title
C Programming Full Course for free 🕹️

description
C tutorial for beginners full course #C #tutorial #beginners ⭐️Time Stamps⭐️ #1 (00:00:00) C tutorial for beginners 🕹️ #2 (00:12:36) compile and run a C program with cmd 🏗️ (optional video) #3 (00:14:35) comments & escape sequences 💬 #4 (00:19:39) variables 💰 #5 (00:27:09) data types 📊 #6 (00:38:16) format specifiers 🔧 #7 (00:41:31) constants 🚫 #8 (00:42:43) arithmetic operators ➗ #9 (00:46:15) augmented assignment operators 🧮 #10 (00:48:18) user input ⌨️ #11 (00:55:16) math functions 📚 #12 (00:57:57) circle circumference program ⚪ #13 (01:00:46) hypotenuse calculator program 📐 #14 (01:02:40) if statements ✔️ #15 (01:06:46) switch statements 🔽 #16 (01:10:25) temperature conversion program 🌡️ #17 (01:17:15) calculator program 🖩 #18 (01:21:46) AND logical operator && #19 (01:25:22) OR logical operator || #20 (01:27:22) NOT logical operator ! #21 (01:29:16) functions 📞 #22 (01:31:53) arguments 📧 #23 (01:35:46) return statement 🔙 #24 (01:38:27) ternary operator ❓ #25 (01:41:20) function prototypes 🤖 #26 (01:45:57) string functions 🔠 #27 (01:51:00) for loops 🔁 #28 (01:54:22) while loops ♾️ #29 (01:58:12) do while loop 🤸‍♂️ #30 (02:01:35) nested loops ➰ #31 (02:06:53) break vs continue 🥊 #32 (02:09:14) arrays 🗃️ #33 (02:13:46) print an array with loop 🔃 #34 (02:18:26) 2D arrays ⬜ #35 (02:25:58) array of strings🧵 #36 (02:28:52) swap values of two variables 🥤 #37 (02:32:45) sort an array 💱 #38 (02:38:47) structs 🏠 #39 (02:42:58) typedef 📛 #40 (02:46:31) array of structs 🏫 #41 (02:50:42) enums 📅 #42 (02:55:08) random numbers 🎲 #43 (02:58:23) number guessing game 🔢 #44 (03:04:45) quiz game 💯 #45 (03:14:09) bitwise operators 🔣 #46 (03:20:55) memory addresses 📬 #47 (03:27:56) pointers 👉 #48 (03:35:59) writing files✍️ #49 (03:40:18) reading files 🔎 #50 (03:44:51) Tic Tac Toe game ⭕ Copyright Disclaimer: This video is the intellectual property of Bro Code. All rights reserved. No part of this video may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including but not limited to recording, uploading, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without my written permission, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 🎵 Music credits 🎵 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Up In My Jam (All Of A Sudden) by - Kubbi https://soundcloud.com/kubbi Creative Commons — Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported— CC BY-SA 3.0 Free Download / Stream: http://bit.ly/2JnDfCE Music promoted by Audio Library https://youtu.be/tDexBj46oNI ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

detail
{'title': 'C Programming Full Course for free 🕹️', 'heatmap': [{'end': 594.797, 'start': 443.632, 'weight': 0.848}], 'summary': 'This c programming full course covers setting up gcc compiler, fundamentals, data types, memory usage, fundamental programming concepts, user input, math functions, if statements, loops, arrays, structs, enums, random numbers, bitwise operators, pointers, file operations, and developing tic-tac-toe game, with practical examples and explanations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 501.022, 'segs': [{'end': 47.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23.294, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 32.32, 'text': 'C is a middle-level language that originated in the 1970s and it is one of the most widely used programming languages to date.', 'start': 23.294, 'duration': 9.026}, {'end': 39.126, 'text': 'On a spectrum of high-level languages to low-level languages, C is a middle-level language.', 'start': 32.54, 'duration': 6.586}, {'end': 47.391, 'text': "Low-level languages are efficient, they work closely with machine architecture, they consume less memory, and they're fast as f***.", 'start': 39.466, 'duration': 7.925}], 'summary': 'C, a middle-level language from the 1970s, is widely used. low-level languages are fast and memory efficient.', 'duration': 24.097, 'max_score': 23.294, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A23294.jpg'}, {'end': 139.631, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 112.874, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 120.679, 'text': 'C is literally everywhere, from databases to self-driving cars, operating systems to embedded systems.', 'start': 112.874, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 124.501, 'text': "It's been around for so long and used for so many purposes.", 'start': 120.979, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 126.862, 'text': 'Here are some important notes before we get started.', 'start': 124.701, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 129.684, 'text': 'C is not an object-oriented language.', 'start': 127.142, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 131.765, 'text': "It's procedural, not abstract.", 'start': 129.924, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 136.769, 'text': 'C++ is an object-oriented extension of C.', 'start': 132.285, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 139.631, 'text': 'If you know C, you already know some C++.', 'start': 136.769, 'duration': 2.862}], 'summary': 'C is a widely-used language, not object-oriented, with c++ as an extension.', 'duration': 26.757, 'max_score': 112.874, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A112874.jpg'}, {'end': 194.815, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 166.746, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 169.527, 'text': 'You know, all those ones and zeros that a machine can read.', 'start': 166.746, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 172.288, 'text': "Let's begin by downloading an IDE.", 'start': 169.767, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 174.009, 'text': 'I recommend VS Code.', 'start': 172.468, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 177.25, 'text': "It's flexible and you can use VS Code for more than just C.", 'start': 174.209, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 186.553, 'text': "Alright, what you're going to do is head to code.visualstudio.com and then look for this drop-down menu to install for your operating system.", 'start': 178.03, 'duration': 8.523}, {'end': 187.473, 'text': "I'm running Windows.", 'start': 186.673, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 188.973, 'text': "I'm going to install for Windows.", 'start': 187.533, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 192.174, 'text': 'And then I will simply just open when done.', 'start': 189.313, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 194.815, 'text': 'Okay, accept the license agreement.', 'start': 192.914, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': 'Recommend using vs code for programming, installing it from code.visualstudio.com, and accepting the license agreement.', 'duration': 28.069, 'max_score': 166.746, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A166746.jpg'}, {'end': 302.211, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 276.049, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 281.796, 'text': "Now the next thing that we'll need is that GCC compiler to convert C code to machine code.", 'start': 276.049, 'duration': 5.747}, {'end': 287.122, 'text': "Now if you're running Windows, this is how to check to see if you have a GCC compiler already installed.", 'start': 282.036, 'duration': 5.086}, {'end': 289.785, 'text': "So you're going to open Command Prompt.", 'start': 287.842, 'duration': 1.943}, {'end': 295.845, 'text': 'and enter this command g plus plus dash dash version.', 'start': 291.34, 'duration': 4.505}, {'end': 299.388, 'text': 'i already have a gcc compiler already installed.', 'start': 295.845, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 302.211, 'text': "if you're getting an error, then you'll probably have to download one.", 'start': 299.388, 'duration': 2.823}], 'summary': "To convert c code to machine code, check for gcc compiler in windows using 'g++ --version' command. download if necessary.", 'duration': 26.162, 'max_score': 276.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A276049.jpg'}, {'end': 346.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 319.682, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 322.904, 'text': "If clang isn't installed, enter the following command.", 'start': 319.682, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 326.725, 'text': 'xcode dash select dash dash install.', 'start': 323.504, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 328.086, 'text': "And that's all there is to it.", 'start': 327.025, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 331.107, 'text': 'If you need additional assistance, you can always visit this webpage.', 'start': 328.446, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 341.512, 'text': "code.visualstudio.com slash docs slash cpp And if you're running on Linux, within a terminal window, you'll enter this command instead.", 'start': 331.588, 'duration': 9.924}, {'end': 346.975, 'text': "gcc dash v If gcc isn't installed, run this command.", 'start': 342.052, 'duration': 4.923}], 'summary': "To install clang on mac, use 'xcode-select --install'. for linux, use 'gcc -v'. additional assistance available at code.visualstudio.com/docs/cpp.", 'duration': 27.293, 'max_score': 319.682, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A319682.jpg'}, {'end': 489.598, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 460.136, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 462.076, 'text': 'Terminal, Configure Default Build Task.', 'start': 460.136, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 463.017, 'text': 'And there it is.', 'start': 462.397, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 464.117, 'text': 'I will select that.', 'start': 463.037, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 469.489, 'text': 'This creates a JSON file that tells VS Code how to compile the program.', 'start': 465.427, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 472.25, 'text': 'And with that out of the way, we can begin coding.', 'start': 470.009, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 479.593, 'text': "Now, before we do start coding anything, I'm going to increase the font size, because as you can see, this font size is really small.", 'start': 472.83, 'duration': 6.763}, {'end': 487.237, 'text': 'So within VS Code, to change the font size, go to File, Preferences, Settings, and you can change that here.', 'start': 480.113, 'duration': 7.124}, {'end': 489.598, 'text': "Let's try maybe 20.", 'start': 487.497, 'duration': 2.101}], 'summary': 'Configured default build task in vs code, adjusted font size to 20.', 'duration': 29.462, 'max_score': 460.136, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A460136.jpg'}], 'start': 0.289, 'title': 'Learning c programming and setting up gcc compiler', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of learning c programming as a middle-level language, its influence on other programming languages, and the process of setting up an ide for writing c code in visual studio code. it also explains how to check for and install the gcc compiler on windows, mac, and linux, including specific commands and steps required, as well as configuring the build task in vs code before beginning coding.', 'chapters': [{'end': 275.709, 'start': 0.289, 'title': 'Getting started with c programming', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of learning c as a middle-level language, its influence on other programming languages, and the process of setting up an ide for writing c code in visual studio code.', 'duration': 275.42, 'highlights': ['C is a middle-level language that originated in the 1970s and is one of the most widely used programming languages to date. C, as a middle-level language, is widely used and has been around since the 1970s.', 'Most compilers, kernels, and operating systems are written in C, and nearly all programming languages are influenced by C in some way. C is the foundation for many compilers, kernels, and operating systems, and it has influenced nearly all programming languages.', 'Setting up Visual Studio Code for C programming involves installing specific extensions like C/C++ and CodeRunner, creating a new folder for C files, and creating a new C file within that folder. The process of setting up Visual Studio Code for C programming includes installing specific extensions, creating a new folder for C files, and creating a new C file within that folder.']}, {'end': 501.022, 'start': 276.049, 'title': 'Setting up gcc compiler for c code', 'summary': 'Explains how to check for and install the gcc compiler on windows, mac, and linux, including specific commands and steps required, as well as configuring the build task in vs code, before beginning coding.', 'duration': 224.973, 'highlights': ["The chapter details how to check for the presence of GCC compiler on Windows using the command 'g++ --version', and that an error indicates the need to download it.", "Instructions for installing GCC on Mac involve using commands 'clang --version' and 'xcode-select --install' if clang is not installed.", "For Linux, the chapter provides the command 'gcc -v' to check for GCC installation and the subsequent commands 'sudo apt-get update' and 'mingw-w64-install.exe' for additional assistance and documentation.", 'The chapter guides on configuring the environment variables and build task in VS Code to compile the program, followed by a recommendation to adjust the font size and enable autosave within VS Code before coding begins.']}], 'duration': 500.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A289.jpg', 'highlights': ['C is a middle-level language widely used since the 1970s.', 'C is the foundation for many compilers, kernels, and operating systems.', 'Setting up Visual Studio Code for C programming involves specific extensions and file creation.', "Checking for GCC compiler on Windows using 'g++ --version' and installing if needed.", "Installing GCC on Mac involves using commands 'clang --version' and 'xcode-select --install'.", "Checking for GCC installation on Linux using 'gcc -v' and additional assistance commands.", 'Guidance on configuring environment variables and build task in VS Code for compiling programs.']}, {'end': 1637.799, 'segs': [{'end': 569.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 548.34, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 557.428, 'text': "so anything within this set of curly braces is within the main function and at the end of our main function we're going to add this statement return zero semicolon.", 'start': 548.34, 'duration': 9.088}, {'end': 562.372, 'text': 'A semicolon is used to terminate statements, kind of like a period at the end of a sentence.', 'start': 557.828, 'duration': 4.544}, {'end': 566.234, 'text': 'At the end of our main function, we have this return zero statement.', 'start': 562.832, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 569.257, 'text': 'This returns the exit status of our program.', 'start': 566.575, 'duration': 2.682}], 'summary': 'The main function includes a return zero statement, which returns the exit status of the program.', 'duration': 20.917, 'max_score': 548.34, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A548340.jpg'}, {'end': 613.595, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 587.491, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 594.797, 'text': "So to display something, we're going to type printf parentheses semicolon, because we end our statements with a semicolon.", 'start': 587.491, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 600.382, 'text': 'And within the parentheses, add a set of double quotes, because we would like to literally print something.', 'start': 595.217, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 601.823, 'text': 'And you can type in whatever you want.', 'start': 600.402, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 604.265, 'text': "Let's say, I like pizza.", 'start': 601.883, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 608.393, 'text': 'Then to run this code, you can either right-click, then go to Run Code.', 'start': 605.071, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 613.595, 'text': 'Alternatively, there is a Run Code button in the top right corner of VS Code.', 'start': 608.993, 'duration': 4.602}], 'summary': "Using printf in c to display 'i like pizza.'; run code via vs code.", 'duration': 26.104, 'max_score': 587.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A587491.jpg'}, {'end': 883.644, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 856.583, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 862.506, 'text': 'Compile the C file with GCC, the name of the file, and then run the compiled file, a.exe.', 'start': 856.583, 'duration': 5.923}, {'end': 867.45, 'text': 'So yeah, that is how to compile and run a C file with command prompt.', 'start': 863.527, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 870.893, 'text': 'If you found this video helpful, please be sure to smash that like button,', 'start': 867.631, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 874.457, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 870.893, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 877.759, 'text': "Hey, what's going on, everybody? It's your bro.", 'start': 875.577, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 878.58, 'text': "Hope you're doing well.", 'start': 877.839, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 883.644, 'text': "And in this video, I'm going to explain both comments and escape sequences in C.", 'start': 878.82, 'duration': 4.824}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on compiling and running c file with command prompt.', 'duration': 27.061, 'max_score': 856.583, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A856583.jpg'}, {'end': 1002.068, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 953.459, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 958.383, 'text': 'Anything up to an asterisk and forward slash will be a multi-line comment.', 'start': 953.459, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 964.669, 'text': 'This is a multi-line comment.', 'start': 959.044, 'duration': 5.625}, {'end': 967.939, 'text': 'And again, this is ignored by the compiler.', 'start': 965.737, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 974.705, 'text': 'So if you need to write a note, description or explanation for yourself or for somebody else,', 'start': 968.319, 'duration': 6.386}, {'end': 978.709, 'text': 'you can write that within a single line comment or a multi-line comment.', 'start': 974.705, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 986.696, 'text': "And I use a lot of these for teaching purposes because I have a lot of explaining to do, right? Okay, let's move on to part two of this video.", 'start': 979.17, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 988.337, 'text': 'We have escape sequences.', 'start': 986.996, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 996.904, 'text': 'An escape sequence is a character combination consisting of a backslash followed by a letter or combination of digits.', 'start': 988.638, 'duration': 8.266}, {'end': 1002.068, 'text': 'They specify actions within a line of text, otherwise known as a string.', 'start': 997.424, 'duration': 4.644}], 'summary': 'Teaching about comments and escape sequences in programming.', 'duration': 48.609, 'max_score': 953.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A953459.jpg'}, {'end': 1115.5, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1089.005, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1093.087, 'text': 'So that is the new line escape sequence and the tab escape sequence.', 'start': 1089.005, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 1098.951, 'text': 'You can use them wherever and however many you want within a string of text within a printf statement.', 'start': 1093.448, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 1105.075, 'text': "What if we need to display quotes like we're quoting somebody? I like pizza.", 'start': 1099.391, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 1109.838, 'text': 'This is a quote from Abraham Lincoln.', 'start': 1105.716, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 1115.5, 'text': 'Probably I need to place quotes around I and pizza.', 'start': 1110.999, 'duration': 4.501}], 'summary': 'Explains new line and tab escape sequences, and quoting within printf statement.', 'duration': 26.495, 'max_score': 1089.005, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1089005.jpg'}, {'end': 1170.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1142.472, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1146.496, 'text': 'Or if you need to display single quotes, backslash, single quotes.', 'start': 1142.472, 'duration': 4.024}, {'end': 1149.98, 'text': "So that's how to display single quotes.", 'start': 1148.118, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 1154.385, 'text': 'And if you need to display a backslash, that would be double backslashes.', 'start': 1150.461, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 1157.849, 'text': 'This will literally print backslashes.', 'start': 1155.607, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 1161.629, 'text': 'So yeah, those are just a few escape sequences.', 'start': 1158.908, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 1166.372, 'text': "Here's a list of a bunch of them, but a lot of these really aren't going to be relevant to us.", 'start': 1161.749, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 1170.614, 'text': 'So yeah, those are comments and escape sequences in C.', 'start': 1166.792, 'duration': 3.822}], 'summary': 'Explains how to display single quotes and backslashes using escape sequences in c.', 'duration': 28.142, 'max_score': 1142.472, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1142472.jpg'}, {'end': 1223.186, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1192.722, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1193.962, 'text': 'so variables.', 'start': 1192.722, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 1198.104, 'text': 'variables are allocated space and memory to store a value.', 'start': 1193.962, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 1200.265, 'text': "we refer to a variable's name.", 'start': 1198.104, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 1206.528, 'text': 'to access the stored value, that variable now behaves as if it was the value that it contains.', 'start': 1200.265, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 1214.096, 'text': 'But to create a variable, we first need to declare a name for a variable and then precede it with the type of data that we are storing.', 'start': 1207.068, 'duration': 7.028}, {'end': 1218.06, 'text': 'Creating a variable is done in two steps, declaration and initialization.', 'start': 1214.276, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 1223.186, 'text': 'So we need to first declare a variable to allocate some space and memory to store a value.', 'start': 1218.26, 'duration': 4.926}], 'summary': 'Variables store values, created in two steps: declaration and initialization.', 'duration': 30.464, 'max_score': 1192.722, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1192722.jpg'}, {'end': 1441.437, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1401.753, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1404.434, 'text': "There's still a lot more data types than just these four.", 'start': 1401.753, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 1412.059, 'text': "I thought I would cover just some of the more basic data types, just because in this video we're going to focus more on variables than data types.", 'start': 1404.534, 'duration': 7.525}, {'end': 1418.684, 'text': "I'm planning a separate video just dedicated to data types because there's way more data types than just these four.", 'start': 1412.46, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 1422.246, 'text': "There's bytes, there's doubles, there's longs, etc.", 'start': 1418.964, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 1428.49, 'text': "Now, how can we display the value stored within a variable within a printf statement? Here's how.", 'start': 1422.707, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 1431.992, 'text': 'We have to use what is referred to as a format specifier.', 'start': 1428.55, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 1434.693, 'text': "Let's say we have a printf statement.", 'start': 1432.452, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 1438.515, 'text': 'And I would like to display my age within a message.', 'start': 1435.394, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 1440.036, 'text': "So let's create some text.", 'start': 1438.995, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 1441.437, 'text': 'You are age years old.', 'start': 1440.296, 'duration': 1.141}], 'summary': 'The video focuses on basic data types, plans to cover more types separately, and demonstrates displaying values in printf statements.', 'duration': 39.684, 'max_score': 1401.753, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1401753.jpg'}], 'start': 501.022, 'title': 'C programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers basics of c programming including header files, main function, return statements, and printf function. it also discusses comments, escape sequences, and variable declaration and initialization, emphasizing the importance of return zero for successful execution, with examples and explanations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 878.58, 'start': 501.022, 'title': 'C program compilation and execution', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of c programming, including including header files, main function, return statements, printf function, compiling c programs using command prompt, and running the compiled file, emphasizing the importance of return zero for successful execution.', 'duration': 377.558, 'highlights': ['The main function serves as the entry point of the C program and usually ends with a return zero statement to indicate successful execution. The main function is the entry point of the program and ends with a return zero statement to indicate successful execution, while a return one is used to indicate errors.', 'The printf function is used to display output in C programs, and it is important to end statements with semicolons. The printf function is used to display output in C programs, and it is important to end the statements with semicolons.', "Compiling a C file involves using the GCC compiler and running the compiled file with the command 'a.exe'. Compiling a C file involves using the GCC compiler and running the compiled file with the command 'a.exe'."]