title
Kotlin Crash Course

description
A beginners guide to learning the basics of the Kotlin programming language, which is heaviliy used in creating Android apps Philipp Lackner YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKNTZMRHPLXfqlbdOI7mCkg Code: https://github.com/philipplackner/kotlin-crash-course Philipp's Android App Tutorial (Traversy Media): https://youtu.be/BBWyXo-3JGQ TImestamps: 00:00 - Intro 00:52 - Why learn Kotlin? 03:01 - Installation & Prerequisites 10:12 - Hello World 13:07 - Variables and Data Types 20:00 - Arithmetic Operators 22:32 - Logical & Comparison Operators 26:20 - Strings 27:32 - If Conditions 30:40 - Null Values 35:47 - Lists 39:09 - While-Loop 41:39 - For-Loop 43:36 - When-Expression 45:35 - Functions 54:59 - Classes 57:59 - Inheritance 1:02:53 - Abstract Classes 1:05:44 - Anonymous Classes 1:08:07 - Try & Catch 1:12:22 - Lambda Functions 1:20:37 - Generics

detail
{'title': 'Kotlin Crash Course', 'heatmap': [{'end': 555.357, 'start': 497.588, 'weight': 0.846}, {'end': 655.579, 'start': 603.794, 'weight': 0.778}, {'end': 2115.933, 'start': 2058.465, 'weight': 0.717}, {'end': 3224.163, 'start': 3167.785, 'weight': 0.795}, {'end': 3370.205, 'start': 3314.904, 'weight': 0.711}, {'end': 3530.033, 'start': 3413.497, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "'kotlin crash course' covers the rising popularity of kotlin, its benefits over java, and its applicability to android development. it also includes setting up intellij for kotlin, arithmetic and logical operators, user input, lists and loops, functions, classes, object-oriented programming, lambda functions, and generics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 185.661, 'segs': [{'end': 46.936, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7.188, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9.769, 'text': 'Welcome to my Kotlin crash course.', 'start': 7.188, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 13.771, 'text': 'First of all, I really want to thank you, Brad, for giving me that opportunity.', 'start': 10.409, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 15.952, 'text': 'That is nothing I can take for granted.', 'start': 13.951, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 22.695, 'text': "And if some of you really like my way of teaching here in this course, then you can check out the first link in this video's description.", 'start': 16.692, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 24.875, 'text': "There you'll find the link to my channel.", 'start': 22.915, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 32.598, 'text': 'I do all kinds of Android development using Kotlin from beginner to advanced, for example, a running tracker app or a news app.', 'start': 25.576, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 36.823, 'text': 'And yeah, if you are interested in that, just check it out.', 'start': 33.639, 'duration': 3.184}, {'end': 37.504, 'text': 'You will like it.', 'start': 36.884, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 39.146, 'text': 'And regarding Android,', 'start': 38.185, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 46.936, 'text': "I also plan to make another course where we'll just apply the knowledge from this Kotlin crash course here to make a very simple Android app.", 'start': 39.146, 'duration': 7.79}], 'summary': 'Kotlin crash course covering android development, with plans for a follow-up android app course.', 'duration': 39.748, 'max_score': 7.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq607188.jpg'}, {'end': 88.68, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 63.404, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 71.947, 'text': 'So right now it is mainly used for Android development, just because Google gives it first class support for Android and just pushes it really hard.', 'start': 63.404, 'duration': 8.543}, {'end': 80.754, 'text': "but it's also getting more and more popular just for big enterprise applications, and it is, in my opinion, on a good way to replace java in future.", 'start': 71.947, 'duration': 8.807}, {'end': 88.68, 'text': "so if you're new to programming, java is just a programming language that is super spread in the industry, but it is also a very old language,", 'start': 80.754, 'duration': 7.926}], 'summary': 'Kotlin is gaining popularity for android and enterprise applications, potentially replacing java in the future.', 'duration': 25.276, 'max_score': 63.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq6063404.jpg'}, {'end': 131.