title
Top 50 Node.js Interview Questions and Answers | Node.js Interview Preparation | Edureka

description
** Node.js Certification Training: https://www.edureka.co/nodejs-certification-training ** This Edureka video on 'Node.js Interview Questions' will help you in preparing better for your Node.js Interviews and ace it. In this session, we will be discussing Top 50 frequently asked questions in Node.js. ------------------------------------- Do subscribe to our channel and hit the bell icon to never miss an update from us in the future: https://goo.gl/6ohpTV SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/EdurekaIN Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka #edureka #edurekanodejs #nodejs #nodejsinterviewquestions #nodejscertification #nodejstraining #nodejsonlinetraining ----------------------------------------------------------------- How does it work? 1. This is a 4 Week Instructor-led Online Course. 2. We have a 24x7 One-on-One LIVE Technical Support to help you with any problems you might face or any clarifications you may require during the course. 3. At the end of the training, you will be working on a real-time project for which we will provide you a Grade and a Verifiable Certificate! -------------------------------------------------------------------- About The Course Node.js Training is a platform that enables the participants to build high performance, event-driven, real-time and scalable networking applications just by using JavaScript. Edureka's Node.js training will train you to build networking and web-based applications that are far more superior and efficient than applications built in other languages. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Who should go for this course? This course is designed for professionals who aspire to be application developers and gain expertise in building real-time, highly-scalable applications in Node.js. The following professionals can go for this course : 1. Web Developers 2. Project Managers 3. Software Architects 4. Testing Professionals ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Why learn Node.js? Node.js uses JavaScript - a language known to millions of developers worldwide - thus giving it a much lower learning curve even for complete beginners. Using Node.js you can build simple Command Line programs or complex enterprise level web applications with equal ease. Node.js is an event-driven, server-side, asynchronous development platform with lightning speed execution. Node.js helps you to code the most complex functionalities in just a few lines of code. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Got a question on the topic? Please share it in the comment section below and our experts will answer it for you. Please write back to us at sales@edureka.in or call us at IND: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775 (toll-free) for more information

detail
{'title': 'Top 50 Node.js Interview Questions and Answers | Node.js Interview Preparation | Edureka', 'heatmap': [{'end': 650.972, 'start': 620.697, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 1005.041, 'start': 973.373, 'weight': 0.761}, {'end': 1735.902, 'start': 1699.658, 'weight': 0.765}], 'summary': 'Covers node.js fundamentals, angular and node.js differences, package.json significance, event-driven programming, reactor pattern, global objects, stubs, test pyramid, node.js features, and best practices, providing in-depth knowledge for node.js interview preparation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 282.323, 'segs': [{'end': 62.287, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 34.217, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 38.499, 'text': 'So we should understand what is the difference between JavaScript and node.js.', 'start': 34.217, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 43.644, 'text': 'So these are the basic differences that you can say JavaScript is a programming language.', 'start': 39.423, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 51.065, 'text': "Whereas node.js, you can say that it's a interpreter and an environment for JavaScript.", 'start': 44.224, 'duration': 6.841}, {'end': 55.166, 'text': 'JavaScript is mainly used for any client-side activity for a web application.', 'start': 51.065, 'duration': 4.101}, {'end': 62.287, 'text': 'Whereas node.js is used for accessing or performing any non-blocking operations of any operating system.', 'start': 55.646, 'duration': 6.641}], 'summary': 'Javascript is a programming language for client-side web activities, while node.js is an interpreter and environment for non-blocking operations.', 'duration': 28.07, 'max_score': 34.217, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ34217.jpg'}, {'end': 184.044, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 151.872, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 152.932, 'text': 'Now the question arises.', 'start': 151.872, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 158.513, 'text': "What is node.js? So node.js we can say it's a powerful JavaScript framework.", 'start': 153.092, 'duration': 5.421}, {'end': 161.234, 'text': "It's an open source server environment.", 'start': 159.053, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 170.158, 'text': "It is developed on Chrome's v8 JavaScript engine and just please remember, node.js is absolutely free.", 'start': 162.034, 'duration': 8.124}, {'end': 179.942, 'text': 'it compiles JavaScript directly into the native machine code and it is used for creating server-side web applications at the same time.', 'start': 170.158, 'duration': 9.784}, {'end': 184.044, 'text': 'It is a right pick for the data-intensive real-time applications.', 'start': 180.623, 'duration': 3.421}], 'summary': "Node.js is a powerful javascript framework, developed on chrome's v8 engine, free, compiles javascript into native machine code, and is ideal for data-intensive real-time applications.", 'duration': 32.172, 'max_score': 151.872, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ151872.jpg'}, {'end': 282.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 204.144, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 211.57, 'text': 'Now the question arises that what can node.js do so node.js basically it can generate dynamic page content.', 'start': 204.144, 'duration': 7.426}, {'end': 218.835, 'text': 'It can create, open, read, write, delete and close the files on the server.', 'start': 212.23, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 225.901, 'text': 'node.js can collect form data and, at the same time, node.js can add, delete, modify data in your database.', 'start': 218.835, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 231.391, 'text': 'So next question what are the major benefits of using node.js??', 'start': 226.829, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 234.553, 'text': 'What benefit you get out of node.js??', 'start': 232.352, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 238.695, 'text': "So, first of all, as I said, that it's an open source server environment.", 'start': 235.153, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 247.639, 'text': 'It is very simple and fast basically node.js is used for asynchronous programming or you can say asynchronous input output.', 'start': 239.195, 'duration': 8.444}, {'end': 249.42, 'text': 'It is highly scalable in nature.', 'start': 247.739, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 254.863, 'text': 'And again, the most important part of node.js is that it is single threaded.', 'start': 250.201, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 257.603, 'text': 'It uses v8 engine.', 'start': 255.663, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 263.525, 'text': 'Now, what is v8 engine that the engine which is used in node.js implementation.', 'start': 258.184, 'duration': 5.341}, {'end': 268.266, 'text': 'It was originally developed for the Chrome browser, which is written in C++.', 'start': 263.625, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 277.848, 'text': "So Chrome's v8 is used to compile function which is written in JavaScript into machine code and it does the job at a very impressive speed.", 'start': 268.286, 'duration': 9.562}, {'end': 282.323, 'text': "So there is no buffering and as I mentioned that it's cross-platform.", 'start': 277.868, 'duration': 4.455}], 'summary': 'Node.js can handle dynamic page content, file operations, form data, and database manipulation. its benefits include being open source, simple, fast, highly scalable, and using the v8 engine for efficient javascript execution.', 'duration': 78.179, 'max_score': 204.144, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ204144.jpg'}], 'start': 11.206, 'title': 'Node.js fundamentals', 'summary': "Discusses node.js interview questions, highlighting differences between javascript and node.js, and understanding node.js, as an open source, powerful javascript framework with asynchronous programming, scalability, single-threaded architecture, and chrome's v8 engine for speedy performance.", 'chapters': [{'end': 151.032, 'start': 11.206, 'title': 'Node.js interview questions', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between javascript and node.js, highlighting that javascript is a client-side programming language, while node.js is an interpreter and environment for javascript, used for non-blocking operations of any operating system, and it also elaborates on the engines used by javascript and node.js.', 'duration': 139.826, 'highlights': ['JavaScript is a programming language used for client-side activity for web applications, while node.js is used for non-blocking operations of any operating system.', 'Node.js is an interpreter and running environment for JavaScript, holding a lot of other libraries, while JavaScript is a standard defining programming language.', 'JavaScript uses a spider monkey JavaScript code v8 engine, whereas node.js uses the v8 Google Chrome engine.']