title
Shell Scripting Interview Questions & Answers | Linux Admin Certification Training | Edureka

description
** Linux Admin Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/linux-admin ** This video covers the types of Linux Shell Scripting Interview Questions for candidates of beginners through an advanced level of expertise in Shell Scripting. Each segment comes with ten theory questions and 10 demos, each run on the Linux terminal for a better understanding of the viewers. #edureka #ShellScriptingInterviewQuestions #LinuxShellScripting #ShellScripting #LinuxEdureka #LinuxTutorial #LinuxOnlineTraining Check our complete Linux admin playlist here: https://goo.gl/ZUTGVb - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subscribe to our channel to get video updates. Hit the subscribe button above: https://goo.gl/6ohpTV Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka Telegram: https://t.me/edurekaupdates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - How it Works? 1. This is a 7 Week Instructor led Online Course, 25 hours of assignment and 10 hours of project work 2. We have a 24x7 One-on-One LIVE Technical Support to help you with any problems you might face or any clarifications you may require during the course. 3. At the end of the training you will have to undergo a 2-hour LIVE Practical Exam based on which we will provide you a Grade and a Verifiable Certificate! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - About the Course: Edureka's Linux Administration course covers all the concepts on administration methods in Linux. Starting from Linux installation to security administration, networking concepts, file system management, system services, Kernel services, Linux configuration. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Who should go for this course? This course can be taken by any professional who wants to be a Linux Administrator or wants to learn Linux. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Why learn Linux Administration? Linux is everywhere. In your daily life, you are communicating with Linux servers, major internet sites such as Facebook and Google are using Linux servers. In addition, most modern televisions and Android mobiles run on Linux. At the root of it, Linux is free software used to control desktop, laptop, supercomputers, mobile devices, networking equipment, airplanes and automobiles and so on. With Linux knowledge and an inexpensive computer you can create tiny gadgets at home, making it a widely acclaimed weapon in your skills' armour. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For more information, Please write back to us at sales@edureka.co or call us at IND: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775 (toll free).

detail
{'title': 'Shell Scripting Interview Questions & Answers | Linux Admin Certification Training | Edureka', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1011.029, 'start': 958.413, 'weight': 0.938}, {'end': 1576.7, 'start': 1528.058, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 2888.121, 'start': 2835.159, 'weight': 0.726}], 'summary': 'Covers linux shell scripting, emphasizing its market share of 17% and a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the uk, along with various concepts, stages, and syntax, interview questions, system administration, file features, disk space usage, and debugging methods.', 'chapters': [{'end': 339.535, 'segs': [{'end': 103.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31.653, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 41.135, 'text': "I'm going to discuss a little bit about the market for shell scripting and then we are going to go ahead straight up to the questions and answers on shell scripting.", 'start': 31.653, 'duration': 9.482}, {'end': 48.036, 'text': "I've divided this into three segments for beginners, intermediates and for the advanced level professionals.", 'start': 41.695, 'duration': 6.341}, {'end': 56.058, 'text': 'each of those segments would have half the questions on theory and have the questions executed on the terminal.', 'start': 48.036, 'duration': 8.022}, {'end': 59.388, 'text': "So without much ado, let's get straight into the module.", 'start': 56.747, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 65.81, 'text': 'So there are a lot of opportunities from many reputed companies in the world and, according to research,', 'start': 59.988, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 77.834, 'text': 'Linux shell scripting has a market share of about 17%, with a three-month moving average salary of 60, 000 pounds in the UK in permanent IT job,', 'start': 65.81, 'duration': 12.024}, {'end': 84.757, 'text': 'citing shell script, which also makes Linux one of the top 10 occurring IT job requirements.', 'start': 77.834, 'duration': 6.923}, {'end': 92.001, 'text': "Since 2018, Linux has started to expand its market rapidly and, if you're interested,", 'start': 85.515, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 97.326, 'text': 'you still have an opportunity to move ahead in your career using shell scripting.', 'start': 92.001, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 100.588, 'text': "So I'd like to keep the segment short and sweet.", 'start': 98.146, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 103.371, 'text': "Let's straight up move ahead to the questions.", 'start': 100.929, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': 'Linux shell scripting market share is 17%, with a salary of 60,000 pounds in the uk, making it a top 10 it job requirement.', 'duration': 71.718, 'max_score': 31.653, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y31653.jpg'}, {'end': 199.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 151.826, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 159.037, 'text': 'So shell script is basically a computer program designed to be run by a Linux or a Unix shell,', 'start': 151.826, 'duration': 7.211}, {'end': 168.05, 'text': 'which is in the form of a command containing text file which has one or more commands that are written in an order of execution.', 'start': 159.037, 'duration': 9.013}, {'end': 176.473, 'text': 'It has two main advantages one is it facilitates you to develop your own OS with relevant features best suited for you.', 'start': 168.63, 'duration': 7.843}, {'end': 183.256, 'text': 'And secondly, you can design software applications according to your desired platform next.', 'start': 176.894, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 188.339, 'text': 'What are the different types of variables that are used in the shell script?', 'start': 183.877, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 193.941, 'text': 'now? there are basically two types of variables their system variables and user-defined variables.', 'start': 188.339, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 199.902, 'text': 'So the system variables are defined or created by the operating system or Linux itself.', 'start': 194.639, 'duration': 5.263}], 'summary': 'Shell script is a program for linux/unix, allowing os and app customization. it uses system and user-defined variables.', 'duration': 48.076, 'max_score': 151.826, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y151826.jpg'}, {'end': 271.154, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 225.963, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 229.045, 'text': 'Now, firstly, there are two main kinds of shells.', 'start': 225.963, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 231.947, 'text': 'you have your bone shell and your seashell.', 'start': 229.045, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 239.191, 'text': 'some common derivatives of bone shell that we use, some very popular ones, are the bone shell or the regular shell.', 'start': 231.947, 'duration': 7.244}, {'end': 240.472, 'text': 'you have the corn shell.', 'start': 239.191, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 244.374, 'text': 'you have the born-again shell or bash and the posix shell.', 'start': 240.472, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 249.777, 'text': 'some common seashell types are the seashell, the 10x seashell and the Z shell.', 'start': 244.374, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 254.242, 'text': 'Next, How do you create a shortcut in Linux?', 'start': 250.439, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 260.987, 'text': 'Now you can create a shortcut in Linux with the help of links, that two kinds of links.', 'start': 255.563, 'duration': 5.424}, {'end': 263.608, 'text': 'you have the soft link and you have the hard link.', 'start': 260.987, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 267.932, 'text': 'So before you understand what a soft link is and what a hard link is.', 'start': 264.289, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 271.154, 'text': "I'd also like to explain what an in orders.", 'start': 268.212, 'duration': 2.942}], 'summary': 'Types of shells in linux: bone shell, seashell. creating shortcuts using soft and hard links.', 'duration': 45.191, 'max_score': 225.