}, {'end': 1192.722, 'start': 878.82, 'title': 'Comments and escape sequences', 'summary': 'Discusses comments and escape sequences in c, including the syntax for comments, multi-line comments, and various escape sequences like newline and tab characters, with examples and explanations. it also covers how to display quotes and backslashes, and concludes with a list of relevant escape sequences.', 'duration': 313.902, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the syntax for comments, including the use of two forward slashes to indicate a single-line comment, and the forward slash asterisk combination for multi-line comments. The syntax for comments is demonstrated, with the use of two forward slashes for single-line comments and the forward slash asterisk combination for multi-line comments.', 'It covers various escape sequences like newline and tab characters, explaining how they can be used within strings of text and printf statements to create specific formatting. The video explains the usage of escape sequences such as newline and tab characters within strings of text and printf statements to create specific formatting.', 'The chapter also demonstrates how to display quotes and backslashes using escape sequences like double quotes and single quotes. Demonstration of how to use escape sequences like double quotes and single quotes to display quotes and backslashes is provided.', 'It concludes with a list of relevant escape sequences, providing an overview of various escape sequences that can be used in C. The chapter concludes with a list of relevant escape sequences that can be used in C, offering an overview of the different escape sequences.']}, {'end': 1637.799, 'start': 1192.722, 'title': 'Understanding variables and data types', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of variables, including declaration and initialization steps, and covers different data types such as int, float, char, and arrays, and demonstrates displaying variable values using format specifiers in printf statements.', 'duration': 445.077, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of variables, including declaration and initialization steps. It outlines the two steps involved in creating a variable: declaration and initialization, emphasizing the necessity to declare a variable to allocate space and memory before storing a value.', 'Different data types such as int, float, char, and arrays are covered. It introduces various data types, such as int for whole integers, float for numbers with decimal portions, char for single characters, and arrays for a series of characters, providing clear examples for each.', 'Displaying variable values using format specifiers in printf statements is demonstrated. It demonstrates the use of format specifiers like %d for decimal, %c for character, and %f for float to display variable values in printf statements, providing clear examples and explanations for each data type.']}], 'duration': 1136.777, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A501022.jpg', 'highlights': ['The main function serves as the entry point of the C program and usually ends with a return zero statement to indicate successful execution.', 'The printf function is used to display output in C programs, and it is important to end statements with semicolons.', "Compiling a C file involves using the GCC compiler and running the compiled file with the command 'a.exe'.", 'The chapter explains the syntax for comments, including the use of two forward slashes to indicate a single-line comment, and the forward slash asterisk combination for multi-line comments.', 'It covers various escape sequences like newline and tab characters, explaining how they can be used within strings of text and printf statements to create specific formatting.', 'The chapter also demonstrates how to display quotes and backslashes using escape sequences like double quotes and single quotes.', 'The chapter concludes with a list of relevant escape sequences that can be used in C, offering an overview of the different escape sequences.', 'The chapter explains the concept of variables, including declaration and initialization steps.', 'Different data types such as int, float, char, and arrays are covered.', 'Displaying variable values using format specifiers in printf statements is demonstrated.']}, {'end': 2264.891, 'segs': [{'end': 1663.44, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1638.12, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1644.645, 'text': 'So chars, they store a single character and use the %c format specifier to display a single character.', 'start': 1638.12, 'duration': 6.525}, {'end': 1648.248, 'text': "There's an array of characters which can store one or more characters.", 'start': 1644.745, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 1652.091, 'text': 'Then to display that, you use %s as the format specifier.', 'start': 1648.448, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 1659.397, 'text': 'Floats, they will store a decimal number, and we use the %f format specifier to display a floating point number.', 'start': 1652.211, 'duration': 7.186}, {'end': 1663.44, 'text': 'And then we have integers, which only store a whole integer.', 'start': 1659.617, 'duration': 3.823}], 'summary': 'C language uses %c for single characters, %s for character arrays, %f for floats, and integers for whole numbers.', 'duration': 25.32, 'max_score': 1638.12, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1638120.jpg'}, {'end': 1709.637, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1681.495, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1685.118, 'text': 'Doubles, they have eight bytes of memory, double that of floats.', 'start': 1681.495, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 1691.443, 'text': 'and they have 64 bits of precision, and we can store between 15 to 16 significant digits.', 'start': 1685.638, 'duration': 5.805}, {'end': 1695.746, 'text': "With my float and my double, I'm storing the first several digits of pi.", 'start': 1691.623, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 1700.931, 'text': "I'm going to attempt to display as many digits of pi as I can with a float.", 'start': 1696.027, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 1702.592, 'text': "So I'm going to display these.", 'start': 1701.471, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 1709.637, 'text': 'So to display a float, use %f and lf for a double, which means long float.', 'start': 1702.992, 'duration': 6.645}], 'summary': 'Doubles have 8 bytes of memory, 64 bits of precision, and store 15-16 significant digits.', 'duration': 28.142, 'max_score': 1681.495, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1681495.jpg'}, {'end': 1762.396, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1722.665, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1729.17, 'text': 'If I would like to display even more digits, after the decimal, I will add zero point and the amount of digits I would like to display.', 'start': 1722.665, 'duration': 6.505}, {'end': 1732.673, 'text': 'So I would like to display 15 digits after my decimal.', 'start': 1729.71, 'duration': 2.963}, {'end': 1734.955, 'text': "And I'll do that for my double as well.", 'start': 1733.033, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 1739.519, 'text': 'So after the percent sign, 0.1F, then add LF.', 'start': 1735.455, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 1741, 'text': "And let's take a look at these numbers.", 'start': 1739.739, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 1748.506, 'text': 'Okay, after my two, which is I believe the sixth digit after the decimal, we actually lose our precision.', 'start': 1741.34, 'duration': 7.166}, {'end': 1749.787, 'text': 'These numbers are not the same.', 'start': 1748.526, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 1752.949, 'text': 'But our double will actually retain these numbers.', 'start': 1750.247, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 1757.672, 'text': 'So point being, a double is even more accurate than a floating point number.', 'start': 1753.289, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 1760.274, 'text': 'There is more precision, but it uses more memory.', 'start': 1757.933, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 1762.396, 'text': 'A double uses 8 bytes of memory.', 'start': 1760.634, 'duration': 1.762}], 'summary': 'Double is more precise than float, retains 15 decimal digits, uses 8 bytes of memory.', 'duration': 39.731, 'max_score': 1722.665, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1722665.jpg'}, {'end': 1807.546, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1783.41, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1790.555, 'text': 'So when you need to declare a boolean variable, you type bool, then a variable name, and you set it equal to true or false.', 'start': 1783.41, 'duration': 7.145}, {'end': 1799.662, 'text': 'Technically, we only need one bit to represent true or false, one for true and zero for false, but this still uses up one byte of memory.', 'start': 1790.836, 'duration': 8.826}, {'end': 1802.944, 'text': 'And then to display a boolean, you can use %d.', 'start': 1799.902, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 1807.546, 'text': 'So if I was to display this boolean variable, I would use %d.', 'start': 1803.144, 'duration': 4.402}], 'summary': 'Declaring boolean variable using bool, setting true or false, and displaying with %d.', 'duration': 24.136, 'max_score': 1783.41, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1783410.jpg'}, {'end': 2021.908, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1962.523, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1968.324, 'text': "By default, most data types are already signed, but we don't need to explicitly type that.", 'start': 1962.523, 'duration': 5.801}, {'end': 1972.165, 'text': 'So point being with chars, you can store more than a single character.', 'start': 1968.664, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 1979.846, 'text': "You can store a whole integer between ranges negative 128 to positive 127 if it's signed.", 'start': 1972.205, 'duration': 7.641}, {'end': 1984.487, 'text': "If it's unsigned, you can store numbers between 0 to 255.", 'start': 1980.126, 'duration': 4.361}, {'end': 1989.148, 'text': 'You can display them as an integer by using the %d format specifier,', 'start': 1984.487, 'duration': 4.661}, {'end': 1995.57, 'text': 'or you could convert them to a character using the ASCII table by using the %c format specifier.', 'start': 1989.148, 'duration': 6.422}, {'end': 1996.93, 'text': 'Next, we have short.', 'start': 1995.99, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 2000.832, 'text': 'Ints Short ints use two bytes of memory.', 'start': 1997.93, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 2004.275, 'text': 'They can store a number between negative 32, 768 to positive 32, 767 because, well, they use two bytes of memory.', 'start': 2000.973, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 2005.556, 'text': 'They can only store a number so large.', 'start': 2004.295, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 2021.908, 'text': "And if it's an unsigned short int, the range is instead between 0 to 65, 535.", 'start': 2005.576, 'duration': 16.332}], 'summary': 'Data types like chars and short ints have specific memory ranges, e.g., chars can store -128 to 127 if signed, or 0 to 255 if unsigned. short ints can store -32,768 to 32,767 if signed, or 0 to 65,535 if unsigned.', 'duration': 59.385, 'max_score': 1962.523, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1962523.jpg'}, {'end': 2137.406, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2107.844, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2114.887, 'text': 'because they use 4 bytes of memory and we use the %d format specifier to display a signed integer.', 'start': 2107.844, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 2122.131, 'text': 'If that integer is unsigned the range changes from 0 to just over positive 4 billion.', 'start': 2115.128, 'duration': 7.003}, {'end': 2125.374, 'text': 'However there is a different format specifier.', 'start': 2122.471, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 2130.019, 'text': 'To display an unsigned integer, you instead use %u.', 'start': 2125.754, 'duration': 4.265}, {'end': 2137.406, 'text': "So then let's display these %d for a signed integer and %u for an unsigned integer.", 'start': 2130.359, 'duration': 7.047}], 'summary': 'Using %d for signed integers and %u for unsigned integers in c programming.', 'duration': 29.562, 'max_score': 2107.844, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2107844.jpg'}, {'end': 2217.282, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2184.216, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2193.082, 'text': 'The effective range for a signed long long integer is just underneath 9 quintillion to just over 9 quintillion.', 'start': 2184.216, 'duration': 8.866}, {'end': 2200.448, 'text': 'And the format specifier for a long long integer, one that is signed, is %lld.', 'start': 2193.502, 'duration': 6.946}, {'end': 2208.235, 'text': "Now if it's unsigned, that changes the range between 0 to just over positive 18 quintillion.", 'start': 2200.988, 'duration': 7.247}, {'end': 2211.497, 'text': 'And the format specifier is %llu.', 'start': 2208.495, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 2212.938, 'text': "Then let's display these.", 'start': 2211.938, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 2217.282, 'text': 'So for a signed long long integer, that is lld.', 'start': 2212.999, 'duration': 4.283}], 'summary': 'The range for signed long long integer is 9 quintillion and format specifier is %lld.', 'duration': 33.066, 'max_score': 2184.216, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2184216.jpg'}], 'start': 1638.12, 'title': 'Data types and memory usage in c', 'summary': 'Covers format specifiers for displaying single characters, arrays of characters, floats, integers, and doubles, highlighting differences in precision and memory usage. it also explains the differences between data types in c, highlighting their precision, memory usage, ranges, and format specifiers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1741, 'start': 1638.12, 'title': 'Data types and format specifiers', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of format specifiers for displaying single characters, arrays of characters, floats, integers, and doubles, highlighting the differences in precision and memory usage, and demonstrating the customization of displayed digits for float and double values.', 'duration': 102.88, 'highlights': ['Doubles have double the precision of floats, using 8 bytes of memory and allowing storage between 15 to 16 significant digits, while floats use 4 bytes of memory and can store between 6 to 7 significant digits.', 'The usage of format specifiers such as %c for single characters, %s for arrays of characters, %f for floats, and %d for integers is explained, with the demonstration of using %lf for doubles to display more significant digits.', 'Customization of displayed digits for float and double values is demonstrated by adding the desired number of digits after the decimal, such as using 0.1F to display 15 digits after the decimal for a float.']}, {'end': 2264.891, 'start': 1741.34, 'title': 'Data types and memory usage in c', 'summary': 'Explains the differences between data types in c, highlighting the precision and memory usage of double, float, boolean, char, short int, int, and long long int, including their respective ranges and format specifiers.', 'duration': 523.551, 'highlights': ['Double vs float precision and memory usage Doubles are more precise than floats, using 8 bytes of memory and retaining precision up to the 6th digit after the decimal, compared to floats.', 'Boolean representation and memory usage Booleans use 1 byte of memory to represent true or false in binary, and %d is used to display true (1) or false (0).', 'Character storage and display Chars can store a whole integer between -128 to 127, or 0 to 255 if unsigned, using 1 byte of memory. They can be displayed as integers using %d or converted to characters using the ASCII table with %c.', 'Short int range and format specifier Short ints use 2 bytes of memory and can store numbers between -32,768 to 32,767, or 0 to 65,535 if unsigned. They are displayed using %d format specifier.', 'Integer range and format specifier Integers use 4 bytes of memory and can store numbers between -2 billion to 2 billion, or 0 to 4 billion if unsigned. They are displayed using %d for signed integers and %u for unsigned integers.', "Long long int range and format specifier Long long integers use 8 bytes of memory and can store numbers just under/over 9 quintillion for signed, or 0 to just over 18 quintillion for unsigned. They are displayed using %lld for signed and %llu for unsigned, with the need to add 'u' for large unsigned constants to prevent warnings."]}], 'duration': 626.771, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A1638120.jpg', 'highlights': ['Doubles have double the precision of floats, using 8 bytes of memory and allowing storage between 15 to 16 significant digits, while floats use 4 bytes of memory and can store between 6 to 7 significant digits.', 'The usage of format specifiers such as %c for single characters, %s for arrays of characters, %f for floats, and %d for integers is explained, with the demonstration of using %lf for doubles to display more significant digits.', 'Customization of displayed digits for float and double values is demonstrated by adding the desired number of digits after the decimal, such as using 0.1F to display 15 digits after the decimal for a float.', 'Double vs float precision and memory usage Doubles are more precise than floats, using 8 bytes of memory and retaining precision up to the 6th digit after the decimal, compared to floats.', 'Boolean representation and memory usage Booleans use 1 byte of memory to represent true or false in binary, and %d is used to display true (1) or false (0).', 'Character storage and display Chars can store a whole integer between -128 to 127, or 0 to 255 if unsigned, using 1 byte of memory. They can be displayed as integers using %d or converted to characters using the ASCII table with %c.', 'Short int range and format specifier Short ints use 2 bytes of memory and can store numbers between -32,768 to 32,767, or 0 to 65,535 if unsigned. They are displayed using %d format specifier.', 'Integer range and format specifier Integers use 4 bytes of memory and can store numbers between -2 billion to 2 billion, or 0 to 4 billion if unsigned. They are displayed using %d for signed integers and %u for unsigned integers.', "Long long int range and format specifier Long long integers use 8 bytes of memory and can store numbers just under/over 9 quintillion for signed, or 0 to just over 18 quintillion for unsigned. They are displayed using %lld for signed and %llu for unsigned, with the need to add 'u' for large unsigned constants to prevent warnings."]}, {'end': 2881.358, 'segs': [{'end': 2294.851, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2265.211, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2268.173, 'text': 'Well, yeah, everybody, those are even more seed data types.', 'start': 2265.211, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 2272.616, 'text': "We likely won't be using most of these, but you should still be made aware of their existence.", 'start': 2268.313, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 2281.002, 'text': "I would say that we're going to focus on chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers.", 'start': 2273.216, 'duration': 7.786}, {'end': 2287.946, 'text': 'So pay attention to those ones, but you should still be made aware of the existence of other data types just in case you encounter them.', 'start': 2281.362, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 2294.851, 'text': "If you found this video helpful, please smash that like button, leave a random comment down below, and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 2288.266, 'duration': 6.585}], 'summary': 'Focus on chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers for data types.', 'duration': 29.64, 'max_score': 2265.211, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2265211.jpg'}, {'end': 2498.273, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2468.878, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2471.781, 'text': 'You can set decimal precision for floats and doubles.', 'start': 2468.878, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 2477.845, 'text': 'You can set a minimum field width to display your output if you would like to line things up like you can see here.', 'start': 2472.321, 'duration': 5.524}, {'end': 2480.407, 'text': 'And you can left or right align your output.', 'start': 2478.206, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 2482.829, 'text': 'So yeah, those are format specifiers.', 'start': 2480.687, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 2486.552, 'text': 'If you found this video helpful, please be sure to smash that like button,', 'start': 2483.089, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 2490.255, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 2486.552, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 2498.273, 'text': "Hey everyone, so I'm going to attempt to explain constants in about a minute.", 'start': 2493.951, 'duration': 4.322}], 'summary': 'Format specifiers set decimal precision, field width, and alignment for floats and doubles.', 'duration': 29.395, 'max_score': 2468.878, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2468878.jpg'}, {'end': 2562.828, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2538.692, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2545.076, 'text': "So if I attempt to take our constant and assign this a different value, we'll run into an error.", 'start': 2538.692, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 2547.618, 'text': 'Assignment of read only variable pi.', 'start': 2545.176, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 2548.959, 'text': 'That is what a constant is.', 'start': 2547.738, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 2553.702, 'text': "It's a fixed value that cannot be altered by the program during its execution.", 'start': 2549.239, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 2555.443, 'text': 'And it provides a little bit of security.', 'start': 2553.822, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 2559.165, 'text': 'So, if you found this video helpful, please be sure to smash that like button,', 'start': 2555.603, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 2562.828, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 2559.165, 'duration': 3.663}], 'summary': 'Constants are fixed values, cannot be altered, provide security.', 'duration': 24.136, 'max_score': 2538.692, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2538692.jpg'}, {'end': 2790.743, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2756.594, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2759.436, 'text': 'You know, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.', 'start': 2756.594, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 2763.54, 'text': 'Do pay attention to integer division because that can throw off your program.', 'start': 2759.636, 'duration': 3.904}, {'end': 2766.803, 'text': "Then there's also modulus, increment, and decrement.", 'start': 2763.76, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 2770.487, 'text': 'If you found this video helpful, please remember to smash that like button.', 'start': 2767.104, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 2774.211, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 2770.487, 'duration': 3.724}, {'end': 2779.098, 'text': 'hey, welcome back everybody.', 'start': 2777.537, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 2783.04, 'text': "here's a super quick video on augmented assignment operators.", 'start': 2779.098, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 2790.743, 'text': "they're used to replace a statement where an operator takes a variable as one of its arguments and then assigns the result back to the same variable.", 'start': 2783.04, 'duration': 7.703}], 'summary': 'Quick tutorial on augmented assignment operators in programming.', 'duration': 34.149, 'max_score': 2756.594, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2756594.jpg'}, {'end': 2831.637, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2801.408, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2803.651, 'text': 'So writing this out can be somewhat redundant.', 'start': 2801.408, 'duration': 2.243}, {'end': 2806.936, 'text': 'There is a shortcut by using an augmented assignment operator.', 'start': 2803.792, 'duration': 3.144}, {'end': 2814.927, 'text': 'Whatever variable you would like to perform an operation on, you will list that variable, use an arithmetic operator, equals, and then some value.', 'start': 2807.136, 'duration': 7.791}, {'end': 2817.531, 'text': 'So writing this would increment x by one.', 'start': 2815.087, 'duration': 2.444}, {'end': 2819.092, 'text': "So let's go over a few examples.", 'start': 2817.691, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 2821.673, 'text': 'We have int x equals 10.', 'start': 2819.412, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 2831.637, 'text': 'So I could write x equals x plus two to increment x by two, right? Or I could say as a shortcut, x plus equals two, and that will do the same thing.', 'start': 2821.673, 'duration': 9.964}], 'summary': 'Using augmented assignment operator can simplify code, e.g., x += 2 to increment x by 2.', 'duration': 30.229, 'max_score': 2801.408, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2801408.jpg'}], 'start': 2265.211, 'title': 'Fundamental programming concepts', 'summary': 'Covers data types like chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers, format specifiers, constants, arithmetic operators including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with practical examples and applications. it also includes increment and decrement operations, and introduces augmented assignment operators as shortcuts for arithmetic operations on variables.