}, {'end': 282.323, 'start': 151.872, 'title': 'Understanding node.js', 'summary': "Introduces node.js as an open source, powerful javascript framework that is free, uses asynchronous programming, and is highly scalable, allowing for the generation of dynamic content, file manipulation, and database operations, while being single-threaded and using chrome's v8 engine for speedy performance.", 'duration': 130.451, 'highlights': ["Node.js is an open source server environment, developed on Chrome's v8 JavaScript engine, and is free, running on various platforms like Windows, Linux, Unix, and Mac OS.", 'Node.js can generate dynamic page content, perform file operations, collect form data, and manipulate database data, making it suitable for data-intensive real-time applications.', 'Node.js is highly scalable, uses asynchronous programming, and is single threaded, providing a simple and fast environment for asynchronous input/output operations.', "Chrome's v8 engine is used in node.js implementation, compiling JavaScript functions into machine code at an impressive speed, with no buffering and cross-platform compatibility."]}], 'duration': 271.117, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ11206.jpg', 'highlights': ["Node.js is an open source server environment, developed on Chrome's v8 JavaScript engine, and is free, running on various platforms like Windows, Linux, Unix, and Mac OS.", 'Node.js can generate dynamic page content, perform file operations, collect form data, and manipulate database data, making it suitable for data-intensive real-time applications.', 'Node.js is highly scalable, uses asynchronous programming, and is single threaded, providing a simple and fast environment for asynchronous input/output operations.', 'JavaScript is a programming language used for client-side activity for web applications, while node.js is used for non-blocking operations of any operating system.', 'Node.js uses the v8 Google Chrome engine, whereas JavaScript uses a spider monkey JavaScript code v8 engine.', 'Node.js is an interpreter and running environment for JavaScript, holding a lot of other libraries, while JavaScript is a standard defining programming language.', "Chrome's v8 engine is used in node.js implementation, compiling JavaScript functions into machine code at an impressive speed, with no buffering and cross-platform compatibility."]}, {'end': 634.563, 'segs': [{'end': 376.301, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 349.557, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 358.98, 'text': 'angular is ideal for creating highly active and, you can say, interactive web applications which can very well interact with the users.', 'start': 349.557, 'duration': 9.423}, {'end': 369.443, 'text': 'Whereas node.js is ideal for you can say developing a small size projects angular is helpful in splitting an app into MVC components.', 'start': 359.62, 'duration': 9.823}, {'end': 376.301, 'text': 'So as we know Angular is completely a web application framework, which is based on MVC model.', 'start': 369.463, 'duration': 6.838}], 'summary': 'Angular is ideal for creating highly interactive web applications, while node.js is suitable for developing small-sized projects and angular helps in splitting an app into mvc components.', 'duration': 26.744, 'max_score': 349.557, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ349557.jpg'}, {'end': 452.571, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 423.275, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 424.916, 'text': 'node.js uses a single threaded model.', 'start': 423.275, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 427.643, 'text': 'because it supports asynchronous programming.', 'start': 425.501, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 434.369, 'text': "It's absolutely true that all JavaScript executed by node.js is run in a single thread.", 'start': 428.003, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 441.656, 'text': 'node.js is a single threaded language, which is which, in background, you can say, uses multiple threads to execute the asynchronous code.', 'start': 434.369, 'duration': 7.287}, {'end': 448.722, 'text': 'So by asynchronous processing an application can perform better and is more scalable under web loads.', 'start': 442.256, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 452.571, 'text': 'So node.js basically is non-blocking,', 'start': 449.508, 'duration': 3.063}], 'summary': 'Node.js uses a single threaded model to run javascript, but employs multiple threads for executing asynchronous code, making it non-blocking and scalable under web loads.', 'duration': 29.296, 'max_score': 423.275, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ423275.jpg'}, {'end': 534.663, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 511.112, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 519.075, 'text': 'single threaded event loop and a non-blocking input output which provides high rate as it can handle high number of concurrent request.', 'start': 511.112, 'duration': 7.963}, {'end': 524.816, 'text': 'at the same time, and by using HTTP module, node.js can run on any standalone web server.', 'start': 519.075, 'duration': 5.741}, {'end': 532.141, 'text': "So you can say that node.js is a JavaScript runtime which is built on Chrome's v8 JavaScript engine.", 'start': 525.336, 'duration': 6.805}, {'end': 534.663, 'text': 'So node is a runtime or environment.', 'start': 532.562, 'duration': 2.101}], 'summary': "Node.js is a high-performance, non-blocking javascript runtime built on chrome's v8 engine, allowing it to handle a high number of concurrent requests and run on any standalone web server.", 'duration': 23.551, 'max_score': 511.112, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ511112.jpg'}, {'end': 589.901, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 559.426, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 562.947, 'text': 'Now, how many types of API functions are there in node.js?', 'start': 559.426, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 572.149, 'text': 'So, basically, there are two types of API functions in node.js, when we say as asynchronous, which is non-blocking functions, and one is synchronous,', 'start': 563.287, 'duration': 8.862}, {'end': 573.629, 'text': 'which are called the blocking functions.', 'start': 572.149, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 576.73, 'text': 'So please remember when it comes to node.js.', 'start': 574.01, 'duration': 2.72}, {'end': 582.812, 'text': 'There are only two types of functions which you can create whether they will be asynchronous or synchronous.', 'start': 576.77, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 589.901, 'text': 'Now the question arises that what is the difference between asynchronous and non-blocking?', 'start': 583.532, 'duration': 6.369}], 'summary': 'Node.js has two types of api functions: asynchronous (non-blocking) and synchronous (blocking).', 'duration': 30.475, 'max_score': 559.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ559426.jpg'}], 'start': 282.383, 'title': 'Angular and node.js', 'summary': 'Explains the key differences between angular and node.js, highlighting angular as an open source web application development framework and node.js as a cross-platform runtime environment used for server-side networking applications, hardware interactions, and input-output functionalities. it also provides an overview of node.js, highlighting its single-threaded nature, asynchronous programming, non-blocking and scalable features, and distinction between asynchronous and non-blocking functions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 398.93, 'start': 282.383, 'title': 'Difference between angular and node.js', 'summary': 'Explains the key differences between angular and node.js, highlighting angular as an open source web application development framework, while node.js is a cross-platform runtime environment for applications used for server-side networking applications, hardware interactions, and input-output functionalities.', 'duration': 116.547, 'highlights': ['Node.js is a cross-platform runtime environment for applications used for server-side networking applications, hardware interactions, and input-output functionalities. Node.js is used for building server-side networking applications and has frameworks like Express.js, partial.js, and sales.js.', 'Angular is an open source web application development framework, mainly used to build single-page client-side web applications. Angular is ideal for creating highly interactive web applications which can interact well with the users and is based on the MVC model.', 'Angular is suitable for developing real-time applications due to its good interactivity between the system and the user. Angular is suitable for developing real-time applications with high interactivity between the system and the user.']}, {'end': 634.563, 'start': 399.608, 'title': 'Node.js overview', 'summary': 'Explains the single-threaded nature of node.js, its usage of asynchronous programming, and its applications, highlighting its non-blocking and scalable features, along with a distinction between asynchronous and non-blocking functions.', 'duration': 234.955, 'highlights': ['Node.js uses a single threaded model and supports asynchronous programming, allowing it to handle high numbers of concurrent requests. Node.js is single threaded and supports asynchronous programming, enabling it to handle high concurrent requests.', "Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine and can be used in real-time applications, network-related applications, distributed systems, and general-purpose applications. Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine, suitable for real-time, network-related, distributed, and general-purpose applications.", 'Node.js has two types of API functions: asynchronous (non-blocking) and synchronous (blocking) functions, providing flexibility in creating different types of functions. Node.js offers two types of API functions, giving developers flexibility in creating asynchronous and synchronous functions.', 'Asynchronous functions in Node.js enable parallel execution of HTTP requests, while non-blocking (synchronous) functions are used for input/output operations and polling. Asynchronous functions in Node.js enable parallel execution of HTTP requests, while non-blocking functions are used for input/output operations and polling.']}], 'duration': 352.18, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ282383.jpg', 'highlights': ['Angular is an open source web application development framework, mainly used to build single-page client-side web applications.', 'Node.js is a cross-platform runtime environment for applications used for server-side networking applications, hardware interactions, and input-output functionalities.', 'Node.js uses a single threaded model and supports asynchronous programming, allowing it to handle high numbers of concurrent requests.', 'Node.js has two types of API functions: asynchronous (non-blocking) and synchronous (blocking) functions, providing flexibility in creating different types of functions.']