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 104.275, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 107.919, 'text': 'So those two languages compile to the same bytecode,', 'start': 104.275, 'duration': 3.644}, {'end': 114.407, 'text': 'and that means deep down on a system level we cannot differentiate if a program was initially written in Kotlin or Java.', 'start': 107.919, 'duration': 6.488}, {'end': 120.574, 'text': 'And that allows us for example that we can use all the Java libraries out there in Kotlin as well.', 'start': 115.128, 'duration': 5.446}, {'end': 127.563, 'text': 'And that is a big benefit because as I said Java is an old language and there are very many libraries out there.', 'start': 120.875, 'duration': 6.688}, {'end': 131.148, 'text': 'And we can just reuse them in Kotlin now which is a modern language.', 'start': 127.924, 'duration': 3.224}], 'summary': 'Kotlin and java compile to the same bytecode, enabling kotlin to utilize java libraries, providing access to numerous resources.', 'duration': 26.873, 'max_score': 104.275, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60104275.jpg'}], 'start': 7.188, 'title': 'Kotlin crash course', 'summary': 'Introduces the rising popularity of kotlin, its benefits over java, and its applicability to android development, while emphasizing its compatibility with java and reduced lines of code needed for programming.', 'chapters': [{'end': 185.661, 'start': 7.188, 'title': 'Kotlin crash course', 'summary': 'Introduces the kotlin crash course, emphasizing its rising popularity, benefits over java, and applicability to android development, while also highlighting its compatibility with java and the reduced lines of code needed for programming.', 'duration': 178.473, 'highlights': ['The rising popularity of Kotlin, with the number of users rapidly increasing, particularly for Android development and big enterprise applications.', 'The compatibility of Kotlin with Java, allowing for the use of Java libraries in Kotlin and the reduction of lines of code needed for programming by 40 to 50% compared to Java.', 'The plan to apply the knowledge from the Kotlin crash course to create a simple Android app, with the intention of Brad linking to it.', "The invitation to explore the speaker's channel for various Android development tutorials using Kotlin, such as a running tracker app or a news app.", "The acknowledgment of Brad for providing the opportunity for the Kotlin crash course and the speaker's intention to create more courses related to Android development.", 'The explanation of the concept of libraries as pre-written pieces of code that can be easily included in projects, eliminating the need to write the code from scratch.']}], 'duration': 178.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq607188.jpg', 'highlights': ['The compatibility of Kotlin with Java, allowing for the use of Java libraries in Kotlin and the reduction of lines of code needed for programming by 40 to 50% compared to Java.', 'The rising popularity of Kotlin, with the number of users rapidly increasing, particularly for Android development and big enterprise applications.', 'The plan to apply the knowledge from the Kotlin crash course to create a simple Android app, with the intention of Brad linking to it.', "The invitation to explore the speaker's channel for various Android development tutorials using Kotlin, such as a running tracker app or a news app.", "The acknowledgment of Brad for providing the opportunity for the Kotlin crash course and the speaker's intention to create more courses related to Android development."]}, {'end': 1295.668, 'segs': [{'end': 211.728, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 186.502, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 193.511, 'text': "If we would make Android apps, we would install a program called Android Studio, which we don't do here because we don't want to make Android apps.", 'start': 186.502, 'duration': 7.009}, {'end': 197.977, 'text': 'that would just require Android background, and we really just want to focus on learning Kotlin here.', 'start': 193.511, 'duration': 4.466}, {'end': 201.44, 'text': 'And that is why we will use a program called IntelliJ.', 'start': 198.618, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 205.063, 'text': 'That is an IDE, so an integrated development environment.', 'start': 201.76, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 209.106, 'text': 'That is just a program that makes it very convenient for us to write our code.', 'start': 205.603, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 211.728, 'text': 'And installing that is actually very easy.', 'start': 209.666, 'duration': 2.062}], 'summary': 'We use intellij instead of android studio to focus on learning kotlin, an ide that makes code writing convenient.', 'duration': 25.226, 'max_score': 186.502, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60186502.jpg'}, {'end': 427.277, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 402.568, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 408.232, 'text': 'But before we can actually create a project here, we need to install one more thing, and that is the so-called JDK.', 'start': 402.568, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 416.698, 'text': 'That stands for Java Development Kit, and that is just a toolkit that we need to be able to run Kotlin and Java programs or to develop them actually.', 'start': 408.932, 'duration': 7.766}, {'end': 419.906, 'text': 'and for that we want to go back to our browser.', 'start': 417.579, 'duration': 2.327}, {'end': 427.277, 'text': "I'll open a new tab here and we want to visit AdoptOpenJDK.net.", 'start': 420.327, 'duration': 6.95}], 'summary': 'To develop kotlin and java programs, we need to install jdk from