title
Stephen Kotkin: Stalin's Rise to Power | AI Podcast Clips

description
Full episode with Stephen Kotkin (Jan 2020): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCkkjnpS2f8 Clips channel (Lex Clips): https://www.youtube.com/lexclips Main channel (Lex Fridman): https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman (more links below) Podcast full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Podcasts clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/ai Podcast on Apple Podcasts (iTunes): https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Podcast on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 Podcast RSS: https://lexfridman.com/category/ai/feed/ Stephen Kotkin is a professor of history at Princeton university and one of the great historians of our time, specializing in Russian and Soviet history. He has written many books on Stalin and the Soviet Union including the first 2 of a 3 volume work on Stalin, and he is currently working on volume 3. Subscribe to this YouTube channel or connect on: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': "Stephen Kotkin: Stalin's Rise to Power | AI Podcast Clips", 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Delves into stalin's rise to power after the russian revolution, his organizational skills, and effectiveness in running the government, emphasizing his hunger for power and the impact on the russian people, while also exploring the influence of capitalism on the appeal of communism during the interwar period and its decline after world war ii.", 'chapters': [{'end': 323.794, 'segs': [{'end': 161.484, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 70.766, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 85.736, 'text': 'He spends World War I in exile in Siberia until the downfall of the Tsarist autocracy in February 1917, Stalin is in Eastern Siberian exile.', 'start': 70.766, 'duration': 14.97}, {'end': 90.139, 'text': "He's only able to leave Eastern Siberia when that regime falls.", 'start': 86.436, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 92.901, 'text': 'He never fights in the war.', 'start': 91.46, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 103.469, 'text': "He's called up briefly towards the end of the war and is disqualified on physical grounds because of physical deformities from being drafted.", 'start': 94.082, 'duration': 9.387}, {'end': 112.918, 'text': "The war continues after the Tsarist regime has been toppled in the capital and there's been a revolution.", 'start': 104.912, 'duration': 8.006}, {'end': 118.402, 'text': 'The war continues and that war is very radicalizing.', 'start': 114.559, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 123.105, 'text': 'The peasants begin to seize the land after the Tsar falls.', 'start': 119.742, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 127.29, 'text': 'essentially destroying much of the gentry class.', 'start': 124.389, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 129.371, 'text': 'Stalin has nothing to do with that.', 'start': 127.871, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 138.395, 'text': 'The peasants have their own revolution, seizing the land, not in law, but in fact, de facto, not de jure land ownership.', 'start': 129.55, 'duration': 8.845}, {'end': 148.46, 'text': 'So there are these really large processes underway that Stalin is alive during, but not a driver of.', 'start': 139.136, 'duration': 9.324}, {'end': 161.484, 'text': 'The most improbable thing happens, which is a very small group of people around the figure of Vladimir Lenin announces that it has seized power.', 'start': 149.994, 'duration': 11.49}], 'summary': "Stalin's exile in siberia during world war i, disqualification from war due to physical deformities, and the radicalizing effects of the war and revolution.", 'duration': 90.718, 'max_score': 70.766, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc70766.jpg'}, {'end': 225.932, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 193.616, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 201.919, 'text': 'a kind of radical, grassroots democracy are extremely popular all over the country and not dominated by any one group.', 'start': 193.616, 'duration': 8.303}, {'end': 206.789, 'text': 'But predominantly socialist or predominantly leftist.', 'start': 203.007, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 221.329, 'text': 'Russia has an election during the war, a free and fair election for the most part, despite the war, at the end of 1917, in December 1917.', 'start': 208.329, 'duration': 13}, {'end': 225.932, 'text': 'And three quarters plus of the country votes socialist in some form or another.', 'start': 221.329, 'duration': 4.603}], 'summary': 'In the 1917 russian election, three quarters of the country voted socialist, showing widespread support for radical grassroots democracy.', 'duration': 32.316, 'max_score': 193.