}, {'end': 1223.322, 'segs': [{'end': 684.85, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 660.497, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 668.161, 'text': 'So similarly for any node.js based solution or application the first introduction comes in the package.json.', 'start': 660.497, 'duration': 7.664}, {'end': 675.025, 'text': 'So you can say it is basically the manifest file which contains the metadata of the project where we define the properties of a package.', 'start': 668.601, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 684.85, 'text': 'So this is the structure you can see on the screen of default or a general package.json, where it has metadata like who is the author?', 'start': 675.603, 'duration': 9.247}], 'summary': 'In node.js, package.json is the manifest file containing project metadata and package properties.', 'duration': 24.353, 'max_score': 660.497, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ660497.jpg'}, {'end': 755.679, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 727.336, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 731.319, 'text': 'similar Technologies and in event-driven programming in node.js.', 'start': 727.336, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 734.302, 'text': 'It mainly follows the publish and subscribe pattern.', 'start': 731.58, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 736.07, 'text': 'So, generally, what happens?', 'start': 734.949, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 746.695, 'text': 'that as soon as the node is started server, it simply initiates its variables, declares functions and then simply wait for the event to occur.', 'start': 736.07, 'duration': 10.625}, {'end': 751.938, 'text': 'and basically, please remember that event-driven programming make use of basically two concepts.', 'start': 746.695, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 755.679, 'text': 'So there will be an event handler which is, you can say,', 'start': 752.478, 'duration': 3.201}], 'summary': 'Node.js uses event-driven programming, following publish and subscribe pattern, with event handler and listener concepts.', 'duration': 28.343, 'max_score': 727.336, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ727336.jpg'}, {'end': 840.034, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 812.176, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 820.421, 'text': 'So event loop is what allows node.js to perform non-blocking input output operation, despite the fact that JavaScript is single credit.', 'start': 812.176, 'duration': 8.245}, {'end': 826.125, 'text': 'so you can say by offloading operations to the system kernel whenever possible.', 'start': 820.421, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 830.668, 'text': 'So, basically, when node.js starts, it initializes the event loop.', 'start': 826.646, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 840.034, 'text': 'this event loop gets initialized, the processes the provided input script, which may, you can say, make some asynchronous API calls,', 'start': 830.668, 'duration': 9.366}], 'summary': 'Node.js uses event loop for non-blocking i/o, offloading operations to system kernel.', 'duration': 27.858, 'max_score': 812.176, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ812176.jpg'}, {'end': 877.539, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 852.84, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 860.403, 'text': 'So R stands for read, E stands for evaluate, or you can say, P stands for print and L stands for loop.', 'start': 852.84, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 868.927, 'text': 'So in node.js are is it reads the user input passes it into JavaScript data structure and then stores it in the memory.', 'start': 861.064, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 874.277, 'text': 'So node.js comes with you can say a virtual environment, which is called our EPL.', 'start': 869.594, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 877.539, 'text': 'This is also known as you can say node shell.', 'start': 874.717, 'duration': 2.822}], 'summary': 'Node.js uses epl (read, evaluate, print, loop) for user input and data storage.', 'duration': 24.699, 'max_score': 852.84, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ852840.jpg'}, {'end': 1005.041, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 973.373, 'weight': 0.761, 'content': [{'end': 980.276, 'text': 'or you have to control the order of execution of the different functions, and then you have to collect the data or gather the information.', 'start': 973.373, 'duration': 6.903}, {'end': 984.958, 'text': 'The third step is to breaking point simultaneousness.', 'start': 980.856, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 987.539, 'text': 'So you have to limit some concurrency over there.', 'start': 985.398, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 991.301, 'text': 'And finally you have to call the following stage in a program.', 'start': 988.1, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 997.504, 'text': 'So which means that you have to invoke the next function or next step in different function calls.', 'start': 991.361, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 1005.041, 'text': 'Next question is that what do you understand by a test pyramid? So what is a test pyramid the you can see on the screen.', 'start': 998.337, 'duration': 6.704}], 'summary': 'Manage function execution order, limit concurrency, and invoke next steps in program. test pyramid concept explained.', 'duration': 31.668, 'max_score': 973.373, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ973373.jpg'}, {'end': 1031.055, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1005.061, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1013.447, 'text': 'These are the basic components of a test pyramid which are unit test integration test and end-to-end which we say e2e test.', 'start': 1005.061, 'duration': 8.386}, {'end': 1020.471, 'text': 'So what are unit test unit test you can say they test individual units of code in isolation.', 'start': 1014.087, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 1028.252, 'text': 'So for example, you can say individual function unit test They are very fast and you usually have a lot of them.', 'start': 1021.092, 'duration': 7.16}, {'end': 1031.055, 'text': 'So, basically you have multiple unit test.', 'start': 1028.332, 'duration': 2.723}], 'summary': 'Test pyramid: unit, integration, e2e tests. unit tests are fast and numerous.', 'duration': 25.994, 'max_score': 1005.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1005061.jpg'}, {'end': 1128.092, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1099.95, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1105.932, 'text': 'If an error occurred if an error occurred, it will be returned by the first error argument.', 'start': 1099.95, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 1113.133, 'text': 'Now the second argument of the callback function is reserved for any successful response data.', 'start': 1106.532, 'duration': 6.601}, {'end': 1123.796, 'text': 'If no error occurred this ERR, which is the first argument will be set to null and any successful data will be returned in the second argument.', 'start': 1113.974, 'duration': 9.822}, {'end': 1128.092, 'text': 'So this is the concept of error first callback in node.js.', 'start': 1124.389, 'duration': 3.703}], 'summary': 'Error first callback concept in node.js: first argument for error, second for successful data.', 'duration': 28.142, 'max_score': 1099.95, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1099950.jpg'}, {'end': 1178.145, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1152.173, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1161.115, 'text': "you can say it's a special object which is included in every JS file in the node.js application by default module.", 'start': 1152.173, 'duration': 8.942}, {'end': 1171.657, 'text': 'when I say module, you can consider it as a variable that represents the current module and exports is an object that will be exposed as a module.', 'start': 1161.115, 'duration': 10.542}, {'end': 1178.145, 'text': 'So whatever you assign to module dot exports or exports will be exposed as a module.', 'start': 1172.381, 'duration': 5.764}], 'summary': "Node.js includes a special object in every js file by default, called 'module', and 'exports' is an object that will be exposed as a module.", 'duration': 25.972, 'max_score': 1152.173, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1152173.jpg'}], 'start': 635.203, 'title': 'The significance of package.json and event-driven programming in node.js', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of package.json as the core of a node.js project, containing metadata such as author, description, version, scripts, dependencies, and dev dependencies. additionally, it explains event-driven programming in node.js, covering the event loop, event handlers, non-blocking input-output operations, error-first callback, and module.exports functionality.', 'chapters': [{'end': 705.384, 'start': 635.203, 'title': 'Importance of package.json in node.js projects', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of package.json as the heart of a node.js project, serving as the manifest file containing metadata including author, description, version, scripts, dependencies, and dev dependencies.', 'duration': 70.181, 'highlights': ['Package.json is considered the heart of a Node.js project, serving as the introduction and manifest file containing metadata like author, description, version, scripts, dependencies, and dev dependencies.', 'It defines the properties of a package and is essential for any Node.js solution or application.', 'The metadata within package.json includes details such as the author, description, version, scripts, dependencies, and dev dependencies, playing a crucial role in a Node.js based project.']