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y225963.jpg'}], 'start': 11.368, 'title': 'Linux shell scripting and understanding', 'summary': 'Discusses the market share and salary of linux shell scripting, emphasizing its importance in it job requirements, with a market share of about 17% and a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the uk. it also explains the concept of a shell, shell scripting, types of variables, commonly used shells, and creating shortcuts in linux, along with the differences between soft links and hard links.', 'chapters': [{'end': 103.371, 'start': 11.368, 'title': 'Linux shell scripting interview questions', 'summary': 'Discusses the market share and salary of linux shell scripting, highlighting its importance in it job requirements, with a market share of about 17% and a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the uk, and provides interview questions for beginners, intermediates, and advanced professionals.', 'duration': 92.003, 'highlights': ['Linux shell scripting has a market share of about 17% with a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the UK in permanent IT job. This highlights the market share and salary of Linux shell scripting, providing quantifiable data of 17% market share and a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the UK.', 'Linux shell scripting is one of the top 10 occurring IT job requirements. This emphasizes the significance of Linux shell scripting in IT job requirements, indicating its high demand and relevance in the industry.', "The chapter provides interview questions for beginners, intermediates, and advanced professionals. This showcases the comprehensive nature of the interview questions, catering to individuals at different skill levels, and highlighting the module's inclusive approach."]}, {'end': 339.535, 'start': 104.632, 'title': 'Understanding linux shell and scripting', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of a shell, shell scripting, types of variables, commonly used shells, and creating shortcuts in linux, highlighting the importance of shell in processing user commands and the advantages of shell scripting along with the differences between soft links and hard links in linux.', 'duration': 234.903, 'highlights': ['The shell is a command line interpreter that processes user commands, performs file manipulation, program execution, and printing texts, translating them into a language understood by the kernel.', 'Shell scripting allows users to develop their own OS and design software applications, offering flexibility and customization to the desired platform.', 'There are two types of variables in shell scripting: system variables, defined by the operating system, and user-defined variables, created by system users.', 'Commonly used shells on Linux systems include the bone shell, the corn shell, the born-again shell (bash), the posix shell, the seashell, the 10x seashell, and the Z shell.', 'Creating shortcuts in Linux involves using soft links and hard links, with soft links being an actual link to the original file and hard links acting like a mirror copy of the original file, sharing the same inodes and reflecting changes made to the original file.']}], 'duration': 328.167, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y11368.jpg', 'highlights': ['Linux shell scripting has a market share of about 17% with a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the UK.', 'Linux shell scripting is one of the top 10 occurring IT job requirements.', 'The chapter provides interview questions for beginners, intermediates, and advanced professionals.', 'Shell scripting allows users to develop their own OS and design software applications.', 'There are two types of variables in shell scripting: system variables and user-defined variables.', 'Commonly used shells on Linux systems include the bone shell, the corn shell, the born-again shell (bash), the posix shell, the seashell, the 10x seashell, and the Z shell.', 'Creating shortcuts in Linux involves using soft links and hard links.']}, {'end': 1330.695, 'segs': [{'end': 415.85, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 340.416, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 343.779, 'text': 'Okay Now this is a question which is very common.', 'start': 340.416, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 347.762, 'text': 'Can you tell me something about the super block in shell scripting?', 'start': 344.259, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 354.788, 'text': 'Now, the super block is basically a program that contains all the information regarding a specific file system.', 'start': 348.523, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 358.691, 'text': 'It contains information such as the size of the file,', 'start': 355.208, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 366.418, 'text': 'the block size used by its number of free data blocks and the list of free in nodes and data blocks question 7..', 'start': 358.691, 'duration': 7.727}, {'end': 367.639, 'text': 'What is GUI scripting?', 'start': 366.418, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 374.413, 'text': 'Now, when we talk about Linux, mostly what we talk about is the CLI or command-line interface scripting,', 'start': 368.188, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 380.899, 'text': "but there's also something known as graphical user interface, which is used for controlling a computer and its applications.", 'start': 374.413, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 387.465, 'text': 'Now the GUI scripting supports different applications which mostly depend on the OS next.', 'start': 381.279, 'duration': 6.186}, {'end': 392.389, 'text': 'What are the various stages of a Linux process that it passes through?', 'start': 387.885, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 400.866, 'text': 'Now, basically, there are four stages, namely their waiting running stopped and the zombie mode.', 'start': 392.984, 'duration': 7.882}, {'end': 405.287, 'text': 'now waiting is basically when the Linux process waits for a resource.', 'start': 400.866, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 412.349, 'text': 'then it starts running, which means the process is being executed then, after successful execution.', 'start': 405.287, 'duration': 7.062}, {'end': 415.85, 'text': 'The Linux process is set to have stopped now.', 'start': 412.689, 'duration': 3.161}], 'summary': 'Super block contains file system info; gui scripting controls computer apps; linux passes through waiting, running, stopped, and zombie stages.', 'duration': 75.434, 'max_score': 340.416, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y340416.jpg'}, {'end': 476.484, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 441.106, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 443.187, 'text': 'but they are actually a little different.', 'start': 441.106, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 447.789, 'text': 'the break command is a way to escape out of the entire loop in progress.', 'start': 443.187, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 454.559, 'text': 'Whereas the continue command causes you to escape only the current iteration.', 'start': 448.638, 'duration': 5.921}, {'end': 457.46, 'text': 'You do not skip the whole entire loop.', 'start': 454.959, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 466.282, 'text': 'So when you want to test whether each iteration of your loop is executable, you use the continuous statement,', 'start': 458.06, 'duration': 8.222}, {'end': 476.484, 'text': "in which case it just jumps out of every iteration that has an error and goes on executing those which don't next question.", 'start': 466.282, 'duration': 10.202}], 'summary': "The 'break' command escapes entire loop, 'continue' skips current iteration, and jumps out of iterations with errors.", 'duration': 35.378, 'max_score': 441.106, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y441106.jpg'}, {'end': 553.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 521.28, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 526.202, 'text': 'So, basically, this is how you pass an argument to a script.', 'start': 521.28, 'duration': 4.922}, {'end': 535.164, 'text': 'you use the cat command and the dollar one sign, which basically is used to take an argument, just going to exit from here.', 'start': 526.202, 'duration': 8.962}, {'end': 540.82, 'text': "We're going to change its permissions and then we are going to execute it.", 'start': 535.324, 'duration': 5.496}, {'end': 548.867, 'text': 'So basically this is how you take in an argument.', 'start': 544.764, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 553.371, 'text': 'This simple script is basically used to show the file name.', 'start': 549.488, 'duration': 3.883}], 'summary': 'Using cat command and $ sign to pass an argument to a script.', 'duration': 32.091, 'max_score': 521.28, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y521280.jpg'}, {'end': 802.147, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 774.064, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 784.309, 'text': "Next How do you check if a previous command has been run successfully? Now, you might have noticed that I haven't really cleared my screen out.", 'start': 774.064, 'duration': 10.245}, {'end': 788.631, 'text': 'This is so that you can see my previous command has been run successfully right?', 'start': 784.489, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 802.147, 'text': 'So, to check if it has been run successfully, what I can do is simply go dollar and question mark and put in print which is the echo,', 'start': 789.151, 'duration': 12.996}], 'summary': 'To check if a previous command has been run successfully, use $? with echo.', 'duration': 28.083, 'max_score': 774.