adoptopenjdk.net.', 'duration': 24.709, 'max_score': 402.568, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60402568.jpg'}, {'end': 563.627, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 497.588, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 503.955, 'text': 'And once the setup is finished, we can simply click on finish and go back to our IntelliJ program here.', 'start': 497.588, 'duration': 6.367}, {'end': 509.171, 'text': 'and click on Kotlin because we want to create a Kotlin project here.', 'start': 505.248, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 515.336, 'text': 'And we will just choose this first option here, JVM, that stands for Java Virtual Machine.', 'start': 509.892, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 518.419, 'text': 'And that is just special to Java and Kotlin.', 'start': 515.937, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 525.004, 'text': 'So what actually happens is it will simulate an environment in which our program runs, so a virtual machine,', 'start': 518.799, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 528.347, 'text': 'and that will just allow us to run our program everywhere.', 'start': 525.004, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 530.989, 'text': 'So on Mac OS, Linux, Windows, everywhere.', 'start': 528.447, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 533.691, 'text': 'Then we simply click on Next here.', 'start': 531.609, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 536.311, 'text': 'We can give our project a name.', 'start': 535.011, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 542.313, 'text': "Let's just call that Kotlin-crash-course.", 'start': 536.792, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 547.114, 'text': 'And you can see the project will be created at this location here.', 'start': 543.853, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 550.335, 'text': 'And we can select a project SDK here.', 'start': 547.595, 'duration': 2.74}, {'end': 553.256, 'text': 'And that is exactly this JDK we just installed.', 'start': 550.435, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 555.357, 'text': "So right now we don't have anything selected here.", 'start': 553.336, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 559.338, 'text': 'We want to open that and click on Add JDK.', 'start': 555.977, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 563.627, 'text': 'And then it will open our file system.', 'start': 560.905, 'duration': 2.722}], 'summary': 'Setting up kotlin project with jvm option to run program on mac os, linux, windows.', 'duration': 28.616, 'max_score': 497.588, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60497588.jpg'}, {'end': 655.579, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 590.945, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 595.608, 'text': 'And IntelliJ will create our project for us and open it as well.', 'start': 590.945, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 601.132, 'text': "So let's actually wait a little moment, maximize that.", 'start': 597.59, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 605.955, 'text': 'And you can see we get a tip of the day.', 'start': 603.794, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 611.339, 'text': "If you don't want these, you can simply check this mark, don't show tips and close this window.", 'start': 606.196, 'duration': 5.143}, {'end': 617.143, 'text': 'So what we now want to do is we want to go to project on the top left corner here.', 'start': 612.3, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 619.565, 'text': 'This will open our project hierarchy.', 'start': 617.703, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 623.906, 'text': "and that is actually a lot of stuff that we don't need to consider here.", 'start': 620.285, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 631.808, 'text': 'we only worry about this src folder that stands for source and we just put all of our source files, so our kotlin files,', 'start': 623.906, 'duration': 7.902}, {'end': 634.729, 'text': 'in that in which we will put our actual code.', 'start': 631.808, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 639.43, 'text': 'and in this src folder we actually now want to create our first kotlin file.', 'start': 634.729, 'duration': 4.701}, {'end': 647.654, 'text': 'so we right click, go to new and select kotlin file or class, And you can see we have several options here to choose from.', 'start': 639.43, 'duration': 8.224}, {'end': 655.579, 'text': 'We just want to create a plain Kotlin file and most of the other options will get clearer what they actually mean during this course.', 'start': 648.194, 'duration': 7.385}], 'summary': 'Using intellij, we create a kotlin project, open the source folder, and create our first kotlin file.', 'duration': 28.62, 'max_score': 590.945, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60590945.jpg'}, {'end': 690.86, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 662.944, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 668.307, 'text': 'In Kotlin every program needs this main function and that is