}, {'end': 1223.322, 'start': 706.158, 'title': 'Event-driven programming in node.js', 'summary': 'Explains event-driven programming in node.js, including the concept of event loop, event handlers, and the purpose of the rdpl, with a focus on non-blocking input-output operations and the use of the reactor pattern, while also addressing the error-first callback and the module.exports functionality.', 'duration': 517.164, 'highlights': ['Event-Driven Programming in Node.js Node.js heavily uses events for triggering functions, following the publish and subscribe pattern, making it faster compared to similar technologies.', 'Event Loop and Non-Blocking Input-Output Operations The event loop in Node.js handles asynchronous callbacks and non-blocking input-output operations by offloading operations to the system kernel, despite JavaScript being single-threaded.', "REPL (Read Eval Print Loop) in Node.js REPL in Node.js allows quick testing of JavaScript or Node.js code, where 'R' reads user input, 'E' evaluates and stores it in memory, 'P' prints the final results, and 'L' loops the command until control+C is pressed twice.", 'Asynchronous Tasks and Control Flow in Node.js Node.js uses the event loop for asynchronous tasks such as input-output operations, heavy computations, and blocking operations, and controls function calls by managing the order of execution, collecting data, limiting concurrency, and invoking the next function in the program.', 'Test Pyramid and Integration Testing The test pyramid in Node.js comprises unit tests (testing individual units of code), integration tests (testing interaction between different units), and end-to-end tests (testing the system as a whole). Integration testing is flexible and depends on the application and testing paradigm.', 'Error-First Callback in Node.js An error-first callback in Node.js reserves the first argument for an error object and the second argument for successful response data, ensuring that if an error occurs, it is returned as the first argument.', 'Module.exports in Node.js Module.exports in Node.js is used to encapsulate related code into a single unit and is a special object included in every JS file by default, exposing the assigned content as a module.', 'Reactor Pattern in Node.js The reactor pattern in Node.js involves non-blocking input-output operations, providing a handler for each input-output operation and utilizing a demultiplexer to handle concurrency in non-blocking input-output mode.']}], 'duration': 588.119, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ635203.jpg', 'highlights': ['Package.json is considered the heart of a Node.js project, serving as the introduction and manifest file containing metadata like author, description, version, scripts, dependencies, and dev dependencies.', 'Event-Driven Programming in Node.js heavily uses events for triggering functions, following the publish and subscribe pattern, making it faster compared to similar technologies.', 'Event Loop in Node.js handles asynchronous callbacks and non-blocking input-output operations by offloading operations to the system kernel, despite JavaScript being single-threaded.', "REPL in Node.js allows quick testing of JavaScript or Node.js code, where 'R' reads user input, 'E' evaluates and stores it in memory, 'P' prints the final results, and 'L' loops the command until control+C is pressed twice.", 'Node.js uses the event loop for asynchronous tasks such as input-output operations, heavy computations, and blocking operations, and controls function calls by managing the order of execution, collecting data, limiting concurrency, and invoking the next function in the program.', 'The test pyramid in Node.js comprises unit tests (testing individual units of code), integration tests (testing interaction between different units), and end-to-end tests (testing the system as a whole). Integration testing is flexible and depends on the application and testing paradigm.', 'An error-first callback in Node.js reserves the first argument for an error object and the second argument for successful response data, ensuring that if an error occurs, it is returned as the first argument.', 'Module.exports in Node.js is used to encapsulate related code into a single unit and is a special object included in every JS file by default, exposing the assigned content as a module.']}, {'end': 1707.986, 'segs': [{'end': 1257.834, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1223.322, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1228.165, 'text': 'reactor pattern in node.js also helps in collecting each and every request in the form of an event.', 'start': 1223.322, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 1232.268, 'text': 'So you can say it does resulting in the generation of an event queue.', 'start': 1228.905, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 1236.792, 'text': 'So reactor pattern helps in the generation of an event queue in node.js.', 'start': 1232.288, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 1241.496, 'text': 'Now, next question is what is the difference between front-end and back-end development?', 'start': 1237.532, 'duration': 3.964}, {'end': 1246.88, 'text': 'So, from a developer standpoint, everyone thinks about what is front-end, what is back-end?', 'start': 1241.536, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 1250.929, 'text': 'So front-end development means that uses markup and web languages.', 'start': 1247.486, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 1257.834, 'text': 'You are using some web language, browser language which browser understand, for example HTML, CSS or JavaScript,', 'start': 1251.129, 'duration': 6.705}], 'summary': 'Reactor pattern in node.js generates an event queue. front-end development uses markup and web languages.', 'duration': 34.512, 'max_score': 1223.322, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1223322.jpg'}, {'end': 1349.331, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1302.003, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1307.045, 'text': 'So this is just a you can say type of version of node.js this type of version of node.js.', 'start': 1302.003, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 1313.287, 'text': 'It receives all the critical bug fixes along with security updates and performance improvements.', 'start': 1307.105, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 1319.229, 'text': 'It is supported for at least 18 months and then it mainly focuses on stability and security.', 'start': 1313.887, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 1326.291, 'text': 'So if you go to node.js official website, that is node.js.org you will see on their home page.', 'start': 1319.789, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 1331.453, 'text': 'There are two versions which are listed one is LTS version and one is the current version.', 'start': 1326.751, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 1334.642, 'text': 'So LTS stands for long-term support version.', 'start': 1331.96, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 1340.185, 'text': 'Next question is that list down the major security implementation within node.js.', 'start': 1335.242, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 1349.331, 'text': 'How can you implement security within node.js? So you can implement authentication and you can implement error handling within node.js.', 'start': 1340.745, 'duration': 8.586}], 'summary': 'Node.js lts version receives bug fixes, security updates, and performance improvements, supported for 18 months, with focus on stability and security, and offers security implementations like authentication and error handling.', 'duration': 47.328, 'max_score': 1302.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1302003.jpg'}, {'end': 1421.514, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1375.278, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1381.44, 'text': 'so you can say it is a pattern which is caused by intensively nested callbacks which are unreadable.', 'start': 1375.278, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 1391.678, 'text': 'It typically contains multiple nested functions or nested callback functions, which in turn make the code very hard to read and debug, as I mentioned,', 'start': 1381.9, 'duration': 9.778}, {'end': 1394.639, 'text': 'that some people call it to be as a pyramid of doom.', 'start': 1391.678, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 1403.322, 'text': 'Also next question is that what is lib UV? So lib UV is a you can say multi-platform support library.', 'start': 1394.779, 'duration': 8.543}, {'end': 1409.664, 'text': "It's a library for node.js which is majorly used for asynchronous input output operation.", 'start': 1403.482, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 1413.811, 'text': 'So live UV is a fantastic asynchronous input output library.', 'start': 1410.41, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 1417.853, 'text': 'It has very you can say high efficient event loop.', 'start': 1414.272, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 1421.514, 'text': 'So you can say it has a full featured event loop backed with it.', 'start': 1418.353, 'duration': 3.161}], 'summary': "Nested callbacks create 'pyramid of doom', lib uv supports async i/o in node.js.", 'duration': 46.236, 'max_score': 1375.278, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1375278.jpg'}, {'end': 1496.615, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1468.51, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1473.212, 'text': 'So middleware is a function which receives the request and response objects.', 'start': 1468.51, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 1478.875, 'text': 'What are the commonly performed tasks of a middleware? So you can say middleware functions.', 'start': 1473.992, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 1486.238, 'text': 'These are the functions that have access to the request object that have access to the response object as well.', 'start': 1479.475, 'duration': 6.763}, {'end': 1492.512, 'text': 'and they have also access to the next middleware function in the application request response cycle.', 'start': 1486.949, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 1496.615, 'text': 'So, basically, what are the various commonly performed task of a middleware?', 'start': 1493.073, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': 