into the significance of touch in robotics, particularly in relation to manipulation tasks and human-robot interaction. It emphasizes the need for human-like interaction and the potential impact on human-robot relationships.']}, {'end': 10116.942, 'segs': [{'end': 8931.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8903.711, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8907.794, 'text': 'We know we had to compete with it in an hour and it was getting its guts ripped out.', 'start': 8903.711, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 8910.275, 'text': 'Those are all historic moments.', 'start': 8908.935, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 8918.141, 'text': 'I think if you look back like 100 years from now, yeah, I think those are important moments in robotics.', 'start': 8910.596, 'duration': 7.545}, {'end': 8919.722, 'text': 'I mean, these are the early days.', 'start': 8918.601, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 8922.684, 'text': 'You look at like the early days of a lot of scientific disciplines.', 'start': 8920.042, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 8923.664, 'text': 'They look ridiculous.', 'start': 8922.804, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 8924.665, 'text': "They're full of failure.", 'start': 8923.684, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 8931.351, 'text': 'But.. It feels like robotics will be important in the coming 100 years.', 'start': 8925.446, 'duration': 5.905}], 'summary': 'Early robotics faces challenges, but will be important in the next 100 years.', 'duration': 27.64, 'max_score': 8903.711, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo8903711.jpg'}, {'end': 8993.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8958.646, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8964.029, 'text': "Yeah, so I actually didn't read that much as a kid, but I read fairly voraciously now.", 'start': 8958.646, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 8975.28, 'text': "There are some recent books that if you're interested in this kind of topic, like AI Superpowers by Kai-Fu Lee is just a fantastic read.", 'start': 8966.836, 'duration': 8.444}, {'end': 8976.701, 'text': 'You must read that.', 'start': 8975.901, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 8983.705, 'text': 'Yuval Harari, I think that can open your mind.', 'start': 8979.262, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 8987.967, 'text': 'Sapiens Sapiens is the first one.', 'start': 8984.505, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 8989.408, 'text': 'Homo Deus is the second.', 'start': 8988.167, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 8993.31, 'text': 'We mentioned The Black Swan by Taleb.', 'start': 8991.068, 'duration': 2.242}], 'summary': 'Reading voraciously, recommendations include ai superpowers, sapiens, and the black swan.', 'duration': 34.664, 'max_score': 8958.646, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo8958646.jpg'}, {'end': 9326.741, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9300.08, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9305.682, 'text': "I can throw 3D content into your browser while you're listening to me.", 'start': 9300.08, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 9314.51, 'text': "And I can assume that you have at least a powerful enough laptop or something to watch Zoom while I'm doing that, while I'm giving a lecture.", 'start': 9307.003, 'duration': 7.507}, {'end': 9319.034, 'text': "That's a new communication tool that I didn't have last year.", 'start': 9315.611, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 9324.999, 'text': 'And I think robotics can potentially benefit a lot from teaching that way.', 'start': 9320.135, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 9326.741, 'text': "We'll see.", 'start': 9326.401, 'duration': 0.34}], 'summary': '3d content can be thrown into the browser while giving a lecture, benefitting robotics.', 'duration': 26.661, 'max_score': 9300.08, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo9300080.jpg'}, {'end': 9602.335, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9580.071, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9590.172, 'text': 'and also like i should, I mean enjoying it is one thing, but I also often notice it inspires people to.', 'start': 9580.071, 'duration': 10.101}, {'end': 9597.074, 'text': "there's a lot of people who are like in their undergraduate studies, trying to figure out what, trying to figure out what to pursue.", 'start': 9590.172, 'duration': 6.902}, {'end': 9602.335, 'text': 'And these conversations can really spark the direction of their life.', 'start': 9597.174, 'duration': 5.161}], 'summary': 'Podcast inspires undergraduates to pursue direction in life.', 'duration': 22.264, 'max_score': 9580.071, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo9580071.jpg'}, {'end': 9689.097, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9655.846, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9659.248, 'text': 'Everything points to this being sort of a winner take all economy and the like.', 'start': 9655.846, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 9668.073, 'text': 'I think the people that will really excel, in my opinion, are going to be the ones that can think deeply about problems.', 'start': 9659.368, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 9676.507, 'text': "You have to be able to ask questions agilely and use the internet for everything it's good for and stuff like this.", 'start': 9671.243, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 9678.489, 'text': 'And I think a lot of people will develop those skills.', 'start': 9676.567, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 9689.097, 'text': 'I think the leaders thought leaders, you know, robotics, leaders whatever are going