title
Harry Cliff: Particle Physics and the Large Hadron Collider | Lex Fridman Podcast #92

description
Harry Cliff is a particle physicist at the University of Cambridge working on the Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment that specializes in searching for hints of new particles and forces by studying a type of particle called the "beauty quark", or "b quark". In this way, he is part of the group of physicists who are searching answers to some of the biggest questions in modern physics. He is also an exceptional communicator of science with some of the clearest and most captivating explanations of basic concepts in particle physics I've ever heard. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: – ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod – Cash App – use code “LexPodcast” and download: – Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe – Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Harry's Website: https://www.harrycliff.co.uk/ Harry's Twitter: https://twitter.com/harryvcliff Beyond the Higgs Lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edvdzh9Pggg Harry's stand-up: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnediKM_Sts PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:51 - LHC and particle physics 13:55 - History of particle physics 38:59 - Higgs particle 57:55 - Unknowns yet to be discovered 59:48 - Beauty quarks 1:07:38 - Matter and antimatter 1:10:22 - Human side of the Large Hadron Collider 1:17:27 - Future of large particle colliders 1:24:09 - Data science with particle physics 1:27:17 - Science communication 1:33:36 - Most beautiful idea in physics CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Harry Cliff: Particle Physics and the Large Hadron Collider | Lex Fridman Podcast #92', 'heatmap': [{'end': 356.661, 'start': 288.624, 'weight': 0.821}, {'end': 4074.693, 'start': 4009.627, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'The interview features harry cliff discussing particle physics, the large hadron collider (lhc), and the evolution of particle physics. it also covers topics like supersymmetry, challenges in particle physics, quantum fields, future particle colliders, and science communication.', 'chapters': [{'end': 211.772, 'segs': [{'end': 42.41, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.111, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Harry Cliff,', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 19.118, 'text': 'a particle physicist at the University of Cambridge working on the Large Hedron Collider Beauty Experiment that specializes in investigating the slight differences between matter and antimatter by studying a type of particle called the beauty quark or b-quark.', 'start': 3.111, 'duration': 16.007}, {'end': 20.879, 'text': 'In this way.', 'start': 19.979, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 27.703, 'text': "he's part of the group of physicists who are searching for the evidence of new particles that can answer some of the biggest questions in modern physics.", 'start': 20.879, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 31.885, 'text': "He's also an exceptional communicator of science,", 'start': 28.503, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 38.528, 'text': "with some of the clearest and most captivating explanations of basic concepts in particle physicists that I've ever heard.", 'start': 31.885, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 42.41, 'text': 'So when I visited London, I knew I had to talk to him.', 'start': 39.628, 'duration': 2.782}], 'summary': 'Harry cliff is a particle physicist at the university of cambridge working on the large hadron collider beauty experiment, investigating matter-antimatter differences and searching for evidence of new particles.', 'duration': 42.321, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI89.jpg'}, {'end': 190.668, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 124.503, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 126.824, 'text': 'Since Cash App does fractional share trading,', 'start': 124.503, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 135.168, 'text': 'let me mention that the order execution algorithm that works behind the scenes to create the abstraction of the fractional orders is an algorithmic marvel.', 'start': 126.824, 'duration': 8.344}, {'end': 145.781, 'text': 'So big props to the Cash App Engineers for solving a hard problem that in the end provides an easy interface that takes a step up to the next layer of abstraction over the stock market,', 'start': 135.808, 'duration': 9.973}, {'end': 150.587, 'text': 'making trading more accessible for new investors and diversification much easier.', 'start': 145.781, 'duration': 4.806}, {'end': 161.564, 'text': 'So again, if you get Cash App from the App Store or Google Play and use the code LexPodcast, you get $10, and Cash App will also donate $10 to FIRST,', 'start': 151.508, 'duration': 10.056}, {'end': 166.592, 'text': 'an organization that is helping advance robotics and STEM education for young people around the world.', 'start': 161.564, 'duration': 5.028}, {'end': 170.259, 'text': 'This show is sponsored by ExpressVPN.', 'start': 167.898, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 176.942, 'text': 'Get it at expressvpn.com slash LexPod to get a discount and to support this podcast.', 'start': 170.799, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 179.723, 'text': "I've been using ExpressVPN for many years.", 'start': 177.602, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 180.724, 'text': 'I love it.', 'start': 180.203, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 182.144, 'text': "It's easy to use.", 'start': 181.304, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 185.406, 'text': 'Press the big power on button and your privacy is protected.', 'start': 182.424, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 190.668, 'text': 'And if you like, you can make it look like your location is anywhere else in the world.', 'start': 186.086, 'duration': 4.582}], 'summary': 'Cash app allows fractional share trading, making stock market more accessible. use code lexpodcast to get $10 and support first organization.', 'duration': 66.165, 'max_score': 124.503, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI124503.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Harry cliff and cash app', 'summary': "Features a conversation with harry cliff, a particle physicist at the university of cambridge, specializing in studying matter and antimatter through the large hedron collider beauty experiment. it also discusses cash app's algorithmic marvel of fractional share trading, making trading more accessible for new investors, and highlighting promotional offers and sponsorship deals for cash app and expressvpn.", 'chapters': [{'end': 124.503, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Harry cliff: particle physicist at cambridge', 'summary': 'Features a conversation with harry cliff, a particle physicist at the university of cambridge, who is part of the group searching for evidence of new particles, specializing in studying the differences between matter and antimatter through the large hedron collider beauty experiment, and is an exceptional communicator of science.', 'duration': 124.414, 'highlights': ['Harry Cliff is part of the group of physicists searching for evidence of new particles.', 'He specializes in studying the differences between matter and antimatter through the Large Hedron Collider Beauty Experiment.', 'Harry Cliff is an exceptional communicator of science with clear and captivating explanations of basic concepts in particle physics.', 'The conversation took place at the Royal Institute Lecture Theater in London before the pandemic outbreak.', 'The podcast is presented by Cash App, the number one finance app in the App Store.']}, {'end': 211.772, 'start': 124.503, 'title': 'Cash app fractional share trading', 'summary': "Discusses the algorithmic marvel behind cash app's fractional share trading, making trading more accessible for new investors and diversification easier, and also highlights a promotional offer and sponsorship deals for the cash app and expressvpn.", 'duration': 87.269, 'highlights': ['The order execution algorithm for fractional share trading in Cash App is an algorithmic marvel, making trading more accessible for new investors and diversification much easier.', 'Using the code LexPodcast on Cash App from the App Store or Google Play provides $10, with an additional $10 donation to FIRST organization for advancing robotics and STEM education.', 'The show is sponsored by ExpressVPN, with a promotional offer to get a discount by visiting expressvpn.com/lexpod.']}], 'duration': 211.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI89.jpg', 'highlights': ['Harry Cliff specializes in studying the differences between matter and antimatter through the Large Hedron Collider Beauty Experiment.', 'The order execution algorithm for fractional share trading in Cash App is an algorithmic marvel, making trading more accessible for new investors and diversification much easier.', 'Using the code LexPodcast on Cash App from the App Store or Google Play provides $10, with an additional $10 donation to FIRST organization for advancing robotics and STEM education.', 'The show is sponsored by ExpressVPN, with a promotional offer to get a discount by visiting expressvpn.com/lexpod.', 'Harry Cliff is part of the group of physicists searching for evidence of new particles.']}, {'end': 833.299, 'segs': [{'end': 267.908, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 240.046, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 248.321, 'text': "What is it? How does it work? Okay, so it's essentially this gigantic 27-kilometer circumference particle accelerator.", 'start': 240.046, 'duration': 8.275}, {'end': 249.101, 'text': "It's this big ring.", 'start': 248.341, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 254.303, 'text': "It's buried about 100 meters underneath the surface in the countryside just outside Geneva in Switzerland.", 'start': 249.121, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 261.086, 'text': "And really what it's for ultimately is to try to understand what are the basic building blocks of the universe.", 'start': 254.744, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 267.908, 'text': 'So you can think of it in a way as like a gigantic microscope, and the analogy is actually fairly precise.', 'start': 261.726, 'duration': 6.182}], 'summary': "Gigantic 27-km particle accelerator in geneva aims to understand universe's building blocks.", 'duration': 27.862, 'max_score': 240.046, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI240046.jpg'}, {'end': 312.556, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 288.624, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 297.328, 'text': 'Okay, so, particle physics as a field is kind of badly named in a way, because particles are not the fundamental ingredients of the universe.', 'start': 288.624, 'duration': 8.704}, {'end': 298.928, 'text': "They're not fundamental at all.", 'start': 297.748, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 306.832, 'text': 'So the things that we believe are the real building blocks of the universe are invisible fluid-like objects called quantum fields.', 'start': 298.948, 'duration': 7.884}, {'end': 312.556, 'text': 'So these are fields like the magnetic field around a magnet that exist everywhere in space.', 'start': 307.472, 'duration': 5.084}], 'summary': 'Quantum fields, not particles, are the real building blocks of the universe.', 'duration': 23.932, 'max_score': 288.624, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI288624.jpg'}, {'end': 356.661, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 288.624, 'weight': 0.821, 'content': [{'end': 297.328, 'text': 'Okay, so, particle physics as a field is kind of badly named in a way, because particles are not the fundamental ingredients of the universe.', 'start': 288.624, 'duration': 8.704}, {'end': 298.928, 'text': "They're not fundamental at all.", 'start': 297.748, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 306.832, 'text': 'So the things that we believe are the real building blocks of the universe are invisible fluid-like objects called quantum fields.', 'start': 298.948, 'duration': 7.884}, {'end': 312.556, 'text': 'So these are fields like the magnetic field around a magnet that exist everywhere in space.', 'start': 307.472, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 313.376, 'text': "They're always there.", 'start': 312.576, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 315.778, 'text': "In fact, actually it's funny that we're in the Royal Institution,", 'start': 313.656, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 323.523, 'text': 'because this is where the idea of the field was effectively invented by Michael Faraday doing experiments with magnets and coils of wire.', 'start': 315.778, 'duration': 7.745}, {'end': 328.386, 'text': "So he noticed that you know it's a very famous experiment that he did,", 'start': 323.863, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 332.629, 'text': 'where he got a magnet and put on top of it a piece of paper and then sprinkled iron filings.', 'start': 328.386, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 337.513, 'text': 'And he found the iron filings arranged themselves into these kind of loops,', 'start': 332.649, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 343.036, 'text': "which was actually mapping out the invisible influence of this magnetic field, which is a thing We've all experienced.", 'start': 337.513, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 348.598, 'text': "we've all held a magnet or two poles of magnet and pushed them together and felt this thing, this force, pushing back.", 'start': 343.036, 'duration': 5.562}, {'end': 350.679, 'text': 'So these are real physical objects.', 'start': 348.618, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 356.661, 'text': 'And the way we think of particles in modern physics is that they are essentially little vibrations,', 'start': 351.159, 'duration': 5.502}], 'summary': 'Particle physics is about invisible quantum fields, not fundamental particles. fields are like the magnetic field, as discovered by michael faraday.', 'duration': 68.037, 'max_score': 288.624, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI288624.jpg'}, {'end': 519.034, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 489.966, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 498.168, 'text': 'Okay, so, if we go back to the physics we do know, so atoms are made of electrons which were discovered 100 or so years ago.', 'start': 489.966, 'duration': 8.202}, {'end': 501.609, 'text': 'And then in the nucleus of the atom, you have two other types of particles.', 'start': 498.288, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 504.33, 'text': "There's something called an up quark and a down quark.", 'start': 501.689, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 507.331, 'text': 'And those three particles make up every atom in the universe.', 'start': 504.45, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 510.612, 'text': 'So we think of these as ripples in fields.', 'start': 508.011, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 519.034, 'text': 'So there is something called the electron field, and every electron in the universe is a ripple moving about in this electron field.', 'start': 510.652, 'duration': 8.382}], 'summary': 'Atoms consist of electrons, up quarks, and down quarks, forming ripples in fields.', 'duration': 29.068, 'max_score': 489.