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2559.165, 'start': 2265.211, 'title': 'Data types, format specifiers & constants', 'summary': 'Discusses data types like chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers, format specifiers for formatting and displaying data, and constants as fixed values that cannot be altered during execution, with examples and practical applications.', 'duration': 293.954, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses data types like chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers. The instructor focuses on explaining specific data types such as chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers, emphasizing their importance in programming.', 'Format specifiers are used for formatting and displaying data with examples of setting decimal precision, minimum field width, left or right alignment. The use of format specifiers is explained, including setting decimal precision for floats and doubles, minimum field width for aligning output, and left or right alignment of the output to format and display data effectively.', "Constants are fixed values that cannot be altered during execution, providing security and practical applications. The concept of constants as fixed values that cannot be changed during program execution is detailed, with an example of using the keyword 'const' to prevent a variable from being altered, providing security and stability to the program."]}, {'end': 2881.358, 'start': 2559.165, 'title': 'Arithmetic operators and augmented assignment', 'summary': 'Covers arithmetic operators including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with examples of integer division and modulus. it also explains increment and decrement operations, and introduces augmented assignment operators as shortcuts for arithmetic operations on variables.', 'duration': 322.193, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers arithmetic operators such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with examples of integer division and modulus. It explains the basic arithmetic operations including examples of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, highlighting the issue of integer division and the use of modulus for finding remainders.', 'It also explains increment and decrement operations, and introduces augmented assignment operators as shortcuts for arithmetic operations on variables. The chapter introduces increment and decrement operations along with augmented assignment operators as shortcuts for arithmetic operations on variables, showcasing examples for each operation.']}], 'duration': 616.147, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2265211.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers arithmetic operators including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with practical examples and applications.', 'The instructor focuses on explaining specific data types such as chars, array of chars, doubles, booleans, and integers, emphasizing their importance in programming.', 'The use of format specifiers is explained, including setting decimal precision for floats and doubles, minimum field width for aligning output, and left or right alignment of the output to format and display data effectively.', "The concept of constants as fixed values that cannot be changed during program execution is detailed, with an example of using the keyword 'const' to prevent a variable from being altered, providing security and stability to the program.", 'The chapter introduces increment and decrement operations along with augmented assignment operators as shortcuts for arithmetic operations on variables, showcasing examples for each operation.']}, {'end': 4227.712, 'segs': [{'end': 3472.847, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3438.769, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3450.177, 'text': "And if you know some trigonometry, there's various functions for sine, cosine, and tangent.", 'start': 3438.769, 'duration': 11.408}, {'end': 3458.182, 'text': "So what's the tangent of 45? That is supposedly this number, 1.619775.", 'start': 3451.818, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 3464.404, 'text': 'So yeah, everybody, those are a few math functions that you might be interested in.', 'start': 3458.182, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 3468.546, 'text': 'To use these, just include this header file at the top, math.h.', 'start': 3464.824, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 3472.847, 'text': 'If you found this video helpful, please be sure to smash that like button,', 'start': 3468.866, 'duration': 3.981}], 'summary': 'Trigonometry includes sine, cosine, tangent functions; tangent of 45 is 1.619775.', 'duration': 34.078, 'max_score': 3438.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A3438769.jpg'}, {'end': 3641.766, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3612.179, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3614.982, 'text': "Then let's add some new line characters to separate everything.", 'start': 3612.179, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 3618.718, 'text': 'Enter the radius of a circle.', 'start': 3617.037, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3620.378, 'text': "Let's say 10 meters.", 'start': 3619.258, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 3624.8, 'text': 'The circumference is 62.83 meters.', 'start': 3621.379, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 3629.202, 'text': 'And the area is 314.15 meters.', 'start': 3625.38, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 3634.204, 'text': 'Alright everybody, that is a small program to calculate the circumference of a circle.', 'start': 3629.582, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 3635.824, 'text': 'And I guess, the area as well.', 'start': 3634.564, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 3636.424, 'text': 'just because.', 'start': 3635.824, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 3637.405, 'text': 'well, why not?', 'start': 3636.424, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 3641.766, 'text': 'So yeah, if you found this video helpful, please be sure to smash that like button.', 'start': 3637.705, 'duration': 4.061}], 'summary': 'Program calculates circumference and area of circle, with radius 10 meters.', 'duration': 29.587, 'max_score': 3612.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A3612179.jpg'}, {'end': 3712.469, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3685.653, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3690.236, 'text': 'So the format specifier for a double is lf.', 'start': 3685.653, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 3698.081, 'text': 'Then I would like to insert a value within a, so I need to use the address of operator, then our variable a.', 'start': 3690.316, 'duration': 7.765}, {'end': 3699.803, 'text': "Okay, let's do the same thing for side b.", 'start': 3698.081, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 3706.464, 'text': 'Enter side b and store the user input within variable b.', 'start': 3701.32, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 3712.469, 'text': 'The formula to find the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the square root of a squared plus b squared.', 'start': 3706.464, 'duration': 6.005}], 'summary': 'Using format specifier lf for double, finding hypotenuse of right triangle.', 'duration': 26.816, 'max_score': 3685.653, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A3685653.jpg'}, {'end': 4038.473, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3975.92, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3982.102, 'text': "Then with our else block, if all above statements evaluate to be false, we definitely execute whatever's within here.", 'start': 3975.92, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 3984.463, 'text': 'So yeah, those are if statements.', 'start': 3982.842, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 3986.484, 'text': 'They add some choice to a program.', 'start': 3984.643, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 3989.046, 'text': 'You can check to see if some condition is true.', 'start': 3986.825, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 3992.008, 'text': 'If not, you can check something else using else if statements.', 'start': 3989.286, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 3995.43, 'text': "You can perform whatever is within an else block, and that's optional.", 'start': 3992.348, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 3998.252, 'text': 'So yeah, those are if statements in C.', 'start': 3995.85, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 4002.395, 'text': 'If you found this video helpful, please be sure to help me out by smashing that like button.', 'start': 3998.252, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 4005.917, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 4002.395, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 4011.246, 'text': 'all right, welcome back people switches.', 'start': 4008.664, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 4015.47, 'text': 'a switch is a more efficient alternative to using many else.', 'start': 4011.246, 'duration': 4.224}, {'end': 4020.695, 'text': 'if statements, it allows a value to be tested for equality against many cases.', 'start': 4015.47, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 4023.297, 'text': "here's an example of where a switch would be useful.", 'start': 4020.695, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 4024.598, 'text': 'i have a small program.', 'start': 4023.297, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 4033.367, 'text': "we will tell a user to enter in a letter grade and depending on their grade, we will print a custom message If grade equals A, we'll print perfect.", 'start': 4024.598, 'duration': 8.769}, {'end': 4037.012, 'text': "Else if grade equals B, we'll print a different message.", 'start': 4033.948, 'duration': 3.064}, {'end': 4038.473, 'text': 'So on and so forth.', 'start': 4037.372, 'duration': 1.101}], 'summary': 'If statements and switch provide choice and efficiency in c programming.', 'duration': 62.553, 'max_score': 3975.92, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A3975920.jpg'}, {'end': 4215.626, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4185.372, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4187.394, 'text': "You did okay, at least it's not enough.", 'start': 4185.372, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 4190.035, 'text': 'You failed, please enter only valid grades.', 'start': 4187.613, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 4193.975, 'text': 'So the reason that we have breaks is to exit out of our switch.', 'start': 4190.895, 'duration': 3.08}, {'end': 4200.019, 'text': 'If we have a matching case and there are no breaks, we will continue executing each case that comes after.', 'start': 4194.497, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 4204.02, 'text': 'So it is important to have those breaks if you want to exit out of your switch.', 'start': 4200.539, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 4206.021, 'text': "Well, yeah, that's a switch everybody.", 'start': 4204.281, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 4210.343, 'text': "It's a more efficient alternative to using many else if statements.", 'start': 4206.181, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 4215.626, 'text': "Using a few else if statements is okay, but it's considered poor practice to use a lot of them.", 'start': 4210.783, 'duration': 4.843}], 'summary': 'Use breaks in switch statements for efficiency. avoid excessive use of else if statements.', 'duration': 30.254, 'max_score': 4185.372, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4185372.jpg'}], 'start': 2881.719, 'title': 'Accepting user input, math functions, and if statements in c', 'summary': 'Covers accepting user input in c using scanf and fgets, math functions including sine, cosine, tangent, circumference and area of a circle, and if statements in programming with comparison operators and conditions, showcasing the use of switch for testing equality as an efficient alternative.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3115.451, 'start': 2881.719, 'title': 'Accepting user input in c', 'summary': 'Explains how to accept user input in c, demonstrating the use of scanf function with format specifiers to accept both integers and strings, and the importance of using character arrays with a defined size to avoid buffer overflow.', 'duration': 233.732, 'highlights': ['The scanf function is used to accept user input in C, with the format specifier %d for integers and %s for strings, and the address of operator (&) to precede the variable name, ensuring the use of character arrays with a defined size to avoid buffer overflow.', 'Demonstrates the use of the scanf function and format specifiers to accept user input for integers and strings, emphasizing the importance of using character arrays with a defined size to avoid buffer overflow.', 'Explains the process of using the scanf function and format specifiers to accept user input for integers and strings, highlighting the importance of using character arrays with a defined size to avoid buffer overflow.']}, {'end': 3438.769, 'start': 3118.462, 'title': 'Accepting user input in c', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to accept user input in c, covering the use of scanf and fgets functions to handle white spaces and the advanced string manipulation to remove newline characters, and showcases useful math functions including square root, power, rounding, absolute value, and logarithm.', 'duration': 320.307, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates how to accept user input in C, covering the use of scanf and fgets functions to handle white spaces and the advanced string manipulation to remove newline characters. It explains the limitations of scanf in handling white spaces and the need to use fgets instead, and introduces the advanced string manipulation to remove the newline character.', 'The chapter showcases useful math functions including square root, power, rounding, absolute value, and logarithm. It covers the usage of math functions such as square root, power, rounding, absolute value, and logarithm and provides examples with quantifiable results.']}, {'end': 3748.127, 'start': 3438.769, 'title': 'Math functions and basic calculations', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of math functions like sine, cosine, and tangent, and demonstrates the calculation of circumference and area of a circle as well as finding the hypotenuse of a right triangle using user input and mathematical formulas.', 'duration': 309.358, 'highlights': ['The formula for the area of a circle is pi times radius squared, and the calculated area is 314.15 meters.', 'The formula to find the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the square root of a squared plus b squared, and the calculated value is 5.', 'The tangent of 45 is calculated to be approximately 1.619775 using trigonometric functions.', 'The circumference of a circle is calculated to be 62.83 meters using the formula 2 times pi times radius.']}, {'end': 3975.559, 'start': 3748.127, 'title': 'Understanding if statements in programming', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of if statements in programming, demonstrating how to use comparison operators and conditions to execute different blocks of code, with examples of handling multiple conditions using if, else if, and else blocks.', 'duration': 227.432, 'highlights': ['If statements are used to add choices to a program, with conditions specified using comparison operators like greater than or equal to, less than, and double equal signs for equality. The chapter discusses the use of if statements to add choices to a program, demonstrating the use of comparison operators such as greater than or equal to, less than, and double equal signs for equality.', 'The chapter demonstrates how to handle different conditions using if, else if, and else blocks, allowing the program to execute different blocks of code based on the evaluation of conditions. The chapter illustrates the process of handling different conditions using if, else if, and else blocks, enabling the program to execute different blocks of code based on the evaluation of conditions.', 'The concept of using else if blocks to add more than one condition before reaching the else statement is explained, showing how multiple conditions can be checked in a program. The explanation of using else if blocks to add more than one condition before reaching the else statement is provided, demonstrating how multiple conditions can be checked in a program.']}, {'end': 4227.712, 'start': 3975.92, 'title': 'C programming: if statements and switches', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of if statements for adding choice to a program, and the more efficient alternative of using a switch for testing equality against many cases in c programming.', 'duration': 251.792, 'highlights': ['Switch statements provide a more efficient alternative to using many else if statements in C programming. Switch statements allow a value to be tested for equality against many cases, providing a more efficient alternative to using many else if statements.', 'Using a switch is considered a better alternative to using a lot of else if statements in C programming. It is considered bad practice to use a lot of else if statements, and a better alternative is to use a switch for testing equality against many cases.', 'The use of breaks after each case in a switch statement is important to exit out of the switch and prevent executing each case that comes after. The use of breaks after each case in a switch statement is important to exit out of the switch and prevent executing each case that comes after, ensuring the efficient functioning of the switch.', 'If statements in C programming add choice to a program by allowing the checking of conditions and executing code based on the evaluation of these conditions. If statements in C programming add choice to a program by allowing the checking of conditions and executing code based on the evaluation of these conditions, providing flexibility and control flow.']}], 'duration': 1345.993, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A2881719.jpg', 'highlights': ['The circumference of a circle is calculated to be 62.83 meters using the formula 2 times pi times radius.', 'The formula for the area of a circle is pi times radius squared, and the calculated area is 314.15 meters.', 'The tangent of 45 is calculated to be approximately 1.619775 using trigonometric functions.', 'The formula to find the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the square root of a squared plus b squared, and the calculated value is 5.', 'Switch statements provide a more efficient alternative to using many else if statements in C programming.', 'Using a switch is considered a better alternative to using a lot of else if statements in C programming.', 'The use of breaks after each case in a switch statement is important to exit out of the switch and prevent executing each case that comes after.', 'If statements in C programming add choice to a program by allowing the checking of conditions and executing code based on the evaluation of these conditions.']}, {'end': 5345.231, 'segs': [{'end': 4286.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4227.712, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4228.773, 'text': "hope you're doing well,", 'start': 4227.712, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 4237.617, 'text': "and in this video we're going to create a small program where the user will type in a temperature and we can convert that temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius or Celsius to Fahrenheit.", 'start': 4228.773, 'duration': 8.844}, {'end': 4240.379, 'text': 'So, sit back, relax, and enjoy the show.', 'start': 4237.978, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 4247.219, 'text': 'Now, before we begin this video, make sure that you include these two imports at the top.', 'start': 4242.597, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 4253.502, 'text': "We'll be working with string functions, and many of them can be found within this import, ctype.h.", 'start': 4247.299, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 4255.783, 'text': "So let's declare the variables that we'll need.", 'start': 4253.882, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 4257.684, 'text': 'char unit.', 'start': 4256.724, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 4262.286, 'text': 'Unit will be either C for Celsius or F for Fahrenheit.', 'start': 4258.544, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 4265.307, 'text': 'And float temp, short for temperature.', 'start': 4262.886, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 4269.009, 'text': "Let's prompt the user to enter in some user input.", 'start': 4266.368, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 4270.49, 'text': 'Print F.', 'start': 4269.749, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 4284.107, 'text': 'is the temperature in F or C.', 'start': 4272.583, 'duration': 11.524}, {'end': 4286.148, 'text': 'And then we will accept some user input.', 'start': 4284.107, 'duration': 2.041}], 'summary': 'Create program to convert temperature between fahrenheit and celsius.', 'duration': 58.436, 'max_score': 4227.712, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4227712.jpg'}, {'end': 4370.413, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4343.389, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4351.355, 'text': "So if the user did not type in C or F, well then what the heck did they type in? So within our else statement, let's yell at the user.", 'start': 4343.389, 'duration': 7.966}, {'end': 4354.257, 'text': "Let's say that whatever they entered in is not valid input.", 'start': 4351.395, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 4363.508, 'text': 'So format specifier C is not a valid unit of measurement.', 'start': 4356.624, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 4368.872, 'text': 'And then we will display whatever the user typed into our unit variable.', 'start': 4365.13, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 4370.413, 'text': "So let's test this.", 'start': 4369.532, 'duration': 0.881}], 'summary': 'If user input is not c or f, display error message and user input.', 'duration': 27.024, 'max_score': 4343.389, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4343389.jpg'}, {'end': 4424.359, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4399.57, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4405.714, 'text': 'If I type in lowercase F or lowercase C, well technically neither of these conditions would be true.', 'start': 4399.57, 'duration': 6.144}, {'end': 4407.815, 'text': 'For example, if I type lowercase C.', 'start': 4405.934, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 4410.956, 'text': 'C is not a valid unit of measurement.', 'start': 4408.795, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 4418.057, 'text': 'To avoid that problem, I can take my user input and use the toUpper function to make it uppercase.', 'start': 4411.456, 'duration': 6.601}, {'end': 4424.359, 'text': 'Or you could set these conditions to check for lowercase characters instead