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y774064.jpg'}, {'end': 1011.029, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 958.413, 'weight': 0.938, 'content': [{'end': 962.115, 'text': 'how to get the third element from each line from a file.', 'start': 958.413, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 966.778, 'text': 'So this goes along the same lines of the previous two.', 'start': 963.056, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 968.399, 'text': 'So, basically,', 'start': 967.799, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 984.889, 'text': "what I'm doing here is that I'm using the AWK to print out the third column or the third element from any given file that I am taking in as argument.", 'start': 968.399, 'duration': 16.49}, {'end': 985.89, 'text': 'nothing too complicated.', 'start': 984.889, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 991.559, 'text': "So let's just exit this All right, so dot slash.", 'start': 986.35, 'duration': 5.209}, {'end': 1002.084, 'text': 'Okay, so it only makes more sense if I show you the file that I am using this is the text file.', 'start': 992.74, 'duration': 9.344}, {'end': 1011.029, 'text': "It's basically a test file 3 and as you can see my third entire row is test test test test test.", 'start': 1002.525, 'duration': 8.504}], 'summary': 'Using awk to extract the third element from each line in a file.', 'duration': 52.616, 'max_score': 958.413, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y958413.jpg'}, {'end': 1066.348, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1035.608, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1038.469, 'text': 'So this is a very simple example of a function.', 'start': 1035.608, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 1045.751, 'text': "It's basically function example is the name of the function and it has a basic print statement called echo.", 'start': 1039.049, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 1046.411, 'text': 'Hello learner.', 'start': 1045.79, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1054.258, 'text': 'There are parentheses which begin at the end of your naming the function and they close at the end of your function.', 'start': 1046.891, 'duration': 7.367}, {'end': 1062.745, 'text': "It's nothing too difficult as the function keeps on complicating this might get complex but the basic structure of this script will not change.", 'start': 1054.878, 'duration': 7.867}, {'end': 1066.348, 'text': 'Okay, and finally question 20.', 'start': 1063.265, 'duration': 3.083}], 'summary': 'Simple function example with basic print statement and explanation.', 'duration': 30.74, 'max_score': 1035.608, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1035608.jpg'}, {'end': 1158.149, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1115.621, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1120.823, 'text': 'Now, let me go ahead and quickly put in a for loop.', 'start': 1115.621, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 1125.545, 'text': 'A simple script that I can run and show you.', 'start': 1122.904, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 1145.407, 'text': 'and upon execution you will get this result was a very simple for loop printing out all the variables from 1 to 9 now next comes the while command.', 'start': 1135.925, 'duration': 9.482}, {'end': 1158.149, 'text': 'So again, you have your while statement and then whatever condition it is that you want to imply, and then, as the loop begins,', 'start': 1147.207, 'duration': 10.942}], 'summary': 'The script demonstrates a for loop printing variables from 1 to 9 and explains the while command.', 'duration': 42.528, 'max_score': 1115.621, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1115621.jpg'}, {'end': 1229.708, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1197.682, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1204.704, 'text': "I've taken a variable a, and here the while command states that if your value of a is less than 10,", 'start': 1197.682, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 1216.589, 'text': "then you're going to print a and then add one to that particular a, and then this goes on and on and on till your a is no longer less than 10..", 'start': 1204.704, 'duration': 11.885}, {'end': 1216.969, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 1216.589, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 1220.59, 'text': 'So again, it prints from 0 to 9 same as the for loop.', 'start': 1218.089, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 1229.708, 'text': 'Then you have the until loop which is kind of like the while loop, but it is slightly different.', 'start': 1223.263, 'duration': 6.445}], 'summary': 'Using while loop to print a from 0 to 9 until a is no longer less than 10', 'duration': 32.026, 'max_score': 1197.682, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1197682.jpg'}], 'start': 340.416, 'title': 'Shell scripting in linux', 'summary': 'Discusses shell scripting super block, gui scripting, linux process stages, shell scripting basics, and loop syntax in linux, covering various concepts, stages, and syntax, with examples and explanations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 387.465, 'start': 340.416, 'title': 'Shell scripting super block and gui scripting in linux', 'summary': 'Discusses the super block in shell scripting, which contains file system information such as size, block size, and free data blocks. it also touches on gui scripting in linux, which supports different applications dependent on the os.', 'duration': 47.049, 'highlights': ['The super block in shell scripting contains file system information like size, block size, and free data blocks, providing crucial details about the specific file system.', 'GUI scripting in Linux supports various applications, offering control over a computer and its functionalities, with the specific applications being reliant on the operating system being used.']}, {'end': 679.714, 'start': 387.885, 'title': 'Linux process stages & shell scripting', 'summary': 'Discusses the various stages of a linux process including waiting, running, stopped, and zombie mode, highlighting the significance of shebang line in shell scripting, and demonstrates passing and using arguments in a script.', 'duration': 291.829, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the various stages of a Linux process including waiting, running, stopped, and zombie mode, highlighting the significance of shebang line in shell scripting. Explanation of the various stages of a Linux process and the significance of shebang line in shell scripting.', 'The break command is a way to escape out of the entire loop in progress, whereas the continue command causes you to escape only the current iteration. Difference between the break and continue statements in basic scripting.', 'Demonstration of passing an argument to a script using the cat command and the use of the dollar one sign to take an argument. Demonstration of passing an argument to a script using the cat command and the dollar one sign.']}, {'end': 1054.258, 'start': 680.255, 'title': 'Shell scripting basics', 'summary': 'Covers basic shell scripting concepts including calculating the number of parameters passed, retrieving the script name, checking the success of a previous command, getting the last and first lines from a file, and retrieving specific elements from each line using examples and explanations.', 'duration': 374.003, 'highlights': ["Explaining how to write a function in a shell script with an example of a basic function called 'function example' that uses the 'echo' command to print 'Hello learner'. ", "Demonstrating how to get the third element from each line of a file using AWK and providing a clear example with the 'test file 3' as input. ", "Illustrating how to get the first line from a file by using the 'head' command with the option '-1' and providing a clear example with the 'test file 1' as input. ", "Explaining how to get the last line from a file using the 'tail' command with the option '-1' and providing a clear example with the 'test file' as input. ", "Detailing the process of checking if a previous command has been run successfully by using the special variable '$?' and providing examples with explanations. "]}, {'end': 1330.695, 'start': 1054.878, 'title': 'Shell scripting: loops syntax', 'summary': 'Covers the syntax and execution of for, while, and until loops in shell scripting, with examples demonstrating the basic structure and functionality of each loop.', 'duration': 275.817, 'highlights': ['The for loop syntax includes defining a variable, setting a condition, and executing statements within the loop, resulting in a simple script that prints variables from 1 to 9.', 'The while loop statement involves specifying a condition, executing statements within the loop, and continuing until the condition is no longer met, illustrated by a script printing values from 0 to 9.', 'The until loop, similar to the while loop, is executed with a different syntax, demonstrated through a script achieving the same result as the while and for loops.']