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI489966.jpg'}, {'end': 570.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 544.147, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 548.61, 'text': 'And the way we discovered the Higgs field was to make a little ripple in it.', 'start': 544.147, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 558.418, 'text': 'So what the LHC did, it fired two protons into each other very, very hard with enough energy that you could create a disturbance in this Higgs field.', 'start': 548.65, 'duration': 9.768}, {'end': 560.819, 'text': "And that's what shows up as what we call the Higgs boson.", 'start': 558.458, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 565.362, 'text': 'So this particle that everyone was going on about eight or so years ago is proof.', 'start': 560.859, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 567.323, 'text': 'really the particle in itself is.', 'start': 565.362, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 570.643, 'text': "I mean it's interesting, but the thing that's really interesting is the field,", 'start': 567.323, 'duration': 3.32}], 'summary': 'The large hadron collider created a disturbance in the higgs field, leading to the discovery of the higgs boson.', 'duration': 26.496, 'max_score': 544.147, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI544147.jpg'}], 'start': 212.292, 'title': 'The large hadron collider and particle colliders', 'summary': "Discusses the 27-kilometer large hadron collider (lhc) in switzerland, aiming to understand quantum fields. it emphasizes the nature of atoms and particles and the lhc's role in creating disturbances to study particle behavior and properties.", 'chapters': [{'end': 403.119, 'start': 212.292, 'title': 'Understanding the large hadron collider', 'summary': 'Discusses the large hadron collider (lhc), a 27-kilometer circumference particle accelerator, buried 100 meters underneath the surface in switzerland, aiming to understand the invisible fluid-like quantum fields that are believed to be the fundamental building blocks of the universe.', 'duration': 190.827, 'highlights': ['The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a 27-kilometer circumference particle accelerator buried about 100 meters underneath the surface in Switzerland, aiming to understand the fundamental building blocks of the universe.', 'Particle physics studies the invisible fluid-like quantum fields, which are believed to be the real building blocks of the universe and are present everywhere in space.', 'The concept of particles in modern physics is that they are essentially little vibrations, ripples in otherwise invisible fields that fill the entire universe.', 'The idea of the basic building block being a field rather than particles is considered quite appealing and comes from a misunderstanding of what particles are.']}, {'end': 833.299, 'start': 403.6, 'title': 'Nature of atoms and particle colliders', 'summary': 'Discusses the nature of atoms and particles, emphasizing that atoms are not like the traditional model depicts, but are instead composed of ethereal disturbances in underlying fields. the large hadron collider (lhc) is designed to create disturbances in fields, such as the higgs field, to study particle behavior and properties. the size of the lhc matters as it allows for higher energy collisions due to the synchronization of electric fields and the need for powerful magnets to bend particles at high speeds.', 'duration': 429.699, 'highlights': ['The nature of atoms is not accurately depicted by the traditional model, instead, atoms are composed of ethereal disturbances in underlying fields, as revealed by quantum mechanics in the early 20th century. Atoms are not accurately depicted by the traditional model, instead, they are composed of ethereal disturbances in underlying fields, as revealed by quantum mechanics in the early 20th century.', 'The LHC is designed to create disturbances in fields, such as the Higgs field, by colliding particles at high energy, in order to study particle behavior and properties. The LHC is designed to create disturbances in fields, such as the Higgs field, by colliding particles at high energy, in order to study particle behavior and properties.', 'The size of the LHC matters as it allows for higher energy collisions due to the synchronization of electric fields and the need for powerful magnets to bend particles at high speeds. The size of the LHC matters as it allows for higher energy collisions due to the synchronization of electric fields and the need for powerful magnets to bend particles at high speeds.']}], 'duration': 621.007, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI212292.jpg', 'highlights': ['The LHC is a 27-kilometer circumference particle accelerator in Switzerland, aiming to understand the fundamental building blocks of the universe.', 'Particle physics studies the invisible fluid-like quantum fields, believed to be the real building blocks of the universe and present everywhere in space.', 'The LHC is designed to create disturbances in fields, such as the Higgs field, by colliding particles at high energy, in order to study particle behavior and properties.', 'The nature of atoms is not accurately depicted by the traditional model, instead, they are composed of ethereal disturbances in underlying fields, as revealed by quantum mechanics in the early 20th century.']}, {'end': 1484.059, 'segs': [{'end': 885.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 858.507, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 862.57, 'text': 'The story really begins properly, end of the 19th century.', 'start': 858.507, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 868.816, 'text': 'The basic view of matter is that matter is made of atoms and that atoms are indestructible,', 'start': 863.071, 'duration': 5.745}, {'end': 872.139, 'text': "immutable little spheres like the things we were talking about that don't really exist.", 'start': 868.816, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 875.141, 'text': "And there's one atom for every chemical element.", 'start': 872.879, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 878.604, 'text': "So there's an atom for hydrogen, for helium, for carbon, for iron, et cetera.", 'start': 875.161, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 879.225, 'text': "And they're all different.", 'start': 878.624, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 885.868, 'text': "Then, in 1897, experiments done at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, which is where I'm based,", 'start': 879.765, 'duration': 6.103}], 'summary': 'In the late 19th century, the concept of atoms as indestructible spheres was challenged by experiments at the cavendish laboratory in cambridge.', 'duration': 27.361, 'max_score': 858.507, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI858507.jpg'}, {'end': 1165.084, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1104.432, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1107.373, 'text': "Okay, so there's matter and antimatter in the 30s.", 'start': 1104.432, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 1116.395, 'text': 'So what else? So matter, antimatter, and then a load of new particles start turning up in these cosmic ray experiments, first of all.', 'start': 1108.273, 'duration': 8.122}, {'end': 1120.056, 'text': "And they don't seem to be particles that make up atoms.", 'start': 1117.016, 'duration': 3.04}, {'end': 1120.997, 'text': "They're something else.", 'start': 1120.096, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 1125.938, 'text': "They all mostly interact with a strong nuclear force, so they're a bit like protons and neutrons.", 'start': 1121.077, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 1134.121, 'text': 'And in the 1960s, in America particularly, but also in Europe and Russia, scientists start to build particle accelerators.', 'start': 1126.558, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 1135.802, 'text': 'So these are the forerunners of the LHC.', 'start': 1134.161, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 1140.645, 'text': 'So big ring-shaped machines that were hundreds of meters long, which in those days was enormous.', 'start': 1135.842, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 1145.807, 'text': 'Most physics up until that point had been done in labs in universities with small bits of kit.', 'start': 1141.345, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 1147.128, 'text': 'So this is a big change.', 'start': 1146.247, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 1152.09, 'text': 'And when these accelerators are built, they start to find they can produce even more of these particles.', 'start': 1147.148, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 1160.079, 'text': "I don't know the exact numbers, but by around 1960, there are of order 100 of these things that have been discovered.", 'start': 1153.291, 'duration': 6.788}, {'end': 1165.084, 'text': 'And physicists are kind of tearing their hair out, because physics is all about simplification,', 'start': 1160.139, 'duration': 4.945}], 'summary': 'Discovery of over 100 new particles in cosmic ray experiments and accelerators in the 1960s.', 'duration': 60.652, 'max_score': 1104.432, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1104432.jpg'}, {'end': 1265.276, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1238.544, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1243.447, 'text': 'The colliding bit is relatively straightforward because you just fire it, whatever it is you want to fire it at.', 'start': 1238.544, 'duration': 4.903}, {'end': 1250.33, 'text': 'The hard bit is the steering the beams with the magnetic fields, getting strong enough electric fields to accelerate them, all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 1243.687, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 1255.593, 'text': 'The first colliders, where you have two beams colliding head on.', 'start': 1250.49, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 1265.276, 'text': "that comes later and i i don't think it's done until maybe the 1980s, i'm not entirely, not entirely sure, but it takes it's much harder problem.", 'start': 1255.593, 'duration': 9.683}], 'summary': 'Challenges in colliding beams: steering with magnetic fields, accelerating with strong electric fields. first head-on colliders possibly completed in 1980s.', 'duration': 26.732, 'max_score': 1238.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1238544.jpg'}, {'end': 1343.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1319.004, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1325.632, 'text': 'So what happens in the LHC is you steer the beams so that they cross in the middle of the detector.', 'start': 1319.004, 'duration': 6.628}, {'end': 1329.737, 'text': 'So they basically have these swarms of protons that are flying through each other.', 'start': 1326.193, 'duration': 3.544}, {'end': 1336.825, 'text': 'And most of the, you have 100 billion coming one way, 100 billion another way, maybe 10 of them will hit each other.', 'start': 1330.197, 'duration': 6.628}, {'end': 1339.359, 'text': 'Okay, that makes a lot more sense.', 'start': 1337.256, 'duration': 2.103}, {'end': 1340.02, 'text': "That's nice.", 'start': 1339.399, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1343.565, 'text': "You're trying to use probabilistically.", 'start': 1340.461, 'duration': 3.104}], 'summary': 'Lhc steers 100 billion protons to collide, with only 10 hitting each other.', 'duration': 24.561, 'max_score': 1319.004, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1319004.jpg'}, {'end': 1469.248, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1447.154, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1455.939, 'text': 'in 2008,, when the LHC first switched on, they had this big launch event and then big press conference party to inaugurate the machine.', 'start': 1447.154, 'duration': 8.785}, {'end': 1459.682, 'text': 'And about 10 days after that they were doing some tests.', 'start': 1455.959, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 1469.248, 'text': 'and this dramatic event happened where a huge explosion basically took place in a tunnel that destroyed or damaged badly damaged about half a kilometer of the machine.', 'start': 1459.682, 'duration': 9.566}], 'summary': 'In 2008, the lhc suffered a major explosion, damaging half a kilometer of the machine.', 'duration': 22.094, 'max_score': 1447.154, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1447154.jpg'}], 'start': 834.133, 'title': 'Evolution of particle physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of particle physics from the discovery of subatomic particles in the 19th century to the development of particle accelerators in the 1960s, and the inner workings of the large hadron collider (lhc) which steers beams of 100 billion protons to collide in the middle of the detector.