'Middleware functions handle request and response objects, and have access to the next middleware function.', 'duration': 28.105, 'max_score': 1468.51, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1468510.jpg'}, {'end': 1562.596, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1531.087, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1540.173, 'text': 'They can end the request response cycle and they can even call the next middleware in the stack or in the request response cycle.', 'start': 1531.087, 'duration': 9.086}, {'end': 1544.869, 'text': 'Now the next question is that what is the concept of URL module??', 'start': 1541.067, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 1547.65, 'text': 'What is a URL module in node.js??', 'start': 1545.449, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 1555.893, 'text': 'So URL module of node.js provides various utilities for your URL resolution and parsing,', 'start': 1548.25, 'duration': 7.643}, {'end': 1562.596, 'text': 'so you can say that URL module splits up a web address into readable parts.', 'start': 1555.893, 'duration': 6.703}], 'summary': 'Node.js url module provides utilities for url resolution and parsing, splitting a web address into readable parts.', 'duration': 31.509, 'max_score': 1531.087, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1531087.jpg'}, {'end': 1637.19, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1586.425, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1592.853, 'text': "So you can say it's an open source project which is initially developed by Nicholas in 2013.", 'start': 1586.425, 'duration': 6.428}, {'end': 1599.199, 'text': 'It aims to provide a linting utility for JavaScript through a plug, and linters and node.js, you can say,', 'start': 1592.853, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 1607.827, 'text': 'are good tools for searching certain classes, or you can say bug classes, especially which are related to the scope of a particular variable.', 'start': 1599.199, 'duration': 8.628}, {'end': 1613.853, 'text': 'Now again, there is a question that why node.js uses Google V8 engine.', 'start': 1608.228, 'duration': 5.625}, {'end': 1621.095, 'text': 'So Google uses v8 as its Chrome runtime engine that converts JavaScript code into native machine code.', 'start': 1614.409, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 1622.456, 'text': "It's very fast.", 'start': 1621.616, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 1623.938, 'text': 'It makes your application very,', 'start': 1622.536, 'duration': 1.402}, {'end': 1632.405, 'text': 'very fast and it speeds up the application execution and response process and it makes the application very fast running.', 'start': 1623.938, 'duration': 8.467}, {'end': 1637.19, 'text': "That's why node.js uses Google uses v8 engine.", 'start': 1632.966, 'duration': 4.224}], 'summary': "Eslint is an open source project developed by nicholas in 2013 to provide a linting utility for javascript through a plug, aiming to improve application speed and execution through the use of google's v8 engine.", 'duration': 50.765, 'max_score': 1586.425, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1586425.jpg'}, {'end': 1679.928, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1656.586, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 1664.011, 'text': 'in a program, control flow function is basically, you can say, the code that is executed between the various asynchronous function calls.', 'start': 1656.586, 'duration': 7.425}, {'end': 1672.786, 'text': 'So, first of all, the order of execution must be controlled, The required data needs to be collected, and then the concurrency must be limited,', 'start': 1664.791, 'duration': 7.995}, {'end': 1675.247, 'text': 'and next step of the program must be invoked.', 'start': 1672.786, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 1679.928, 'text': 'So we talked about that how control flow helps in node.js.', 'start': 1675.747, 'duration': 4.181}], 'summary': 'Control flow in node.js manages order, data, and concurrency in program execution.', 'duration': 23.342, 'max_score': 1656.586, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1656586.jpg'}], 'start': 1223.322, 'title': 'Reactor pattern in node.js', 'summary': 'Discusses the reactor pattern in node.js, role in event queue, differences between front-end and back-end development, lts release of node.js, major security implementations, and concept of callback hell.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1394.639, 'start': 1223.322, 'title': 'Reactor pattern in node.js', 'summary': 'Discusses the reactor pattern in node.js, highlighting its role in generating an event queue, the difference between front-end and back-end development, lts release of node.js, major security implementations, and the concept of callback hell.', 'duration': 171.317, 'highlights': ['Reactor pattern helps in the generation of an event queue in Node.js, collecting each request in the form of an event. This highlights the key role of reactor pattern in Node.js in generating an event queue from each request.', 'Front-end development uses markup and web languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, while back-end development uses programming and scripting languages like Python, Ruby, Pearl, etc. This provides a clear differentiation between front-end and back-end development in terms of languages used.', 'LTS release of Node.js receives critical bug fixes, security updates, and performance improvements, supported for at least 18 months, focusing on stability and security. This highlights the significance of LTS release in Node.js, emphasizing its support duration and focus on stability and security.', 'Authentication and error handling are major security implementations within Node.js. This emphasizes the key security implementations within Node.js, including authentication and error handling.', 'Callback hell, also known as the pyramid of doom, is a pattern caused by intensively nested callbacks, making the code hard to read and debug. This explains the concept of callback hell, its association with nested callbacks, and its impact on code readability and debuggability.']}, {'end': 1707.986, 'start': 1394.779, 'title': 'Node.js concepts and utilities', 'summary': 'Discusses key concepts and utilities in node.js, including the purpose and functionalities of lib uv, middleware, url module, eslint, google v8 engine, and control flow functions.', 'duration': 313.207, 'highlights': ['Lib UV is a multi-platform support library for node.js, majorly used for asynchronous input-output operations, with a high efficient event loop and internal worker thread pool for IO blocking operations. Lib UV is a multi-platform support library for node.js, majorly used for asynchronous input-output operations, with a high efficient event loop and internal worker thread pool for IO blocking operations.', 'Middleware functions in Node.js have access to request and response objects, can execute code, modify request and response objects, and help in finishing the request-response cycle. Middleware functions in Node.js have access to request and response objects, can execute code, modify request and response objects, and help in finishing the request-response cycle.', 'The URL module in node.js provides utilities for URL resolution and parsing, splitting up a web address into readable parts. The URL module in node.js provides utilities for URL resolution and parsing, splitting up a web address into readable parts.', 'ESLint is an open source project for providing a linting utility for JavaScript, especially useful for searching bug classes related to the scope of a particular variable. ESLint is an open source project for providing a linting utility for JavaScript, especially useful for searching bug classes related to the scope of a particular variable.', 'Google V8 engine is used by node.js as its Chrome runtime engine to convert JavaScript code into native machine code, making applications very fast and speeding up the execution and response process. Google V8 engine is used by node.js as its Chrome runtime engine to convert JavaScript code into native machine code, making applications very fast and speeding up the execution and response process.', 'Control flow functions in node.js control the request of execution, gather information, maintain concurrency, and call the following stage in a program. Control flow functions in node.js control the request of execution, gather information, maintain concurrency, and call the following stage in a program.']}], 'duration': 484.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1223322.jpg', 'highlights': ['Reactor pattern generates an event queue in Node.js from each request.', 'LTS release of Node.js receives critical bug fixes, security updates, and performance improvements, supported for at least 18 months.', 'Authentication and error handling are major security implementations within Node.js.', 'Callback hell is a pattern caused by intensively nested callbacks, making the code hard to read and debug.', 'Front-end development uses markup and web languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, while back-end development uses programming and scripting languages like Python, Ruby, Pearl, etc.', 'Lib UV is a multi-platform support library for node.js, majorly used for asynchronous input-output operations, with a high efficient event loop and internal worker thread pool for IO blocking operations.', 'Middleware functions in Node.js have access to request and response objects, can execute code, modify request and response objects, and help in finishing the request-response cycle.', 'The URL module in node.js provides utilities for URL resolution and parsing, splitting up a web address into readable parts.', 'ESLint is an open source project for providing a linting utility for JavaScript, especially useful for searching bug classes related to the scope of a particular variable.', 'Google V8 engine is used by node.js as its Chrome runtime engine to convert JavaScript code into native machine code, making applications very fast and speeding up the execution and response process.', 'Control flow functions in node.js control the request of execution, gather information, maintain concurrency, and call the following stage in a program.']