just the entry point for our program.', 'start': 662.944, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 676.973, 'text': 'So somehow when we actually run our program here it needs to know where it should start in the code and that will always be the main function.', 'start': 668.648, 'duration': 8.325}, {'end': 679.194, 'text': 'And we can create that main function here.', 'start': 677.513, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 685.098, 'text': "Let's make a little lens of code here, a little space by simply writing fun.", 'start': 679.574, 'duration': 5.524}, {'end': 690.86, 'text': 'So for function, then the name of the function, which must be main in this case,', 'start': 685.518, 'duration': 5.342}], 'summary': 'In kotlin, every program needs a main function as the entry point for the program.', 'duration': 27.916, 'max_score': 662.944, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60662944.jpg'}, {'end': 789.398, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 758.961, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 761.543, 'text': 'So we want to run this main Kotlin file here.', 'start': 758.961, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 762.623, 'text': 'Click on that.', 'start': 762.063, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 765.725, 'text': 'And then IntelliJ will build our project.', 'start': 762.643, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 772.968, 'text': 'So building means it will just take all of our resources, all of our source files, put them together to an executable file and run it.', 'start': 765.845, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 777.251, 'text': 'And if you now take a look at the bottom here, you can see it says hello world.', 'start': 773.469, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 779.992, 'text': 'And that is actually your very first Kotlin program.', 'start': 777.611, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 785.335, 'text': "So what else can we do here? Let's remove our print line statement here again.", 'start': 780.612, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 789.398, 'text': 'And instead what we will do is we want to create a variable.', 'start': 786.295, 'duration': 3.103}], 'summary': 'In kotlin, building the project creates an executable file, demonstrating the first program and creating a variable.', 'duration': 30.437, 'max_score': 758.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60758961.jpg'}, {'end': 957.845, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 935.208, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 947.477, 'text': 'take a look in the console and you can see first it prints the value of x is 3 and afterwards it prints the value of x is now 4 because we changed it and actually there is another type of variable we can declare here.', 'start': 935.208, 'duration': 12.269}, {'end': 949.819, 'text': 'so for now we use that var keyword.', 'start': 947.477, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 957.845, 'text': 'so everything in kotlin that is highlighted in this orange here is called a keyword and another keyword for this would be val.', 'start': 949.819, 'duration': 8.026}], 'summary': "The console output shows x value changing from 3 to 4 using 'var' and 'val' keywords in kotlin.", 'duration': 22.637, 'max_score': 935.208, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60935208.jpg'}, {'end': 1195.217, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1171.825, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1180.808, 'text': 'That is just a naming convention Kotlin, and in bigger projects that makes it very easy for you and your team to immediately see which is a variable,', 'start': 1171.825, 'duration': 8.983}, {'end': 1181.668, 'text': 'which is something else.', 'start': 1180.808, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 1185.771, 'text': 'And we also are able to create simple characters.', 'start': 1182.128, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 1189.733, 'text': 'So, well, I am a letter, for example.', 'start': 1186.051, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 1192.855, 'text': 'And we need to make these in the single quotation marks.', 'start': 1190.153, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 1195.217, 'text': 'For example, set that to A.', 'start': 1192.955, 'duration': 2.262}], 'summary': "Kotlin naming convention simplifies variable identification and character creation, such as 'a'.", 'duration': 23.392, 'max_score': 1171.825, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601171825.jpg'}, {'end': 1272.197, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1246.805, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1253.689, 'text': 'And of course we can also replace that with a plus, with a minus, with a divide by.', 'start': 1246.805, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 1260.512, 'text': 'But here we actually need to take care because if we would run our program here, it will print the value of x is zero.', 'start': 1254.329, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 1266.355, 'text': "Even though three divided by four is not zero, instead it's 0.75.", 'start': 1260.752, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 1272.197, 'text': 'But since we use integer numbers here, so whole numbers, the result of that division can also only be an integer number.', 'start': 1266.355, 'duration': 5.842}], 'summary': 'Using different arithmetic operations can result in unexpected output due to integer division.', 'duration': 25.392, 'max_score': 1246.