and use the toLower function.', 'start': 4418.578, 'duration': 5.781}], 'summary': 'Using toupper and tolower functions to handle user input for units of measurement.', 'duration': 24.789, 'max_score': 4399.57, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4399570.jpg'}, {'end': 4614.672, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4588.41, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 4600.932, 'text': "then let's display the temperature in celsius the temp in Celsius is our format specifier, then the temp variable.", 'start': 4588.41, 'duration': 12.522}, {'end': 4605.155, 'text': 'Is the temperature in F or C? This time it is in Fahrenheit.', 'start': 4601.472, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 4607.717, 'text': 'Enter the temp in Fahrenheit.', 'start': 4606.256, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 4613.141, 'text': 'So 32 degrees in Fahrenheit should translate to zero degrees Celsius.', 'start': 4608.477, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 4614.672, 'text': 'Which it is.', 'start': 4614.212, 'duration': 0.46}], 'summary': 'Conversion from fahrenheit to celsius: 32°f = 0°c', 'duration': 26.262, 'max_score': 4588.41, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4588410.jpg'}, {'end': 4664.512, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4637.639, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4644.502, 'text': "Hey, what's going on everybody? I thought in this video we could create a simple calculator program in C for practice.", 'start': 4637.639, 'duration': 6.863}, {'end': 4647.824, 'text': "Let's begin by declaring all of the different variables that we'll need.", 'start': 4644.922, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 4650.765, 'text': "We'll need a character to store an operator.", 'start': 4648.284, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 4664.512, 'text': "So are we going to add, subtract, multiply, or divide? We'll need double num1, double num2, and double result.", 'start': 4652.586, 'duration': 11.926}], 'summary': 'Creating a simple c calculator with variables for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.', 'duration': 26.873, 'max_score': 4637.639, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4637639.jpg'}, {'end': 4736.483, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4698.31, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 4703.471, 'text': "Then let's accept num1, enter number one.", 'start': 4698.31, 'duration': 5.161}, {'end': 4714.003, 'text': 'Then scanf, the format specifier for a double is lf num1.', 'start': 4705.635, 'duration': 8.368}, {'end': 4718.027, 'text': 'Okay, do the same thing with number two.', 'start': 4714.163, 'duration': 3.864}, {'end': 4721.831, 'text': 'Replace one with two.', 'start': 4720.129, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 4726.716, 'text': "Then to examine our operator, let's use a switch.", 'start': 4723.733, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 4733.221, 'text': 'switch, and we will examine our operator for any matching cases.', 'start': 4727.978, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 4736.483, 'text': "Let's add a default case because I might forget to add this later.", 'start': 4733.741, 'duration': 2.742}], 'summary': 'Using scanf to accept num1 and num2, then using a switch to examine the operator.', 'duration': 38.173, 'max_score': 4698.31, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4698310.jpg'}, {'end': 4871.127, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4832.459, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 4834.32, 'text': "but you can keep it the original way if you'd like.", 'start': 4832.459, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 4836.162, 'text': "Okay, let's subtract.", 'start': 4835.121, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 4839.485, 'text': 'So minus 4.20 minus 3.14 is 1.06.', 'start': 4836.442, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 4855.282, 'text': 'Okay, multiplication, 3.14 times 4.20 is 13.19.', 'start': 4839.485, 'duration': 15.797}, {'end': 4856.442, 'text': 'And lastly, division.', 'start': 4855.282, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 4864.005, 'text': '3.14 divided by 4.20 is 0.75.', 'start': 4856.462, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 4867.666, 'text': 'And we do have a default case if there are no matching cases.', 'start': 4864.005, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 4871.127, 'text': "Let's type in a character besides one of these four symbols.", 'start': 4868.326, 'duration': 2.801}], 'summary': 'Performed arithmetic operations: subtracted to get 1.06, multiplied to get 13.19, divided to get 0.75.', 'duration': 38.668, 'max_score': 4832.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4832459.jpg'}, {'end': 4945.251, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4922.563, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4930.645, 'text': 'The AND logical operator, which is represented by two ampersands, checks to see if two or more conditions are true.', 'start': 4922.563, 'duration': 8.082}, {'end': 4931.566, 'text': "Here's an example.", 'start': 4930.805, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 4936.147, 'text': "We're going to create a program that will check to see if a given temperature falls within a range.", 'start': 4931.586, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 4939.889, 'text': "So let's say we have a floating point number named temp.", 'start': 4936.727, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 4941.169, 'text': 'Temp short for temperature.', 'start': 4940.069, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 4943.81, 'text': 'And this will equal some number in Celsius.', 'start': 4941.469, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 4945.251, 'text': "Let's say 25 to begin with.", 'start': 4943.89, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': 'Using the and logical operator to check if temperature falls within a range.', 'duration': 22.688, 'max_score': 4922.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4922563.jpg'}, {'end': 5156.252, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5129.744, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5137.085, 'text': 'The OR logical operator, which is represented by two vertical bars, checks if at least one condition is true.', 'start': 5129.744, 'duration': 7.341}, {'end': 5139.346, 'text': "Let's take the small program for example.", 'start': 5137.285, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 5141.246, 'text': "It's kind of similar to the last video.", 'start': 5139.386, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 5144.327, 'text': 'So we have a variable named temp short for temperature.', 'start': 5141.606, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 5148.427, 'text': 'We will first check if temp is less than or equal to zero.', 'start': 5144.567, 'duration': 3.86}, {'end': 5151.388, 'text': "If that's true, we will print the weather is bad.", 'start': 5148.787, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 5156.252, 'text': 'Else if temp is greater than or equal to 30, the weather is bad.', 'start': 5152.108, 'duration': 4.144}], 'summary': 'Using or operator in a program to check weather conditions based on temperature.', 'duration': 26.508, 'max_score': 5129.744, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5129744.jpg'}, {'end': 5323.864, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5298.044, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5302.41, 'text': 'So by using the not logical operator, this will reverse the state of condition.', 'start': 5298.044, 'duration': 4.366}, {'end': 5307.296, 'text': "By using the not logical operator, we're checking to see if something is not true.", 'start': 5302.73, 'duration': 4.566}, {'end': 5312.001, 'text': "So if I try this again, this program states it's cloudy outside.", 'start': 5307.836, 'duration': 4.165}, {'end': 5316.207, 'text': 'So I think it would be better if we were to switch these print statements around.', 'start': 5312.622, 'duration': 3.585}, {'end': 5320.46, 'text': "Now what we're checking is if it's not sunny.", 'start': 5317.796, 'duration': 2.664}, {'end': 5323.864, 'text': "If it's not sunny, then we will print it's cloudy outside.", 'start': 5320.7, 'duration': 3.164}], 'summary': "Using the 'not' operator to reverse conditions and check for falsehood.", 'duration': 25.82, 'max_score': 5298.044, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5298044.jpg'}], 'start': 4227.712, 'title': 'C programming basics', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of c language programming, including temperature conversion, simple calculator program, and logical operators. it includes examples of user interaction and case sensitivity, resulting in 7.34 as an example, and discussions on logical operators and, or, and not.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4614.672, 'start': 4227.712, 'title': 'Temperature conversion program', 'summary': 'Introduces a small program to convert temperature from fahrenheit to celsius or celsius to fahrenheit using c language, covering the use of character input, string functions, and temperature conversion formulas, with examples of user interaction and case sensitivity.', 'duration': 386.96, 'highlights': ['The program introduces a small program to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius or Celsius to Fahrenheit using C language. temperature conversion, C language', 'The program demonstrates the use of character input and the declaration of variables for unit and temperature. character input, variable declaration', 'It covers the use of string functions, such as toUpper and toLower, to handle case sensitivity in user input. string functions, case sensitivity', 'The chapter provides examples of user interaction and error handling for invalid input. user interaction, error handling', 'It includes detailed examples of temperature conversion formulas and the use of format specifiers in C language. temperature conversion formulas, format specifiers']}, {'end': 4832.459, 'start': 4615.593, 'title': 'Simple c calculator program', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a simple calculator program in c, including accepting user input, declaring variables, using scanf for user input, and implementing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, resulting in 7.34 as an example.', 'duration': 216.866, 'highlights': ['Creating a simple calculator program in C, including declaring variables and accepting user input.', 'Implementing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, resulting in 7.34 as an example.', 'Using SCANF to accept user input with format specifier C and lf for double type.']}, {'end': 5345.231, 'start': 4832.459, 'title': 'Logical operators in c', 'summary': 'Covers the implementation of a simple calculator program in c that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide, and also discusses the logical operators and, or, and not, with examples and explanations of how they work in c programming.', 'duration': 512.772, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the implementation of a simple calculator program in C that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The program allows basic arithmetic operations and provides specific results for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.', 'Explanation of the AND logical operator and its application in C programming. The AND logical operator, represented by two ampersands, checks if two or more conditions are true and is demonstrated through examples of checking temperature ranges and conditions in C programs.', 'Explanation of the OR logical operator and its application in C programming. The OR logical operator, represented by two vertical bars, checks if at least one condition is true and is demonstrated through examples of checking temperature ranges and conditions in C programs.', 'Explanation of the NOT logical operator and its application in C programming. The NOT logical operator, represented by an exclamation point, reverses the state of a condition and is demonstrated through examples of checking the state of a boolean variable in C programs.']}], 'duration': 1117.519, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A4227712.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the implementation of a simple calculator program in C that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The program allows basic arithmetic operations and provides specific results for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.', 'The program introduces a small program to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius or Celsius to Fahrenheit using C language. temperature conversion, C language', 'The program demonstrates the use of character input and the declaration of variables for unit and temperature. character input, variable declaration', 'It covers the use of string functions, such as toUpper and toLower, to handle case sensitivity in user input. string functions, case sensitivity', 'The chapter provides examples of user interaction and error handling for invalid input. user interaction, error handling', 'Explanation of the AND logical operator and its application in C programming. The AND logical operator, represented by two ampersands, checks if two or more conditions are true and is demonstrated through examples of checking temperature ranges and conditions in C programs.', 'Explanation of the OR logical operator and its application in C programming. The OR logical operator, represented by two vertical bars, checks if at least one condition is true and is demonstrated through examples of checking temperature ranges and conditions in C programs.', 'Explanation of the NOT logical operator and its application in C programming. The NOT logical operator, represented by an exclamation point, reverses the state of a condition and is demonstrated through examples of checking the state of a boolean variable in C programs.', 'Creating a simple calculator program in C, including declaring variables and accepting user input.', 'Implementing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, resulting in 7.34 as an example.', 'Using SCANF to accept user input with format specifier C and lf for double type.', 'It includes detailed examples of temperature conversion formulas and the use of format specifiers in C language. temperature conversion formulas, format specifiers']}, {'end': 6627.139, 'segs': [{'end': 5481.402, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5448.402, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5452.045, 'text': 'I like to think of the parentheses as a pair of telephones talking to each other.', 'start': 5448.402, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 5455.167, 'text': "That's one trick I used to remember that's how to call a function.", 'start': 5452.325, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 5458.049, 'text': 'So follow the function name with the set of parentheses.', 'start': 5455.487, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 5463.753, 'text': 'And when I invoke this function once, we will execute any code within this function once.', 'start': 5458.429, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 5468.837, 'text': 'If I need to repeat this code three times, I will just have to call this function three times.', 'start': 5464.113, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 5473.14, 'text': 'We are calling our birthday function three times.', 'start': 5470.598, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 5481.402, 'text': 'And there we go, we have invoked this birthday function three times, and we have accomplished our goal of singing three verses of Happy Birthday.', 'start': 5474.315, 'duration': 7.087}], 'summary': 'Using parentheses to call a function, we invoked the birthday function 3 times.', 'duration': 33, 'max_score': 5448.402, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5448402.jpg'}, {'end': 5517.201, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5490.09, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5495.014, 'text': "A benefit to using functions is that if you think you're going to use some code more than once,", 'start': 5490.09, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 5497.837, 'text': 'you can stick it within a function and then to repeat that code.', 'start': 5495.014, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 5500.059, 'text': 'you just call the function as many times as you need.', 'start': 5497.837, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 5501.701, 'text': 'So yeah, those are functions.', 'start': 5500.319, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 5505.867, 'text': 'If you would like a copy of this code, I will post this to the comments section down below.', 'start': 5501.861, 'duration': 4.006}, {'end': 5509.311, 'text': 'And in the next video, we will discuss arguments and parameters.', 'start': 5506.147, 'duration': 3.164}, {'end': 5512.135, 'text': "So yeah, that's the basics of functions in C.", 'start': 5509.572, 'duration': 2.563}, {'end': 5517.201, 'text': "hey, yeah, what's going on, people?", 'start': 5515.6, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Functions in c allow code reuse and will discuss arguments and parameters in the next video.', 'duration': 27.111, 'max_score': 5490.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5490090.jpg'}, {'end': 5716.567, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5690.964, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5696.468, 'text': 'So when you call a function, you can pass some arguments, but you need a matching set of parameters.', 'start': 5690.964, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 5700.071, 'text': "And the names of these parameters don't necessarily have to be the same.", 'start': 5696.808, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 5703.893, 'text': "What's important is the order of the arguments and the data type.", 'start': 5700.371, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 5707.296, 'text': "So let's say name is x and age is y.", 'start': 5704.133, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 5708.957, 'text': "So let's replace that here as well.", 'start': 5707.296, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5711.282, 'text': 'And that would work too.', 'start': 5710.421, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 5714.025, 'text': 'So yeah, those are arguments and parameters.', 'start': 5711.582, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 5716.567, 'text': "Arguments are what you're sending a function.", 'start': 5714.485, 'duration': 2.082}], 'summary': 'Functions use arguments and parameters with matching order and data type.', 'duration': 25.603, 'max_score': 5690.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5690964.jpg'}, {'end': 5766.599, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5736.783, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5740.745, 'text': 'If you would like a copy of this code, I will post this in the comment section down below.', 'start': 5736.783, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 5744.647, 'text': 'And well, yeah, those are arguments and parameters in C.', 'start': 5741.065, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 5751.21, 'text': "Hey, what's going on people? So the return statement.", 'start': 5748.528, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 5755.652, 'text': 'The return statement returns a value back to a calling function.', 'start': 5751.39, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 5756.773, 'text': "Here's an example.", 'start': 5755.993, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 5758.614, 'text': 'I have a function named square.', 'start': 5757.033, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 5761.976, 'text': 'Square is going to accept one argument, a double.', 'start': 5758.794, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 5766.599, 'text': "It's going to square that double and return the result back to the calling function.", 'start': 5762.296, 'duration': 4.303}], 'summary': 'C programming: discussing return statement and function parameters.', 'duration': 29.816, 'max_score': 5736.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5736783.jpg'}, {'end': 5933.073, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5902.889, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5905.95, 'text': "And well, yeah, that's the return statement in C.", 'start': 5902.889, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 5910.862, 'text': 'Hey, sup, people?', 'start': 5910.041, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 5920.467, 'text': "The Ternary Operator, also known as the Conditional Operator, it's a shortcut to using an if-else statement when assigning or returning a value.", 'start': 5911.202, 'duration': 9.265}, {'end': 5921.507, 'text': "Here's the formula.", 'start': 5920.667, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 5924.389, 'text': 'We write a condition followed by a question mark.', 'start': 5921.567, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 5933.073, 'text': 'If this condition is true, we return some value if true, or if that condition is false, we return some other value.', 'start': 5924.869, 'duration': 8.204}], 'summary': 'The ternary operator is a shortcut for if-else statements in c, allowing for conditional value assignment.', 'duration': 30.184, 'max_score': 5902.889, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5902889.jpg'}, {'end': 6285.415, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6257.603, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6263.184, 'text': 'So this program will not compile and run successfully, which is what we want because we made a mistake.', 'start': 6257.603, 'duration': 5.581}, {'end': 6269.366, 'text': 'And if I were to add the correct arguments now, well then this program is going to compile and run fine.', 'start': 6263.524, 'duration': 5.842}, {'end': 6273.708, 'text': "so here's some important notes regarding function prototypes.", 'start': 6270.046, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 6277.711, 'text': 'many c compilers do not check for parameter matching.', 'start': 6273.708, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 6285.415, 'text': "that's why this program was still able to compile and run without a function prototype, even though we were missing arguments,", 'start': 6277.711, 'duration': 7.704}], 'summary': 'Program did not compile due to a mistake, but will run fine with correct arguments. c compilers may not check for parameter matching.', 'duration': 27.812, 'max_score': 6257.603, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6257603.jpg'}, {'end': 6481.057, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6450.843, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6454.225, 'text': 'so that is the string and cat function.', 'start': 6450.843, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 6457.187, 'text': "there's also string copy, and this one is actually fairly common.", 'start': 6454.225, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 6460.568, 'text': 'So this will copy string two to string one.', 'start': 6458.067, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 6464.95, 'text': 'If I print string one, well, it now displays code instead of bro.', 'start': 6461.068, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 6469.212, 'text': 'This will remove the contents from string one and replace them with string two.', 'start': 6465.41, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 6473.654, 'text': 'Or you could copy a given amount of characters from string two to string one.', 'start': 6469.732, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 6476.555, 'text': "Let's say that I'm going to copy the first character over.", 'start': 6474.334, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 6481.057, 'text': "So I'm copying the first character from my last name to my first name.", 'start': 6477.116, 'duration': 3.941}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of string manipulation functions like string copy and cat, and copying specific characters from one string to another.', 'duration': 30.214, 'max_score': 6450.843, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6450843.jpg'}, {'end': 6575.897, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6521.864, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 6526.265, 'text': 'So if I reverse string one, My first name is now orb.', 'start': 6521.864, 'duration': 4.401}, {'end': 6529.806, 'text': 'So this next set of functions will return an integer.', 'start': 6526.706, 'duration': 3.1}, {'end': 6533.627, 'text': "So I'm going to declare a variable int result.", 'start': 6530.606, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 6536.988, 'text': 'And this function is really common, string length.', 'start': 6534.067, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 6540.009, 'text': 'This returns the string length as an integer.', 'start': 6537.448, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 6544.63, 'text': 'If I pass in string one, this string has a length of three characters.', 'start': 6540.569, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 6547.39, 'text': "And then I'm going to print my result.", 'start': 6545.07, 'duration': 2.32}, {'end': 6548.751, 'text': 'And this is an integer.', 'start': 6547.891, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 6553.314, 'text': 'So the length of my first name is three characters.', 'start': 6549.691, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 6556.076, 'text': 'This is a fairly common function.', 'start': 6553.754, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 6561.66, 'text': 'The string compare function will compare all of the characters within two strings.', 'start': 6556.596, 'duration': 5.064}, {'end': 6565.283, 'text': "If they're the same, they will return zero.", 'start': 6562.321, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 6568.865, 'text': "If they're different, they will return a number besides zero.", 'start': 6565.863, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 6570.307, 'text': "So here's an if statement.", 'start': 6569.306, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 6575.897, 'text': 'If result is equal to zero, we will print, these strings are the same.', 'start': 6571.292, 'duration': 4.605}], 'summary': 'Demonstrates string manipulation with functions like string length and compare, resulting in a three-character first name and comparison of two strings.', 'duration': 54.033, 'max_score': 6521.864, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6521864.jpg'}], 'start': 5345.792, 'title': 'C programming functions', 'summary': 'Covers c programming functions, discussing the concept, invocation process, avoiding code repetition, passing arguments, return statements, ternary operator, function prototypes, and string manipulation functions, with practical examples and benefits.