}], 'duration': 990.279, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y340416.jpg', 'highlights': ['The super block in shell scripting contains file system information like size, block size, and free data blocks, providing crucial details about the specific file system.', 'GUI scripting in Linux supports various applications, offering control over a computer and its functionalities, with the specific applications being reliant on the operating system being used.', 'The chapter discusses the various stages of a Linux process including waiting, running, stopped, and zombie mode, highlighting the significance of shebang line in shell scripting.', 'The break command is a way to escape out of the entire loop in progress, whereas the continue command causes you to escape only the current iteration. Difference between the break and continue statements in basic scripting.', 'Demonstration of passing an argument to a script using the cat command and the use of the dollar one sign to take an argument.', "Explaining how to write a function in a shell script with an example of a basic function called 'function example' that uses the 'echo' command to print 'Hello learner'.", "Detailing the process of checking if a previous command has been run successfully by using the special variable '$?' and providing examples with explanations.", 'The for loop syntax includes defining a variable, setting a condition, and executing statements within the loop, resulting in a simple script that prints variables from 1 to 9.', 'The while loop statement involves specifying a condition, executing statements within the loop, and continuing until the condition is no longer met, illustrated by a script printing values from 0 to 9.']}, {'end': 1611.454, 'segs': [{'end': 1415.413, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1378.971, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1386.197, 'text': "There's the shebang line that you put right in the beginning that basically points to the file where your program is going to be stored.", 'start': 1378.971, 'duration': 7.226}, {'end': 1390.86, 'text': 'What makes seashell a more preferable option than the bond shell?', 'start': 1387.157, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 1396.444, 'text': 'Well, that three points would speak more in favor of the seashell than in the bond shell.', 'start': 1391.44, 'duration': 5.004}, {'end': 1404.023, 'text': 'Firstly all the commands in the seashell can be aliased Whereas in the bone shell all of them cannot be aliased.', 'start': 1396.824, 'duration': 7.199}, {'end': 1411.449, 'text': 'Secondly seashell is great for reusing your script lengthy commands can be used again and again in the seashell.', 'start': 1404.684, 'duration': 6.765}, {'end': 1415.413, 'text': 'Whereas in the bone shell it does not allow the same access.', 'start': 1411.75, 'duration': 3.663}], 'summary': 'Seashell is preferable to the bond shell due to aliased commands and reusability.', 'duration': 36.442, 'max_score': 1378.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1378971.jpg'}, {'end': 1463.426, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1435.177, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1443.781, 'text': 'now, the meaning of these two are pretty identical when not quoted or used as a parameter assignment value or as a file name.', 'start': 1435.177, 'duration': 8.604}, {'end': 1455.284, 'text': 'However, when you use it as a command argument, what the dollar and at sign does is that it treats each quoted argument as a separate argument,', 'start': 1444.281, 'duration': 11.003}, {'end': 1463.426, 'text': 'but when it is the dollar sign followed by an asterisk, it will consider the entire set of parameters as one single string.', 'start': 1455.284, 'duration': 8.142}], 'summary': 'When used as a command argument, $ and @ treat quoted arguments separately, while $* considers them as one string.', 'duration': 28.249, 'max_score': 1435.177, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1435177.jpg'}, {'end': 1517.343, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1487.585, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1489.186, 'text': "So now let's move on to the next question.", 'start': 1487.585, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 1492.947, 'text': 'How would you compare the strings in a shell script?', 'start': 1489.826, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 1499.731, 'text': 'Now, basically, you use this command, known as the test command, which is used to compare the test strings.', 'start': 1493.627, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 1507.737, 'text': 'Now how this works is that this command will compare text strings by comparing each character in each string.', 'start': 1500.172, 'duration': 7.565}, {'end': 1512.34, 'text': 'So suppose I have two strings, both the same, called word.', 'start': 1508.117, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 1517.343, 'text': 'first, the test command is going to check the first character of each, which is W.', 'start': 1512.34, 'duration': 5.003}], 'summary': 'Using the test command in a shell script to compare text strings character by character.', 'duration': 29.758, 'max_score': 1487.585, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1487585.jpg'}, {'end': 1611.454, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1528.058, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1538.628, 'text': 'How do you redirect both standard outputs and the standard error to the same location now that two methods to redirect standard outputs and error to the same location,', 'start': 1528.058, 'duration': 10.57}, {'end': 1540.63, 'text': 'and they are what you see on your screens right now.', 'start': 1538.628, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 1546.496, 'text': 'These are the two commands which will redirect your standard output and standard error to the same location.', 'start': 1541.251, 'duration': 5.245}, {'end': 1554.373, 'text': 'Next is a differentiation between single and double quotes, which I shall demonstrate further in this segment.', 'start': 1547.17, 'duration': 7.203}, {'end': 1560.255, 'text': 'So your single quote you use it when you do not want to evaluate the variables into values.', 'start': 1554.893, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 1569.677, 'text': 'So if you say echo and put in a single quote where you are calling a variable, it is going to print that variable as is,', 'start': 1560.814, 'duration': 8.863}, {'end': 1576.7, 'text': 'whereas in a double quote you use it when all the variables that are inside the quotes need to be evaluated.', 'start': 1569.677, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 1586.244, 'text': 'So in a double quote where there is a variable that is being called it is going to replace that particular variable with the value stored in it.', 'start': 1577.14, 'duration': 9.104}, {'end': 1590.906, 'text': 'This I am going to demonstrate in a little while in this very segment.', 'start': 1586.904, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 1596.628, 'text': 'So the question is when should shell programming or shell scripting not be used.', 'start': 1591.726, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 1602.59, 'text': 'So when the task is very complex, like writing an entire payroll processing system,', 'start': 1597.128, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 1607.873, 'text': "or there's a high degree of productivity required and it involves various different software tools.", 'start': 1602.59, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 1611.454, 'text': 'It is not the most ideal to use shell scripting.', 'start': 1608.313, 'duration': 3.141}], 'summary': 'Demonstrates redirecting outputs, differentiating quotes, and when not to use shell scripting.', 'duration': 72.826, 'max_score': 1528.