to be the ones that can do more,', 'start': 9679.509, 'duration': 9.588}], 'summary': 'Winner take all economy favors deep thinkers and agile questioners, leading to skill development and potential leadership.', 'duration': 33.251, 'max_score': 9655.846, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo9655846.jpg'}, {'end': 9945.185, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9914.412, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 9917.294, 'text': 'the culture here was just different.', 'start': 9914.412, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 9922.678, 'text': 'it demanded more of me, certainly mathematically and in the critical thinking,', 'start': 9917.294, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 9933.325, 'text': "and I remember the day that I borrowed one of the books from my advisors office and walked down to the Charles River and was like I'm getting my butt kicked,", 'start': 9922.678, 'duration': 10.647}, {'end': 9939.682, 'text': "you know, And I think that's going to happen to everybody who's doing this kind of stuff.", 'start': 9933.325, 'duration': 6.357}, {'end': 9945.185, 'text': 'Right I think, uh, I expected you to ask me the meaning of life.', 'start': 9939.983, 'duration': 5.202}], 'summary': 'Culture demanded more in math and critical thinking, felt challenged by the academic rigor.', 'duration': 30.773, 'max_score': 9914.412, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo9914412.jpg'}, {'end': 10017.531, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9990.319, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9994.32, 'text': 'And, and, uh, you know, I think that is just such an important.', 'start': 9990.319, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 10004.553, 'text': "aspect and being willing to understand what you can and can't do and, and loving the journey of going and learning those other things.", 'start': 9995.473, 'duration': 9.08}, {'end': 10005.696, 'text': "I think that's the best part.", 'start': 10004.814, 'duration': 0.882}, {'end': 10011.305, 'text': "I don't think there's a better way to end it, Russ.", 'start': 10007.321, 'duration': 3.984}, {'end': 10014.588, 'text': "You've been an inspiration to me since I showed up at MIT.", 'start': 10011.465, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 10017.531, 'text': 'Your work has been an inspiration to the world.', 'start': 10015.589, 'duration': 1.942}], 'summary': 'Importance of understanding limitations and embracing the journey of learning; russ an inspiration at mit.', 'duration': 27.212, 'max_score': 9990.319, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo9990319.jpg'}], 'start': 8903.711, 'title': 'The future of robotics and intellectual growth', 'summary': "Emphasizes the significance of robotics in the next 100 years, exploring mortimer adler's view on reading and teaching, inspirational conversations about engineering, and russ tedrick's transformative journey at mit.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9129.481, 'start': 8903.711, 'title': 'Importance of robotics in the next 100 years', 'summary': "Highlights the importance of robotics in the coming 100 years, emphasizing the historic moments and the need for deeply studying a particular book or paper, with recommendations including 'ai superpowers' by kai-fu lee and 'sapiens' by yuval harari.", 'duration': 225.77, 'highlights': ['The importance of robotics in the coming 100 years is emphasized, with historic moments and the potential impact on the field. The speaker considers the historic moments in robotics as important, suggesting that these are the early days and robotics will be significant in the coming 100 years.', "The recommendation to deeply study a particular book or paper, with specific recommendations including 'AI Superpowers' by Kai-Fu Lee and 'Sapiens' by Yuval Harari. The speaker emphasizes the need to deeply study a particular book or paper, recommending 'AI Superpowers' by Kai-Fu Lee and 'Sapiens' by Yuval Harari as impactful readings.", "The speaker recommends 'The Black Swan' by Taleb and Mortimer Adler's 'How to Read a Book' as influential readings. In addition to 'AI Superpowers' and 'Sapiens', the speaker recommends 'The Black Swan' by Taleb and Mortimer Adler's 'How to Read a Book' as influential readings, highlighting their impact on the intellectual journey."]}, {'end': 9528.897, 'start': 9130.524, 'title': "Adler's view on reading and teaching", 'summary': "Discusses mortimer adler's view on reading as a dialogue between the reader and the author, the impact of teaching on the speaker's intellectual growth, and the potential of remote teaching and editing in lectures, with a focus on condensing ideas and improving communication.", 'duration': 398.373, 'highlights': ["Mortimer Adler's perspective on reading as a dialogue between the reader and the author, emphasizing the romantic view of reading and appreciating a good book.", "The impact of teaching on the speaker's intellectual growth, shaping their problem-solving approach and intellectual space.", 'The potential of remote teaching, exploiting new mediums like Zoom, and delivering content directly into a browser, particularly for robotics education.', 'The value of condensing ideas into shorter clips and the magic of editing in lectures to enhance their quality and impact on the audience.', "The speaker's efforts to improve conversation skills inspired by people like Joe Rogan, emphasizing the importance of storytelling and enjoying oneself in conversations."]