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601246805.jpg'}], 'start': 186.502, 'title': 'Kotlin setup and basics', 'summary': "Covers setting up intellij for kotlin, creating a kotlin project, running the first kotlin program to display 'hello world', and explaining variable declaration, data types, and arithmetic operators with examples.", 'chapters': [{'end': 589.164, 'start': 186.502, 'title': 'Setting up intellij for kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers setting up intellij for kotlin development, including downloading and installing intellij, selecting the community version, downloading and installing jdk version 11, and creating a kotlin project with intellij.', 'duration': 402.662, 'highlights': ['Downloading IntelliJ and selecting the community version Downloading and installing the community version of IntelliJ, which is free and suitable for Kotlin development.', 'Downloading and installing JDK version 11 Downloading and installing JDK version 11, the free version of the Java Development Kit, necessary for running Kotlin and Java programs.', 'Creating a Kotlin project with IntelliJ and configuring the project SDK Creating a Kotlin project, selecting the Java version 11 as the project SDK, and configuring the project settings for Kotlin development.']}, {'end': 779.992, 'start': 590.945, 'title': 'Setting up and running first kotlin program', 'summary': "Covers setting up a kotlin project in intellij, creating a main kotlin file, defining the main function, and running the program to display the 'hello world' output in the console.", 'duration': 189.047, 'highlights': ['IntelliJ creates a project and opens it, providing options to disable tips. IntelliJ creates and opens the project while also allowing the option to disable tips during the process.', "Creating the main Kotlin file containing the main function that serves as the program's entry point. Guidance on creating the main Kotlin file, 'main', which houses the essential main function serving as the entry point for the program.", "Running the program results in the console displaying the output 'hello world'. Executing the program in IntelliJ leads to the 'hello world' output being displayed in the console, marking the successful creation and execution of the first Kotlin program."]}, {'end': 1295.668, 'start': 780.612, 'title': 'Kotlin variables and arithmetic operators', 'summary': 'Explains how to declare and assign variables in kotlin, including different data types like integer, long, double, float, and boolean, and demonstrates the usage of arithmetic operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with examples.', 'duration': 515.056, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to declare and assign variables in Kotlin, including different data types like integer, long, double, float, and boolean It covers the process of declaring variables with the var and val keywords, and demonstrates the usage of various data types such as integer, long, double, float, and boolean, providing a comprehensive understanding of variable declaration in Kotlin.', 'The usage of arithmetic operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division is demonstrated with examples It provides examples of using arithmetic operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, including a cautionary note about the usage of integer numbers for division and the need to use float for accurate decimal results.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of naming conventions and camel case for variables It highlights the naming convention of camel case for variables in Kotlin, explaining its significance in maintaining clarity and consistency, particularly in larger projects.']}], 'duration': 1109.166, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq60186502.jpg', 'highlights': ['Creating a Kotlin project, selecting the Java version 11 as the project SDK, and configuring the project settings for Kotlin development.', 'Downloading and installing JDK version 11, the free version of the Java Development Kit, necessary for running Kotlin and Java programs.', 'Downloading and installing the community version of IntelliJ, which is free and suitable for Kotlin development.', 'IntelliJ creates and opens the project while also allowing the option to disable tips during the process.', "Guidance on creating the main Kotlin file, 'main', which houses the essential main function serving as the entry point for the program.", "Executing the program in IntelliJ leads to the 'hello world' output being displayed in the console, marking the successful creation and execution of the first Kotlin program.", 'It covers the process of declaring variables with the var and val keywords, and demonstrates the usage of various data types such as integer, long, double, float, and boolean, providing a comprehensive understanding of variable declaration in Kotlin.', 'It provides examples of using arithmetic operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, including a cautionary note about the usage of integer numbers for division and the need to use float for accurate decimal results.', 'It highlights the naming convention of camel case for variables in Kotlin, explaining its significance in maintaining clarity and consistency, particularly in larger projects.']