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5505.867, 'start': 5345.792, 'title': 'Understanding functions in c programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of functions in c programming, highlighting the process of invoking a function, the benefit of using functions to avoid code repetition, and the execution of subsections of code upon function invocation.', 'duration': 160.075, 'highlights': ['Functions in C programming allow the execution of a subsection of code whenever it is invoked, providing a way to avoid code repetition and improve code organization.', 'Invoking a function in C involves calling the function name followed by a set of parentheses, and the code within the function is executed once for each invocation.', 'Using functions in C programming enables the reusability of code, allowing the same code to be called multiple times without repetition, thus improving code efficiency and organization.']}, {'end': 5902.869, 'start': 5506.147, 'title': 'Functions in c: arguments and return statement', 'summary': "Explores the basics of functions in c, focusing on passing arguments and parameters, with examples demonstrating the need for matching parameters when calling a function, and the return statement's function to return a value back to the calling function.", 'duration': 396.722, 'highlights': ["The importance of passing matching parameters when calling a function is demonstrated through examples, emphasizing the need for a matching set of parameters and data types, as seen in the birthday function's requirement for a character array and an integer as arguments. Emphasizes the need for a matching set of parameters and data types, as seen in the birthday function's requirement for a character array and an integer as arguments.", 'The chapter explains the significance of the return statement, showcasing how it allows the function to return a value back to the calling function, illustrated through an example of squaring a double value and returning the result to the main function. Illustrates the significance of the return statement, showcasing how it allows the function to return a value back to the calling function, illustrated through an example of squaring a double value and returning the result to the main function.', "The chapter also discusses the importance of the return statement in the main function, highlighting that 0 serves as the exit status if the program runs successfully, demonstrating its relevance in the context of the main function's declaration. Emphasizes the importance of the return statement in the main function, highlighting that 0 serves as the exit status if the program runs successfully, demonstrating its relevance in the context of the main function's declaration."]}, {'end': 6070.261, 'start': 5902.889, 'title': 'Ternary operator in c', 'summary': 'Discusses the ternary operator as a shortcut to using an if-else statement when assigning or returning a value, demonstrating the formula and providing examples of its usage in finding the maximum of two integers, ultimately resulting in a reduction of code from an if-else statement to a single line using the ternary operator.', 'duration': 167.372, 'highlights': ['The Ternary Operator, also known as the Conditional Operator, is a shortcut to using an if-else statement when assigning or returning a value, resulting in a reduction of code.', 'The chapter demonstrates the usage of the Ternary Operator in finding the maximum of two integers, showcasing the reduction of code from an if-else statement to a single line using the ternary operator.', 'The maximum between 5 and 4 is 5 when using the Ternary Operator, demonstrating its functionality and practical application.']}, {'end': 6356.115, 'start': 6070.642, 'title': 'Function prototypes in c', 'summary': 'Discusses function prototypes in c, emphasizing the benefits of using function prototypes, such as ensuring the correct number and type of arguments in function calls, illustrated through examples and highlighting the importance of function prototypes in preventing unexpected behavior.', 'duration': 285.473, 'highlights': ['Function prototypes ensure correct number and type of arguments in function calls, preventing unexpected behavior, as demonstrated by incorrect and correct function calls with corresponding compiler outputs.', 'Adding a function prototype before the main function helps in flagging an error if arguments are missing, leading to unsuccessful compilation and execution of the program, thereby aiding in preventing mistakes.', 'Function prototypes are advantageous as they make it easier to navigate a program, aid in debugging, and are commonly used in header files, highlighting their relevance and utility in programming.', 'C compilers may not check for parameter matching without function prototypes, potentially resulting in unexpected and unwanted behavior, underscoring the significance of using function prototypes to ensure program accuracy.']}, {'end': 6627.139, 'start': 6359.622, 'title': 'Learning string functions in c', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of various string functions in c, including string manipulation functions like lowercase and uppercase conversion, concatenation, copying, setting characters, reversing, and comparing strings, with practical examples and explanations of their outcomes.', 'duration': 267.517, 'highlights': ['The string length function returns the length of a string as an integer, where passing in string one yields a length of three characters, demonstrating practical usage and returning quantifiable data.', 'The string compare function compares all characters within two strings, returning zero for identical strings and a non-zero number for different strings, with if-else statements used to handle the comparison results, providing practical examples and outcomes.', "The string reverse function reverses a string, exemplified by the transformation of 'string one' from 'bro' to 'orb', demonstrating the practical application and outcome of the function.", "The string cat function concatenates 'string two' to the end of 'string one', with the ability to append a given amount of characters from 'string two' to 'string one', providing a practical example and demonstrating the function's functionality.", "The chapter introduces the inclusion of the 'string.h' header file to access various string functions, setting the foundation for the subsequent discussion, and practical implementation of string functions in C."]}], 'duration': 1281.347, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A5345792.jpg', 'highlights': ['Functions in C programming allow the execution of a subsection of code whenever it is invoked, providing a way to avoid code repetition and improve code organization.', 'Using functions in C programming enables the reusability of code, allowing the same code to be called multiple times without repetition, thus improving code efficiency and organization.', 'Invoking a function in C involves calling the function name followed by a set of parentheses, and the code within the function is executed once for each invocation.', "The importance of passing matching parameters when calling a function is demonstrated through examples, emphasizing the need for a matching set of parameters and data types, as seen in the birthday function's requirement for a character array and an integer as arguments.", 'The chapter explains the significance of the return statement, showcasing how it allows the function to return a value back to the calling function, illustrated through an example of squaring a double value and returning the result to the main function.', 'The Ternary Operator, also known as the Conditional Operator, is a shortcut to using an if-else statement when assigning or returning a value, resulting in a reduction of code.', 'Function prototypes ensure correct number and type of arguments in function calls, preventing unexpected behavior, as demonstrated by incorrect and correct function calls with corresponding compiler outputs.', 'The string length function returns the length of a string as an integer, where passing in string one yields a length of three characters, demonstrating practical usage and returning quantifiable data.', 'The string compare function compares all characters within two strings, returning zero for identical strings and a non-zero number for different strings, with if-else statements used to handle the comparison results, providing practical examples and outcomes.', "The string reverse function reverses a string, exemplified by the transformation of 'string one' from 'bro' to 'orb', demonstrating the practical application and outcome of the function.", "The string cat function concatenates 'string two' to the end of 'string one', with the ability to append a given amount of characters from 'string two' to 'string one', providing a practical example and demonstrating the function's functionality."]}, {'end': 7758.093, 'segs': [{'end': 6701.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6672.714, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6676.437, 'text': "Let's say that we would like to count the numbers 1 through 10.", 'start': 6672.714, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 6679.1, 'text': 'So we can actually write a for loop to do that for us.', 'start': 6676.437, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 6680.602, 'text': "And here's how to create one.", 'start': 6679.481, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 6681.242, 'text': 'Type for.', 'start': 6680.682, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 6684.505, 'text': 'A set of parentheses, then a set of curly braces.', 'start': 6682.003, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 6689.73, 'text': 'Anything within this set of curly braces, we can repeat a limited amount of times.', 'start': 6684.906, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 6694.075, 'text': "But before we do so, there's a few statements we have to add to our for loop.", 'start': 6690.051, 'duration': 4.024}, {'end': 6695.055, 'text': 'There are three.', 'start': 6694.275, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 6698.419, 'text': 'The first is that we need some sort of counter or index.', 'start': 6695.136, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 6701.081, 'text': 'And we can actually declare that within the for loop.', 'start': 6698.899, 'duration': 2.182}], 'summary': 'Using a for loop, we can count numbers 1 through 10 with a set of parentheses and curly braces, and declare a counter or index within the loop.', 'duration': 28.367, 'max_score': 6672.714, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6672714.jpg'}, {'end': 6894.332, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6864.671, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6866.172, 'text': "All right, we're back at it again.", 'start': 6864.671, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6867.853, 'text': "So let's talk about while loops.", 'start': 6866.312, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 6872.577, 'text': 'A while loop will repeat a section of code, possibly unlimited times.', 'start': 6868.033, 'duration': 4.544}, {'end': 6877.68, 'text': 'We will continue some section of code while some condition remains true.', 'start': 6872.877, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 6881.963, 'text': "And it's possible that a while loop might not execute at all, depending on what our condition is.", 'start': 6877.94, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 6883.244, 'text': "So here's an example.", 'start': 6882.323, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 6886.326, 'text': "Let's create a program that will ask a user for their name.", 'start': 6883.344, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 6891.41, 'text': 'If they attempt to skip that prompt, then we will keep on asking them for their name indefinitely.', 'start': 6886.606, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 6894.332, 'text': "So here's how we can write a program like that using a while loop.", 'start': 6891.67, 'duration': 2.662}], 'summary': 'While loops repeat code while condition is true, possibly unlimited times.', 'duration': 29.661, 'max_score': 6864.671, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6864671.jpg'}, {'end': 6928.464, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6905.121, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6912.387, 'text': "What's your name? We can use scanf for user input, but with names that may contain spaces, I'm going to use fgets instead.", 'start': 6905.121, 'duration': 7.266}, {'end': 6917.271, 'text': 'Refer to the video on user input to learn more about fgets.', 'start': 6913.828, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 6924.804, 'text': 'So I would like to assign my variable name Set the size of the user input, 25, to match what we have.', 'start': 6917.731, 'duration': 7.073}, {'end': 6928.464, 'text': 'Then type stdin for standard input.', 'start': 6925.444, 'duration': 3.02}], 'summary': 'Using fgets for user input with names containing spaces, setting input size to 25.', 'duration': 23.343, 'max_score': 6905.121, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6905121.jpg'}, {'end': 7332.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7300.934, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7304.156, 'text': 'A nested loop is a loop inside of another loop.', 'start': 7300.934, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 7308.999, 'text': "When you'll encounter them, it's really situational, so I don't really have one good example.", 'start': 7304.336, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 7313.002, 'text': "But what I'm thinking we'll do is use a nested loop for an exercise.", 'start': 7309.199, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 7321.407, 'text': "What I'm thinking is that we'll let a user type in a number of rows and columns and a symbol and print a rectangle of that given symbol.", 'start': 7313.342, 'duration': 8.065}, {'end': 7325.01, 'text': 'But the user is going to specify a number of rows and columns.', 'start': 7321.568, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 7332.533, 'text': "So let's begin by declaring all of the different variables that will need int rows, int columns, and char symbol.", 'start': 7325.33, 'duration': 7.203}], 'summary': 'Nested loops are situational, used for printing rectangles. variables needed: int rows, int columns, char symbol.', 'duration': 31.599, 'max_score': 7300.934, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A7300934.jpg'}, {'end': 7651.728, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7625.898, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7631.443, 'text': 'a continue statement will skip the rest of a section of code and force the next iteration of a loop.', 'start': 7625.898, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 7639.552, 'text': 'A break statement will exit out of a loop entirely, Another place where you see break statements is when used within a switch after each case.', 'start': 7631.743, 'duration': 7.809}, {'end': 7640.794, 'text': "So here's an example.", 'start': 7639.893, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 7648.324, 'text': "Let's say that we would like to count the numbers 1 through 20, but I would like to skip the number 13 because 13 is considered an unlucky number.", 'start': 7640.834, 'duration': 7.49}, {'end': 7651.728, 'text': 'So if I were to write a program like that, that would look something like this.', 'start': 7648.684, 'duration': 3.044}], 'summary': 'Break and continue statements control loop flow and switch cases.', 'duration': 25.83, 'max_score': 7625.898, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A7625898.jpg'}], 'start': 6627.62, 'title': 'C programming loops and arrays', 'summary': 'Covers useful string functions, while loops, and array manipulation in c. it demonstrates how to use loops for various operations, including examples and implementation details. additionally, it explains the usage of break and continue statements in loops.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6886.326, 'start': 6627.62, 'title': 'String functions and looping in c', 'summary': 'Covers useful string functions in c, such as ignoring case sensitivity and explains the concept and implementation of for loops and while loops, including examples and syntax. it also offers to provide a copy of the code in the comment section.', 'duration': 258.706, 'highlights': ['Explaining Useful String Functions in C The chapter covers useful string functions in C, such as ignoring case sensitivity.', 'Detailed Explanation of For Loops The chapter explains the concept and implementation of for loops, including examples and syntax.', 'Offering Code Copy in the Comment Section The chapter offers to provide a copy of the code in the comment section.', 'Introduction to While Loops The chapter introduces the concept and implementation of while loops, including examples and syntax.', 'Possibility of While Loop Not Executing The chapter mentions that a while loop might not execute at all, depending on the condition.']}, {'end': 7127.22, 'start': 6886.606, 'title': 'While loops in c', 'summary': 'Explains how to use a while loop in c to repeatedly prompt a user for their name until a non-empty input is received, using fgets, string length function, and a while loop with a condition to check for an empty string.', 'duration': 240.614, 'highlights': ['Using fgets for user input to handle names with spaces and avoiding buffer overflow The transcript emphasizes using fgets instead of scanf to handle user input for names that may contain spaces, ensuring a buffer overflow is avoided.', 'Utilizing while loop to repeatedly prompt user for their name until a non-empty input is received The chapter demonstrates the use of a while loop to continuously prompt the user for their name until a non-empty input is received, thereby ensuring a valid user input.', 'Explanation of do while loop and its variation from a while loop The transcript provides an explanation of a do while loop as a variation of a while loop, highlighting its characteristic of always executing a block of code once and checking the condition at the end.']}, {'end': 7758.093, 'start': 7127.26, 'title': 'C programming: loops and arrays', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of while and do-while loops to calculate the sum of user input numbers, and demonstrates the use of nested loops to print a rectangle of a given symbol based on user-specified rows and columns. additionally, it explains the differences between the continue and break statements in the context of a loop.', 'duration': 630.833, 'highlights': ['Implementation of while and do-while loops The chapter demonstrates the use of while and do-while loops to calculate the sum of user input numbers, where a while loop checks the condition first, and a do-while loop always executes a block of code once, then checks a condition.', 'Nested loops for printing a rectangle The chapter illustrates the use of nested loops to print a rectangle of a given symbol based on user-specified rows and columns, where the outer loop keeps track of the rows and the inner loop manages the columns.', 'Explanation of continue and break statements The chapter explains the differences between the continue and break statements, where the continue statement skips the rest of a section of code and forces the next iteration of a loop, and the break statement exits out of a loop entirely.']}], 'duration': 1130.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A6627620.jpg', 'highlights': ['Detailed Explanation of For Loops The chapter explains the concept and implementation of for loops, including examples and syntax.', 'Using fgets for user input to handle names with spaces and avoiding buffer overflow The transcript emphasizes using fgets instead of scanf to handle user input for names that may contain spaces, ensuring a buffer overflow is avoided.', 'Nested loops for printing a rectangle The chapter illustrates the use of nested loops to print a rectangle of a given symbol based on user-specified rows and columns, where the outer loop keeps track of the rows and the inner loop manages the columns.', 'Explanation of continue and break statements The chapter explains the differences between the continue and break statements, where the continue statement skips the rest of a section of code and forces the next iteration of a loop, and the break statement exits out of a loop entirely.', 'Introduction to While Loops The chapter introduces the concept and implementation of while loops, including examples and syntax.']}, {'end': 9525.674, 'segs': [{'end': 7783.606, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7758.353, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7763.895, 'text': 'An array is a data structure that can store many values of the same data type.', 'start': 7758.353, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 7764.795, 'text': "Here's an example.", 'start': 7764.035, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 7771.517, 'text': "Let's say I have a variable named price and I have the price of maybe one item in a fictional store of ours.", 'start': 7764.835, 'duration': 6.682}, {'end': 7777.619, 'text': 'So by using an array, we can actually store more than one value, but it has to be of the same data type.', 'start': 7771.797, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 7783.606, 'text': 'so i can turn this variable price into an array, and i can do that by following the name,', 'start': 7777.859, 'duration': 5.747}], 'summary': 'An array is a data structure for storing multiple values of the same data type.', 'duration': 25.253, 'max_score': 7758.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A7758353.jpg'}, {'end': 7974.283, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7941.069, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7945.713, 'text': 'So prices at index 1 is maybe 10.', 'start': 7941.069, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 7947.754, 'text': 'Prices at index 2 is 15.', 'start': 7945.713, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 7950.816, 'text': '3 will be 25.', 'start': 7947.754, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 7957.628, 'text': 'And 4 will be 20.', 'start': 7950.816, 'duration': 6.812}, {'end': 7960.11, 'text': "That's another way in which you can initialize an array.", 'start': 7957.628, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 7963.674, 'text': 'You can always set a size and then add elements later.', 'start': 7960.671, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 7966.456, 'text': 'Another option is that you could combine the two.', 'start': 7964.254, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 7968.258, 'text': 'We could set a size right away.', 'start': 7966.816, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 7974.283, 'text': 'So maybe prices will have a size of 10 and we can right off the bat assign some values right away.', 'start': 7968.658, 'duration': 5.625}], 'summary': 'Initializing an array with specific prices: index 1 - 10, index 2 - 15, index 3 - 25, and index 4 - 20.', 'duration': 33.214, 'max_score': 7941.069, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A7941069.jpg'}, {'end': 8098.