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc193616.jpg'}, {'end': 323.794, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 272.194, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 285.022, 'text': 'And so Stalin is able to come to power along with Lenin in this crazy seizure of power on the left against the rest of the left in October 1917,', 'start': 272.194, 'duration': 12.828}, {'end': 287.225, 'text': 'which we know is the October Revolution.', 'start': 285.022, 'duration': 2.203}, {'end': 292.47, 'text': 'And I call the October coup as many other historians call.', 'start': 287.905, 'duration': 4.565}, {'end': 297.015, 'text': 'The October Revolution happened after the seizure of power.', 'start': 294.032, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 305.658, 'text': "What's interesting about this episode is that the leftists who seize power in the name of the Soviets, in the name of the masses,", 'start': 297.645, 'duration': 8.013}, {'end': 309.283, 'text': "in the name of people's power, they retain their hold.", 'start': 305.658, 'duration': 3.625}, {'end': 315.772, 'text': "many times in history there's a seizure of power by the left, and they fail.", 'start': 310.45, 'duration': 5.322}, {'end': 323.794, 'text': "they collapse, they're cleaned out by an army or what we call forces of order, by counter-revolutionary forces.", 'start': 315.772, 'duration': 8.022}], 'summary': "Stalin and lenin seized power in the october revolution of 1917, retaining their hold against historical leftists' failures.", 'duration': 51.6, 'max_score': 272.194, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc272194.jpg'}], 'start': 1.909, 'title': "Stalin's rise to power and the october revolution", 'summary': "Delves into stalin's unparalleled rise to power after the russian revolution, exploring his journey and the circumstances that led to his rise. additionally, it discusses the october revolution of 1917 and the subsequent battle over the definition of socialism, revealing that three quarters of the country voted socialist in a free election at the end of 1917.", 'chapters': [{'end': 161.484, 'start': 1.909, 'title': "Stalin's journey to power", 'summary': "Explores stalin's journey to amassing unparalleled power after the russian revolution and highlights the circumstances and events that contributed to his rise, including his lack of participation in world war i and the radicalizing effects of the ongoing war and peasant revolution.", 'duration': 159.575, 'highlights': ["Stalin's lack of participation in World War I and disqualification from being drafted due to physical deformities.", 'The radicalizing effects of the ongoing war and peasant revolution, leading to the destruction of the gentry class and significant land seizures.', "The announcement of seizing power by a small group around Vladimir Lenin, contributing to Stalin's rise to power."]}, {'end': 323.794, 'start': 162.646, 'title': 'October revolution and seizure of power', 'summary': "Discusses the october revolution of 1917, where lenin's bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government through a coup, and a free election at the end of 1917 showed three quarters of the country voting socialist, leading to a battle over the definition of socialism and who had the right to participate in defining it.", 'duration': 161.148, 'highlights': ["Lenin's Bolsheviks seized power through a coup against the other socialists in October 1917. Lenin's Bolsheviks took power through a coup against other socialist parties, leading to the October Revolution.", 'In a free election at the end of 1917, three quarters of the country voted socialist. At the end of 1917, a free election showed that three quarters of the country voted socialist, leading to a battle over the definition of socialism.', 'The battle was over the definition of socialism and who had the right to participate in defining it. The October Revolution led to a battle over the definition of socialism and who had the right to participate in defining it.', "The leftists who seized power in the name of the Soviets retained their hold, unlike many other historical instances where the left's seizure of power failed. The leftists who seized power in the name of the Soviets retained their hold, unlike many other historical instances where the left's seizure of power failed."]