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1273.84, 'start': 834.133, 'title': 'Evolution of particle physics: from atoms to collider', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of particle physics from the discovery of subatomic particles in the 19th century to the complex array of particles revealed through cosmic ray experiments, leading to the development of particle accelerators in the 1960s and the challenges of engineering controlled collisions in these experiments.', 'duration': 439.707, 'highlights': ['The discovery of subatomic particles in the 19th century, including electrons, nucleus, protons, and neutrons, led to the development of the atomic model. The 19th-century discoveries of electrons, nucleus, protons, and neutrons laid the foundation for the atomic model, revolutionizing the understanding of matter.', "The emergence of a 'zoo of particles' through cosmic ray experiments challenged the previously established understanding of matter, leading to the discovery of antimatter and various other particles. Cosmic ray experiments revealed a multitude of new particles, including antimatter and other enigmatic entities, posing a significant challenge to the existing understanding of matter.", 'The development of particle accelerators in the 1960s allowed for the production and study of numerous particles, leading to the discovery of about 100 new particles by 1960. The construction of particle accelerators in the 1960s facilitated the discovery of approximately 100 new particles, further complicating the understanding of particle physics.', 'The engineering challenges of controlling and colliding particles in experiments, particularly in creating controlled collisions in particle accelerators, presented significant obstacles in the field of particle physics. Overcoming engineering hurdles to control and collide particles in experiments, especially in achieving controlled collisions in particle accelerators, posed substantial challenges in the realm of particle physics.']}, {'end': 1484.059, 'start': 1273.84, 'title': 'Inside the large hadron collider', 'summary': "Explores the inner workings of the large hadron collider (lhc), revealing that it steers beams of 100 billion protons to collide in the middle of the detector to rely on probabilistic collisions. it discusses the challenges of squashing and focusing the beams using magnetic fields and the significant software involvement in the lhc's operations, including a dramatic event in 2008.", 'duration': 210.219, 'highlights': ['The LHC steers beams of 100 billion protons to collide in the middle of the detector, relying on probabilistic collisions. The LHC steers beams of 100 billion protons to collide in the middle of the detector, with only a fraction of them actually hitting each other, relying on probabilistic collisions.', 'The challenges of squashing and focusing the beams using magnetic fields to increase the chances of collisions. The challenges of squashing and focusing the beams using magnetic fields to increase the chances of collisions, likened to the process of birds flying through each other.', 'Significant software involvement in the operations of the LHC, including a dramatic event in 2008 where a software-related explosion damaged the machine. Significant software involvement in the operations of the LHC, including a dramatic event in 2008 where a software-related explosion damaged the machine, leading to red alarms in the control room.']}], 'duration': 649.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI834133.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discovery of subatomic particles in the 19th century revolutionized the understanding of matter.', 'Cosmic ray experiments revealed a multitude of new particles, including antimatter, challenging the existing understanding of matter.', 'The construction of particle accelerators in the 1960s facilitated the discovery of approximately 100 new particles, complicating the understanding of particle physics.', 'Overcoming engineering hurdles to achieve controlled collisions in particle accelerators posed substantial challenges in the realm of particle physics.', 'The LHC steers beams of 100 billion protons to collide in the middle of the detector, relying on probabilistic collisions.', 'The challenges of squashing and focusing the beams using magnetic fields to increase the chances of collisions.', 'Significant software involvement in the operations of the LHC, including a dramatic event in 2008 where a software-related explosion damaged the machine.']}, {'end': 2877.113, 'segs': [{'end': 1806.115, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1781.224, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1786.606, 'text': 'So quarks, these crazy smaller things that are hard to imagine are real.', 'start': 1781.224, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 1787.847, 'text': 'So what else??', 'start': 1787.226, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1789.627, 'text': 'What else is part of the story here?', 'start': 1788.187, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 1799.911, 'text': "So the other thing that's going on at the time around the 60s is an attempt to understand the forces that make these particles interact with each other.", 'start': 1789.927, 'duration': 9.984}, {'end': 1806.115, 'text': 'So you have the electromagnetic force, which is the force that was sort of discovered to some extent in this room, or at least in this building.', 'start': 1800.291, 'duration': 5.824}], 'summary': 'In the 1960s, efforts were made to understand the forces governing particle interactions, including the electromagnetic force.', 'duration': 24.891, 'max_score': 1781.224, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1781224.jpg'}, {'end': 1959.859, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1912.897, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1924.04, 'text': "So a quantum field theory of that force is discovered, I think it's in the 60s, and it predicts the existence of new force particles called gluons.", 'start': 1912.897, 'duration': 11.143}, {'end': 1926.84, 'text': 'So gluons are a bit like the photon.', 'start': 1924.58, 'duration': 2.26}, {'end': 1932.643, 'text': 'The photon is the particle of electromagnetism Gluons are the particles of the strong force.', 'start': 1926.92, 'duration': 5.723}, {'end': 1938.606, 'text': "So just like there's an electromagnetic field, there's something called a gluon field, which is also all around us.", 'start': 1933.484, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 1943.549, 'text': 'So some of these particles, I guess, are the force carriers or whatever.', 'start': 1939.707, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 1945.931, 'text': 'Well, it depends how you want to think about it.', 'start': 1943.569, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 1952.074, 'text': 'I mean, really the field, the strong force field, the gluon field is the thing that binds the quarks together.', 'start': 1945.951, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 1955.396, 'text': 'The gluons are the little ripples in that field.', 'start': 1952.915, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 1957.998, 'text': 'So in the same way that the photon is a ripple in the..', 'start': 1955.496, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 1959.859, 'text': 'in the electromagnetic field.', 'start': 1958.718, 'duration': 1.141}], 'summary': 'Quantum field theory predicts gluons as force particles for the strong force, binding quarks together.', 'duration': 46.962, 'max_score': 1912.897, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1912897.jpg'}, {'end': 2126.873, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2099.512, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2108.719, 'text': 'So the weak force, which is the third of these quantum forces, which is one of the hardest to understand the force.', 'start': 2099.512, 'duration': 9.207}, {'end': 2113.042, 'text': 'particles of that force have very large masses.', 'start': 2108.719, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 2114.844, 'text': 'And there are three of them.', 'start': 2113.923, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 2118.947, 'text': "They're called the W plus, the W minus, and the Z boson.", 'start': 2114.864, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 2124.531, 'text': 'And they have masses of between 80 and 90 times that of the protons.', 'start': 2119.568, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 2125.612, 'text': "They're very heavy.", 'start': 2124.592, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 2126.873, 'text': "Wow They're very heavy things.", 'start': 2125.672, 'duration': 1.201}], 'summary': 'The weak force involves w+/- and z bosons with masses 80-90 times that of protons.', 'duration': 27.361, 'max_score': 2099.512, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2099512.jpg'}, {'end': 2298.996, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2269.849, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2274.153, 'text': 'the idea, more or less at the same time, is that you introduce a new quantum field.', 'start': 2269.849, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 2277.398, 'text': "which is another one of these invisible things that's everywhere.", 'start': 2275.236, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 2282.642, 'text': "And it's through the interaction with this field that particles get mass.", 'start': 2278.259, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 2286.405, 'text': 'And you can think of, say, an electron in the Higgs field.', 'start': 2282.662, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 2290.829, 'text': 'The Higgs field kind of bunches around the electron.', 'start': 2287.346, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 2292.751, 'text': "It's sort of drawn towards the electron.", 'start': 2290.849, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 2298.996, 'text': "And that energy that's stored in that field around the electron is what we C as the mass of the electron.", 'start': 2292.891, 'duration': 6.105}], 'summary': 'Introducing a new quantum field gives particles mass through interaction, illustrated by the higgs field and electron.', 'duration': 29.147, 'max_score': 2269.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2269849.jpg'}, {'end': 2339.042, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2313.792, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2321.495, 'text': 'to come up with a unified theory of the electromagnetic force and the weak force.', 'start': 2313.792, 'duration': 7.703}, {'end': 2325.096, 'text': 'So once you bring in the Higgs field, you can combine two of the forces into one.', 'start': 2321.555, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 2331.518, 'text': 'So it turns out the electromagnetic force and the weak force are just two aspects of the same fundamental force.', 'start': 2325.596, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 2339.042, 'text': 'And at the LHC, we go to high enough energies that you see these two forces unifying effectively.', 'start': 2332.438, 'duration': 6.604}], 'summary': 'Unified theory combines electromagnetic and weak force at lhc.', 'duration': 25.25, 'max_score': 2313.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2313792.jpg'}, {'end': 2442.758, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2403.467, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2407.148, 'text': 'So there were these four particles that came with the theory, that were predicted by the theory.', 'start': 2403.467, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 2415.95, 'text': 'In 1983, 84, the Ws and the Z particles were discovered at an accelerator at CERN called the Super Proton Synchrotron,', 'start': 2407.708, 'duration': 8.242}, {'end': 2418.591, 'text': 'which was a seven kilometer particle collider.', 'start': 2415.95, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 2422.716, 'text': 'So, three of the bits of this theory had already been found.', 'start': 2419.291, 'duration': 3.425}, {'end': 2430.868, 'text': 'So people are pretty confident from the 80s that the Higgs must exist because it was a part of this family of particles,', 'start': 2422.817, 'duration': 8.051}, {'end': 2433.853, 'text': 'that this theoretical structure only works if the Higgs is there.', 'start': 2430.868, 'duration': 2.985}, {'end': 2442.758, 'text': 'What then happens, so this question about why is the LHC the size it is? Well, actually the tunnel that the LHC is in was not built for the LHC.', 'start': 2435.715, 'duration': 7.043}], 'summary': "Ws and z particles discovered in 1983-84 at cern's 7km super proton synchrotron, supporting the higgs theory.", 'duration': 39.291, 'max_score': 2403.467, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2403467.jpg'}, {'end': 2568.