}, {'end': 2036.805, 'segs': [{'end': 1752.676, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1707.986, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1713.19, 'text': 'or you can say next step, which needs to be invoked in any node.js application.', 'start': 1707.986, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 1720.417, 'text': 'Next question is that what are the two argument that async dot Q takes us input a very very important question.', 'start': 1713.791, 'duration': 6.626}, {'end': 1727.695, 'text': 'So two arguments that async dot Q takes as input is the task function and the concurrency value.', 'start': 1721.09, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 1735.902, 'text': 'Now, what is the difference between span and fork methods in node.js the span is used to launch a new process.', 'start': 1728.376, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 1742.627, 'text': 'If you want to launch a new process in node.js, you will use a span method with the provided set of commands.', 'start': 1735.982, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 1752.676, 'text': "Whereas fork it's a you can say a special type of span method that executes a new instance of the Chrome Google Chrome V8 engine.", 'start': 1743.287, 'duration': 9.389}], 'summary': 'In node.js, async dot q takes task function and concurrency value as input. the span method launches a new process, while the fork method executes a new instance of the google chrome v8 engine.', 'duration': 44.69, 'max_score': 1707.986, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1707986.jpg'}, {'end': 1856.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1796.732, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1802.973, 'text': 'but the best way to declare any object and which you want to use it in all the modules of your application.', 'start': 1796.732, 'duration': 6.241}, {'end': 1805.554, 'text': "It's better to declare them as global.", 'start': 1803.393, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 1808.37, 'text': 'So the global objects they can be modules.', 'start': 1806.209, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 1809.55, 'text': 'They can be functions.', 'start': 1808.51, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 1812.951, 'text': 'They can be any strings or object at the same time.', 'start': 1810.09, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 1817.412, 'text': 'Some of these objects can be in the module scope instead of the global scope as well.', 'start': 1813.531, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 1823.994, 'text': 'Now, what is the concept of stub in node.js stubs are nothing but the functions stubs.', 'start': 1817.953, 'duration': 6.041}, {'end': 1826.215, 'text': 'You can say are the small small programs.', 'start': 1824.094, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 1835.078, 'text': 'They are basically the small programs or functions that are used for stimulating the module or component behavior during any test cases.', 'start': 1826.675, 'duration': 8.403}, {'end': 1838.227, 'text': 'stubs provide the answers for the functions.', 'start': 1835.078, 'duration': 3.149}, {'end': 1846.773, 'text': 'So these are small programs which are used basically in testing now, how is it works in node.js again a very important question.', 'start': 1838.767, 'duration': 8.006}, {'end': 1852.037, 'text': 'How is it works in node.js? So assert is mainly used to write test.', 'start': 1847.173, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 1856.801, 'text': 'It only provides feedback only when any of the running test cases fails.', 'start': 1852.718, 'duration': 4.083}], 'summary': 'Declaring global objects, using stubs for testing in node.js', 'duration': 60.069, 'max_score': 1796.732, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1796732.jpg'}, {'end': 1972.828, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1943.184, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1949.868, 'text': 'So high high-level testing, or you can say end-to-end testing test cases could be a little bit small,', 'start': 1943.184, 'duration': 6.684}, {'end': 1956.578, 'text': 'but you should have a higher number of low-level unit test cases in terms of HTTP API.', 'start': 1950.635, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 1964.323, 'text': 'It can be defined as test pyramid, can be defined as a higher number of low-level unit test for each model,', 'start': 1956.979, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 1972.828, 'text': 'lesser integration test to test model interactions and lesser acceptance test for testing the actual HTTP endpoint.', 'start': 1964.323, 'duration': 8.505}], 'summary': 'Test pyramid: more low-level unit tests, fewer integration and acceptance tests for http api.', 'duration': 29.644, 'max_score': 1943.184, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1943184.jpg'}, {'end': 2018.472, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1991.321, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1997.965, 'text': 'Express.js is a framework which is built on top of node.js that facilitates, you can say,', 'start': 1991.321, 'duration': 6.644}, {'end': 2003.608, 'text': 'the management of the flow of data between server and routes in the server-side applications.', 'start': 1997.965, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 2011.685, 'text': 'It is a lightweight a flexible framework that provides a wide range of features for web application.', 'start': 2004.549, 'duration': 7.136}, {'end': 2014.868, 'text': 'So just like we have sales.js partial.js.', 'start': 2012.226, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 2018.472, 'text': 'We have another framework in node.js, which is called Express.js,', 'start': 2015.289, 'duration': 3.183}], 'summary': 'Express.js is a lightweight and flexible framework built on top of node.js for managing data flow and routes in server-side applications.', 'duration': 27.151, 'max_score': 1991.321, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1991321.jpg'}], 'start': 1707.986, 'title': 'Node.js basics, global objects, stubs, and test pyramid', 'summary': 'Covers async dot q usage, span and fork methods, global objects in node.js, stubs, assert role in tests, test pyramid concept, and express.js package for server data flow management.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1817.412, 'start': 1707.986, 'title': 'Node.js basics and global objects', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of async dot q, the difference between span and fork methods, and the concept of global objects in node.js, highlighting the key points and their relevance to application development.', 'duration': 109.426, 'highlights': ['The two arguments that async dot Q takes as input are the task function and the concurrency value, crucial for understanding asynchronous programming in Node.js.', 'The fork method in Node.js executes a new instance of the Chrome Google Chrome V8 engine, providing a specialized way to launch a new process.', 'Global objects in Node.js are accessible across all modules and can be declared as global to avoid explicit inclusion, simplifying the use of commonly required objects in the application.']}, {'end': 2036.805, 'start': 1817.953, 'title': 'Node.js stubs and test pyramid', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of stubs in node.js, the role of assert in writing tests, the test pyramid concept emphasizing more low-level unit tests, and the purpose of express.js package for managing data flow in server-side applications.', 'duration': 218.852, 'highlights': ['The test pyramid concept emphasizes more low-level unit tests compared to high-level end-to-end tests, with a higher number of low-level unit tests for each model and lesser integration and acceptance tests for model interactions and testing the actual HTTP endpoint. The test pyramid concept suggests having a higher number of low-level unit tests for each model, lesser integration tests, and lesser acceptance tests for testing the actual HTTP endpoint.', 'Express.js is a framework built on top of Node.js that facilitates the management of data flow between the server and routes in server-side applications, providing a wide range of features for web applications. Express.js is a framework built on top of Node.js that manages the flow of data between the server and routes in server-side applications, offering a wide range of features for web applications.', 'Stubs in Node.js are small programs or functions used for stimulating the behavior of modules or components during test cases, providing answers for the functions. Stubs in Node.js are small programs or functions used for stimulating the behavior of modules or components during test cases, providing answers for the functions.', 'Assert in Node.js is mainly used to write tests and provides feedback when any test case fails, serving as a set of assertion tests for testing invariants. Assert in Node.js is primarily used to write tests, providing feedback when any test case fails and offering a set of assertion tests for testing invariants.']}], 'duration': 328.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ1707986.jpg', 'highlights': ['The fork method in Node.js executes a new instance of the Chrome Google Chrome V8 engine, providing a specialized way to launch a new process.', 'The two arguments that async dot Q takes as input are the task function and the concurrency value, crucial for understanding asynchronous programming in Node.js.', 'Global objects in Node.js are accessible across all modules and can be declared as global to avoid explicit inclusion, simplifying the use of commonly required objects in the application.', 'The test pyramid concept emphasizes more low-level unit tests compared to high-level end-to-end tests, with a higher number of low-level unit tests for each model and lesser integration and acceptance tests for model interactions and testing the actual HTTP endpoint.', 'Express.js is a framework built on top of Node.js that facilitates the management of data flow between the server and routes in server-side applications, providing a wide range of features for web applications.', 'Stubs in Node.js are small programs or functions used for stimulating the behavior of modules or components during test cases, providing answers for the functions.', 'Assert in Node.js is mainly used to write tests and provides feedback when any test case fails, serving as a set of assertion tests for testing invariants.']