}, {'end': 1814.405, 'segs': [{'end': 1325.309, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1295.828, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1298.07, 'text': 'So the value of x is 0.75.', 'start': 1295.828, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 1299.812, 'text': 'So that is now correct.', 'start': 1298.07, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 1305.359, 'text': 'And another arithmetic operator that is not obvious is called modulo.', 'start': 1300.453, 'duration': 4.906}, {'end': 1308.983, 'text': 'So what we could do is we could write 10 modulo 3.', 'start': 1305.499, 'duration': 3.484}, {'end': 1311.145, 'text': 'So that is represented by this percentage here.', 'start': 1308.983, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 1321.728, 'text': 'And what that would mean, or what that would do is, it will take the 10, divide it by 3, and save the remainder of that division in x.', 'start': 1311.906, 'duration': 9.822}, {'end': 1325.309, 'text': 'So in that case, it would actually save 1 in x.', 'start': 1321.728, 'duration': 3.581}], 'summary': 'The value of x is 0.75, and 10 modulo 3 would save 1 in x.', 'duration': 29.481, 'max_score': 1295.828, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601295828.jpg'}, {'end': 1466.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1420.604, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1425.525, 'text': 'And if there is an option to and check, there is also an option to or check.', 'start': 1420.604, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 1431.407, 'text': 'So if one of these options is actually true, if this one or this one is true or if both are true.', 'start': 1425.685, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 1434.99, 'text': 'And we can do this by writing two of these lines.', 'start': 1431.967, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 1436.731, 'text': "I don't know how they are called.", 'start': 1435.01, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 1438.732, 'text': 'But that is basically an OR check.', 'start': 1437.291, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1441.355, 'text': 'So it will check if this is true or if this is true.', 'start': 1438.773, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 1446.559, 'text': 'And if one of these is at least true, it will also assign true to this Boolean.', 'start': 1441.855, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 1449.301, 'text': 'Then these were logical operators.', 'start': 1447.079, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 1451.622, 'text': 'Now we also have comparison operators.', 'start': 1449.541, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 1454.325, 'text': 'So as the name says, we want to compare something.', 'start': 1451.863, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 1455.706, 'text': 'For example, if..', 'start': 1454.785, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 1463.087, 'text': 'am I an adult, has the same value as am I a programmer, and only then we want to assign true to this variable,', 'start': 1456.306, 'duration': 6.781}, {'end': 1466.148, 'text': 'and we can do that with a double equals here.', 'start': 1463.087, 'duration': 3.061}], 'summary': 'Introduction to logical and comparison operators in programming.', 'duration': 45.544, 'max_score': 1420.604, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601420604.jpg'}, {'end': 1523.699, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1492.557, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1496.86, 'text': 'And if there is a way to check if two variables actually have the same value,', 'start': 1492.557, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 1500.483, 'text': 'there is also a way to check if two variables do not have the same value.', 'start': 1496.86, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 1503.205, 'text': "In that case, we wouldn't write equals equals.", 'start': 1500.823, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 1506.408, 'text': 'Instead, we would write this exclamation mark equals.', 'start': 1503.726, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 1510.692, 'text': 'So that means this variable is not equal to this variable.', 'start': 1506.588, 'duration': 4.104}, {'end': 1513.994, 'text': "So let's just run this program to demonstrate that to you.", 'start': 1511.172, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 1523.699, 'text': 'and if you take a look in the console now, you can see it prints false, because it will take a look at am I an