}], 'duration': 321.885, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc1909.jpg', 'highlights': ["Stalin's lack of participation in World War I and disqualification from being drafted due to physical deformities.", 'The radicalizing effects of the ongoing war and peasant revolution, leading to the destruction of the gentry class and significant land seizures.', "The announcement of seizing power by a small group around Vladimir Lenin, contributing to Stalin's rise to power.", "Lenin's Bolsheviks seized power through a coup against the other socialists in October 1917.", 'In a free election at the end of 1917, three quarters of the country voted socialist.', "The leftists who seized power in the name of the Soviets retained their hold, unlike many other historical instances where the left's seizure of power failed."]}, {'end': 585.237, 'segs': [{'end': 357.244, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 323.794, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 328.055, 'text': "lenin's revolution, lenin's coup is successful.", 'start': 323.794, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 331.677, 'text': 'it is able to hold power, not just seize power.', 'start': 328.055, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 340.495, 'text': "they win a civil war and they're entrenched in the heart of the country already by 1921..", 'start': 331.677, 'duration': 8.818}, {'end': 341.896, 'text': 'Stalin is part of that group.', 'start': 340.495, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 348.159, 'text': 'Lenin needs somebody to run this new regime in the kind of nitty gritty way.', 'start': 342.716, 'duration': 5.443}, {'end': 357.244, 'text': 'Lenin is the leader, the undisputed leader in the Bolshevik party, which changes their name to communists in 1918.', 'start': 348.359, 'duration': 8.885}], 'summary': "Lenin's successful revolution establishes bolshevik power, with stalin as a key figure. by 1921, they are entrenched in the country after winning a civil war.", 'duration': 33.45, 'max_score': 323.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc323794.jpg'}, {'end': 481.692, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 398.041, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 403.444, 'text': 'have seized power against the rest of the socialists and anarchists and the entire left.', 'start': 398.041, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 412.008, 'text': "And then there's an institutionalization of a position known as General Secretary of the Communist Party, right-hand man of Lenin.", 'start': 404.524, 'duration': 7.484}, {'end': 423.555, 'text': 'Less than six weeks after Lenin has created this position and installed Stalin, Lenin has a stroke, a major stroke.', 'start': 413.369, 'duration': 10.186}, {'end': 434.132, 'text': 'and never really returns as a full actor to power before he dies of a fourth stroke in January, 1924.', 'start': 424.986, 'duration': 9.146}, {'end': 440.736, 'text': "So a position is created for Stalin to run things on Lenin's behalf, and then Lenin has a stroke.", 'start': 434.132, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 445.459, 'text': 'And so Stalin now has this new position, general secretary,', 'start': 441.897, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 453.299, 'text': "but he's the right hand of a person who's no longer exercising day-to-day control over affairs.", 'start': 446.476, 'duration': 6.823}, {'end': 464.445, 'text': 'Stalin then uses this new position to create a personal dictatorship inside the Bolshevik dictatorship, which is the remarkable story I tried to tell.', 'start': 454.16, 'duration': 10.285}, {'end': 476.048, 'text': 'So is there anything nefarious about any of what you just described? So it seems conveniently, that the position is created just for Stalin.', 'start': 464.805, 'duration': 11.243}, {'end': 481.692, 'text': 'There was a few other brilliant people, arguably more brilliant than Stalin in the vicinity of Lenin.', 'start': 476.088, 'duration': 5.604}], 'summary': 'Stalin seizes power from lenin, becomes general secretary, and creates a personal dictatorship within the bolsheviks.', 'duration': 83.651, 'max_score': 398.041, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc398041.jpg'}, {'end': 563.638, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 512.849, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 514.25, 'text': 'Everything was leading up to it.', 'start': 512.849, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 527.138, 'text': 'So Hitler seizes power in Germany in 1933, and the Nazi regime gets institutionalized by several of his moves after being named chancellor.', 'start': 515.291, 'duration': 11.847}, {'end': 533.76, 'text': "And so all German history becomes a story of the Nazi rise to power, Hitler's rise to power.", 'start': 528.258, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 538.902, 'text': 'Every trend tendency is bent into that outcome.', 'start': 