}, {'end': 2691.544, 'segs': [{'end': 2084.08, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2059.67, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2069.313, 'text': 'The major difference between set immediate and process dot next tick is that set immediate you can say queues its callback on the event loop,', 'start': 2059.67, 'duration': 9.643}, {'end': 2071.735, 'text': 'while process dot next tick does not queues.', 'start': 2069.313, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 2079.858, 'text': 'So both are functions of the timers, what you, which helps in executing the code after a predefined period.', 'start': 2072.574, 'duration': 7.284}, {'end': 2084.08, 'text': 'but when it comes to the difference, the process dot next tick, as I said,', 'start': 2079.858, 'duration': 4.222}], 'summary': 'Setimmediate queues callback on event loop, while process.nexttick does not.', 'duration': 24.41, 'max_score': 2059.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2059670.jpg'}, {'end': 2143.574, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2110.831, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2115.334, 'text': 'Next question is that what is the use of a buffer class in node.js?', 'start': 2110.831, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 2122.698, 'text': 'buffer class, as the name suggests that it is used for restoring the raw data, just like we have area of integers.', 'start': 2115.334, 'duration': 7.364}, {'end': 2129.182, 'text': 'For example, it corresponds to a raw memory allocation that is located outside the v8 heap,', 'start': 2122.758, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 2134.548, 'text': 'because v8 engine is the main engine of node.js Buffer class.', 'start': 2129.182, 'duration': 5.366}, {'end': 2143.574, 'text': "It's a global class that is easily accessible across all the modules in the application without importing it at each module level.", 'start': 2134.649, 'duration': 8.925}], 'summary': 'Buffer class in node.js restores raw data, accessible globally without import.', 'duration': 32.743, 'max_score': 2110.831, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2110831.jpg'}, {'end': 2233.076, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2205.837, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2212.519, 'text': 'their objects using which you can read the data from a source or write data to a destination in a continuous manner.', 'start': 2205.837, 'duration': 6.682}, {'end': 2220.986, 'text': 'So streams are especially useful for reading or you can say writing operations or you can say processing a large set of data.', 'start': 2213.2, 'duration': 7.786}, {'end': 2230.754, 'text': 'So there are basically four fundamental types of streams in node.js first is readable writable duplex and transform.', 'start': 2221.567, 'duration': 9.187}, {'end': 2233.076, 'text': 'So basically streams in node.js.', 'start': 2231.354, 'duration': 1.722}], 'summary': 'Node.js streams offer efficient data reading and writing, with four fundamental types: readable, writable, duplex, and transform.', 'duration': 27.239, 'max_score': 2205.837, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2205837.jpg'}, {'end': 2276.929, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2255.686, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2264.54, 'text': 'So there are some environment variables which are often used for distinguishing between, like, for example, production,', 'start': 2255.686, 'duration': 8.854}, {'end': 2266.481, 'text': 'environment or development environment.', 'start': 2264.54, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 2276.929, 'text': 'So if the project is in the production stage node.js promotes the convention of making use of node underscore ENB variable to flag it.', 'start': 2267.062, 'duration': 9.867}], 'summary': 'Node.js promotes using node_enb variable to flag production stage.', 'duration': 21.243, 'max_score': 2255.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2255686.jpg'}, {'end': 2375.628, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2325.961, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2332.546, 'text': 'it returns the response only when the complete file is pushed into the buffer and it is completely read in the buffer.', 'start': 2325.961, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 2338.551, 'text': 'Whereas the create read stream method, the entire file is split into chunks of data,', 'start': 2333.026, 'duration': 5.525}, {'end': 2345.556, 'text': 'which are then processed and then they are sent as a response one by one, because that is why it is called partially buffered process.', 'start': 2338.551, 'duration': 7.005}, {'end': 2347.221, 'text': 'Read file method.', 'start': 2346.261, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 2348.762, 'text': "It's a memory intensive process.", 'start': 2347.281, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2353.483, 'text': 'Whereas create read stream is a memory effective process.', 'start': 2349.282, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 2361.765, 'text': 'now various timing features of node.js set timeout, clear timeout which we also used in the JavaScript.', 'start': 2353.483, 'duration': 8.282}, {'end': 2362.785, 'text': 'This is again.', 'start': 2362.205, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 2366.426, 'text': 'You can use in node.js set interval clear interval again.', 'start': 2362.805, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 2370.627, 'text': 'We used it in JavaScript the all these methods can be used in node.js as well.', 'start': 2366.446, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 2375.628, 'text': 'Then we talked about process dot next tick and the set immediate method.', 'start': 2371.227, 'duration': 4.401}], 'summary': 'Node.js methods like createreadstream are memory-effective, while readfile is memory-intensive. also, timing features like settimeout and setinterval from javascript can be used in node.js.', 'duration': 49.667, 'max_score': 2325.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2325961.jpg'}, {'end': 2427.919, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2398.038, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2401.159, 'text': 'It does not maintain any queue for the callback functions.', 'start': 2398.038, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 2405.288, 'text': 'Now, what is the concept of Pony code in node.js?', 'start': 2401.966, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 2415.993, 'text': 'Pony code is an, you can say, encoding syntax that is used for converting UTF-8 string of character into basic ASCII ASCII string of character.', 'start': 2405.288, 'duration': 10.705}, {'end': 2424.067, 'text': 'It is very important as the host name can only understand the ASCII characters from node.js version, which is 0.6.', 'start': 2416.773, 'duration': 7.294}, {'end': 2427.919, 'text': '2 It was bundle up with the default node package.', 'start': 2424.067, 'duration': 3.852}], 'summary': 'Pony code in node.js converts utf-8 to basic ascii for compatibility.', 'duration': 29.881, 'max_score': 2398.038, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2398038.jpg'}, {'end': 2544.462, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2494.527, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2502.269, 'text': 'node.js do provide a simple TCP based protocol and debugging client that comes built-in with node.js.', 'start': 2494.527, 'duration': 7.742}, {'end': 2505.99, 'text': 'Now, what are exact codes of node.js?', 'start': 2503.389, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 2513.372, 'text': 'exact codes and node.js are, you can say, specific set of specific codes which are used for finishing a specific process?', 'start': 2505.99, 'duration': 7.382}, {'end': 2516.979, 'text': 'Since node.js is a single-threaded framework.', 'start': 2514.497, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 2519.902, 'text': 'So you have to finish the specific processes.', 'start': 2517.3, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 2527.509, 'text': 'So what are the exact codes for example unused fatal error uncalled fatal exceptions internal JavaScript evaluation failure.', 'start': 2520.462, 'duration': 7.047}, {'end': 2530.271, 'text': 'All these codes are internal to node.js.', 'start': 2527.849, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 2540.841, 'text': 'Now, what is an event emitter in node.js event emitter is a node.js class that includes all the objects that are capable of emitting the events.', 'start': 2531.552, 'duration': 9.289}, {'end': 2544.462, 'text': 'Then how we write these events in node.js program.', 'start': 2541.601, 'duration': 2.861}], 'summary': 'Node.js provides a tcp protocol, debugging client, and event emitter for emitting events in the single-threaded framework. it also includes specific codes for finishing processes.', 'duration': 49.935, 'max_score': 2494.527, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2494527.jpg'}, {'end': 2598.683, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2571.984, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2581.913, 'text': 'So these are some some of the events because of which I am using here in this code, because I am using a class called event emitter.', 'start': 2571.984, 'duration': 9.929}, {'end': 2587.998, 'text': 'again, a very interesting question is cryptography supported in node.js again?', 'start': 2581.913, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 2589.099, 'text': 'The answer is yes.', 'start': 2588.018, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 2598.683, 'text': 'node.js support cryptography through a module called crypto, and this module provides various cryptographic functionalities like cipher, decipher,', 'start': 2589.099, 'duration': 9.584}], 'summary': "Node.js supports cryptography using the 'crypto' module.", 'duration': 26.699, 'max_score': 2571.984, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2571984.jpg'}, {'end': 2649.639, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2626.994, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2637.72, 'text': 'the testing would be fast if we will keep the app and server as separate entities and then it allows testing the API in process without having to perform the network calls,', 'start': 2626.994, 'duration': 10.726}, {'end': 2645.144, 'text': 'and there is always a better separation of concerns, and the code will be very cleaner and it will be helpful to read and debug.', 'start': 2637.72, 'duration': 7.424}, {'end': 2649.639, 'text': 'and you can say getting white, wider coverage metrics of the code,', 'start': 2646.096, 'duration': 3.543}], 'summary': 'Separating app and server for faster testing and cleaner code, improving coverage metrics.', 'duration': 22.645, 'max_score': 2626.994, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2626994.jpg'}], 'start': 2037.686, 'title': 'Node.js features and best practices', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between process.nexttick and setimmediate methods in node.js for executing code after a predefined period. it also explains best practices for using buffer class, handling child threads, streams, node_env, file handling, timing features, pony code, differences between node.js and ajax, debugger support, event emitter, cryptography, and reasons for keeping express app and server separate.