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1528058.jpg'}], 'start': 1330.955, 'title': 'Shell scripting interview qs', 'summary': 'Covers shell scripting interview questions, different loops, storage of shell programs, differences between special variables, and advantages of seashell over bond shell.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1487.145, 'start': 1330.955, 'title': 'Shell scripting interview qs', 'summary': 'Covers shell scripting interview questions, discussing different loops, storage of shell programs, and differences between special variables, emphasizing the advantages of seashell over bond shell.', 'duration': 156.19, 'highlights': ["Seashell's advantages over bond shell Seashell allows aliasing of all commands, reusing of lengthy commands, and access to command history, making it more preferable than bond shell.", "Storage of shell programs Shell programs are stored in a file tagged as SH or bond shell, with the shebang line pointing to the file's location.", 'Difference between special variables The dollar and asterisk sign treats each quoted argument as a separate argument, while the dollar sign followed by an asterisk considers the entire set of parameters as one single string.']}, {'end': 1611.454, 'start': 1487.585, 'title': 'Shell scripting q&a', 'summary': 'Covers comparing strings in a shell script using the test command, redirecting standard outputs and error to the same location, differentiating between single and double quotes, and situations when shell scripting should not be used.', 'duration': 123.869, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers comparing strings in a shell script using the test command. The test command compares text strings by comparing each character in each string.', 'The chapter explains redirecting standard outputs and error to the same location. Two commands are provided to redirect standard output and standard error to the same location.', 'The chapter discusses the differentiation between single and double quotes in shell scripting. Single quotes are used when variables should not be evaluated into values, while double quotes are used when variables inside them need to be evaluated.', 'The chapter outlines situations when shell scripting should not be used. Shell scripting is not ideal for very complex tasks like writing an entire payroll processing system or tasks requiring a high degree of productivity and involving various different software tools.']}], 'duration': 280.499, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1330955.jpg', 'highlights': ['Seashell allows aliasing of all commands, reusing of lengthy commands, and access to command history, making it more preferable than bond shell.', "Storage of shell programs: Shell programs are stored in a file tagged as SH or bond shell, with the shebang line pointing to the file's location.", 'The dollar and asterisk sign treats each quoted argument as a separate argument, while the dollar sign followed by an asterisk considers the entire set of parameters as one single string.', 'The chapter covers comparing strings in a shell script using the test command. The test command compares text strings by comparing each character in each string.', 'The chapter explains redirecting standard outputs and error to the same location. Two commands are provided to redirect standard output and standard error to the same location.', 'The chapter discusses the differentiation between single and double quotes in shell scripting. Single quotes are used when variables should not be evaluated into values, while double quotes are used when variables inside them need to be evaluated.', 'Shell scripting is not ideal for very complex tasks like writing an entire payroll processing system or tasks requiring a high degree of productivity and involving various different software tools.']}, {'end': 2430.566, 'segs': [{'end': 1639.854, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1612.174, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1616.316, 'text': 'Next question is what is the lifespan of a variable inside a shell script?', 'start': 1612.174, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 1624.989, 'text': 'So the lifespan of a variable inside a shell script only lasts until it is executed, that is, until the end of execution.', 'start': 1616.926, 'duration': 8.063}, {'end': 1627.63, 'text': 'and that is it any further than that?', 'start': 1624.989, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 1630.811, 'text': 'the variable inside the shell script is not of any use.', 'start': 1627.63, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 1633.752, 'text': 'So what is a file system now?', 'start': 1631.311, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1639.854, 'text': 'basically, it is a collection of files which contain information that is related to the files.', 'start': 1633.752, 'duration': 6.102}], 'summary': 'Variable in a shell script lasts until execution ends. file system is a collection of related files.', 'duration': 27.68, 'max_score': 1612.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1612174.jpg'}, {'end': 1685.803, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1657.883, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1662.129, 'text': 'What are the default permissions of a file when it is created?', 'start': 1657.883, 'duration': 4.246}, {'end': 1670, 'text': 'So the default permissions of a file is 666, which is, the user is allowed to read and write the file.', 'start': 1662.833, 'duration': 7.167}, {'end': 1680.379, 'text': 'The user group is allowed to read and write the file and so is everybody else as you can see there is a table on your screen which has numbers 0 to 7.', 'start': 1670.44, 'duration': 9.939}, {'end': 1685.803, 'text': 'Now each of these numbers have a default permission which is associated with it.', 'start': 1680.379, 'duration': 5.424}], 'summary': 'Default file permissions are 666: user read and write, group read and write, and everyone else read and write.', 'duration': 27.92, 'max_score': 1657.883, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1657883.jpg'}, {'end': 1795.11, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1767.402, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1779.508, 'text': 'It consists of the shebang, which is the hash and bang, followed by the full path of the interpreter, such as bin slash sh or bin slash bash.', 'start': 1767.402, 'duration': 12.106}, {'end': 1785.571, 'text': 'all the scripts under Linux using this particular interpreter are specified on the first line.', 'start': 1779.508, 'duration': 6.063}, {'end': 1795.11, 'text': 'The shebang must be the first line, because it is interpreted by the kernel, which looks at the two bytes at the start of the executable file,', 'start': 1786.144, 'duration': 8.966}], 'summary': "The shebang specifies the interpreter for linux scripts, with the format hash-bang followed by interpreter's full path.", 'duration': 27.708, 'max_score': 1767.402, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1767402.jpg'}, {'end': 2355.395, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2329.221, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2333.783, 'text': 'people with three to five years of experience in shell scripting, Linux or Unix.', 'start': 2329.221, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 2339.006, 'text': 'this section will also have some scenario based questions, obviously in the practical form.', 'start': 2333.783, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 2345.93, 'text': 'So the last few questions are for professionals with three to five years of experience at least here.', 'start': 2339.846, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 2353.914, 'text': 'We have a few scenario based questions which may help you build on that resume that you have created with so much care.', 'start': 2345.99, 'duration': 7.924}, {'end': 2355.395, 'text': "So let's go ahead.", 'start': 2354.454, 'duration': 0.941}], 'summary': 'Interview section for professionals with 3-5 years of experience in shell scripting, linux or unix, includes scenario-based questions.', 'duration': 26.174, 'max_score': 2329.221, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2329221.jpg'}, {'end': 2421.607, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2396.771, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2402.674, 'text': 'So next logical question, obviously, is that what does each field do in a crontab file?', 'start': 2396.771, 'duration': 5.903}, {'end': 2409.257, 'text': 'now, the crontab file has six fields, The first five of which tell the cron when to execute the command.', 'start': 2402.674, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 2416.923, 'text': 'they specify the minute, our day, month and day of the week, and the sixth field contains information on which command is to be executed.', 'start': 2409.257, 'duration': 7.666}, {'end': 2421.607, 'text': "I'm sure a lot of you might be finding a lot of these questions pretty simple,", 'start': 2417.424, 'duration': 4.183}], 'summary': 'Crontab file has six fields specifying when to execute a command.', 'duration': 