534.36, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 545.404, 'text': "Things which don't seem related to that outcome all of a sudden get bent in that direction.", 'start': 539.642, 'duration': 5.762}, {'end': 551.706, 'text': "And other trends that were going on are no longer examined because they didn't lead to that outcome.", 'start': 545.804, 'duration': 5.902}, {'end': 557.832, 'text': "but hitler's becoming chancellor of germany in 1933 was not inevitable.", 'start': 552.486, 'duration': 5.346}, {'end': 559.494, 'text': 'it was contingent.', 'start': 557.832, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 563.638, 'text': 'he was offered the position by the traditional conservatives.', 'start': 559.494, 'duration': 4.144}], 'summary': "Hitler's rise to power in 1933 was not inevitable, but contingent on being offered the position by traditional conservatives, leading to the institutionalization of the nazi regime in germany.", 'duration': 50.789, 'max_score': 512.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc512849.jpg'}], 'start': 323.794, 'title': "Stalin's and hitler's rise to power", 'summary': "Delves into lenin's revolution, stalin's ascendency after lenin's death in 1924, and the non-inevitability of historical events, including hitler's rise to power.", 'chapters': [{'end': 453.299, 'start': 323.794, 'title': "Lenin's rise and stalin's ascendancy", 'summary': "Highlights lenin's successful revolution and the establishment of stalin as the general secretary of the communist party, which ultimately led to his ascendancy to power after lenin's incapacitation and death in 1924.", 'duration': 129.505, 'highlights': ["Lenin's successful revolution and entrenchment in the country by 1921, leading to the Bolsheviks becoming communists and seizing power against other leftist groups.", 'Creation of the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin for Stalin in 1922, institutionalizing a right-hand man to manage day-to-day political affairs.', "Lenin's incapacitation due to a major stroke, leading to Stalin assuming the role of the right-hand man without Lenin's day-to-day control over affairs."]}, {'end': 585.237, 'start': 454.16, 'title': "Stalin's rise to power and hitler's seizure of power", 'summary': "Explores stalin's trajectory to power and the contingency of historical events, including hitler's rise to power, highlighting the non-inevitability of these events and the surprising factors that led to their outcomes.", 'duration': 131.077, 'highlights': ["Stalin's rise to power and creation of a personal dictatorship inside the Bolshevik dictatorship is the remarkable story explored, questioning the nefarious aspects of his trajectory and the historical contingency of events.", "Hitler's seizure of power in Germany in 1933 is discussed, emphasizing the non-inevitability of the event and the surprising factors that led to his appointment as chancellor, despite the decline in the Nazi party's votes relative to the previous election.", "The institutionalization of the Nazi regime by several of Hitler's moves after being named chancellor is highlighted, showcasing how every trend and tendency was bent into the outcome of his rise to power.", 'The non-inevitability and historical contingency of events are emphasized, challenging the perception that certain outcomes were predetermined and examining the surprising factors that led to these outcomes.']}], 'duration': 261.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc323794.jpg', 'highlights': ["Lenin's successful revolution and entrenchment in the country by 1921, leading to the Bolsheviks becoming communists and seizing power against other leftist groups.", 'Creation of the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin for Stalin in 1922, institutionalizing a right-hand man to manage day-to-day political affairs.', "Lenin's incapacitation due to a major stroke, leading to Stalin assuming the role of the right-hand man without Lenin's day-to-day control over affairs.", "Stalin's rise to power and creation of a personal dictatorship inside the Bolshevik dictatorship is the remarkable story explored, questioning the nefarious aspects of his trajectory and the historical contingency of events.", "Hitler's seizure of power in Germany in 1933 is discussed, emphasizing the non-inevitability of the event and the surprising factors that led to his appointment as chancellor, despite the decline in the Nazi party's votes relative to the previous election.", "The institutionalization of the Nazi regime by several of Hitler's moves after being named chancellor is highlighted, showcasing how every trend and tendency was bent into the outcome of his rise to power.", 'The non-inevitability and historical contingency of events are emphasized, challenging the perception that certain outcomes were predetermined and examining the surprising factors that led to these outcomes.']