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8054.673, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8061.56, 'text': 'Then to access one of these elements, I will type the name of my array, followed by a set of straight brackets, then an index number.', 'start': 8054.673, 'duration': 6.887}, {'end': 8066.326, 'text': 'So the first element in an array is zero because computers always start with zero.', 'start': 8062.041, 'duration': 4.285}, {'end': 8077.133, 'text': 'Then if I need to display the other elements, well, I would have to manually type prices at index 0, then 1, 2, 3, 4, so on and so forth.', 'start': 8066.886, 'duration': 10.247}, {'end': 8082.996, 'text': 'So this does work if you have a couple elements, but what if you have hundreds? This method is not going to be practical.', 'start': 8077.393, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 8090.361, 'text': 'A better solution is that we could make a for loop, and this for loop will iterate once and display each element of this array.', 'start': 8083.317, 'duration': 7.044}, {'end': 8094.204, 'text': "So let's create a for loop for parentheses curly braces.", 'start': 8090.761, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 8096.987, 'text': "And we'll need an index, int i.", 'start': 8094.904, 'duration': 2.083}, {'end': 8098.288, 'text': "I'll set this equal to zero.", 'start': 8096.987, 'duration': 1.301}], 'summary': 'Using for loop to iterate through array elements for practicality.', 'duration': 43.615, 'max_score': 8054.673, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A8054673.jpg'}, {'end': 8749.746, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8722.996, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8727.399, 'text': 'And in this example, we made a table of integers, just the numbers one through nine.', 'start': 8722.996, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 8734.001, 'text': "So there's a couple different ways in which you can initialize a two-dimensional array, but you'll need two sets of straight brackets.", 'start': 8727.799, 'duration': 6.202}, {'end': 8742.044, 'text': "It's optional to set a maximum number of rows, but it is necessary to set a maximum number of elements within each row.", 'start': 8734.481, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 8745.425, 'text': 'And then to access one of the elements, you use two indices.', 'start': 8742.284, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 8747.606, 'text': 'One for the row, one for the column.', 'start': 8745.965, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 8749.746, 'text': 'So yeah, those are two-dimensional arrays.', 'start': 8747.846, 'duration': 1.9}], 'summary': 'Initializing a two-dimensional array of integers 1-9 with two sets of straight brackets and accessing elements using two indices.', 'duration': 26.75, 'max_score': 8722.996, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A8722996.jpg'}, {'end': 9219.738, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9195.237, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9201.402, 'text': 'So int size, I will set this equal to the size of operator, pass in our array.', 'start': 9195.237, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 9204.525, 'text': 'This will calculate the size of our array in bytes.', 'start': 9201.963, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 9209.81, 'text': 'And to find the number of elements, we can divide this by the size of just one element.', 'start': 9204.925, 'duration': 4.885}, {'end': 9215.515, 'text': 'So size of array divided by the size of array at index of zero.', 'start': 9210.15, 'duration': 5.365}, {'end': 9219.738, 'text': 'size will equal the amount of elements within our array.', 'start': 9216.155, 'duration': 3.583}], 'summary': 'Calculate array size in bytes and number of elements.', 'duration': 24.501, 'max_score': 9195.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9195237.jpg'}, {'end': 9271.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9246.819, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 9252.73, 'text': "We're invoking sort, and then we need to pass in two arguments, our array and size.", 'start': 9246.819, 'duration': 5.911}, {'end': 9256.196, 'text': "Within the sort function, we'll need nested loops.", 'start': 9253.832, 'duration': 2.364}, {'end': 9257.258, 'text': 'We can use for loops.', 'start': 9256.317, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 9261.192, 'text': 'So the outer for loop will be int.', 'start': 9258.809, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 9271.643, 'text': 'i set this equal to zero and we will continue this for loop as long as i is less than the size of our array, minus one, and then increment i by one.', 'start': 9261.192, 'duration': 10.451}], 'summary': 'Using nested for loops to sort an array with size-1 iterations.', 'duration': 24.824, 'max_score': 9246.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9246819.jpg'}, {'end': 9532.267, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9505.017, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9509.441, 'text': 'So yeah, everybody, that is a simple program to sort the elements of an array.', 'start': 9505.017, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 9511.782, 'text': 'This is a basic bubble sort.', 'start': 9509.921, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 9517.747, 'text': "And if you're interested in learning more about sorting algorithms, I do have a playlist on data structures and algorithms.", 'start': 9512.143, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 9521.85, 'text': "If you would like a copy of this code, I'll post this in the comment section down below.", 'start': 9518.288, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 9525.674, 'text': "And well, yeah, that's how to sort a simple array in C.", 'start': 9522.031, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 9532.267, 'text': "Okay, everybody, so let's talk about structs.", 'start': 9529.506, 'duration': 2.761}], 'summary': 'A basic bubble sort program in c for sorting elements of an array. more sorting algorithms in the data structures and algorithms playlist. code available in the comment section.', 'duration': 27.25, 'max_score': 9505.017, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9505017.jpg'}], 'start': 7758.353, 'title': 'Arrays in c', 'summary': 'Explains array concepts, dynamic iteration, two-dimensional arrays, array of strings, sorting with bubble sort algorithm, with insights on size calculation, function declaration, nested loops, variable swapping, and array sorting, and provides practical examples and code demonstrations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8182.905, 'start': 7758.353, 'title': 'Introduction to arrays in c', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of arrays, including their initialization, accessing of elements using index numbers, fixed size, and various methods for initializing an array in c. it also introduces the topic of iterating over elements in an array using a for loop, providing a practical example and highlighting the need for dynamic iteration based on the size of the array.', 'duration': 424.552, 'highlights': ['Arrays are a data structure that can store multiple values of the same data type, providing an example of storing prices of items in a fictional store. Provides a fundamental understanding of arrays and their purpose, using a practical example to illustrate storing multiple values in an array.', 'Explains the process of initializing an array, including assigning a size and adding elements later, and combining both methods. Demonstrates different approaches to initializing an array, emphasizing the flexibility to assign values later and the option to set a size and add elements later, providing practical examples.', 'Introduces the concept of accessing elements in an array using index numbers, explaining the zero-based indexing and its significance. Highlights the importance of zero-based indexing for accessing elements in an array, providing a clear understanding of how to access specific values within the array.', 'Demonstrates the need for dynamic iteration over array elements using a for loop, as manually accessing elements becomes impractical with a large number of elements. Illustrates the limitation of manually accessing elements in large arrays and introduces the necessity for dynamic iteration using a for loop to efficiently iterate over and display all elements.']}, {'end': 8885.338, 'start': 8183.366, 'title': 'Working with arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of the sizeof operator to determine the size of an array, initializing and displaying elements in a two-dimensional array in c, and creating and updating an array of strings. it also demonstrates the calculation of the number of rows and columns in a two-dimensional array and provides code examples for each concept.', 'duration': 701.972, 'highlights': ['Using the sizeOf operator to determine the size of an array The sizeOf operator is demonstrated to return the size of an array in bytes, with an example showing the calculation for a specific array, resulting in 48 bytes.', 'Initializing and displaying elements in a two-dimensional array The process of initializing a two-dimensional array and displaying its elements using nested loops is explained, providing a clear understanding of creating and visualizing a table of data.', 'Creating and updating an array of strings The creation of an array of strings is demonstrated, along with the method of updating values using the string copy function, and displaying the array using a for loop.', 'Calculating the number of rows and columns in a two-dimensional array A detailed explanation of calculating the number of rows and columns in a two-dimensional array using the sizeOf operator is provided, offering insight into dynamically determining the array dimensions.']}, {'end': 9173, 'start': 8885.798, 'title': 'Working with arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers working with arrays of strings, swapping variables, and using string copy function in c programming. it explains the process of working with array of strings and swapping variables, highlighting the importance of swapping variables in sorting algorithms and the potential issues when using the string copy function for swapping strings.', 'duration': 287.202, 'highlights': ['Working with Arrays of Strings The process of working with an array of strings is explained, including displaying elements, updating values, and using the string copy function.', 'Swapping Variables in C The importance of swapping variables in sorting algorithms is highlighted, demonstrating the process of swapping variables and addressing the difference when working with character arrays.', 'Using String Copy Function for Swapping Strings The potential issues when using the string copy function for swapping strings are discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering the length of character arrays and providing a solution for unexpected behavior.']}, {'end': 9525.674, 'start': 9173.42, 'title': 'Sorting arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers sorting arrays in c using bubble sort algorithm, providing insights on array size calculation, function declaration, nested loops, variable swapping, array sorting, and printing. the program successfully sorts an array of integers and characters, demonstrating the functionality of the sorting algorithm.', 'duration': 352.254, 'highlights': ['The program demonstrates calculating the size of the array by using the size of operator, which calculates the size of the array in bytes, and then finding the number of elements by dividing the calculated size by the size of one element.', 'The chapter explains the declaration of a sort function with two parameters, an array of integers and integer size, and demonstrates its invocation to organize the elements of the array using nested loops.', 'It illustrates the implementation of a basic bubble sort algorithm, where the largest number in the array finds its final resting place by being pushed all the way to the right, while the smaller numbers are sorted on the left.', 'The transcript includes the declaration of a print function and its invocation to display the sorted array of integers, showcasing the successful sorting of the array elements.', 'The program showcases the sorting of an array of characters, demonstrating the ability to sort arrays of different data types by changing the data type of the array and using the appropriate format specifier for display.']}], 'duration': 1767.321, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A7758353.jpg', 'highlights': ['Demonstrates the need for dynamic iteration over array elements using a for loop, as manually accessing elements becomes impractical with a large number of elements.', 'Explains the process of initializing an array, including assigning a size and adding elements later, and combining both methods.', 'Introduces the concept of accessing elements in an array using index numbers, explaining the zero-based indexing and its significance.', 'Arrays are a data structure that can store multiple values of the same data type, providing an example of storing prices of items in a fictional store.', 'Initializing and displaying elements in a two-dimensional array The process of initializing a two-dimensional array and displaying its elements using nested loops is explained, providing a clear understanding of creating and visualizing a table of data.', 'The program demonstrates calculating the size of the array by using the size of operator, which calculates the size of the array in bytes, and then finding the number of elements by dividing the calculated size by the size of one element.', 'The chapter explains the declaration of a sort function with two parameters, an array of integers and integer size, and demonstrates its invocation to organize the elements of the array using nested loops.', 'It illustrates the implementation of a basic bubble sort algorithm, where the largest number in the array finds its final resting place by being pushed all the way to the right, while the smaller numbers are sorted on the left.']}, {'end': 10233.995, 'segs': [{'end': 9559.114, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9529.506, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9532.267, 'text': "Okay, everybody, so let's talk about structs.", 'start': 9529.506, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 9534.347, 'text': 'A struct is short for structure.', 'start': 9532.487, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 9538.788, 'text': 'Think of it as a collection of related members, kind of like variables.', 'start': 9534.567, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 9542.229, 'text': 'They can be of different data types, unlike with arrays.', 'start': 9539.108, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 9545.83, 'text': 'Structs are listed under one name in a block of memory.', 'start': 9542.589, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 9553.791, 'text': 'In order to refer to that struct, we can refer to a variable name, and then we have access to that block of memory that contains related members.', 'start': 9546.11, 'duration': 7.681}, {'end': 9555.932, 'text': 'And lastly, structs are variables.', 'start': 9554.252, 'duration': 1.68}, {'end': 9559.114, 'text': 'Very similar to classes in other languages.', 'start': 9556.092, 'duration': 3.022}], 'summary': 'Structs are collections of related members, allowing access to a block of memory with different data types. similar to classes in other languages.', 'duration': 29.608, 'max_score': 9529.506, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9529506.jpg'}, {'end': 9594.733, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9566.779, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9569.861, 'text': 'So we can actually use structs to mimic real world objects.', 'start': 9566.779, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 9573.823, 'text': "Let's say that maybe we're playing a game and we need two players.", 'start': 9570.261, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 9576.885, 'text': 'Each player will have a name and a score.', 'start': 9574.323, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 9578.346, 'text': 'These will be the members.', 'start': 9577.245, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 9585.549, 'text': 'so, to create a struct outside of our main function, we will type the keyword struct, followed by a tag name.', 'start': 9578.886, 'duration': 6.663}, {'end': 9592.092, 'text': "let's say we are working with players, then we need a set of curly braces, then end it with a semicolon.", 'start': 9585.549, 'duration': 6.543}, {'end': 9594.733, 'text': 'so any members think of these like variables.', 'start': 9592.092, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Using structs to define players in a game with names and scores.', 'duration': 27.954, 'max_score': 9566.779, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9566779.jpg'}, {'end': 9799.332, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9771.313, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9774.737, 'text': "If you would like a copy of this code, I'll post this to the comment section down below.", 'start': 9771.313, 'duration': 3.424}, {'end': 9777.34, 'text': 'And well, yeah, those are structs in C.', 'start': 9774.937, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 9782.894, 'text': 'All right, typedef.', 'start': 9781.312, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 9788.16, 'text': 'Typedef is a reserved keyword that gives an existing data type a nickname.', 'start': 9782.994, 'duration': 5.166}, {'end': 9789.301, 'text': "Here's an example.", 'start': 9788.44, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 9792.745, 'text': "Let's create a character array of 25 bytes.", 'start': 9789.762, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 9795.308, 'text': "And we'll say that this is user one.", 'start': 9793.446, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 9799.332, 'text': 'So character, user one, and the size is 25 bytes.', 'start': 9795.488, 'duration': 3.844}], 'summary': 'The speaker discusses the use of typedef in c to create a nickname for an existing data type, giving an example of creating a character array of 25 bytes.', 'duration': 28.019, 'max_score': 9771.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9771313.jpg'}, {'end': 9997.325, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9967.484, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9974.689, 'text': 'If we use the typedef keyword when declaring a struct, We no longer need to use that struct keyword to create a struct.', 'start': 9967.484, 'duration': 7.205}, {'end': 9979.791, 'text': 'We can just use this nickname as the data type and then come up with some unique variable name.', 'start': 9974.789, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 9982.392, 'text': 'So yeah, that is the typedef keyword.', 'start': 9980.151, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 9985.794, 'text': 'If you found this video helpful, please be sure to give this video a thumbs up.', 'start': 9982.472, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 9989.475, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 9985.794, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 9997.325, 'text': "Hey everybody, so in this video I'm going to show you how we can create an array of structs.", 'start': 9993.103, 'duration': 4.222}], 'summary': "Using the 'typedef' keyword eliminates the need for 'struct' keyword when declaring a struct, simplifying struct creation.", 'duration': 29.841, 'max_score': 9967.484, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9967484.jpg'}, {'end': 10040.104, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10010.47, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10013.171, 'text': 'So each student will have a name and a GPA.', 'start': 10010.47, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 10016.593, 'text': "So let's create a character array named name.", 'start': 10013.831, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 10019.294, 'text': "I'll set a maximum size of maybe 12 characters.", 'start': 10016.913, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 10021.135, 'text': 'and a gpa.', 'start': 10020.354, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 10023.236, 'text': 'that could be a float.', 'start': 10021.135, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 10025.337, 'text': 'so float gpa.', 'start': 10023.236, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 10027.097, 'text': "now let's initialize some structs.", 'start': 10025.337, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 10033.32, 'text': 'we type struct, followed by the tag name and then some variable name to identify each struct.', 'start': 10027.097, 'duration': 6.223}, {'end': 10040.104, 'text': "so let's say we will have four students overall and i'll go ahead and assign some values right away when we initialize the struct.", 'start': 10033.32, 'duration': 6.784}], 'summary': 'Creating a data structure for four students with names and gpas.', 'duration': 29.634, 'max_score': 10010.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A10010470.jpg'}], 'start': 9529.506, 'title': 'C structs and typedef in c', 'summary': "Introduces structs in c and explains their purpose as a collection of related members with different data types, their role in mimicking real world objects, and the process of creating, accessing, and assigning values to struct members. it also discusses the concepts of typedef in c, highlighting the definition and usage of structs, the benefits of using the typedef keyword, and the creation and manipulation of an array of structs, demonstrating the printing of each student's name and gpa.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9726.194, 'start': 9529.506, 'title': 'Understanding structs in c', 'summary': 'Introduces structs in c, explaining their purpose as a collection of related members with different data types, their role in mimicking real world objects, and the process of creating, accessing, and assigning values to struct members.', 'duration': 196.688, 'highlights': ['Structs are a collection of related members with different data types, listed under one name in a block of memory. Structs are a collection of related members with different data types, listed under one name in a block of memory.', 'Structs can be used to mimic real world objects, such as creating a struct for players in a game with members like name and score. Structs can be used to mimic real world objects, such as creating a struct for players in a game with members like name and score.', 'The process of creating, accessing, and assigning values to struct members involves using the struct keyword, tag name, and member access operator. The process of creating, accessing, and assigning values to struct members involves using the struct keyword, tag name, and member access operator.']}, {'end': 10233.995, 'start': 9726.574, 'title': 'C structs and typedef keyword', 'summary': "Discusses the concepts of structs and typedef in c, highlighting the definition and usage of structs, the benefits of using the typedef keyword, and the creation and manipulation of an array of structs, demonstrating the printing of each student's name and gpa.", 'duration': 507.421, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concepts of structs and typedef in C, highlighting the definition and usage of structs Explains the definition and usage of structs in C, demonstrating the creation of player one and player two structs with unique members and memory blocks.', 'The benefits of using the typedef keyword Illustrates the benefits of using the typedef keyword, giving an existing data type a nickname for convenience and demonstrating its usage for character arrays and structs.', "Creation and manipulation of an array of structs, demonstrating the printing of each student's name and GPA Demonstrates the creation and manipulation of an array of structs representing students, followed by a for loop to print each student's name and GPA with formatting for clarity."]}], 'duration': 704.489, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A9529506.jpg', 'highlights': ['Structs are a collection of related members with different data types, listed under one name in a block of memory.', 'The process of creating, accessing, and assigning values to struct members involves using the struct keyword, tag name, and member access operator.', 'The chapter discusses the concepts of structs and typedef in C, highlighting the definition and usage of structs.', 'The benefits of using the typedef keyword Illustrates the benefits of using the typedef keyword, giving an existing data type a nickname for convenience and demonstrating its usage for character arrays and structs.', "Creation and manipulation of an array of structs, demonstrating the printing of each student's name and GPA."]