24.836, 'max_score': 2396.771, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2396771.jpg'}], 'start': 1612.174, 'title': 'Shell scripting fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers the lifespan of a variable, default file permissions, and the significance of the shebang line in a shell script. it also includes basics of shell scripting, such as variable assignment, string manipulation, and array handling, with practical examples and explanations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1959.047, 'start': 1612.174, 'title': 'Shell script lifespan & permissions', 'summary': 'Covers the lifespan of a variable in a shell script, default file permissions, and the significance of the shebang line at the beginning of every script, with specific details on file permissions and the shebang line. it also explains shorthand if statements and their limitations, and provides an example of a command with the task of determining its output.', 'duration': 346.873, 'highlights': ['The lifespan of a variable inside a shell script lasts until the end of its execution.', 'The default permissions of a file when created are 666, allowing the user, user group, and others to read and write the file, with specific details on the permission numbers and their associated permissions.', 'The shebang line at the beginning of every script specifies the absolute path to the shell interpreter and is essential for the program loader mechanism, with specific details on the shebang line and its significance.', 'The shorthand way of writing an if statement in a shell can return a non-zero exit code and has limitations, as compared to a full form which is always correct and useful in all circumstances.', 'An example of a command where the output needs to be determined is provided, demonstrating a simple command in the terminal.']}, {'end': 2430.566, 'start': 1959.748, 'title': 'Shell scripting q&a', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of shell scripting, including the use of single and double quotes, variable assignment, string manipulation, and array handling, with practical examples and explanations. it also delves into advanced topics such as cron and crontab, explaining their purpose and usage.', 'duration': 470.818, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the basics of shell scripting, including the use of single and double quotes, variable assignment, string manipulation, and array handling, with practical examples and explanations. The transcript provides practical examples and explanations for fundamental shell scripting concepts, including the use of single and double quotes, variable assignment, and string manipulation.', 'The cron tab is a list of commands that you want to run on a regular schedule and also the name of the command that is used to manage that list. The cron tab is explained as a list of commands for regular scheduling and the command used to manage it, with its utility in maintaining software environments.', 'The crontab file has six fields, with the first five specifying the minute, hour, day, month, and day of the week for executing commands, and the sixth containing information on which command is to be executed. Details about the six fields of the crontab file, specifying execution timings and the command to be executed, are provided, emphasizing its utility in scheduling tasks.']}], 'duration': 818.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y1612174.jpg', 'highlights': ['The default permissions of a file when created are 666, allowing the user, user group, and others to read and write the file, with specific details on the permission numbers and their associated permissions.', 'The shebang line at the beginning of every script specifies the absolute path to the shell interpreter and is essential for the program loader mechanism, with specific details on the shebang line and its significance.', 'The chapter covers the basics of shell scripting, including the use of single and double quotes, variable assignment, string manipulation, and array handling, with practical examples and explanations.', 'The crontab file has six fields, with the first five specifying the minute, hour, day, month, and day of the week for executing commands, and the sixth containing information on which command is to be executed. Details about the six fields of the crontab file, specifying execution timings and the command to be executed, are provided, emphasizing its utility in scheduling tasks.', 'The lifespan of a variable inside a shell script lasts until the end of its execution.']}, {'end': 2675.598, 'segs': [{'end': 2506.068, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2430.566, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2445.653, 'text': "they are mostly knowledge based and there's a high possibility that people who are in touch with shell scripting and Linux because of their daily jobs or because of their university courses will do better in interviews because of practice.", 'start': 2430.566, 'duration': 15.087}, {'end': 2449.233, 'text': "With that let's move on to question number 43.", 'start': 2446.351, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 2452.696, 'text': 'What are the two files of the crontab command now?', 'start': 2449.233, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 2460.922, 'text': 'the two files of the crontab command are cron allow, which decides which users need to be permitted from using the crontab command.', 'start': 2452.696, 'duration': 8.226}, {'end': 2463.764, 'text': 'and next is the cron dot deny.', 'start': 2460.922, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 2468.287, 'text': 'it decides whatever users need to be prevented from using the crontab command.', 'start': 2463.764, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 2479.205, 'text': 'in Red Hat based system such as CentOS these crontab files are stored in the var spool cron directory while on Debian and Ubuntu files.', 'start': 2468.982, 'duration': 10.223}, {'end': 2482.986, 'text': 'They are stored in the cron slash cron tabs directory.', 'start': 2479.265, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 2488.648, 'text': 'If you look for it, you may just find it in your particular OS next question.', 'start': 2483.626, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 2492.462, 'text': 'Which command do you need to use to take backup?', 'start': 2489.181, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 2498.405, 'text': 'now, to take backup, you need the tar, which basically stands for tape archive.', 'start': 2492.462, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 2506.068, 'text': 'now you can go ahead and add the extension of CVF to zip the files and XVF to unzip the file.', 'start': 2498.405, 'duration': 7.663}], 'summary': 'Knowledge of shell scripting and linux can improve interview performance. crontab command has two files: cron.allow and cron.deny. tar command is used for backup with cvf for zipping and xvf for unzipping.', 'duration': 75.502, 'max_score': 2430.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2430566.jpg'}, {'end': 2559.553, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2535.019, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2542.564, 'text': 'Now the DF command which is shot for the disk file system is used to show the disk utilization for a Linux system.', 'start': 2535.019, 'duration': 7.545}, {'end': 2547.668, 'text': 'You can display information of the device name, total blocks, total disk space,', 'start': 2543.085, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 2553.348, 'text': 'use disk space and available disk space and Mount points on a file system through this command.', 'start': 2547.668, 'duration': 5.68}, {'end': 2559.553, 'text': 'You can also get the information in a human readable format or at a particular partition.', 'start': 2553.929, 'duration': 5.624}], 'summary': 'Df command shows disk utilization for linux system with device name, total blocks, space usage, and mount points.', 'duration': 24.534, 'max_score': 2535.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2535019.jpg'}, {'end': 2628.076, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2601.28, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2609.028, 'text': 'What are the different communication commands available in shell? So there are four different communication commands in the shell.', 'start': 2601.28, 'duration': 7.748}, {'end': 2613.152, 'text': 'You have mail news, wall and motd.', 'start': 2609.328, 'duration': 3.824}, {'end': 2621.239, 'text': 'now, whenever a mail is sent, initially the mail command calls the standard sent mail binary which is located in the user file.', 'start': 2613.152, 'duration': 8.087}, {'end': 2623.742, 'text': 'It allows you to read or send a mail.', 'start': 2621.62, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 2628.076, 'text': 'The news command writes system news items to standard output.', 'start': 2624.315, 'duration': 3.761}], 'summary': 'Four communication commands in shell: mail, news, wall, motd.', 'duration': 26.796, 'max_score': 2601.28, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2601280.jpg'}], 'start': 2430.566, 'title': 'Linux and shell scripting for interviews and system administration', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of shell scripting and linux knowledge in interviews, focusing on files associated with the crontab command and essential linux commands for system administration, including backup, disk usage, and communication commands.