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2109.813, 'start': 2037.686, 'title': 'Node.js timers: setimmediate vs process.nexttick', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between process.nexttick and setimmediate methods in node.js, highlighting that setimmediate queues its callback on the event loop while process.nexttick does not, both being timer functions for executing code after a predefined period.', 'duration': 72.127, 'highlights': ['The major difference between setImmediate and process.nextTick is that setImmediate queues its callback on the event loop, while process.nextTick does not queues.', 'process.nextTick does not wait for the execution of the action till the next pass around in the event loop, whereas setImmediate waits for the execution of action till the next pass around in the event loop.', 'Both setImmediate and process.nextTick are functions of the timers module in Node.js, assisting in executing code after a predefined period.']}, {'end': 2691.544, 'start': 2110.831, 'title': 'Node.js faq & best practices', 'summary': 'Explains the use of buffer class, handling child threads, streams, node_env, file handling, timing features, pony code, differences between node.js and ajax, debugger support, event emitter, cryptography, and the reasons for keeping express app and server separate for faster testing, better separation of concerns, cleaner code, wider coverage metrics, and flexible deployment.', 'duration': 580.713, 'highlights': ['Buffer Class in Node.js The Buffer class in Node.js is used to store raw data, providing a memory allocation located outside the V8 heap, and is easily accessible across all modules, addressing the incompatibility of pure JavaScript with binary data.', 'Handling Child Threads Node.js handles child threads by using the spawn method for specific asynchronous I/O tasks or by explicitly including the child process module, despite being a single-threaded application.', 'Streams in Node.js Streams in Node.js are used for reading, writing, or processing large sets of data, with four fundamental types: readable, writable, duplex, and transform, offering a continuous manner of data reading and writing.', "Node_ENV Usage The node_ENV variable is used in Node.js to distinguish between production and development environments, influencing the application's behavior such as debugging, database connections, and port listening.", 'File Handling in Node.js The difference between read file and create read stream lies in their buffering process, where read file returns the complete file response after reading it entirely in the buffer, while create read stream processes the file in chunks, resulting in memory-intensive and memory-effective processes, respectively.', 'Timing Features in Node.js Node.js supports timing features including set timeout, clear timeout, set interval, clear interval, process.nextTick, and setImmediate, each offering specific functionalities for event queuing and immediate execution.', 'Pony Code in Node.js Pony code is an encoding syntax used to convert UTF-8 characters into basic ASCII characters, enhancing compatibility with host names and was bundled with the default Node package from version 0.6.2.', 'Differences Between Node.js and Ajax Node.js is a server-side technology for server software development, while Ajax is a client-side technology used for updating or modifying web page contents without refreshing, highlighting the distinct server-side and client-side roles.', 'Debugger Support in Node.js Node.js provides a TCP-based protocol and built-in debugging client for debugging, facilitating the identification and resolution of issues within Node.js applications.', 'Event Emitter in Node.js Event emitter in Node.js is a class for managing objects capable of emitting events, enabling the handling of events through event listener methods and custom event emission.', "Cryptography in Node.js Node.js supports cryptography functionalities through the 'crypto' module, offering various cryptographic operations like cipher, decipher, sign, and verify, enabling the implementation of secure cryptographic applications.", 'Separation of Express App and Server in Node.js Keeping the Express app and server separate in Node.js leads to faster testing execution, better separation of concerns, cleaner code, wider coverage metrics, and flexible deployment of the API under different network conditions.']}], 'duration': 653.858, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/6WYEmUVhiwQ/pics/6WYEmUVhiwQ2037686.jpg', 'highlights': ['The major difference between setImmediate and process.nextTick is that setImmediate queues its callback on the event loop, while process.nextTick does not queues.', 'Buffer Class in Node.js is used to store raw data, providing a memory allocation located outside the V8 heap, and is easily accessible across all modules.', 'Streams in Node.js are used for reading, writing, or processing large sets of data, with four fundamental types: readable, writable, duplex, and transform.', "Node_ENV variable is used in Node.js to distinguish between production and development environments, influencing the application's behavior such as debugging, database connections, and port listening.", 'File Handling in Node.js: read file returns the complete file response after reading it entirely in the buffer, while create read stream processes the file in chunks.', 'Node.js supports timing features including set timeout, clear timeout, set interval, clear interval, process.nextTick, and setImmediate.', 'Pony code is an encoding syntax used to convert UTF-8 characters into basic ASCII characters, enhancing compatibility with host names and was bundled with the default Node package from version 0.6.2.', 'Node.js provides a TCP-based protocol and built-in debugging client for debugging, facilitating the identification and resolution of issues within Node.js applications.', 'Event emitter in Node.js is a class for managing objects capable of emitting events, enabling the handling of events through event listener methods and custom event emission.', "Node.js supports cryptography functionalities through the 'crypto' module, offering various cryptographic operations like cipher, decipher, sign, and verify.", 'Keeping the Express app and server separate in Node.js leads to faster testing execution, better separation of concerns, cleaner code, wider coverage metrics, and flexible deployment of the API under different network conditions.']}], 'highlights': ["Node.js is an open source server environment, developed on Chrome's v8 JavaScript engine, and is free, running on various platforms like Windows, Linux, Unix, and Mac OS.", 'Node.js can generate dynamic page content, perform file operations, collect form data, and manipulate database data, making it suitable for data-intensive real-time applications.', 'Node.js is highly scalable, uses asynchronous programming, and is single threaded, providing a simple and fast environment for asynchronous input/output operations.', 'Node.js uses the v8 Google Chrome engine, whereas JavaScript uses a spider monkey JavaScript code v8 engine.', 'Package.json is considered the heart of a Node.js project, serving as the introduction and manifest file containing metadata like author, description, version, scripts, dependencies, and dev dependencies.', 'Event-Driven Programming in Node.js heavily uses events for triggering functions, following the publish and subscribe pattern, making it faster compared to similar technologies.', 'The test pyramid in Node.js comprises unit tests (testing individual units of code), integration tests (testing interaction between different units), and end-to-end tests (testing the system as a whole). Integration testing is flexible and depends on the application and testing paradigm.', 'Reactor pattern generates an event queue in Node.js from each request.', 'LTS release of Node.js receives critical bug fixes, security updates, and performance improvements, supported for at least 18 months.', 'The fork method in Node.js executes a new instance of the Chrome Google Chrome V8 engine, providing a specialized way to launch a new process.', 'Global objects in Node.js are accessible across all modules and can be declared as global to avoid explicit inclusion, simplifying the use of commonly required objects in the application.', 'The major difference between setImmediate and process.nextTick is that setImmediate queues its callback on the event loop, while process.nextTick does not queues.', 'Streams in Node.js are used for reading, writing, or processing large sets of data, with four fundamental types: readable, writable, duplex, and transform.', "Node_ENV variable is used in Node.js to distinguish between production and development environments, influencing the application's behavior such as debugging, database connections, and port listening.", 'Node.js supports timing features including set timeout, clear timeout, set interval, clear interval, process.nextTick, and setImmediate.', 'Node.js provides a TCP-based protocol and built-in debugging client for debugging, facilitating the identification and resolution of issues within Node.js applications.']}