}, {'end': 855.462, 'segs': [{'end': 800.887, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 749.993, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 752.334, 'text': 'My point is not that one resembles the other.', 'start': 749.993, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 762.518, 'text': "My point is that when people come to power for contingent reasons, they don't stay in power unless they're able to manage it.", 'start': 753.533, 'duration': 8.985}, {'end': 767.982, 'text': 'And Stalin was able to build a personal dictatorship inside that dictatorship.', 'start': 762.999, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 772.565, 'text': 'He was cunning, he was ruthless, and he was a workaholic.', 'start': 768.382, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 773.865, 'text': 'He was very diligent.', 'start': 772.765, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 775.827, 'text': 'He had a phenomenal memory.', 'start': 774.306, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 779.85, 'text': "And so he could remember people's names and faces and events.", 'start': 776.667, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 789.497, 'text': 'And this was very advantageous for him as he built the machine that became the Soviet state and bureaucracy.', 'start': 780.51, 'duration': 8.987}, {'end': 790.158, 'text': 'One of the things.', 'start': 789.577, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 791.639, 'text': "maybe you can correct me if I'm wrong.", 'start': 790.158, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 800.887, 'text': "what you've made me realize is this wasn't some kind of manipulative personality trying to gain more power,", 'start': 791.639, 'duration': 9.248}], 'summary': 'Stalin built a personal dictatorship in the soviet state, with a phenomenal memory and diligence.', 'duration': 50.894, 'max_score': 749.993, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc749993.jpg'}], 'start': 585.598, 'title': "Stalin's rise to power", 'summary': "Discusses lenin's choice of stalin as his successor, emphasizing stalin's organizational skills and effectiveness in running the government, resulting in his rise as a dictator and the building of a superpower. it also explores stalin's belief in communism and his hunger for power, highlighting its impact on the russian people in the 20th century.", 'chapters': [{'end': 722.232, 'start': 585.598, 'title': "Lenin's choice and stalin's rise", 'summary': "Discusses how lenin's illness led to his choice of stalin as his successor, emphasizing stalin's organizational skills and effectiveness in running the government, ultimately resulting in his rise as a dictator and the building of a superpower.", 'duration': 136.634, 'highlights': ["Lenin chose Stalin as his successor based on Stalin's organizational skills and promise, as well as his effectiveness in carrying out assignments, ultimately leading to Stalin's rise as a dictator.", "Stalin's competence and effectiveness in running the government and building a superpower overshadowed any brilliance others in the regime may have possessed, contributing to his successful hold on power.", "The chapter emphasizes the need to relate larger structural factors to contingent factors, highlighting the significance of Stalin's skill and effectiveness in holding the position amidst difficult circumstances and building a superpower through bloodshed."]}, {'end': 775.827, 'start': 723.133, 'title': 'Power and leadership: lessons from stalin and putin', 'summary': "Explores the qualities and abilities that enabled stalin to build a personal dictatorship inside a dictatorship, drawing parallels to putin's unexpected rise to power and ability to hold power, emphasizing the importance of managing power effectively and showcasing stalin's cunning, ruthlessness, and diligence.", 'duration': 52.694, 'highlights': ['Stalin was able to build a personal dictatorship inside that dictatorship, showcasing his cunning, ruthlessness, and diligence.', "Putin's rise to power was unexpected, and he has been able to hold power by managing it effectively.", "Accidental rise to power won't last unless the leader is able to manage it effectively, as seen in the case of Putin and Stalin."]}, {'end': 855.462, 'start': 776.667, 'title': "Stalin's belief in communism", 'summary': "Discusses stalin's genuine belief in communism and his hunger for power, highlighting the role of communism as an ideology in his rise to power and its impact on the russian people in the 20th century.", 'duration': 78.795, 'highlights': ['Stalin was a true believer in communism, which played a significant role in his rise to power and influence on the Russian people in the 20th century.', "Stalin's hunger for power was not solely for power's sake, indicating a complex motivation behind his actions.", "The discussion explores the advantageous role of Stalin's memory for names, faces, and events in the context of building the Soviet state and bureaucracy."]