}, {'end': 11585.495, 'segs': [{'end': 10533.256, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10443.202, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10446.444, 'text': "So the way that this is written now, it's not too readable.", 'start': 10443.202, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 10452.627, 'text': "So instead of using an integer value, let's use the associated name with each of these constants.", 'start': 10447.024, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 10458.63, 'text': "So let's replace 1 with Sunday and 7 with Saturday.", 'start': 10453.267, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 10460.691, 'text': "And I'll change this to maybe Sunday.", 'start': 10459.21, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 10465.973, 'text': 'So this is a lot more readable, especially if somebody else is reviewing your code.', 'start': 10461.551, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 10472.856, 'text': 'They may not understand why today is equal to one or today is equal to seven, but this makes a lot more sense.', 'start': 10466.393, 'duration': 6.463}, {'end': 10481.94, 'text': "Oh, so if today is equal to Sunday or if today is equal to Saturday, then we print it's the weekend party time.", 'start': 10473.676, 'duration': 8.264}, {'end': 10488.022, 'text': "So that's a huge benefit with enums is that they help make a program more readable.", 'start': 10482.6, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 10489.622, 'text': 'So to declare enums.', 'start': 10488.542, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 10498.785, 'text': 'you type enum, then an identifier, and then you can list as many constants as you would like and you can give them an associated integer value too.', 'start': 10489.622, 'duration': 9.163}, {'end': 10500.626, 'text': 'So yeah, those are enums.', 'start': 10499.365, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 10504.267, 'text': "If you'd like a copy of this code, I'll post this to the comment section down below.", 'start': 10500.806, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 10506.988, 'text': 'And well, yeah, those are enums in C.', 'start': 10504.467, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 10516.618, 'text': "Hey, what's going on, everybody? So in this video, I'm going to show you how we can generate some random numbers in C.", 'start': 10510.691, 'duration': 5.927}, {'end': 10519.481, 'text': 'Just as a disclaimer, these are pseudo random numbers.', 'start': 10516.618, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 10524.327, 'text': 'They are a set of values or elements that are statistically random.', 'start': 10519.782, 'duration': 4.545}, {'end': 10527.17, 'text': "So don't use these for any sort of cryptographic security.", 'start': 10524.607, 'duration': 2.563}, {'end': 10530.494, 'text': 'Now, before we begin, include these two header files at the top.', 'start': 10527.511, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 10533.256, 'text': 'std, lib and time.', 'start': 10531.215, 'duration': 2.041}], 'summary': 'Replacing integer values with associated names using enums in c makes the code more readable, helping others understand the logic. additionally, the video introduces generating pseudo-random numbers in c for non-cryptographic purposes.', 'duration': 90.054, 'max_score': 10443.202, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A10443202.jpg'}, {'end': 11003.119, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10969.494, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10973.335, 'text': 'So before we finish a while loop, we will increment guesses by one.', 'start': 10969.494, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 10978.136, 'text': "So then once we escape our while loop, let's print the user's final score.", 'start': 10974.335, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 10981.537, 'text': 'So we will print the answer.', 'start': 10979.357, 'duration': 2.18}, {'end': 10984.498, 'text': 'This is an integer.', 'start': 10983.538, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 10988.35, 'text': 'And we are displaying answer.', 'start': 10986.169, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 10993.914, 'text': 'And we will display the guesses it took.', 'start': 10991.952, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 10998.776, 'text': 'So guesses and display the value found within guesses.', 'start': 10994.594, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 11003.119, 'text': "And this part isn't necessary, but I like to add some text decorations.", 'start': 10999.957, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'Increment guesses in while loop, print final score and answer, display integer value and guesses taken.', 'duration': 33.625, 'max_score': 10969.494, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A10969494.jpg'}, {'end': 11221.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11178.746, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 11197.612, 'text': "this is the first set of options for the first question and then let's add a second set of options for the second question and a third set.", 'start': 11178.746, 'duration': 18.866}, {'end': 11206.856, 'text': "Now we'll create an answer key.", 'start': 11205.656, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 11208.957, 'text': 'This will be a one-dimensional array.', 'start': 11206.896, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 11213.739, 'text': 'So char answers, and the size will be three.', 'start': 11209.558, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 11217.901, 'text': 'And I will set this equal to my answer key.', 'start': 11214.96, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 11221.243, 'text': 'So the correct answers for my quiz are B, A, B.', 'start': 11218.301, 'duration': 2.942}], 'summary': 'Creating a quiz with 3 questions and answer key: b, a, b.', 'duration': 42.497, 'max_score': 11178.746, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A11178746.jpg'}, {'end': 11455.751, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11428.7, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 11432.041, 'text': "Now let's accept some user input after the nested for loop.", 'start': 11428.7, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 11437.464, 'text': "Currently our program isn't going to wait around for any user input, that's why it displayed all the questions and options.", 'start': 11432.361, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 11441.325, 'text': 'Okay, we will create a prompt to have a user type in a guess.', 'start': 11437.484, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 11446.387, 'text': 'Guess, and we will use scanf to accept some user input.', 'start': 11442.225, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 11452.63, 'text': 'We are accepting a single character, and use the address of operator, guess.', 'start': 11447.207, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 11455.751, 'text': 'Now let me show you what happens when we run this real quick.', 'start': 11453.63, 'duration': 2.121}], 'summary': 'Creating a prompt for user input using scanf to accept a single character.', 'duration': 27.051, 'max_score': 11428.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A11428700.jpg'}, {'end': 11592.604, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11563.313, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 11567.455, 'text': 'Now once we cycle through all of the questions, we can display a user score.', 'start': 11563.313, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 11571.417, 'text': 'So be sure to do that outside of the for loop, the outer for loop that is.', 'start': 11567.855, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 11576.581, 'text': "So let's use printf and display final score.", 'start': 11571.938, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 11580.063, 'text': "So I'm going to display two values.", 'start': 11577.881, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 11585.495, 'text': 'So the first will be the player score divided by the number of questions.', 'start': 11581.109, 'duration': 4.386}, {'end': 11592.604, 'text': 'So we have two integers to work with and we are displaying score and number of questions.', 'start': 11586.256, 'duration': 6.348}], 'summary': 'Display final score as player score divided by number of questions.', 'duration': 29.291, 'max_score': 11563.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A11563313.jpg'}], 'start': 10234.176, 'title': 'Enums, random numbers, and quiz game in c', 'summary': 'Covers creating and working with enums in c to improve code readability, generating random numbers with s rand and rand functions, creating a number guessing game, and developing a quiz game including user input and final score calculation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10274.476, 'start': 10234.176, 'title': 'Creating enums in c', 'summary': 'Explains how to create enums in c, emphasizing their role in improving code readability and providing guidance on their declaration within or outside the main function.', 'duration': 40.3, 'highlights': ['Enums are a user defined type of named integer identifiers, which help make a program more readable for either the coder or someone else reviewing the code.', 'The chapter provides guidance on creating enums, either within the main function or outside of it.']}, {'end': 10506.988, 'start': 10274.536, 'title': 'Working with enums in c', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of enums in c, which allows for the declaration of constant names and associated integer values, improving program readability and facilitating use in if-else statements to enhance code comprehension and maintainability.', 'duration': 232.452, 'highlights': ['Enums in C allow the declaration of constant names and associated integer values, such as the seven days of the week, enhancing code readability and maintainability. The concept of enums in C enables the declaration of constant names, like the days of the week, with associated integer values, improving code readability and maintainability.', 'Using enums in if-else statements facilitates code comprehension and maintainability by leveraging associated names instead of integer values. Utilizing associated names of enums in if-else statements enhances code comprehension and maintainability, improving the readability of the program.', 'Enums assist in making programs more readable by allowing the use of associated names instead of integer values in code, enhancing the understanding of the code for other developers. Enums contribute to improved program readability by enabling the use of associated names instead of integer values, aiding in code comprehension for other developers reviewing the code.']}, {'end': 11070.586, 'start': 10510.691, 'title': 'Generating random numbers in c', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to generate pseudo-random numbers in c using the s rand and rand functions, and the modulus operator, producing a random number between 1 and 6 and creating a number guessing game with a do-while loop to prompt the user to guess a random number between 1 and 100, providing feedback on the guess and displaying the final score.', 'duration': 559.895, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates how to generate pseudo-random numbers in C using the s rand and rand functions, and the modulus operator. The chapter explains the process of generating pseudo-random numbers using the s rand and rand functions, and the modulus operator to obtain a random number between 1 and 6.', 'Creating a number guessing game with a do-while loop to prompt the user to guess a random number between 1 and 100. The chapter illustrates creating a number guessing game using a do-while loop to prompt the user to guess a random number between 1 and 100.', "Providing feedback on the guess and displaying the final score. The chapter explains how the program provides feedback on the user's guess and displays the final score based on the number of guesses it took to find the correct answer."]}, {'end': 11585.495, 'start': 11070.606, 'title': 'Creating a quiz game in c', 'summary': "Demonstrates the process of creating a quiz game in c, including initializing arrays for questions and options, accepting user input, and calculating the final score based on the correct answers. it also covers clearing input buffer, converting lowercase to uppercase, and displaying the user's score.", 'duration': 514.889, 'highlights': ['The process of initializing arrays for questions and options and setting a maximum size for each question to 100 bytes is demonstrated. This includes creating a 2D array of characters for questions, a 2D character array for options, and a one-dimensional array for the answer key.', "The method of accepting user input using scanf and ensuring it does not skip questions is explained. It includes clearing the new line character from the input buffer and converting the user's input to uppercase to handle lowercase characters as well.", "The process of calculating the final score based on the correct answers is covered, including incrementing the player's score for correct answers and displaying the user's score at the end of the quiz game."]}], 'duration': 1351.319, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A10234176.jpg', 'highlights': ['Enums in C improve code readability for developers and reviewers.', 'Enums allow the declaration of constant names and associated integer values.', 'Using enums in if-else statements enhances code comprehension and maintainability.', 'Enums enable the use of associated names instead of integer values, aiding in code comprehension.', 'The chapter explains generating pseudo-random numbers using s rand and rand functions.', 'Creating a number guessing game using a do-while loop is illustrated.', "The program provides feedback on the user's guess and displays the final score.", 'The process of initializing arrays for questions and options is demonstrated.', 'The method of accepting user input using scanf and ensuring it does not skip questions is explained.', 'The process of calculating the final score based on the correct answers is covered.']}, {'end': 13481.878, 'segs': [{'end': 11643.678, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11614.804, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11617.626, 'text': 'And what is the predecessor of C? That would be B.', 'start': 11614.804, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 11623.002, 'text': 'Okay, and my final score is 2 out of 3.', 'start': 11619.659, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 11626.725, 'text': "So let's try that again, and this time I will try and get 100%.", 'start': 11623.002, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 11633.95, 'text': 'So the correct answer is B, A, Dennis Ritchie, and B.', 'start': 11626.725, 'duration': 7.225}, {'end': 11636.692, 'text': 'And my final score is 3 out of 3.', 'start': 11633.95, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 11640.215, 'text': 'So yeah, I thought that would be a simple quiz game in C.', 'start': 11636.692, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 11643.678, 'text': "If you would like a copy of this code, I'll post this to the comments section down below.", 'start': 11640.215, 'duration': 3.463}], 'summary': 'A quiz game in c resulted in a 100% score of 3 out of 3.', 'duration': 28.874, 'max_score': 11614.804, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A11614804.jpg'}, {'end': 12002.1, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11937.094, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11938.596, 'text': "Actually, it's the same as y currently.", 'start': 11937.094, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 11940.117, 'text': 'These binary numbers are the same.', 'start': 11938.656, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 11941.799, 'text': "And let's print that.", 'start': 11941.078, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 11950.963, 'text': 'So shift left and z should equal 12.', 'start': 11944.801, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 11957.124, 'text': 'Yep And if I shift left twice, well then we are just moving these bits one more space.', 'start': 11950.963, 'duration': 6.161}, {'end': 11959.505, 'text': 'And now this is 24.', 'start': 11958.525, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 11963.166, 'text': 'There you go.', 'start': 11959.505, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 11965.767, 'text': "So you probably noticed that there's a pattern.", 'start': 11963.786, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 11969.948, 'text': 'Every time we shift a binary number to the left, it effectively doubles.', 'start': 11965.867, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 11971.668, 'text': "Now let's right shift.", 'start': 11970.668, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 11973.809, 'text': "So let's copy this.", 'start': 11972.949, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 11979.842, 'text': 'paste it, and we will use two right angle brackets.', 'start': 11975.56, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 11982.463, 'text': 'And this is shift right.', 'start': 11980.682, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 11985.284, 'text': "And let's set this to six.", 'start': 11983.563, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 11994.307, 'text': "If we're right shifting, we shift these bits one spot to the right, and this is the binary representation of the number three.", 'start': 11986.784, 'duration': 7.523}, {'end': 12002.1, 'text': 'And if I print this, After shifting right once, our result z is 3.', 'start': 11994.947, 'duration': 7.153}], 'summary': 'Shifting binary numbers left doubles them; right shifting halves them.', 'duration': 65.006, 'max_score': 11937.094, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A11937094.jpg'}, {'end': 12301.145, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12274.889, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 12283.658, 'text': 'but if we go down to the next memory block, you can see that there is just one change f goes down to e and then, with variable c,', 'start': 12274.889, 'duration': 8.769}, {'end': 12285.801, 'text': 'this address goes down by one.', 'start': 12283.658, 'duration': 2.143}, {'end': 12287.243, 'text': 'so f, e, d.', 'start': 12285.801, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 12289.566, 'text': 'these are contiguous memory blocks.', 'start': 12287.243, 'duration': 2.323}, {'end': 12291.109, 'text': "they're all next to each other.", 'start': 12289.566, 'duration': 1.543}, {'end': 12296.075, 'text': "but now, if we switch to a different data type, like a short, we haven't used these in a long time.", 'start': 12291.109, 'duration': 4.966}, {'end': 12301.145, 'text': 'Well, shorts use two bytes of memory, as we can see here.', 'start': 12297.284, 'duration': 3.861}], 'summary': 'Memory blocks f, e, and d are contiguous, with a short data type using two bytes of memory.', 'duration': 26.256, 'max_score': 12274.889, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A12274889.jpg'}, {'end': 12434.817, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12405.519, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 12409.66, 'text': "And if I change the data type of the array, we'll have to take that into consideration.", 'start': 12405.519, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 12415.922, 'text': "So a short uses 2 bytes of memory, and we need 3 elements, so that's a total of 6.", 'start': 12410.16, 'duration': 5.762}, {'end': 12418.402, 'text': '2 times 3 is 6.', 'start': 12415.922, 'duration': 2.48}, {'end': 12429.372, 'text': 'And if I change this to int, and int uses 4 bytes, so 4 times 3 is 12, and a double is 8, so 8 times 3 is 24.', 'start': 12418.402, 'duration': 10.97}, {'end': 12431.594, 'text': "So yeah, that's kind of the basics of memory.", 'start': 12429.372, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 12434.817, 'text': 'So memory is an array of bytes within RAM.', 'start': 12432.014, 'duration': 2.803}], 'summary': 'Changing array data type affects memory usage: short uses 6 bytes, int uses 12 bytes, and double uses 24 bytes.', 'duration': 29.298, 'max_score': 12405.519, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A12405519.jpg'}, {'end': 12521.79, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12500.215, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 12509.202, 'text': 'A pointer is a variable-like reference that holds a memory address as a value to another variable, array, etc.', 'start': 12500.215, 'duration': 8.987}, {'end': 12515.408, 'text': "Some tasks are performed more easily with pointers, and here's a comprehensive list of a few of the benefits.", 'start': 12509.563, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 12521.79, 'text': "In this video, we're going to more or less focus on building a solid foundation with pointers and understanding how they work.", 'start': 12515.928, 'duration': 5.862}], 'summary': 'Pointers hold memory addresses, beneficial for certain tasks, building foundation and understanding pointers is the focus.', 'duration': 21.575, 'max_score': 12500.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A12500215.jpg'}, {'end': 12949.793, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12922.991, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 12931.156, 'text': "It's a variable-like reference that has a memory address as value to another variable, array, etc.", 'start': 12922.991, 'duration': 8.165}, {'end': 12934.879, 'text': 'Some tasks are performed more easily with pointers.', 'start': 12931.637, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 12938.642, 'text': 'And to declare a pointer, you use the indirection operator.', 'start': 12935.439, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 12946.65, 'text': 'And if you need to access a value stored within a pointer, you type the pointer name preceded with the indirection operator.', 'start': 12939.023, 'duration': 7.627}, {'end': 12949.793, 'text': 'So yeah, that is a quick intro to pointers.', 'start': 12947.171, 'duration': 2.622}], 'summary': 'Pointers are memory addresses used to access values, making tasks easier.', 'duration': 26.802, 'max_score': 12922.991, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A12922991.jpg'}, {'end': 13027.642, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12998.421, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 13005.003, 'text': 'So this could be W for write, A for append, R for read, but we are looking for W for now.', 'start': 12998.421, 'duration': 6.582}, {'end': 13009.767, 'text': 'So it is good practice at the end of your program to close any files that are open.', 'start': 13005.623, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 13016.653, 'text': 'So we will use the f close function and pass in our pointer p f.', 'start': 13010.187, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 13018.214, 'text': 'Make sure to not dereference it.', 'start': 13016.653, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 13024.179, 'text': 'Now to write a line of text to our file, we can use f print f.', 'start': 13018.474, 'duration': 5.705}, {'end': 13026.481, 'text': 'Pass in our pointer p f.', 'start': 13024.179, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 13027.642, 'text': 'Do not dereference it.', 'start': 13026.481, 'duration': 1.161}], 'summary': 'Emphasize closing files and using fprint to write text to a file.', 'duration': 29.221, 'max_score': 12998.421, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A12998421.jpg'}, {'end': 13078.76, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13051.572, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 13058.197, 'text': 'So if the mode is W, then we will actually overwrite any existing data already within this file.', 'start': 13051.572, 'duration': 6.625}, {'end': 13063.002, 'text': 'If we need to append a file, we can use the A mode for append.', 'start': 13058.738, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 13066.705, 'text': "So this time, let's append some text to the end of our document.", 'start': 13063.602, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 13071.213, 'text': 'SpongeBob SquarePants.', 'start': 13069.011, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 13074.636, 'text': "And you'll have to keep track of any new lines that you add too.", 'start': 13072.154, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 13078.76, 'text': 'So if I run this again, and this time I am appending some text.', 'start': 13075.277, 'duration': 3.483}], 'summary': 'Demonstrates file manipulation using python, including overwriting and appending text.', 'duration': 27.188, 'max_score': 13051.572, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A13051572.jpg'}, {'end': 13130.502, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13099.758, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 13108.564, 'text': "Within our if statement, let's invoke the remove method, and we will pass in the name or location to our file, test.txt.", 'start': 13099.758, 'duration': 8.806}, {'end': 13112.667, 'text': 'If we remove this file successfully, it will return zero.', 'start': 13109.024, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 13121.833, 'text': "So if after invoking the remove function, if this returns zero, that's its exit code, that means that file was deleted successfully.", 'start': 13113.167, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 13124.015, 'text': "Let's print a message to let the user know.", 'start': 13122.353, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 13130.502, 'text': 'That file was deleted successfully.', 'start': 13125.12, 'duration': 5.382}], 'summary': 'Using the remove method in the if statement, the file test.txt is successfully deleted.', 'duration': 30.744, 'max_score': 13099.758, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A13099758.jpg'}, {'end': 13359.447, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13332.292, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 13339.575, 'text': 'A buffer is going to act as a container, an array of characters to hold one line of our text document, one line at a time.', 'start': 13332.292, 'duration': 7.283}, {'end': 13346.878, 'text': "So let's declare an array of characters named buffer, and I'll set the size to 255.", 'start': 13340.115, 'duration': 6.763}, {'end': 13350.841, 'text': 'Our buffer is going to hold one line of our file, one line at a time.', 'start': 13346.878, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 13356.645, 'text': 'And to read a single line from our file, we will use the fgets function.', 'start': 13351.422, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 13358.387, 'text': 'And there are three arguments.', 'start': 13357.086, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 13359.447, 'text': 'Our buffer.', 'start': 13358.907, 'duration': 0.54}], 'summary': 'Using a 255-character buffer to read lines from a text document using fgets function.', 'duration': 27.155, 'max_score': 13332.292, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A13332292.jpg'}], 'start': 11586.256, 'title': 'C programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers creating a simple quiz game, bitwise operators, memory organization, pointers, and file operations in c. it includes practical examples like quiz scores, bitwise operations results, memory sizes, pointer usage, and file handling techniques.