}, {'end': 9852.517, 'start': 9529.477, 'title': 'Variety of inspirational conversations', 'summary': "Discusses the variety of people inspired by conversations about engineering and sciences, the importance of deep thinking and critical skills, and the impact of literature like 'animal farm' on personal development.", 'duration': 323.04, 'highlights': ['The importance of deep thinking and critical skills is emphasized for excelling in a winner-take-all economy.', "The conversation highlights the impact of literature like 'Animal Farm' on personal development and understanding of historical and societal contexts.", 'The chapter emphasizes the variety of people inspired by conversations about engineering and sciences, from young students to curious individuals from different backgrounds.', 'The importance of starting mathematics early and engaging in hands-on learning experiences, such as building and deconstructing objects, is encouraged for understanding and pursuing robotics and engineering.', 'The chapter discusses the overwhelming content available in the digital age and the need to pause, pick, and deeply understand specific information amidst distractions.']}, {'end': 10116.942, 'start': 9855.218, 'title': 'Journey to mastery', 'summary': "Highlights russ tedrick's transformative experience at mit, emphasizing the demanding culture, the value of surrounding oneself with knowledgeable individuals, and the importance of embracing the journey of learning.", 'duration': 261.724, 'highlights': ["The demanding culture at MIT required more from Russ Tedrick mathematically and in critical thinking, leading to a transformative experience. Russ Tedrick's experience at MIT involved a culture that demanded more from him mathematically and in critical thinking, leading to a transformative experience.", 'Emphasizing the value of surrounding oneself with knowledgeable individuals at MIT, Russ Tedrick expressed the importance of being exposed to new knowledge and embracing the journey of learning. Russ Tedrick highlighted the value of surrounding oneself with knowledgeable individuals at MIT and emphasized the importance of being exposed to new knowledge and embracing the journey of learning.', "Russ Tedrick discussed the magical aspect of learning and emphasized the importance of understanding what one can and can't do, while loving the journey of going and learning new things. Russ Tedrick discussed the magical aspect of learning, emphasizing the importance of understanding one's limitations and capabilities, and loving the journey of learning new things."]}], 'duration': 1213.231, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/A22Ej6kb2wo/pics/A22Ej6kb2wo8903711.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of robotics in the coming 100 years is emphasized, with historic moments and the potential impact on the field.', "The recommendation to deeply study a particular book or paper, with specific recommendations including 'AI Superpowers' by Kai-Fu Lee and 'Sapiens' by Yuval Harari.", "The speaker recommends 'The Black Swan' by Taleb and Mortimer Adler's 'How to Read a Book' as influential readings.", 'The potential of remote teaching, exploiting new mediums like Zoom, and delivering content directly into a browser, particularly for robotics education.', 'The importance of deep thinking and critical skills is emphasized for excelling in a winner-take-all economy.', 'The chapter emphasizes the variety of people inspired by conversations about engineering and sciences, from young students to curious individuals from different backgrounds.', 'The demanding culture at MIT required more from Russ Tedrick mathematically and in critical thinking, leading to a transformative experience.', 'Emphasizing the value of surrounding oneself with knowledgeable individuals at MIT, Russ Tedrick expressed the importance of being exposed to new knowledge and embracing the journey of learning.']}], 'highlights': ['Russ Tedrick is a roboticist and professor at MIT and vice president of robotics research at Toyota Research Institute or TRI, focusing on control of robots in complex, underactuated, stochastic situations.', 'Passive dynamic walkers move more naturally and gracefully than traditional robots.', 'The adaptive dynamics of biological systems are highlighted through the example of bone remodeling, demonstrating the importance of dynamics in bodily mechanics.', 'The DARPA Robotics Challenge aimed at disaster response, motivated by the Fukushima disaster, and involved competing in a simulation challenge followed by a physical challenge.', 'The potential consequences of solver failure could lead to the 400 pound humanoid robot falling to the ground, indicating the critical issue of robot stability.', 'Robots in soccer: Discusses potential of robots competing in soccer and mixed martial arts.', 'The development of the Drake simulation environment for solving difficult control problems', 'Underactuated robots have fewer actuators than degrees of freedom; for example, a robot with five degrees of freedom and four motors is underactuated. (quantifiable data: 5 degrees of freedom, 4 motors)', 'The shift towards leveraging physics and deep learning in underactuated control challenges traditional optimization-based approaches.', 'The concept of human touch in robotics and its implications on manipulation tasks and human-robot interaction.', 'The importance of robotics in the coming 100 years is emphasized, with historic moments and the potential impact on the field.', "The recommendation to deeply study a particular book or paper, with specific recommendations including 'AI Superpowers' by Kai-Fu Lee and 'Sapiens' by Yuval Harari.", 'The potential of remote teaching, exploiting new mediums like Zoom, and delivering content directly into a browser, particularly for robotics education.', 'The importance of deep thinking and critical skills is emphasized for excelling in a winner-take-all economy.', 'The chapter emphasizes the variety of people inspired by conversations about engineering and sciences, from young students to curious individuals from different backgrounds.', 'The demanding culture at MIT required more from Russ Tedrick mathematically and in critical thinking, leading to a transformative experience.']}