}], 'duration': 269.864, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc585598.jpg', 'highlights': ["Stalin's competence and effectiveness overshadowed others, contributing to his successful hold on power.", 'Stalin built a personal dictatorship inside that dictatorship, showcasing his cunning, ruthlessness, and diligence.', 'Stalin was a true believer in communism, playing a significant role in his rise to power and influence on the Russian people.']}, {'end': 1223.634, 'segs': [{'end': 939.228, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 908.153, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 911.053, 'text': "And so it's very important to understand that.", 'start': 908.153, 'duration': 2.9}, {'end': 921.557, 'text': 'however thirsty he was for power and he was very thirsty for power, he was also driven by ideals.', 'start': 911.053, 'duration': 10.504}, {'end': 930.383, 'text': "now i don't necessarily think that everyone around stalin shared those ideals.", 'start': 921.557, 'duration': 8.826}, {'end': 939.228, 'text': 'we have to be careful not to make everybody into a communist true believer, not to make everybody into a great statist russian patriot,', 'start': 930.383, 'duration': 8.845}], 'summary': 'Stalin was driven by ideals, despite being power-hungry. not everyone shared his beliefs.', 'duration': 31.075, 'max_score': 908.153, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc908153.jpg'}, {'end': 1052.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1027.682, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1036.751, 'text': 'There was mass unemployment, a lot of hardship, fascism, Nazism, Imperial Japan.', 'start': 1027.682, 'duration': 9.069}, {'end': 1049.368, 'text': 'There were a lot of associations that were negative with the kind of capitalist system that was not a hundred percent, not a monolith,', 'start': 1037.858, 'duration': 11.51}, {'end': 1052.371, 'text': 'but had a lot of authoritarian incarnations.', 'start': 1049.368, 'duration': 3.003}], 'summary': 'Mass unemployment, hardship, and negative associations with capitalist system in the past.', 'duration': 24.689, 'max_score': 1027.682, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc1027682.jpg'}, {'end': 1133.134, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1105.68, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1109.463, 'text': 'But nonetheless there were real problems that communism tried to address.', 'start': 1105.68, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 1115.587, 'text': "It didn't solve those problems, it was not a solution, but it didn't come out of nowhere.", 'start': 1110.263, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 1119.79, 'text': 'It came out of the context of that interwar period.', 'start': 1116.307, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 1130.551, 'text': "And so Stalin's rule, Some people saw it as potentially a better option than imperialism, fascism, and Great Depression.", 'start': 1119.91, 'duration': 10.641}, {'end': 1133.134, 'text': 'Having said that, they were wrong.', 'start': 1131.592, 'duration': 1.542}], 'summary': 'Communism arose from interwar context, seen as better option than imperialism, fascism, and great depression, but ultimately wrong.', 'duration': 27.454, 'max_score': 1105.68, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc1105680.jpg'}, {'end': 1217.811, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1191.773, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1202.322, 'text': 'But if capitalism is in foul odor, if people have a bad opinion, a strong critique of capitalism, there can be appeal to alternatives.', 'start': 1191.773, 'duration': 10.549}, {'end': 1205.344, 'text': "And that's kind of what happened with Stalin's rule.", 'start': 1202.482, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 1210.128, 'text': 'But after World War II, The context changed a lot.', 'start': 1206.005, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 1217.811, 'text': 'Capitalism was very different, much more successful, non-violent compared to what it was in the interwar period.', 'start': 1210.208, 'duration': 7.603}], 'summary': 'After world war ii, capitalism became more successful and non-violent, contrasting with the interwar period.', 'duration': 26.038, 'max_score': 1191.773, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc1191773.jpg'}], 