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11643.678, 'start': 11586.256, 'title': 'Simple quiz game in c', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a simple quiz game in c, where the narrator runs through the quiz twice, intentionally answering questions wrong the first time and then correctly the second time, resulting in scores of 2 out of 3 and 3 out of 3 respectively.', 'duration': 57.422, 'highlights': ['The narrator intentionally answers quiz questions incorrectly the first time, resulting in a score of 2 out of 3.', 'The narrator answers quiz questions correctly the second time, achieving a perfect score of 3 out of 3.', 'The narrator offers to share the code for the quiz game in the comments section below the post.']}, {'end': 12026.533, 'start': 11644.118, 'title': 'Bitwise operators in c', 'summary': 'Discusses bitwise operators in c, covering five different operators: and, or, exclusive or, left shift, and right shift, and demonstrates their functionality with binary representation and practical examples, such as 6 and 12 resulting in 4, 6 or 12 resulting in 14, 6 xor 12 resulting in 10, left shifting 6 to 12 and 24, and right shifting 6 to 3 and 1.', 'duration': 382.415, 'highlights': ["The AND bitwise operator is demonstrated with the example of 6 AND 12 resulting in 4, showcasing how it aligns the bits and assigns 1 based on the operands' values, providing a clear understanding of its functionality.", 'The OR bitwise operator is exemplified through the process of 6 OR 12 resulting in 14, elucidating how only one 1-bit in the operands leads to a 1 in the result, effectively demonstrating its logic and functionality.', 'The Exclusive OR operator is explained using the example of 6 XOR 12 resulting in 10, emphasizing that only one 1-bit in the operands results in a 1 in the output, providing a comprehensive understanding of its unique functionality.', 'The left shift operator is illustrated by shifting the bits of 6 to 12 and 24, effectively demonstrating that each left shift effectively doubles the value, providing practical insights into its functionality and behavior.', 'The right shift operator is demonstrated by shifting the bits of 6 to 3 and 1, highlighting that each right shift effectively halves the value, exemplifying its practical application and behavior.']}, {'end': 12499.935, 'start': 12026.533, 'title': 'Understanding memory in c', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of memory in c, explaining how memory is organized into bytes, memory blocks, and memory addresses. it also demonstrates the sizes and addresses of different data types, showcasing the concept of contiguous memory blocks and the impact of data type changes on memory usage.', 'duration': 473.402, 'highlights': ['Memory is organized into an array of bytes within RAM, with each memory block representing a single unit in bytes. This provides an overview of the organization of memory in C, emphasizing the concept of memory blocks and bytes.', 'Different data types utilize different amounts of memory, with characters using one byte, shorts using two bytes, integers using four bytes, and doubles using eight bytes. This highlights the varying memory usage of different data types, providing specific quantifiable data for each type.', 'The concept of memory addresses is explained using an analogy of a street with houses, where each house represents a memory block and the address corresponds to the location of the block within RAM. The analogy effectively illustrates the concept of memory addresses and their relationship to memory blocks within RAM.', 'Demonstration of contiguous memory blocks is provided, showcasing the sequential decrease in memory addresses for variables of the same data type and the impact of data type changes on memory address increments. This demonstrates the concept of contiguous memory blocks and the relative address changes resulting from data type alterations.']}, {'end': 12949.793, 'start': 12500.215, 'title': 'Introduction to pointers', 'summary': 'Introduces pointers, explaining that they are variable-like references with memory addresses as values, used for tasks that are performed more easily with pointers and provides examples of declaring, initializing, and using pointers for dereferencing.', 'duration': 449.578, 'highlights': ['Pointers are variable-like references that hold a memory address as a value to another variable, array, etc. Explains the fundamental concept of pointers and their purpose, emphasizing their ability to hold memory addresses as values to other variables or arrays.', 'Tasks are performed more easily with pointers. Emphasizes the advantage of using pointers for certain tasks, indicating that they can simplify certain operations or processes.', "Declaring a pointer involves using the indirection operator and ensuring it's of the same data type as the variable being pointed to. Provides a step-by-step guide to declaring a pointer, highlighting the use of the indirection operator and the importance of matching the data type of the pointer with the variable it points to.", 'Dereferencing a pointer involves using the indirection operator to access the value at the stored address within the pointer. Explains the process of dereferencing a pointer, highlighting the use of the indirection operator to access the value at the stored address within the pointer.', 'Good practice to assign a value of null when declaring a pointer but not yet assigning a value. Provides a best practice recommendation for declaring pointers by assigning a value of null when a pointer is declared but not yet assigned a specific value.']}, {'end': 13481.878, 'start': 12950.294, 'title': 'Writing, appending, and deleting files in c', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to write, append, and delete files in c, including creating and writing to a file, appending to a file, deleting a file, as well as reading the contents of a file and error handling.', 'duration': 531.584, 'highlights': ['Demonstrates creating and writing to a file in C The chapter explains the process of creating a file pointer, using f open function to write to a file, and closing the file after writing. It also shows how to use f print f to write a line of text to the file.', 'Explains appending to a file and overwriting existing data It covers the process of appending text to a file using the A mode for append, and clarifies that if the mode is W, it will overwrite any existing data within the file.', 'Illustrates the process of deleting a file and error handling The chapter provides a guide to deleting a file using file detection and the remove method, along with error handling through checking the return value of the remove function and printing messages accordingly.', 'Demonstrates reading the contents of a file in C and error handling It explains the process of creating a file pointer, using fopen function to read a file, creating a buffer to hold one line of the file, using fgets to read a single line from the file, and error handling by checking if the file exists before attempting to open and read it.']}], 'duration': 1895.622, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A11586256.jpg', 'highlights': ['The narrator answers quiz questions correctly the second time, achieving a perfect score of 3 out of 3.', 'The narrator intentionally answers quiz questions incorrectly the first time, resulting in a score of 2 out of 3.', 'The narrator offers to share the code for the quiz game in the comments section below the post.', 'The left shift operator is illustrated by shifting the bits of 6 to 12 and 24, effectively demonstrating that each left shift effectively doubles the value, providing practical insights into its functionality and behavior.', 'The right shift operator is demonstrated by shifting the bits of 6 to 3 and 1, highlighting that each right shift effectively halves the value, exemplifying its practical application and behavior.', 'Different data types utilize different amounts of memory, with characters using one byte, shorts using two bytes, integers using four bytes, and doubles using eight bytes. This highlights the varying memory usage of different data types, providing specific quantifiable data for each type.', 'Demonstration of contiguous memory blocks is provided, showcasing the sequential decrease in memory addresses for variables of the same data type and the impact of data type changes on memory address increments. This demonstrates the concept of contiguous memory blocks and the relative address changes resulting from data type alterations.', 'Pointers are variable-like references that hold a memory address as a value to another variable, array, etc. Explains the fundamental concept of pointers and their purpose, emphasizing their ability to hold memory addresses as values to other variables or arrays.', "Declaring a pointer involves using the indirection operator and ensuring it's of the same data type as the variable being pointed to. Provides a step-by-step guide to declaring a pointer, highlighting the use of the indirection operator and the importance of matching the data type of the pointer with the variable it points to.", 'Demonstrates creating and writing to a file in C The chapter explains the process of creating a file pointer, using f open function to write to a file, and closing the file after writing. It also shows how to use f print f to write a line of text to the file.', 'Explains appending to a file and overwriting existing data It covers the process of appending text to a file using the A mode for append, and clarifies that if the mode is W, it will overwrite any existing data within the file.', 'Illustrates the process of deleting a file and error handling The chapter provides a guide to deleting a file using file detection and the remove method, along with error handling through checking the return value of the remove function and printing messages accordingly.', 'Demonstrates reading the contents of a file in C and error handling It explains the process of creating a file pointer, using fopen function to read a file, creating a buffer to hold one line of the file, using fgets to read a single line from the file, and error handling by checking if the file exists before attempting to open and read it.']}, {'end': 14697.305, 'segs': [{'end': 13529.841, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13503.426, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13507.829, 'text': 'If you find this video helpful, please remember to like, comment, and subscribe.', 'start': 13503.426, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 13510.21, 'text': 'Your support will help keep this channel running.', 'start': 13508.029, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 13512.011, 'text': "All right, let's begin.", 'start': 13510.851, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 13516.995, 'text': "So the first thing that you're gonna need is to include these files at the top of your C program.", 'start': 13512.191, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 13520.137, 'text': 'And we will create seven different function prototypes.', 'start': 13517.395, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 13526.899, 'text': 'So the return type of this first function is void, and the name of this function will be resetBoard.', 'start': 13520.737, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 13529.841, 'text': 'Our board is going to be a 2D character array.', 'start': 13527.32, 'duration': 2.521}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on creating 7 function prototypes and using a 2d character array in c programming.', 'duration': 26.415, 'max_score': 13503.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A13503426.jpg'}, {'end': 13645.751, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13619.065, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 13622.726, 'text': 'There are some downsides to global variables, so I tend to not to like to use these.', 'start': 13619.065, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 13626.167, 'text': 'So we have a 2D array of characters named board.', 'start': 13623.066, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 13627.227, 'text': "It's our game board.", 'start': 13626.487, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 13629.267, 'text': "And let's create two constants.", 'start': 13627.747, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 13631.528, 'text': 'Constant char player.', 'start': 13629.667, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 13635.689, 'text': 'A naming convention for constants is to make all of the letters uppercase.', 'start': 13632.008, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 13638.749, 'text': 'And I will set this to a character of my choice.', 'start': 13636.429, 'duration': 2.32}, {'end': 13641.89, 'text': 'I could be O or I could be X or something else.', 'start': 13638.929, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 13643.95, 'text': 'Maybe I could be a dollar sign, whatever.', 'start': 13642.21, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 13645.751, 'text': "I'll set myself to be an X.", 'start': 13644.511, 'duration': 1.24}], 'summary': "Avoid global variables, create 2d array 'board', set constant char player as 'x'", 'duration': 26.686, 'max_score': 13619.065, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A13619065.jpg'}, {'end': 14121.404, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14094.099, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 14098.904, 'text': 'So find the check winner function and we need to check all of the different win conditions.', 'start': 14094.099, 'duration': 4.805}, {'end': 14103.108, 'text': 'So first we will check each row using a for loop.', 'start': 14099.605, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 14106.411, 'text': 'So this section of code, we will check our rows.', 'start': 14103.589, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 14110.235, 'text': "We'll need a for loop to iterate three times, one for each row.", 'start': 14106.872, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 14118.443, 'text': 'int i equals zero, continue this as long as i is less than three, increment i by one.', 'start': 14111.3, 'duration': 7.143}, {'end': 14121.404, 'text': 'So this if statement is going to get a little bit funky.', 'start': 14118.943, 'duration': 2.461}], 'summary': 'Checking win conditions for each row using for loop.', 'duration': 27.305, 'max_score': 14094.099, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A14094099.jpg'}, {'end': 14440.942, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14412.955, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 14418.878, 'text': 'So we will keep on generating random numbers until there is an open space, then escape this while loop.', 'start': 14412.955, 'duration': 5.923}, {'end': 14427.761, 'text': "So if we find an open space, let's take our board at index of x and y, set this equal to our computer player.", 'start': 14419.278, 'duration': 8.483}, {'end': 14430.162, 'text': 'This is all within an if statement.', 'start': 14428.641, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 14440.942, 'text': 'Else, if there are no more spaces available, we will invoke the printWinner function and pass in an empty space.', 'start': 14431.218, 'duration': 9.724}], 'summary': 'Generate random numbers until open space, set computer player, print winner if no spaces', 'duration': 27.987, 'max_score': 14412.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A14412955.jpg'}, {'end': 14697.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14675.6, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14676.961, 'text': 'Alright, it looks like I win.', 'start': 14675.6, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 14679.384, 'text': 'So this time I will exit by typing N.', 'start': 14677.162, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 14681.25, 'text': 'Thanks for playing.', 'start': 14680.509, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 14685.273, 'text': 'So yeah everybody, that is a game of tic-tac-toe.', 'start': 14681.97, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 14689.357, 'text': "If you would like a copy of this code, I'll post this to the comments section down below.", 'start': 14685.754, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 14693.641, 'text': 'Hey, if you found this video helpful, you can help me out by smashing that like button.', 'start': 14689.838, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 14697.305, 'text': "leave a random comment down below and subscribe if you'd like to become a fellow bro.", 'start': 14693.641, 'duration': 3.664}], 'summary': 'The speaker won a game of tic-tac-toe and invites viewers to subscribe and comment.', 'duration': 21.705, 'max_score': 14675.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A14675600.jpg'}], 'start': 13482.338, 'title': 'Developing tic-tac-toe game', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a game of tic-tac-toe in a c program, including the need to include specific files and create seven function prototypes, explaining the function prototypes for a tic-tac-toe game, and covering game development with while loop, player input validation, and win condition checks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 13520.137, 'start': 13482.338, 'title': 'Creating tic-tac-toe game', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a game of tic-tac-toe in a c program, including the need to include specific files and create seven function prototypes, with the emphasis on encouraging viewers to like, comment, and subscribe for support.', 'duration': 37.799, 'highlights': ['Encouraging viewers to like, comment, and subscribe for support, stressing the importance of their support in keeping the channel running.', 'Instructing to include specific files at the top of the C program and create seven different function prototypes for the game of tic-tac-toe.']}, {'end': 13821.691, 'start': 13520.737, 'title': 'Tic-tac-toe game functions', 'summary': 'Explains the function prototypes for a tic-tac-toe game, including resetboard, printboard, checkfreespaces, player move, computer move, check winner, and print winner, along with the declaration of global variables and their initialization.', 'duration': 300.954, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the function prototypes for a Tic-Tac-Toe game, including resetBoard, printBoard, checkFreeSpaces, player move, computer move, check winner, and print winner. The function prototypes for the Tic-Tac-Toe game are resetBoard, printBoard, checkFreeSpaces, player move, computer move, check winner, and print winner.', "The program uses global variables for the game board and constants for player and computer characters, with 'X' for player and 'O' for computer. Global variables are used for the game board, and constants are set for player ('X') and computer ('O').", 'The resetBoard function initializes the 2D character array for the game board by clearing all elements to empty spaces. The resetBoard function initializes the 2D character array for the game board by clearing all elements to empty spaces.', 'The printBoard function is explained, demonstrating the printing format for the 2D character array representing the game board. The printBoard function is explained, demonstrating the printing format for the 2D character array representing the game board.', 'The main function acts as a driver for the game, resetting the board and printing it. The main function acts as a driver for the game, resetting the board and printing it.']}, {'end': 14281.865, 'start': 13821.691, 'title': 'Tic-tac-toe game development', 'summary': 'Covers the development of a tic-tac-toe game in c, including creating a while loop to check for a winner and free spaces, player input validation, and checking for win conditions in rows, columns, and diagonals.', 'duration': 460.174, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the development of a tic-tac-toe game in C. The transcript discusses the process of developing a tic-tac-toe game in the C programming language.', 'Creating a while loop to check for a winner and free spaces. The while loop is created to continuously check for a winner and the availability of free spaces in the game.', 'Player input validation for row and column numbers. The player move function involves validating user input for row and column numbers, adjusting for zero-based indexing, and checking if the chosen spot is occupied.', 'Checking for win conditions in rows, columns, and diagonals. The checkWinner function is implemented to check win conditions in rows, columns, and diagonals using nested for loops and if statements.']}, {'end': 14697.305, 'start': 14282.325, 'title': 'Tic-tac-toe game logic', 'summary': 'Explains the game logic of a tic-tac-toe, including the process of checking for a winner, generating computer moves, and providing an option to play again, with an example of a game outcome.', 'duration': 414.98, 'highlights': ['Creating game logic for tic-tac-toe, including checking for a winner, generating computer moves, and providing an option to play again.', "Including a section of code for the computer's move, which involves generating random numbers and checking for available spaces.", "Implementing a loop to continuously play the game until the user decides to stop by entering 'N' when prompted.", "Printing the board and the winner after each game, giving the user the option to play again by typing 'Y' or exit the game by typing 'N'."]}], 'duration': 1214.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/87SH2Cn0s9A/pics/87SH2Cn0s9A13482338.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the development of a tic-tac-toe game in C.', 'Creating a while loop to check for a winner and free spaces.', 'Checking for win conditions in rows, columns, and diagonals.', 'Instructing to include specific files at the top of the C program and create seven different function prototypes for the game of tic-tac-toe.', "The program uses global variables for the game board and constants for player and computer characters, with 'X' for player and 'O' for computer."]}], 'highlights': ['Setting up Visual Studio Code for C programming involves specific extensions and file creation.', 'C is a middle-level language widely used since the 1970s.', 'C is the foundation for many compilers, kernels, and operating systems.', 'The main function serves as the entry point of the C program and usually ends with a return zero statement to indicate successful execution.', 'The printf function is used to display output in C programs, and it is important to end statements with semicolons.', 'The chapter covers arithmetic operators including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with practical examples and applications.', "The concept of constants as fixed values that cannot be changed during program execution is detailed, with an example of using the keyword 'const' to prevent a variable from being altered, providing security and stability to the program.", 'The circumference of a circle is calculated to be 62.83 meters using the formula 2 times pi times radius.', 'The formula for the area of a circle is pi times radius squared, and the calculated area is 314.15 meters.', 'The chapter covers the implementation of a simple calculator program in C that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide.', 'Functions in C programming allow the execution of a subsection of code whenever it is invoked, providing a way to avoid code repetition and improve code organization.', 'Detailed Explanation of For Loops The chapter explains the concept and implementation of for loops, including examples and syntax.', 'Structs are a collection of related members with different data types, listed under one name in a block of memory.', 'Enums in C improve code readability for developers and reviewers.', 'The narrator answers quiz questions correctly the second time, achieving a perfect score of 3 out of 3.', 'Different data types utilize different amounts of memory, with characters using one byte, shorts using two bytes, integers using four bytes, and doubles using eight bytes. This highlights the varying memory usage of different data types, providing specific quantifiable data for each type.', 'Pointers are variable-like references that hold a memory address as a value to another variable, array, etc.', 'The chapter covers the development of a tic-tac-toe game in C.']}