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2542.959, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2550.392, 'text': "So the discovery in itself, although it's important, is not so interesting.", 'start': 2542.959, 'duration': 7.433}, {'end': 2553.956, 'text': "It's like a confirmation of the obvious at that point.", 'start': 2550.452, 'duration': 3.504}, {'end': 2558.101, 'text': 'But what makes it interesting is not that it just completes the standard model,', 'start': 2554.357, 'duration': 3.744}, {'end': 2563.728, 'text': "which is a theory that we've known had the basic layout of for 40 years or more now.", 'start': 2558.101, 'duration': 5.627}, {'end': 2568.351, 'text': "It's that the Higgs actually is a unique particle.", 'start': 2564.849, 'duration': 3.502}], 'summary': 'Discovery of the higgs completes the standard model after 40 years.', 'duration': 25.392, 'max_score': 2542.959, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2542959.jpg'}, {'end': 2760.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2731.248, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2734.53, 'text': 'And then you have a universe made of black holes and nothing like us.', 'start': 2731.248, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 2742.834, 'text': 'So it seems that the strength of the Higgs field is to achieve the value that we see requires what we call fine tuning of the laws of physics.', 'start': 2735.05, 'duration': 7.784}, {'end': 2752.138, 'text': 'You have to fiddle around with the other fields in the standard model and their properties to just get it to this right sort of Goldilocks value that allows atoms to exist.', 'start': 2742.854, 'duration': 9.284}, {'end': 2754.52, 'text': 'This is deeply fishy.', 'start': 2753.16, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 2756.741, 'text': 'People really dislike this.', 'start': 2754.62, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 2760.801, 'text': 'Well, yeah, I guess, so what would be, so two explanations.', 'start': 2757.401, 'duration': 3.4}], 'summary': 'Higgs field requires fine tuning for existence of atoms.', 'duration': 29.553, 'max_score': 2731.248, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2731248.jpg'}], 'start': 1484.059, 'title': 'Physics in 20th century', 'summary': "Discusses the development of the quark model, evidence for quarks, discovery of gluons, understanding weak and electromagnetic forces, concept of mass in particle physics, higgs field's role in particle mass, and the discovery of higgs boson with its implications for complex life in the universe.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2035.443, 'start': 1484.059, 'title': 'History of physics in 20th century', 'summary': 'Discusses the development of the quark model in the 1960s, the evidence for the existence of quarks, the discovery of force particles called gluons, and the attempt to understand the forces of the weak force and the electromagnetic force in the 20th century.', 'duration': 551.384, 'highlights': ['The quark model was developed in the 1960s by Murray Gellman and George Zweig, and the evidence for the existence of quarks was derived from experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator. The quark model was developed in the 1960s by Murray Gellman and George Zweig, and the evidence for the existence of quarks was derived from experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator.', 'The chapter discusses the attempt to understand the forces of the weak force and the electromagnetic force in the 20th century, including the discovery of force particles called gluons. The chapter discusses the attempt to understand the forces of the weak force and the electromagnetic force in the 20th century, including the discovery of force particles called gluons.', 'The strong force field is the thing that binds the quarks together, and the gluons are the force carriers of the strong force, similar to photons for electromagnetism. The strong force field is the thing that binds the quarks together, and the gluons are the force carriers of the strong force, similar to photons for electromagnetism.']}, {'end': 2208.409, 'start': 2035.723, 'title': 'Understanding particle mass in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of mass in particle physics, highlighting that only two particles in the standard model are massless, while the rest, including the weak force particles, have significant masses, with the w plus, w minus, and z boson having masses between 80 and 90 times that of the protons.', 'duration': 172.686, 'highlights': ['The weak force particles, W plus, W minus, and Z boson, have masses between 80 and 90 times that of the protons, making them very heavy.', 'The top quark is the heaviest particle with a mass of about 175 protons, and its significant mass is currently not fully understood.', 'The electromagnetic force is noticeable in everyday life, while the weak force only becomes apparent at the scale of a nucleus due to the large mass of the particle associated with that field, causing the weak force to disappear quickly at larger distances.']}, {'end': 2385.068, 'start': 2209.43, 'title': 'The higgs field and particle mass', 'summary': 'Explains how the introduction of the higgs field in quantum field theory allowed particles to acquire mass through interaction, leading to the unification of electromagnetic and weak forces, and the potential for a unified theory of physics at high energies.', 'duration': 175.638, 'highlights': ['The introduction of the Higgs field in quantum field theory allowed particles to acquire mass through interaction, leading to the unification of electromagnetic and weak forces. Particles acquire mass through interaction with the Higgs field, unification of electromagnetic and weak forces, potential for a unified theory of physics at high energies.', 'The Higgs field allowed for a unified theory of the electromagnetic force and the weak force, effectively combining two fundamental forces into one. Unification of electromagnetic force and weak force through the Higgs field.', "The Higgs field's introduction led to the potential for a unified theory of physics at high energies, allowing the combination of two forces into one. Potential for a unified theory of physics at high energies, combination of forces into one.", 'Particles do not intrinsically possess mass but acquire it through interaction with the Higgs field, allowing for the unification of forces and potential unified theory of physics at high energies. Particles acquire mass through interaction with the Higgs field, unification of forces, potential for a unified theory of physics at high energies.']}, {'end': 2877.113, 'start': 2385.108, 'title': 'Discovery of higgs boson and its implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the discovery of the higgs boson, the theoretical predictions made in the mid-70s, the confirmation of the w and z particles in the 80s, the unique properties of the higgs boson, the challenges in understanding its existence, and the implications of the fine-tuning of the higgs field for the existence of complex life in the universe.', 'duration': 492.005, 'highlights': ['The W and Z particles were discovered at CERN in the 80s, confirming the theoretical predictions made in the mid-70s. The W and Z particles were discovered at CERN in the 80s, confirming the theoretical predictions made in the mid-70s, validating the electroweak theory.', 'The Higgs boson was a crucial part of the theoretical structure and its existence was inferred from the behavior of other particles, leading to the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to search for it. The Higgs boson was a crucial part of the theoretical structure, and the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was motivated by the need to search for it, based on the behavior of other particles in the electroweak theory.', 'The discovery of the Higgs boson completed the Standard Model and revealed its unique and troublesome properties, posing challenges in understanding its existence and implications for the universe. The discovery of the Higgs boson completed the Standard Model and revealed its unique and troublesome properties, posing challenges in understanding its existence and implications for the universe, including the fine-tuning of the Higgs field for the existence of complex life.', 'The fine-tuning of the Higgs field is crucial for the existence of complex life in the universe, raising questions about the mechanisms enforcing its properties and potential implications for the existence of alternate universes. The fine-tuning of the Higgs field is crucial for the existence of complex life in the universe, raising questions about the mechanisms enforcing its properties and potential implications for the existence of alternate universes, including the possibility of an infinite number of alternate universes where life is possible.']}], 'duration': 1393.054, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI1484059.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discovery of the Higgs boson completed the Standard Model and revealed its unique and troublesome properties, posing challenges in understanding its existence and implications for the universe, including the fine-tuning of the Higgs field for the existence of complex life.', 'The fine-tuning of the Higgs field is crucial for the existence of complex life in the universe, raising questions about the mechanisms enforcing its properties and potential implications for the existence of alternate universes, including the possibility of an infinite number of alternate universes where life is possible.', "The Higgs field's introduction led to the potential for a unified theory of physics at high energies, allowing the combination of two forces into one.", 'The introduction of the Higgs field in quantum field theory allowed particles to acquire mass through interaction, leading to the unification of electromagnetic and weak forces.', 'The W and Z particles were discovered at CERN in the 80s, confirming the theoretical predictions made in the mid-70s, validating the electroweak theory.', 'The Higgs boson was a crucial part of the theoretical structure, and the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was motivated by the need to search for it, based on the behavior of other particles in the electroweak theory.', 'The quark model was developed in the 1960s by Murray Gellman and George Zweig, and the evidence for the existence of quarks was derived from experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator.', 'The chapter discusses the attempt to understand the forces of the weak force and the electromagnetic force in the 20th century, including the discovery of force particles called gluons.', 'The strong force field is the thing that binds the quarks together, and the gluons are the force carriers of the strong force, similar to photons for electromagnetism.', 'The weak force particles, W plus, W minus, and Z boson, have masses between 80 and 90 times that of the protons, making them very heavy.']}, {'end': 3275.331, 'segs': [{'end': 2966.639, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2941.371, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2948.993, 'text': 'And these fields cancel out the effect of the standard model fields and they stabilize the Higgs field at a nice, sensible value.', 'start': 2941.371, 'duration': 7.622}, {'end': 2957.556, 'text': 'So, in supersymmetry, you naturally, without any tinkering about with the constants of nature or anything, you get a Higgs field with a nice value,', 'start': 2949.033, 'duration': 8.523}, {'end': 2958.256, 'text': 'which is the one we see.', 'start': 2957.556, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 2962.538, 'text': 'And supersymmetry has also got lots of other things going for it.', 'start': 2959.156, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 2966.639, 'text': 'It predicts the existence of a dark matter particle, which would be great.', 'start': 2962.698, 'duration': 3.941}], 'summary': 'Supersymmetry stabilizes higgs field, predicts dark matter particle.', 'duration': 25.268, 'max_score': 2941.371, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2941371.jpg'}, {'end': 3043.297, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2984.287, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2993.013, 'text': 'And particularly the main reason was that if, if supersymmetry stabilizes the Higgs field at this nice Goldilocks value,', 'start': 2984.287, 'duration': 8.726}, {'end': 2999.658, 'text': "these super particles should have a mass around the energy that we're probing at the LHC, around the energy of the Higgs.", 'start': 2993.013, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 3003.602, 'text': 'So it was kind of thought you discover the Higgs, you probably discover super partners as well.', 'start': 2999.999, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 3009.687, 'text': 'So once you start creating ripples in this Higgs field, you should be able to see these kinds of You should be, yeah.', 'start': 3003.622, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 3010.968, 'text': 'So these super fields would be there.', 'start': 3009.827, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 3013.371, 'text': "When I, at the very beginning, I said, we're probing the vacuum.", 'start': 3011.008, 'duration': 2.363}, {'end': 3016.614, 'text': "What I mean is really that, you know, okay, let's say these super fields exist.", 'start': 3013.731, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 3018.136, 'text': 'The vacuum contains super fields.', 'start': 3016.634, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 3019.777, 'text': "They're there, these super symmetric fields.", 'start': 3018.176, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 3022.16, 'text': 'If we hit them hard enough, we can make them vibrate.', 'start': 3019.797, 'duration': 2.363}, {'end': 3024.763, 'text': 'We see super particles come flying out.', 'start': 3022.68, 'duration': 2.083}, {'end': 3026.324, 'text': "That's the sort of, that's the idea.", 'start': 3024.803, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3027.405, 'text': "That's the whole point.", 'start': 