'start': 856.103, 'title': "Stalin's dual appeal and rule", 'summary': "Explores stalin's appeal to communist followers and russian patriots, driven by his dedication to enacting communism and defending russian state interests, while justifying his dictatorship through communism and soviet power. it also highlights the influence of capitalism on the appeal of communism during the interwar period and its decline after world war ii.", 'chapters': [{'end': 970.54, 'start': 856.103, 'title': "Stalin's dual appeal", 'summary': "Explores stalin's appeal to both communist followers and russian patriots, driven by his dedication to enacting communism and defending russian state interests, despite resorting to manipulation, violence, and lies.", 'duration': 114.437, 'highlights': ["Stalin's appeal to communist followers and Russian patriots was driven by his dedication to enacting communism and defending Russian state interests.", "Stalin's thirst for power was complemented by his adherence to ideals, which attracted a significant number of people.", 'Despite his dedication to certain ideals, Stalin resorted to manipulation, violence, lies, and slander to maintain his power and influence.', "Stalin's ability to communicate his dedication to pursuing his goals and drive towards them contributed to his appeal, despite his use of manipulation and violence."]}, {'end': 1223.634, 'start': 971, 'title': "Stalin's rule and the rise of capitalism", 'summary': 'Discusses how stalin justified his dictatorship by associating it with communism and soviet power, and how the appeal of communism was influenced by the negative image of capitalism during the interwar period, but eventually lost ground after world war ii due to the rise of successful non-violent capitalism.', 'duration': 252.634, 'highlights': ['Stalin justified his dictatorship by associating it with communism and Soviet power, using any means necessary to achieve his ends.', 'The Great Depression created negative associations with the capitalist system, leading to some appeal of communism during the interwar period.', 'The image and reality of capitalism during the interwar period disappointed many people, contributing to the appeal of communism as an alternative.', 'After World War II, the rise of successful non-violent capitalism diminished the appeal of communism as an alternative, leading to a tough competition for the Soviet Union.']}], 'duration': 367.531, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6X_GYIJFdcc/pics/6X_GYIJFdcc856103.jpg', 'highlights': ["Stalin's appeal to communist followers and Russian patriots was driven by his dedication to enacting communism and defending Russian state interests.", 'Stalin justified his dictatorship by associating it with communism and Soviet power, using any means necessary to achieve his ends.', 'The Great Depression created negative associations with the capitalist system, leading to some appeal of communism during the interwar period.', 'After World War II, the rise of successful non-violent capitalism diminished the appeal of communism as an alternative, leading to a tough competition for the Soviet Union.']}], 'highlights': ["Stalin's rise to power and creation of a personal dictatorship inside the Bolshevik dictatorship is the remarkable story explored, questioning the nefarious aspects of his trajectory and the historical contingency of events.", "Stalin's competence and effectiveness overshadowed others, contributing to his successful hold on power.", 'Stalin built a personal dictatorship inside that dictatorship, showcasing his cunning, ruthlessness, and diligence.', 'Stalin was a true believer in communism, playing a significant role in his rise to power and influence on the Russian people.', 'Stalin justified his dictatorship by associating it with communism and Soviet power, using any means necessary to achieve his ends.', 'The Great Depression created negative associations with the capitalist system, leading to some appeal of communism during the interwar period.', 'After World War II, the rise of successful non-violent capitalism diminished the appeal of communism as an alternative, leading to a tough competition for the Soviet Union.', 'Creation of the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin for Stalin in 1922, institutionalizing a right-hand man to manage day-to-day political affairs.', "Lenin's incapacitation due to a major stroke, leading to Stalin assuming the role of the right-hand man without Lenin's day-to-day control over affairs.", "Hitler's seizure of power in Germany in 1933 is discussed, emphasizing the non-inevitability of the event and the surprising factors that led to his appointment as chancellor, despite the decline in the Nazi party's votes relative to the previous election."]}