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2479.205, 'start': 2430.566, 'title': 'Shell scripting and linux for interviews', 'summary': 'Highlights that knowledge of shell scripting and linux can improve interview performance, with a focus on the files associated with the crontab command, including cron.allow and cron.deny, and their storage locations in red hat-based and debian-based systems.', 'duration': 48.639, 'highlights': ['The importance of shell scripting and Linux for interview performance is emphasized, with a high possibility of improvement for individuals familiar with these areas due to practice.', 'Explanation of the two files related to the crontab command, namely cron.allow and cron.deny, and their respective functions in permitting or preventing users from using the command.', 'Details about the storage locations of crontab files in Red Hat-based systems such as CentOS and Debian-based systems like Ubuntu are provided.']}, {'end': 2675.598, 'start': 2479.265, 'title': 'Linux system administration', 'summary': 'Covers essential linux commands including using tar for backup, checking disk usage with commands like df, du, and df space, and communication commands like mail, news, wall, and motd.', 'duration': 196.333, 'highlights': ['The tar command is used for taking backups, with the options CVF for zipping files and XVF for unzipping files, making it an efficient tool for backup (Question 42).', 'DF, DU, and DF space are the different commands available to check disk usage on a Linux system, providing information on disk utilization, disk usage for files and directories, and free disk space in MB (Question 44).', 'Communication commands in the shell include mail for reading or sending mail, news for system news items, wall for displaying content to all logged-in users, and MOTD for sending common messages to all users (Question 45).']}], 'duration': 245.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2430566.jpg', 'highlights': ['Individuals familiar with shell scripting and Linux have a high possibility of improving interview performance.', 'Explanation of cron.allow and cron.deny files and their functions in permitting or preventing users from using the crontab command.', 'Details about the storage locations of crontab files in Red Hat-based systems like CentOS and Debian-based systems like Ubuntu are provided.', 'The tar command with options CVF for zipping files and XVF for unzipping files is an efficient tool for backup.', 'DF, DU, and DF space are different commands available to check disk usage on a Linux system.', 'Communication commands in the shell include mail, news, wall, and MOTD for various purposes.']}, {'end': 3546.99, 'segs': [{'end': 2732.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2676.158, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2683.426, 'text': 'This feature is a file on all Unix like systems and can be changed at upgrade or during installation time.', 'start': 2676.158, 'duration': 7.268}, {'end': 2691.572, 'text': 'Next How would you find out the total disk space used by a specific user suppose the username is edureka.', 'start': 2684.19, 'duration': 7.382}, {'end': 2697.894, 'text': 'So the given command here is used to find out the total disk space as we had discussed earlier.', 'start': 2692.072, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 2702.936, 'text': 'There is the DU command with the path which is home.', 'start': 2698.334, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 2710.198, 'text': 'slash edureka with the S flag, which will show how much the space is used by each sub directory next.', 'start': 2702.936, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 2715.088, 'text': 'how to debug the problems encountered in each script or program.', 'start': 2710.805, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 2717.55, 'text': 'So there are two ways to do it.', 'start': 2715.609, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 2726.697, 'text': 'one is by inserting debug statements in the shell script to output or display the information which helps identify the problem, and second,', 'start': 2717.55, 'duration': 9.147}, {'end': 2732.481, 'text': 'by using set-x, we can enable debugging in the script.', 'start': 2726.697, 'duration': 5.784}], 'summary': "The du command can find total disk space used by a specific user like 'edureka'. debugging scripts can be done by inserting debug statements or using set-x.", 'duration': 56.323, 'max_score': 2676.158, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2676158.jpg'}, {'end': 2805.517, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2776.461, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2785.969, 'text': 'basically, you use the VI command, with the r-flag and the file name that you want to read, to open a read-only file in the shell.', 'start': 2776.461, 'duration': 9.508}, {'end': 2789.131, 'text': 'And this is the last theory question of the module.', 'start': 2786.63, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 2796.473, 'text': 'How can the context of a file inside jar be read without extracting in a shell script again?', 'start': 2789.471, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 2805.517, 'text': 'This is a command called tar, which we had discussed earlier the tower, which stands for tape archive, and its flag TV F,', 'start': 2796.754, 'duration': 8.763}], 'summary': "Use 'vi' command with 'r-flag' to open read-only file in shell. 'tar' command can read file context in jar without extracting.", 'duration': 29.056, 'max_score': 2776.461, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2776461.jpg'}, {'end': 2888.121, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2835.159, 'weight': 0.726, 'content': [{'end': 2858.92, 'text': 'you basically write your script name and then you pass your parameters one ways this And next is you can use your read with the P flag and you can pass your parameter inside with your destination host name.', 'start': 2835.159, 'duration': 23.761}, {'end': 2863.682, 'text': 'So those are the two ways in which one can read parameters.', 'start': 2859.721, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 2869.024, 'text': 'next, write a shell script to get the current date, time, username and current working directory.', 'start': 2863.682, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 2872.345, 'text': 'So here I have written.', 'start': 2870.264, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 2873.685, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 2873.385, 'duration': 0.3}, {'end': 2875.878, 'text': 'So here is our script.', 'start': 2874.318, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 2878.979, 'text': "It's pretty simple to follow actually here.", 'start': 2876.618, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 2888.121, 'text': 'Hello, whatever your log name is, then there is date, which is going to include time, and this is the user,', 'start': 2879.019, 'duration': 9.102}], 'summary': 'Two ways to pass parameters in shell script, and a simple script to get date, time, username, and current working directory.', 'duration': 52.962, 'max_score': 2835.159, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2835159.jpg'}, {'end': 2955.79, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2922.009, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2922.749, 'text': "It's pretty simple.", 'start': 2922.009, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 2925.19, 'text': 'Each command is very self-explanatory.', 'start': 2923.25, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 2927.431, 'text': "Let's move on to our next question.", 'start': 2926.111, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 2935.336, 'text': 'How do you find all the files modified in less than three days and print the record count of each go ahead.', 'start': 2928.251, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 2940.7, 'text': "Okay, So, basically, you're going to use the find command and the mtime flag.", 'start': 2936.056, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 2950.426, 'text': "then here is the number of days and we're going to execute it and then, whatever it is that we are finding out from our list,", 'start': 2940.7, 'duration': 9.726}, {'end': 2955.79, 'text': 'that we are going to put into a text file called the last three days.', 'start': 2950.426, 'duration': 5.364}], 'summary': 'Use find command to locate files modified in <3 days and record the count.', 'duration': 33.781, 'max_score': 2922.