3026.344, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 3030.413, 'text': "Okay We haven't.", 'start': 3027.445, 'duration': 2.968}, {'end': 3031.114, 'text': "But we haven't.", 'start': 3030.654, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 3037.596, 'text': "So far at least, I mean, we've had now a decade of data taking at the LHC.", 'start': 3031.614, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 3043.297, 'text': 'No signs of supersymmetric particles have been found.', 'start': 3039.036, 'duration': 4.261}], 'summary': 'No signs of supersymmetric particles found after a decade of data at the lhc.', 'duration': 59.01, 'max_score': 2984.287, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2984287.jpg'}, {'end': 3126.359, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3102.434, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3110.042, 'text': "Technicolor I think, not being a theorist, but it's basically not done very well, particularly since the LHC found the Higgs.", 'start': 3102.434, 'duration': 7.608}, {'end': 3113.406, 'text': 'It rules out a lot of these technicolor theories.', 'start': 3110.924, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 3115.409, 'text': 'But there are other things that are a bit like technicolor.', 'start': 3113.426, 'duration': 1.983}, {'end': 3117.672, 'text': "So there's a theory called..", 'start': 3115.469, 'duration': 2.203}, {'end': 3126.359, 'text': 'partial compositeness, which is an idea that some of my colleagues at Cambridge have worked on, which is a similar sort of idea,', 'start': 3119.013, 'duration': 7.346}], 'summary': 'Technicolor theories, ruled out post-lhc higgs discovery; partial compositeness as alternative theory.', 'duration': 23.925, 'max_score': 3102.434, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3102434.jpg'}, {'end': 3235.301, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3208.896, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3216.183, 'text': 'Can we find out the deeper order that explains this particular periodic table of particles that we see?', 'start': 3208.896, 'duration': 7.287}, {'end': 3221.836, 'text': 'Is it possible that the deeper order includes, like almost a single entity?', 'start': 3216.634, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 3230.239, 'text': 'So, like something that I guess, like string theory, dreams about, is this essentially the dream?', 'start': 3222.376, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 3233.88, 'text': 'is to discover something simple, beautiful and unifying?', 'start': 3230.239, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 3235.301, 'text': 'Yeah, I mean that is the dream.', 'start': 3234.16, 'duration': 1.141}], 'summary': 'Exploring deeper order in periodic table of particles, aiming to discover simple, unifying concept like string theory.', 'duration': 26.405, 'max_score': 3208.896, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3208896.jpg'}], 'start': 2877.113, 'title': 'Supersymmetry and the search for new particles', 'summary': 'Delves into the theory of supersymmetry and its relation to the higgs field, including its predictions such as the existence of dark matter particle and unification of forces, as well as the ongoing search for new particles beyond the standard model and the potential theories of technicolor and partial compositeness.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3019.777, 'start': 2877.113, 'title': 'Supersymmetry and the higgs field', 'summary': 'Discusses the theory of supersymmetry as a possible solution to the problem of the higgs field, its predictions including the existence of dark matter particle and unification of forces, and its anticipation of discovery at the lhc.', 'duration': 142.664, 'highlights': ['The theory of supersymmetry is discussed as a potential solution to the problem of the Higgs field, stabilizing it at a value observed in nature. Supersymmetry theory stabilizes the Higgs field at a value observed in nature, predicting the existence of a dark matter particle and suggesting the unification of forces.', "The anticipation of discovering superpartners at the LHC due to the theory's prediction of their mass being around the energy of the Higgs field. Anticipation at the LHC for discovering superpartners due to their predicted mass being around the energy of the Higgs field, leading to expectations of their discovery alongside the Higgs.", 'The discussion of vacuum probing and the existence of super fields within it. Exploration of vacuum probing and the potential existence of super fields within it, adding depth to the understanding of the theoretical framework.']}, {'end': 3275.331, 'start': 3019.797, 'title': 'The search for new particles', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of evidence for supersymmetric particles and the search for new particles beyond the standard model, as well as the potential theories of technicolor and partial compositeness. it also explores the quest for a unifying theory in particle physics, akin to string theory’s dream of a simple, beautiful, and unifying explanation.', 'duration': 255.534, 'highlights': ['The lack of evidence for supersymmetric particles and any new particles beyond the Standard Model despite a decade of data taking at the LHC.', 'The discussion about potential theories of technicolor and partial compositeness as explanations for the Higgs boson and the matter particles.', 'The exploration of the quest for a unifying theory in particle physics, akin to string theory’s dream of a simple, beautiful, and unifying explanation.']}], 'duration': 398.218, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI2877113.jpg', 'highlights': ['Supersymmetry stabilizes the Higgs field at a value observed in nature, predicting the existence of a dark matter particle and suggesting the unification of forces.', 'Anticipation at the LHC for discovering superpartners due to their predicted mass being around the energy of the Higgs field, leading to expectations of their discovery alongside the Higgs.', 'Exploration of vacuum probing and the potential existence of super fields within it, adding depth to the understanding of the theoretical framework.', 'The lack of evidence for supersymmetric particles and any new particles beyond the Standard Model despite a decade of data taking at the LHC.', 'The discussion about potential theories of technicolor and partial compositeness as explanations for the Higgs boson and the matter particles.', 'The exploration of the quest for a unifying theory in particle physics, akin to string theory’s dream of a simple, beautiful, and unifying explanation.']}, {'end': 3685.815, 'segs': [{'end': 3400.976, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3373.413, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3378.377, 'text': "So that's basically the equivalent of you've accelerated a proton through 14 trillion volts.", 'start': 3373.413, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 3382.841, 'text': 'that gets us to the energies where the Higgs and these weak particles live.', 'start': 3379.238, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 3384.082, 'text': "They're very massive.", 'start': 3383.241, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 3391.989, 'text': 'The scale where strings become manifest is something called the Planck scale, which I think is of the order 10 to the..', 'start': 3384.482, 'duration': 7.507}, {'end': 3393.41, 'text': 'Hang on, get this right.', 'start': 3391.989, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 3395.852, 'text': "It's 10 to the 18 giga electron volts.", 'start': 3393.75, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 3400.976, 'text': 'So about 10 to the 15 tera electron volts.', 'start': 3395.872, 'duration': 5.104}], 'summary': 'Accelerating a proton to 14 trillion volts reveals energies where higgs and weak particles exist, reaching the scale of 10^15 tera electron volts.', 'duration': 27.563, 'max_score': 3373.413, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3373413.jpg'}, {'end': 3462.522, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3437.765, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3446.171, 'text': 'So that is a fundamental problem, which is that most of the predictions of these unified theories, quantum theories of gravity,', 'start': 3437.765, 'duration': 8.406}, {'end': 3450.975, 'text': 'only make statements that are testable at energies that we will not be able to probe.', 'start': 3446.171, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 3459.64, 'text': 'And barring some unbelievable completely unexpected technological or scientific breakthrough, which is almost impossible to imagine.', 'start': 3451.495, 'duration': 8.145}, {'end': 3462.522, 'text': 'You never say never, but it seems very unlikely.', 'start': 3460.021, 'duration': 2.501}], 'summary': 'Most predictions of quantum gravity theories are untestable at unreachable energies, barring unlikely breakthroughs.', 'duration': 24.757, 'max_score': 3437.765, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3437765.jpg'}, {'end': 3550.642, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3522.488, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3527.612, 'text': "Yeah, well, there may be some unknown unknowns, but by definition, we don't know what those are.", 'start': 3522.488, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 3535.517, 'text': 'But the hope is a particle accelerator could help us make sense of dark energy, dark matter.', 'start': 3527.652, 'duration': 7.865}, {'end': 3536.418, 'text': "There's some hope for that.", 'start': 3535.638, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 3538.539, 'text': "There's hope for that.", 'start': 3537.699, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 3543.3, 'text': 'Yeah So one of the hopes is the LHC could produce a dark matter particle in its collisions.', 'start': 3538.619, 'duration': 4.681}, {'end': 3550.642, 'text': 'And it may be that the LHC will still discover new particles.', 'start': 3543.921, 'duration': 6.721}], 'summary': 'Particle accelerator may help understand dark energy, dark matter. hope for lhc to produce dark matter particle and discover new particles.', 'duration': 28.154, 'max_score': 3522.488, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3522488.jpg'}, {'end': 3588.585, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3567.669, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3577.717, 'text': 'But I think a lot of people would say now that the chances of the LHC directly discovering new particles in the near future is quite slim.', 'start': 3567.669, 'duration': 10.048}, {'end': 3583.641, 'text': 'It may be that we need a decade more data before we can see something, or we may not see anything.', 'start': 3577.897, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 3585.522, 'text': "That's where we are.", 'start': 3584.061, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 3588.585, 'text': 'So the physics, the experiments that I work on.', 'start': 3585.582, 'duration': 3.003}], 'summary': 'Chances of lhc discovering new particles in near future slim, may need a decade more data.', 'duration': 20.916, 'max_score': 3567.669, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3567669.jpg'}, {'end': 3641.274, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3608.676, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3612.198, 'text': 'What we look at are standard model particles called b quarks.', 'start': 3608.676, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 3619.941, 'text': 'which depending on your preferences, either bottom or beauty, we tend to say beauty because it sounds sexier.', 'start': 3613.158, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 3625.864, 'text': 'But these particles are interesting because we can make lots of them.', 'start': 3620.502, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 3628.506, 'text': 'We make billions or hundreds of billions of these things.', 'start': 3625.904, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 3631.567, 'text': 'You can therefore measure their properties very precisely.', 'start': 3628.966, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 3633.748, 'text': 'So you can make these really lovely precision measurements.', 'start': 3631.607, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 3641.274, 'text': 'And what we are doing really is a sort of complimentary thing to the other big experiments.', 'start': 3634.549, 'duration': 6.725}], 'summary': 'Studying b quarks for precise measurements, making billions of particles, complementary to other experiments.', 'duration': 32.598, 'max_score': 3608.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3608676.jpg'}], 'start': 3277.796, 'title': 'Challenges in particle physics and string theory', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of string theory after three decades, and the limitation of current particle colliders, as well as the search for dark matter and the potential of the lhc in discovering new particles.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3489.826, 'start': 3277.796, 'title': 'Challenges of string theory and particle colliders', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of string theory, including the difficulty of understanding it after three decades, and the limitation of current particle colliders to probe energies required for testing unified theories, such as string theory.', 'duration': 212.03, 'highlights': ['The scale where strings become manifest is something called the Planck scale, which is of the order 10 to the 18 giga electron volts, making it trillions of times more energy than the energies probed by the LHC. The Planck scale, where strings become manifest, requires energies trillions of times more than those probed by the LHC, making it challenging to test unified theories like string theory.', 'Most predictions of unified theories, including quantum theories of gravity, are only testable at energies that current technology will not be able to probe, barring an unlikely technological or scientific breakthrough. Unified theories like string theory make predictions only testable at energies beyond current technological capabilities, unless there is an almost impossible breakthrough.', 'The Large Hadron Collider operates at an energy of 14 tera electron volts, significantly lower than the energy required to probe the scale where strings become manifest, which is of the order 10 to the 18 giga electron volts. The LHC operates at 14 tera electron volts, far lower than the energy required to probe the scale where strings become manifest, making it inadequate for testing unified theories like string theory.']