adult, which is true,', 'start': 1514.955, 'duration': 8.744}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating inequality check with exclamation mark equals, resulting in false output.', 'duration': 31.142, 'max_score': 1492.557, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601492557.jpg'}, {'end': 1573.955, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1539.406, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1541.167, 'text': 'the result will be false here.', 'start': 1539.406, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 1547.669, 'text': 'and one last operator we can use here is the single exclamation mark operator, which will just negate a boolean.', 'start': 1541.167, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 1555.471, 'text': 'so, for example, we could attach that to the start of these parentheses and that will just negate that whole expression.', 'start': 1547.669, 'duration': 7.802}, {'end': 1558.832, 'text': 'so if that is true, this will make it false.', 'start': 1555.471, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 1565.26, 'text': 'and if that is, oops, if that is false, then this operator will make it true actually.', 'start': 1558.832, 'duration': 6.428}, {'end': 1573.955, 'text': "so, as you saw, if we, when we didn't have that, this returned false, and if we use that now and run our program,", 'start': 1565.26, 'duration': 8.695}], 'summary': 'The single exclamation mark operator negates a boolean expression, altering its truth value.', 'duration': 34.549, 'max_score': 1539.406, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601539406.jpg'}, {'end': 1697.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1667.012, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1668.732, 'text': 'If it is, we want to execute this code.', 'start': 1667.012, 'duration': 1.72}, {'end': 1670.753, 'text': "If it's false, we want to execute this code.", 'start': 1669.013, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 1680.095, 'text': 'So for example, if we have a variable x here and set that to 1 plus 1, and now we want to check if that is actually 2.', 'start': 1671.333, 'duration': 8.762}, {'end': 1686.216, 'text': 'So we write if, followed by parentheses, and now in these parentheses we have to write the condition.', 'start': 1680.095, 'duration': 6.121}, {'end': 1691.258, 'text': 'so that must be a boolean here, because we either want to check if something is true or false.', 'start': 1686.216, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 1697.039, 'text': 'And we could for example check now if x is the same as 2.', 'start': 1692.018, 'duration': 5.021}], 'summary': "Code execution based on conditional statement with example of checking if variable 'x' is equal to 2.", 'duration': 30.027, 'max_score': 1667.012, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601667012.jpg'}], 'start': 1295.828, 'title': 'Arithmetic and logical operators in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers the modulo operator with x as 0.75, its significance in checking even or odd numbers, as well as logical and comparison operators in kotlin, including boolean values, logical and and or operations, comparison with double equals, negation with exclamation mark, and if conditions with examples and results.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1347.758, 'start': 1295.828, 'title': 'Arithmetic operators and modulo', 'summary': 'Explains the value of x as 0.75, introduces the modulo operator, demonstrates its application with examples, and explains its significance in checking even or odd numbers.', 'duration': 51.93, 'highlights': ['The value of x is 0.75.', 'The modulo operator calculates the remainder of a division, e.g., 10 modulo 3 results in 1, and it is used to check if a number is even or odd.', 'Using 10 modulo 2 can determine if 10 is an even number by checking if the remainder of the division is 0.']}, {'end': 1814.405, 'start': 1348.018, 'title': 'Logical and comparison operators in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers logical and comparison operators in kotlin, including the use of boolean values, logical and and or operations, comparison with double equals, negation with exclamation mark, and if conditions with examples and results.', 'duration': 466.387, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers logical and comparison operators in Kotlin, including the use of boolean values, logical AND and OR operations, comparison with double equals, negation with exclamation mark, and if conditions with examples and results. The chapter provides an overview of logical and comparison operators in Kotlin, demonstrating the use of boolean values in logical AND and OR operations, comparison with double equals, negation with exclamation mark, and if conditions with examples and results.', 'The use of logical AND and OR operations with boolean values is demonstrated, with the example of assigning true only if both booleans are true for logical AND, and true if at least one boolean is true for logical OR. The concept of logical AND and OR operations with boolean values is explained, with the example of assigning true only if both booleans are true for logical AND, and true if at least one boolean is true for logical OR.', "The comparison operators '==' and '!