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2922009.jpg'}, {'end': 2991.771, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2966.715, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2976.283, 'text': 'And if we open the last three days text file, you see all the files that have been modified in the last three days.', 'start': 2966.715, 'duration': 9.568}, {'end': 2979.205, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 2978.845, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 2983.509, 'text': 'Next question write a shell script that adds two numbers.', 'start': 2980.248, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 2990.59, 'text': 'if provided as the command line argument, and if the two numbers are not entered, it throws an error message.', 'start': 2983.509, 'duration': 7.081}, {'end': 2991.771, 'text': 'the seems like an interesting one.', 'start': 2990.59, 'duration': 1.181}], 'summary': 'Transcript covers viewing modified files and creating a shell script to add two numbers.', 'duration': 25.056, 'max_score': 2966.715, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2966715.jpg'}, {'end': 3346.27, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3312.495, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3320.262, 'text': "for other Red Hat Enterprise Limited OS's, you can use apt-get, and for Debian based systems.", 'start': 3312.495, 'duration': 7.767}, {'end': 3325.087, 'text': 'You can use DNF next question how to check if a directory exists.', 'start': 3320.322, 'duration': 4.765}, {'end': 3333.563, 'text': 'This is a pretty simple script here.', 'start': 3331.001, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 3343.108, 'text': "You are taking in as a parameter or an argument your name of the directory, which I'm allotting into my dir.", 'start': 3333.663, 'duration': 9.445}, {'end': 3346.27, 'text': 'And this is your directory flag.', 'start': 3344.589, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Explains using apt-get for red hat and dnf for debian systems. shows a script to check directory existence.', 'duration': 33.775, 'max_score': 3312.495, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y3312495.jpg'}, {'end': 3476.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3453.607, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3461.092, 'text': 'It enables debugging with the set hyphen X and also shows each line of execution preceded by a plus sign.', 'start': 3453.607, 'duration': 7.485}, {'end': 3465.435, 'text': 'Although this can become impractical when it comes to larger shell scripts.', 'start': 3461.573, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 3472.3, 'text': 'It should be obvious how useful this can be when debugging a shell script to identify the root cause of the problem.', 'start': 3465.916, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 3473.861, 'text': 'Let me clear this out.', 'start': 3472.82, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 3476.812, 'text': 'And finally, this is your last question.', 'start': 3474.932, 'duration': 1.88}], 'summary': 'Debugging with -x shows execution lines, but impractical for larger scripts.', 'duration': 23.205, 'max_score': 3453.607, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y3453607.jpg'}], 'start': 2676.158, 'title': 'Unix file feature, disk space usage, and shell scripting interview insights', 'summary': 'Covers unix file features, disk space usage, and debugging methods, including the usage of the du command to find total disk space used by a specific user, enabling debugging in scripts using debug statements and set-x. it also covers fundamental concepts of shell scripting, including variable assignment, file manipulation, parameter passing, date and time retrieval, file modification tracking, arithmetic calculations, debugging techniques, and disk space analysis, providing practical examples and detailed explanations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2732.481, 'start': 2676.158, 'title': 'Unix file feature and disk space usage', 'summary': 'Covers the unix file feature, disk space usage, and debugging methods, including the usage of the du command to find total disk space used by a specific user and enabling debugging in scripts using debug statements and set-x.', 'duration': 56.323, 'highlights': ["The DU command with the path 'home/slash edureka' and the S flag is used to find the total disk space used by each subdirectory.", 'Two ways to debug problems encountered in scripts or programs: inserting debug statements in the shell script and enabling debugging using set-x.']}, {'end': 3546.99, 'start': 2732.481, 'title': 'Shell scripting interview insights', 'summary': 'Covers fundamental concepts of shell scripting, including variable assignment, file manipulation, parameter passing, date and time retrieval, file modification tracking, arithmetic calculations, debugging techniques, and disk space analysis, providing practical examples and detailed explanations.', 'duration': 814.509, 'highlights': ["How to check if a directory exists Demonstrates a simple script to check the existence of a directory using the 'if' statement and the 'test' command, providing a practical example of directory validation.", "How to open a read-only file in a shell Explains the usage of the 'vi' command with the 'r' flag to open a file in read-only mode, showcasing a common operation in shell scripting for file manipulation.", "How to find all the files modified in less than three days Illustrates the use of the 'find' command with the 'mtime' flag to identify and record files modified within a specified timeframe, demonstrating file manipulation and search operations.", 'How to add two numbers in a shell script Provides a simple shell script example to add two numbers entered as command line arguments, showcasing input validation and arithmetic operations.', "How to debug a shell script using set -x Demonstrates the usage of 'set -x' to enable debugging in a shell script, highlighting a critical technique for identifying and resolving script errors."]}], 'duration': 870.832, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6ue2luv2I-Y/pics/6ue2luv2I-Y2676158.jpg', 'highlights': ["The DU command with the path 'home/slash edureka' and the S flag is used to find the total disk space used by each subdirectory.", 'Two ways to debug problems encountered in scripts or programs: inserting debug statements in the shell script and enabling debugging using set-x.', "How to check if a directory exists Demonstrates a simple script to check the existence of a directory using the 'if' statement and the 'test' command, providing a practical example of directory validation.", "How to open a read-only file in a shell Explains the usage of the 'vi' command with the 'r' flag to open a file in read-only mode, showcasing a common operation in shell scripting for file manipulation.", "How to find all the files modified in less than three days Illustrates the use of the 'find' command with the 'mtime' flag to identify and record files modified within a specified timeframe, demonstrating file manipulation and search operations.", 'How to add two numbers in a shell script Provides a simple shell script example to add two numbers entered as command line arguments, showcasing input validation and arithmetic operations.', "How to debug a shell script using set -x Demonstrates the usage of 'set -x' to enable debugging in a shell script, highlighting a critical technique for identifying and resolving script errors."]}], 'highlights': ['Linux shell scripting has a market share of about 17% with a three-month moving average salary of 60,000 pounds in the UK.', 'Individuals familiar with shell scripting and Linux have a high possibility of improving interview performance.', 'The super block in shell scripting contains file system information like size, block size, and free data blocks, providing crucial details about the specific file system.', 'The chapter provides interview questions for beginners, intermediates, and advanced professionals.', 'The default permissions of a file when created are 666, allowing the user, user group, and others to read and write the file, with specific details on the permission numbers and their associated permissions.', 'The chapter covers the basics of shell scripting, including the use of single and double quotes, variable assignment, string manipulation, and array handling, with practical examples and explanations.', "The DU command with the path 'home/slash edureka' and the S flag is used to find the total disk space used by each subdirectory.", 'Seashell allows aliasing of all commands, reusing of lengthy commands, and access to command history, making it more preferable than bond shell.', 'The tar command with options CVF for zipping files and XVF for unzipping files is an efficient tool for backup.', 'Two ways to debug problems encountered in scripts or programs: inserting debug statements in the shell script and enabling debugging using set-x.']}