}, {'end': 3685.815, 'start': 3489.866, 'title': 'Challenges in particle physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in particle physics, including the search for dark matter and the potential of the lhc in discovering new particles, with the need for more data and precision measurements.', 'duration': 195.949, 'highlights': ['The LHC could produce a dark matter particle in its collisions, with hope for new discoveries. The LHC holds hope for producing a dark matter particle in its collisions, potentially leading to new discoveries in particle physics.', "The challenges in directly discovering new particles at the LHC in the near future are quite slim due to the need for more data, possibly requiring a decade's worth of data. The chances of directly discovering new particles at the LHC in the near future are slim, as more data may be needed, potentially requiring a decade's worth of data.", 'The LHCb experiment focuses on precision measurements of standard model particles called b quarks, which could provide complementary insights to the search for new particles. The LHCb experiment focuses on precision measurements of standard model particles called b quarks, offering complementary insights to the search for new particles in particle physics.']}], 'duration': 408.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3277796.jpg', 'highlights': ['The scale where strings become manifest is the Planck scale, requiring trillions of times more energy than the LHC.', 'Unified theories like string theory make predictions only testable at energies beyond current technological capabilities.', 'The LHC operates at 14 tera electron volts, far lower than the energy required to probe the scale where strings become manifest.', 'The LHC holds hope for producing a dark matter particle in its collisions, potentially leading to new discoveries in particle physics.', 'The chances of directly discovering new particles at the LHC in the near future are slim, as more data may be needed.', 'The LHCb experiment focuses on precision measurements of standard model particles called b quarks, offering complementary insights to the search for new particles in particle physics.']}, {'end': 4641.741, 'segs': [{'end': 3735.076, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3705.59, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3711.631, 'text': 'And the way they decay and behave can be altered slightly from what our theory tells us they ought to behave.', 'start': 3705.59, 'duration': 6.041}, {'end': 3716.512, 'text': "And it's easier to collect huge amounts of data on B quarks.", 'start': 3712.511, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 3718.392, 'text': 'We get billions and billions of these things.', 'start': 3716.592, 'duration': 1.8}, {'end': 3720.233, 'text': 'You can make very precise measurements.', 'start': 3718.492, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 3725.694, 'text': "And the only place really at the LHC, or really in high-energy physics at the moment, where there's..", 'start': 3720.313, 'duration': 5.381}, {'end': 3735.076, 'text': 'fairly compelling evidence that there might be something beyond the standard model is in these beauty quarks decays.', 'start': 3726.974, 'duration': 8.102}], 'summary': 'Billions of b quarks provide precise data, suggesting deviations from the standard model.', 'duration': 29.486, 'max_score': 3705.59, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3705590.jpg'}, {'end': 3780.024, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3750.479, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3751.38, 'text': 'The collisions are the same.', 'start': 3750.479, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 3754.283, 'text': "What's different is the design of the detectors.", 'start': 3752.361, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 3759.247, 'text': "So Atlas and CMS, they're called what are called general purpose detectors.", 'start': 3754.643, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 3761.969, 'text': 'And they are basically barrel shaped machines.', 'start': 3759.807, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 3764.071, 'text': 'And the collisions happen in the middle of the barrel.', 'start': 3762.41, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 3768.015, 'text': 'And the barrel captures all the particles that go flying out in every direction.', 'start': 3764.532, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 3771.358, 'text': 'So in a sphere, effectively, they come flying out and it can record all of those particles.', 'start': 3768.035, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 3780.024, 'text': "Sorry to be interrupting, but what's the mechanism of the recording? Oh, so these detectors, if you've seen pictures of them, they're huge.", 'start': 3772.178, 'duration': 7.846}], 'summary': 'General purpose detectors capture collisions in barrel-shaped machines, recording all particles in a sphere.', 'duration': 29.545, 'max_score': 3750.479, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3750479.jpg'}, {'end': 4074.693, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4009.627, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4019.053, 'text': 'So if you make, for the sake of argument, a matter version of one of these B particles, as it travels, because of the magic of quantum mechanics,', 'start': 4009.627, 'duration': 9.426}, {'end': 4023.535, 'text': 'it oscillates backwards and forwards between its matter and antimatter versions.', 'start': 4019.053, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 4026.277, 'text': 'So it does this weird flipping about backwards and forwards.', 'start': 4023.956, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 4032.261, 'text': 'And what we can use this for is a laboratory for testing the symmetry between matter and antimatter.', 'start': 4026.897, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 4041.884, 'text': "So if the symmetry between antimatter and antimatter is precise it's exact then we should see these B particles decaying as often as matter as they do as antimatter,", 'start': 4033.001, 'duration': 8.883}, {'end': 4043.365, 'text': 'because this oscillation should be even.', 'start': 4041.884, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 4045.525, 'text': 'It should spend as much time in each state.', 'start': 4043.405, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 4050.247, 'text': 'But what we actually see is that one of the states, it spends more time in.', 'start': 4046.086, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 4052.868, 'text': "It's more likely to decay in one state than the other.", 'start': 4050.287, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 4058.19, 'text': 'So this gives us a way of testing this fundamental symmetry between matter and antimatter.', 'start': 4052.908, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 4064.571, 'text': 'So what can you sort of returning to the question before about this fundamental symmetry?', 'start': 4059.29, 'duration': 5.281}, {'end': 4074.693, 'text': "it seems like, if there's perfect symmetry between matter and antimatter, if we have the equal amount of each in our universe,", 'start': 4064.571, 'duration': 10.122}], 'summary': 'Testing symmetry between matter and antimatter using b particles reveals imbalance in decay rates.', 'duration': 65.066, 'max_score': 4009.627, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4009627.jpg'}, {'end': 4052.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4026.897, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4032.261, 'text': 'And what we can use this for is a laboratory for testing the symmetry between matter and antimatter.', 'start': 4026.897, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 4041.884, 'text': "So if the symmetry between antimatter and antimatter is precise it's exact then we should see these B particles decaying as often as matter as they do as antimatter,", 'start': 4033.001, 'duration': 8.883}, {'end': 4043.365, 'text': 'because this oscillation should be even.', 'start': 4041.884, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 4045.525, 'text': 'It should spend as much time in each state.', 'start': 4043.405, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 4050.247, 'text': 'But what we actually see is that one of the states, it spends more time in.', 'start': 4046.086, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 4052.868, 'text': "It's more likely to decay in one state than the other.", 'start': 4050.287, 'duration': 2.581}], 'summary': 'Lab tests show asymmetry between matter and antimatter decay.', 'duration': 25.971, 'max_score': 4026.897, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4026897.jpg'}, {'end': 4217.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4192.401, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4197.985, 'text': 'And this phase transition in some models can cause more matter than antimatter to be produced,', 'start': 4192.401, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 4201.467, 'text': 'depending on how matter bounces off these bubbles in the universe.', 'start': 4197.985, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 4202.547, 'text': "So that's one idea.", 'start': 4201.787, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 4208.65, 'text': "There's other ideas to do with neutrinos, that there are exotic types of neutrinos that can decay in a biased way,", 'start': 4202.787, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 4210.45, 'text': 'to just matter and not to antimatter.', 'start': 4208.65, 'duration': 1.8}, {'end': 4212.611, 'text': 'And people are trying to test these ideas.', 'start': 4211.21, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 4214.212, 'text': "That's what we're trying to do at LHCb.", 'start': 4212.631, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 4217.533, 'text': "There's neutrino experiments planned that are trying to do these sorts of things as well.", 'start': 4214.292, 'duration': 3.241}], 'summary': 'Models suggest phase transition may produce more matter than antimatter; neutrinos can decay in a biased way.', 'duration': 25.132, 'max_score': 4192.401, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4192401.jpg'}, {'end': 4308.647, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4280.56, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4284.362, 'text': 'great illustration of us working together to do something big.', 'start': 4280.56, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 4293.633, 'text': "I think it's possibly the best example maybe I can think of of international collaboration that isn't for some unpleasant purpose, basically.", 'start': 4285.203, 'duration': 8.43}, {'end': 4301.003, 'text': 'When I started out in the field in 2008 as a new PhD student, the LHC was basically finished.', 'start': 4295.616, 'duration': 5.387}, {'end': 4305.445, 'text': "So I didn't have to go around asking for money for it or trying to make the case.", 'start': 4301.463, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 4308.647, 'text': 'So I have huge admiration for the people who managed that.', 'start': 4305.505, 'duration': 3.142}], 'summary': 'Lhc project exemplifies successful international collaboration without seeking funding, completed by 2008.', 'duration': 28.087, 'max_score': 4280.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4280560.jpg'}], 'start': 3685.815, 'title': 'Quantum fields and b particles influence, different detectors at lhc, and bee quarks and matter-antimatter symmetry', 'summary': 'Discusses the influence of quantum fields on standard model fields, particularly b particles, causing alterations in their behavior and decay, with evidence from the lhc. it also explains the differences between general purpose detectors (atlas and cms) and the specialized detector (lhcb) at lhc, including their designs, functions, and the specific aspect of collecting b-quark trajectories. additionally, it covers the connection between b particles and matter-antimatter symmetry, the mystery of unequal matter-antimatter amounts in the universe, and the testing of symmetry between matter and antimatter using b particles.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3750.079, 'start': 3685.815, 'title': 'Quantum fields and b particles influence', 'summary': 'Discusses the influence of quantum fields on standard model fields, particularly b particles, causing alterations in their behavior and decay, with the lhc providing compelling evidence of deviations from the standard model in beauty quark decays.', 'duration': 64.264, 'highlights': ["The LHC provides compelling evidence of deviations from the standard model in beauty quark decays, where B particles' behavior and decay can be influenced by quantum fields, altering their expected behavior slightly.", 'Billions of B quarks can be collected at the LHC, allowing for very precise measurements and observations of their behavior and decay, providing valuable data for high-energy physics research.', 'The chapter discusses the influence of quantum fields on standard model fields, particularly B particles, causing alterations in their behavior and decay, with the LHC providing compelling evidence of deviations from the standard model in beauty quark decays.']}, {'end': 3957.038, 'start': 3750.479, 'title': 'Different detectors at lhc', 'summary': 'Explains the differences between general purpose detectors (atlas and cms) and the specialized detector (lhcb) at lhc, including their designs, functions, and the specific aspect of collecting b-quark trajectories.', 'duration': 206.559, 'highlights': ['The differences between general purpose detectors (Atlas and CMS) and the specialized detector (LHCb) at LHC, including their designs, functions, and the specific aspect of collecting b-quark trajectories. The chapter explains how general purpose detectors (Atlas and CMS) capture particles from collisions in barrel-shaped machines, while the specialized detector LHCb focuses on a pyramid cone shape to observe b-quarks closer to the beam pipe. Additionally, the detailed differences in sensors for detecting b-quark trajectories and the significance of the long lifespan of b-quarks are discussed.', 'The design and functions of general purpose detectors (Atlas and CMS) capturing particles from collisions in barrel-shaped machines. General purpose detectors like Atlas and CMS are described as barrel-shaped machines that capture particles from collisions, with layers of detectors including tracking detectors made of silicon and calorimeters to measure particle energies.', 'The specialized detector (LHCb) at LHC focusing on a pyramid cone shape to observe b-quarks closer to the beam pipe. LHCb is designed as a pyramid cone shape to observe b-quarks closer to the beam pipe, ignoring particles in other directions and focusing on the region where b-quarks are produced, explaining the need for a different aspect of sensors for collecting b-quark trajectories.', "The significance of the long lifespan of b-quarks and the need for accurate resolution of proton collision from B particle decay. The chapter discusses the long lifespan of b-quarks and the need for accurate resolution of proton collision from B particle decay, detailing the delicate silicon detector's proximity to the collision and its sensitivity."]}, {'end': 4641.741, 'start': 3957.418, 'title': 'Bee quarks and matter-antimatter symmetry', 'summary': 'Discusses the connection between b particles and matter-antimatter symmetry, the mystery of unequal matter-antimatter amounts in the universe, and the collaborative nature of the large hadron collider, highlighting the testing of symmetry between matter and antimatter using b particles and the mystery behind the unequal amounts of matter and antimatter.', 'duration': 684.323, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the connection between B particles and matter-antimatter symmetry, highlighting the testing of symmetry between matter and antimatter using B particles. Testing symmetry between matter and antimatter using B particles.', 'The chapter addresses the mystery of unequal matter-antimatter amounts in the universe, suggesting various ideas such as the involvement of the Higgs field and exotic neutrinos. The mystery of unequal amounts of matter and antimatter in the universe, with proposed explanations involving the Higgs field and exotic neutrinos.', 'The collaborative nature of the Large Hadron Collider is highlighted, emphasizing the international collaboration and competition among researchers. International collaboration and competition among researchers at the Large Hadron Collider.']}], 'duration': 955.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI3685815.jpg', 'highlights': ["The LHC provides compelling evidence of deviations from the standard model in beauty quark decays, where B particles' behavior and decay can be influenced by quantum fields, altering their expected behavior slightly.", 'Billions of B quarks can be collected at the LHC, allowing for very precise measurements and observations of their behavior and decay, providing valuable data for high-energy physics research.', 'The differences between general purpose detectors (Atlas and CMS) and the specialized detector (LHCb) at LHC, including their designs, functions, and the specific aspect of collecting b-quark trajectories.', 'The chapter discusses the connection between B particles and matter-antimatter symmetry, highlighting the testing of symmetry between matter and antimatter using B particles.', 'The mystery of unequal amounts of matter and antimatter in the universe, with proposed explanations involving the Higgs field and exotic neutrinos.', 'The collaborative nature of the Large Hadron Collider is highlighted, emphasizing the international collaboration and competition among researchers.']}, {'end': 5206.74, 'segs': [{'end': 4688.159, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4642.481, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4653.371, 'text': "So I don't know if that's the genetic, that's your upbringing, the way you go to school, but looking into the future of LHC and other colliders.", 'start': 4642.481, 'duration': 10.89}, {'end': 4658.396, 'text': "So there's in America, there's the, whatever it was called, There's a lot of supers in there.", 'start': 4653.431, 'duration': 4.965}, {'end': 4659.776, 'text': 'Superconducting supercollider.', 'start': 4658.436, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 4660.997, 'text': 'Yeah, superconducting supercollider.', 'start': 4659.816, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 4661.797, 'text': 'The desertron, yeah.', 'start': 4661.017, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 4662.938, 'text': 'The desertron.', 'start': 4661.817, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4670.662, 'text': 'So that was canceled, the construction of that, which is a sad thing.', 'start': 4663.058, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 4674.144, 'text': 'But what do you think is the future of these efforts??', 'start': 4671.002, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 4675.765, 'text': 'Will a bigger collider be built??', 'start': 4674.184, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 4678.507, 'text': 'Will LHC be expanded??', 'start': 4676.565, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 4679.368, 'text': 'What do you think??', 'start': 4678.608, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 4683.353, 'text': 'Well, in the near future, the LHC is going to get an upgrade.', 'start': 4679.989, 'duration': 3.364}, {'end': 4684.835, 'text': "So that's pretty much confirmed.", 'start': 4683.393, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 4688.159, 'text': "I think it is confirmed, which is it's not an energy upgrade.", 'start': 4684.875, 'duration': 3.284}], 'summary': 'Future of colliders: lhc to get an upgrade; uncertain about bigger collider construction.', 'duration': 45.678, 'max_score': 4642.481, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4642481.jpg'}, {'end': 4736.941, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4703.471, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4708.273, 'text': 'So to get a real improvement in sensitivity, you need to increase the data rate by an order of magnitude.', 'start': 4703.471, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 4709.853, 'text': "So that's what this upgrade is going to do.", 'start': 4708.313, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 4717.996, 'text': 'LHCb at the moment, the whole detector is basically being rebuilt to allow it to record data at a much larger rate than we could before.', 'start': 4710.593, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 4722.137, 'text': "So that will make us sensitive to whole loads of new processes that we weren't able to study before.", 'start': 4718.016, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 4725.598, 'text': "I mentioned briefly these anomalies that we've seen.", 'start': 4723.037, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 4736.941, 'text': "So we've seen a bunch of very intriguing anomalies in these B quark decays, which may be hinting at the first signs of this kind of the elephant,", 'start': 4725.778, 'duration': 11.163}], 'summary': 'Upgrading lhcb to record data at a larger rate will improve sensitivity to new processes and anomalies in b quark decays.', 'duration': 33.47, 'max_score': 4703.471, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4703471.jpg'}, {'end': 4852.904, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4823.923, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4827.244, 'text': "it'd be interesting to see what happens, something called the Future Circular Collider.", 'start': 4823.923, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 4838.194, 'text': 'which is a really ambitious, long-term, multi-decade project, to build a 100-kilometer circumference tunnel under the Geneva region.', 'start': 4828.084, 'duration': 10.11}, {'end': 4840.716, 'text': 'the LHC would become a kind of feeding machine.', 'start': 4838.194, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 4841.417, 'text': 'It would just feed..', 'start': 4840.756, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 4843.799, 'text': 'So the same area, so it would be a feeder for the..', 'start': 4841.417, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 4850.223, 'text': 'Yeah, So the edge of this machine would be where the LHC is, but it would go under Lake Geneva and round to the Alps,', 'start': 4844.119, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 4852.904, 'text': 'basically up to the edge of the Geneva Basin.', 'start': 4850.223, 'duration': 2.681}], 'summary': 'Plan to build a 100km tunnel for the future circular collider in geneva region.', 'duration': 28.981, 'max_score': 4823.923, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4823923.jpg'}, {'end': 5218.188, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5188.468, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5193.792, 'text': 'and it can learn to do pattern recognition on this strange three-dimensional image that you get.', 'start': 5188.468, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 5198.695, 'text': "And potentially that's where you could get really big gains, because our triggers tend to be quite inefficient,", 'start': 5194.332, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 5205.359, 'text': "because they don't have time to do the full whiz-bang processing to get all the information out that we would like,", 'start': 5198.695, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 5206.74, 'text': 'because you have to do the decision very quickly.', 'start': 5205.359, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 5210.083, 'text': 'So if you can come up with some clever machine learning technique,', 'start': 5206.76, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 5218.188, 'text': 'then potentially you can massively increase the amount of useful data you record and get rid of more of the background.', 'start': 5210.083, 'duration': 8.105}], 'summary': 'Machine learning can increase useful data recorded, removing background noise.', 'duration': 29.72, 'max_score': 5188.468, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI5188468.jpg'}], 'start': 4642.481, 'title': 'Future particle colliders and lhc upgrade', 'summary': 'Explores the future of particle colliders, including the lhc upgrade, potential construction of a bigger collider, confirmed lhc upgrade, luminosity upgrade at lhcb, anomalies in b quark decays, and potential plans for future circular collider costing around 30 billion euros and likely to be completed by 2070.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4688.159, 'start': 4642.481, 'title': 'Future of particle colliders', 'summary': 'Explores the future of particle colliders, including the lhc upgrade and the potential construction of a bigger collider, with a confirmed upgrade for the lhc in the near future.', 'duration': 45.678, 'highlights': ['The LHC is set to receive an upgrade in the near future, although it is not an energy upgrade.', 'The construction of the superconducting supercollider in America was cancelled, hinting at challenges in building larger colliders.', 'The chapter discusses the potential future of efforts in particle physics, including the possibility of building a bigger collider and expanding the LHC.']}, {'end': 5206.74, 'start': 4688.199, 'title': 'Lhc upgrade and future collider plans', 'summary': 'Discusses the luminosity upgrade at lhcb to increase data collection rate, the intriguing anomalies in b quark decays, and the potential plans for future circular collider, costing around 30 billion euros and likely to be completed by 2070.', 'duration': 518.541, 'highlights': ['Luminosity Upgrade at LHCb The upgrade aims to increase the data collection rate by an order of magnitude, allowing sensitivity to new processes and anomalies in B quark decays, potentially hinting at new quantum fields beyond the standard model.', 'Future Circular Collider Plans The potential construction of a 100-kilometer circumference Future Circular Collider, estimated to cost around 30 billion euros and likely to be operational by 2070, aiming to study Higgs bosons, dark matter, and phase transitions in the early universe.', 'Data Analysis and Machine Learning Efforts are being made to incorporate machine learning at the earliest stages of data processing to improve trigger efficiency and pattern recognition, potentially leading to significant gains in data analysis.']}], 'duration': 564.259, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI4642481.jpg', 'highlights': ['Future Circular Collider Plans The potential construction of a 100-kilometer circumference Future Circular Collider, estimated to cost around 30 billion euros and likely to be operational by 2070, aiming to study Higgs bosons, dark matter, and phase transitions in the early universe.', 'Luminosity Upgrade at LHCb The upgrade aims to increase the data collection rate by an order of magnitude, allowing sensitivity to new processes and anomalies in B quark decays, potentially hinting at new quantum fields beyond the standard model.', 'Efforts are being made to incorporate machine learning at the earliest stages of data processing to improve trigger efficiency and pattern recognition, potentially leading to significant gains in data analysis.', 'The LHC is set to receive an upgrade in the near future, although it is not an energy upgrade.', 'The construction of the superconducting supercollider in America was cancelled, hinting at challenges in building larger colliders.', 'The chapter discusses the potential future of efforts in particle physics, including the possibility of building a bigger collider and expanding the LHC.']}, {'end': 5890.819, 'segs': [{'end': 5275.874, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5206.76, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5210.083, 'text': 'So if you can come up with some clever machine learning technique,', 'start': 5206.76, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 5218.188, 'text': 'then potentially you can massively increase the amount of useful data you record and get rid of more of the background.', 'start': 5210.083, 'duration': 8.105}, {'end': 5219.829, 'text': 'earlier in the process.', 'start': 5218.468, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 5224.951, 'text': "yeah, to me that's an exciting possibility, because then you don't have to build a uh sort of.", 'start': 5219.829, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 5230.414, 'text': 'you can get a gain without having to uh, without having to build any hardware, i suppose.', 'start': 5224.951, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 5232.075, 'text': 'hardware, yeah, you need.', 'start': 5230.414, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5233.976, 'text': 'you need lots of new gpu farms, i guess.', 'start': 5232.075, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 5235.296, 'text': 'so hardware still helps.', 'start': 5233.976, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 5240.859, 'text': 'but uh, yeah, the you know, i i gotta talk to you sort of.', 'start': 5235.296, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 5247.422, 'text': "i'm not sure how to ask, but you're clearly an incredible science communicator.", 'start': 5240.859, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 5253.484, 'text': "I don't know if that's the right term, but you're basically a younger Neil deGrasse Tyson with a British accent.", 'start': 5247.442, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 5259.547, 'text': "So and you've I mean, can you say where we are today, actually? Yeah.", 'start': 5254.285, 'duration': 5.262}, {'end': 5265.849, 'text': "So today we're in the Royal Institution in London, which is an old, very old organization.", 'start': 5259.687, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 5267.41, 'text': "It's been around for about 200 years now.", 'start': 5265.869, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 5269.59, 'text': 'I think maybe even I should know when it was founded.', 'start': 5267.45, 'duration': 2.14}, {'end': 5275.874, 'text': 'So the early 19th century, it was set up to basically communicate science to the public.', 'start': 5269.851, 'duration': 6.023}], 'summary': 'Clever machine learning can increase data, remove background, and communicate science effectively at the royal institution in london.', 'duration': 69.114, 'max_score': 5206.76, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI5206760.jpg'}, {'end': 5404.79, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5378.032, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5382.275, 'text': 'I mean the process, I mean the talk.', 'start': 5378.032, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 5386.838, 'text': "my favorite talk that I gave here was one called Beyond the Higgs, which you can find on the Raw Institution's YouTube channel,", 'start': 5382.275, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 5387.979, 'text': 'which you should go and check out.', 'start': 5386.838, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 5391.041, 'text': "I mean, and their channel's got loads of great talks with loads of great people as well.", 'start': 5388.319, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 5395.664, 'text': "I mean, that one, I'd sort of given a version of it many times.", 'start': 5392.842, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 5400.387, 'text': "So part of it is just practice, right? And actually I don't have some great theory of how to communicate with people.", 'start': 5395.684, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 5404.79, 'text': "It's more just that I'm really interested and excited by those ideas and I like talking about them.", 'start': 5400.447, 'duration': 4.343}], 'summary': "Speaker's favorite talk is beyond the higgs, available on raw institution's youtube channel.", 'duration': 26.758, 'max_score': 5378.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI5378032.jpg'}, {'end': 5545.471, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5511.163, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5517.127, 'text': "so i've, actually i've learned, i've learned to understand physics a lot more from the process of communicating,", 'start': 5511.163, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 5525.979, 'text': "because it forces you to really scrutinize the ideas that you're communicating and it often makes you realize you don't really understand the ideas you're talking about.", 'start': 5517.127, 'duration': 8.852}, {'end': 5527.78, 'text': "And I'm writing a book at the moment.", 'start': 5526.019, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 5534.483, 'text': "I had this experience yesterday where I realized I didn't really understand a pretty fundamental theoretical aspect of my own subject.", 'start': 5528.22, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 5545.471, 'text': 'And I had to go and I had to sort of spend a couple of days reading textbooks and thinking about it in order to make sure that the explanation I gave captured the got us close to what is actually happening in the theory.', 'start': 5534.503, 'duration': 10.968}], 'summary': 'Learning physics through communication; writing a book; discovered lack of understanding, spent days studying to ensure accurate explanation.', 'duration': 34.308, 'max_score': 5511.163, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI5511163.jpg'}, {'end': 5679.697, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5653.5, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5664.346, 'text': "So this idea that the forces of nature, electromagnetism's strong force, the weak force, they arise in our theories as a consequence of symmetries.", 'start': 5653.5, 'duration': 10.846}, {'end': 5670.63, 'text': 'So symmetries in the laws of nature, in the equations, essentially, that used to describe these ideas.', 'start': 5664.887, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 5679.697, 'text': 'the process whereby theories come up with these sorts of models is they say, imagine the universe obeys this particular type of symmetry.', 'start': 5672.633, 'duration': 7.064}], 'summary': 'Forces of nature arise from symmetries in theories and equations.', 'duration': 26.197, 'max_score': 5653.5, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI5653500.jpg'}], 'start': 5206.76, 'title': 'Data enhancement and science communication', 'summary': "Discusses machine learning's potential to enhance data and the importance of hardware, along with a comparison to neil degrasse tyson. it also explores the history and role of the royal institution in scientific communication, emphasizing the beauty of simple rules giving rise to complex phenomena in the universe.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5253.484, 'start': 5206.76, 'title': 'Machine learning for data enhancement', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of machine learning to significantly increase useful data recording and reduce background noise, as well as the importance of hardware in the process, with a mention of a comparison to neil degrasse tyson.', 'duration': 46.724, 'highlights': ['Machine learning can massively increase the amount of useful data recorded and minimize background noise, potentially without the need for additional hardware.', 'Hardware, particularly GPU farms, still plays a significant role in enhancing data processing.', "Comparison to Neil deGrasse Tyson as a compliment to the communicator's skills."]}, {'end': 5890.819, 'start': 5254.285, 'title': 'Science communication at royal institution', 'summary': 'Explores the history of the royal institution in london, its role in scientific research and communication, the process of preparing and delivering lectures, the importance of communication in understanding physics, and the beauty of simple rules giving rise to complex phenomena in the universe.', 'duration': 636.534, 'highlights': ['The Royal Institution in London has a long history of communicating science to the public, with famous scientists like Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday giving talks and conducting experiments there. The Royal Institution in London has been a key platform for communicating science to the public, with renowned scientists like Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday delivering talks and performing experiments there, contributing to its 200-year history.', "The speaker has given lectures at the Royal Institution, including 'Beyond the Higgs', and emphasizes the importance of practice and genuine interest in the subject for effective communication. The speaker has delivered lectures at the Royal Institution, including 'Beyond the Higgs', highlighting the significance of practice and genuine interest in effectively communicating complex ideas, as demonstrated by the speaker's experience.", "The process of communicating physics has enhanced the speaker's understanding of the subject, leading to the realization of gaps in knowledge and the necessity to delve deeper into theoretical aspects for accurate explanations. The process of communicating physics has facilitated the speaker's deeper understanding of the subject, exposing gaps in knowledge and prompting thorough exploration of theoretical aspects to ensure accurate explanations, as evidenced by the speaker's ongoing book writing.", "The speaker discusses the beauty of symmetries giving rise to the forces of nature, as well as the mysterious emergence of complexity from simple rules, emphasizing the wonder and intrigue of these fundamental concepts in physics. The speaker delves into the beauty of symmetries leading to forces of nature and the enigmatic emergence of complexity from simple rules, highlighting the profound wonder and intrigue surrounding these fundamental concepts in physics, reflecting the speaker's deep appreciation for the subject."]}], 'duration': 684.059, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/8A-5gIW0-eI/pics/8A-5gIW0-eI5206760.jpg', 'highlights': ['Machine learning can massively increase useful data and minimize noise, potentially without additional hardware.', 'Hardware, particularly GPU farms, still plays a significant role in enhancing data processing.', "Comparison to Neil deGrasse Tyson as a compliment to the communicator's skills.", 'The Royal Institution in London has a long history of communicating science to the public, with famous scientists like Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday giving talks and conducting experiments there.', "The speaker has given lectures at the Royal Institution, including 'Beyond the Higgs', and emphasizes the importance of practice and genuine interest in the subject for effective communication.", "The process of communicating physics has enhanced the speaker's understanding of the subject, leading to the realization of gaps in knowledge and the necessity to delve deeper into theoretical aspects for accurate explanations.", 'The speaker discusses the beauty of symmetries giving rise to the forces of nature, as well as the mysterious emergence of complexity from simple rules, emphasizing the wonder and intrigue of these fundamental concepts in physics.']}], 'highlights': ['The LHC is a 27-kilometer circumference particle accelerator in Switzerland, aiming to understand the fundamental building blocks of the universe.', 'The discovery of the Higgs boson completed the Standard Model and revealed its unique and troublesome properties, posing challenges in understanding its existence and implications for the universe, including the fine-tuning of the Higgs field for the existence of complex life.', 'The discovery of subatomic particles in the 19th century revolutionized the understanding of matter.', 'Supersymmetry stabilizes the Higgs field at a value observed in nature, predicting the existence of a dark matter particle and suggesting the unification of forces.', 'The scale where strings become manifest is the Planck scale, requiring trillions of times more energy than the LHC.', "The LHC provides compelling evidence of deviations from the standard model in beauty quark decays, where B particles' behavior and decay can be influenced by quantum fields, altering their expected behavior slightly.", 'Future Circular Collider Plans The potential construction of a 100-kilometer circumference Future Circular Collider, estimated to cost around 30 billion euros and likely to be operational by 2070, aiming to study Higgs bosons, dark matter, and phase transitions in the early universe.', 'Machine learning can massively increase useful data and minimize noise, potentially without additional hardware.', 'The Royal Institution in London has a long history of communicating science to the public, with famous scientists like Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday giving talks and conducting experiments there.']}