=' are explained, with examples illustrating the use of double equals for checking equality and exclamation mark equals for checking inequality. The explanation of comparison operators '==' and '!=' includes examples illustrating the use of double equals for checking equality and exclamation mark equals for checking inequality.", 'The concept of negation with the exclamation mark operator is presented, demonstrating its use to negate a boolean expression. The concept of negation with the exclamation mark operator is presented, demonstrating its use to negate a boolean expression and alter its outcome.', 'The chapter illustrates the use of if conditions in Kotlin, with examples showcasing the execution of code based on specific conditions, including the use of if, else if, and else blocks. The chapter illustrates the use of if conditions in Kotlin, with examples showcasing the execution of code based on specific conditions, including the use of if, else if, and else blocks.']}], 'duration': 518.577, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601295828.jpg', 'highlights': ['The modulo operator calculates the remainder of a division, e.g., 10 modulo 3 results in 1.', 'The chapter covers logical and comparison operators in Kotlin, including the use of boolean values, logical AND and OR operations, comparison with double equals, negation with exclamation mark, and if conditions with examples and results.', 'The use of logical AND and OR operations with boolean values is demonstrated, with the example of assigning true only if both booleans are true for logical AND, and true if at least one boolean is true for logical OR.', "The comparison operators '==' and '!=' are explained, with examples illustrating the use of double equals for checking equality and exclamation mark equals for checking inequality.", 'The concept of negation with the exclamation mark operator is presented, demonstrating its use to negate a boolean expression and alter its outcome.', 'The chapter illustrates the use of if conditions in Kotlin, with examples showcasing the execution of code based on specific conditions, including the use of if, else if, and else blocks.']}, {'end': 2141.325, 'segs': [{'end': 1842.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1815.186, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1819.77, 'text': 'And the cool thing about if conditions in Kotlin is that we can use them as expression.', 'start': 1815.186, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 1828.137, 'text': 'So what that means is we could create a variable y here, and we could set that equal to an if condition.', 'start': 1820.13, 'duration': 8.007}, {'end': 1838.422, 'text': 'So, for example, if x is equal to two, then we want to assign the value 2 to y and else we want to assign the value 3 to y.', 'start': 1828.277, 'duration': 10.145}, {'end': 1842.643, 'text': 'so that is also a way how we can use if conditions here.', 'start': 1838.422, 'duration': 4.221}], 'summary': 'In kotlin, if conditions can be used as expressions, allowing for concise variable assignment based on conditions.', 'duration': 27.457, 'max_score': 1815.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601815186.jpg'}, {'end': 1888.449, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1864.152, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1873.615, 'text': 'and that was a big disadvantage of java, because in java it could happen that our program crashed if we access such a variable that contains nothing,', 'start': 1864.152, 'duration': 9.463}, {'end': 1883.942, 'text': "and in Kotlin we're still able to do that, because sometimes we just need to set a variable to null and Kotlin will make sure that when we press run,", 'start': 1873.615, 'duration': 10.327}, {'end': 1888.449, 'text': 'nothing could potentially crash our program, and that is called null safety.', 'start': 1883.942, 'duration': 4.507}], 'summary': "Kotlin's null safety prevents program crashes by allowing null variables.", 'duration': 24.297, 'max_score': 1864.152, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601864152.jpg'}, {'end': 1989.966, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1957.269, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1961.253, 'text': 'And you can see that is the type this function will return.', 'start': 1957.269, 'duration': 3.984}, {'end': 1965.497, 'text': 'So the type that our user input variable will have, and that is a nullable string.', 'start': 1961.713, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 1967.919, 'text': 'So a text that is nullable.', 'start': 1965.897, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 1979.623, 'text': "let's actually make a little calculator that can only add numbers by calling this number one, and then we can copy this line, paste it below,", 'start': 1968.519, 'duration': 11.104}, {'end': 1980.743, 'text': 'call this number two.', 'start': 1979.623, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 1989.966, 'text': 'so we now accept two user inputs, two numbers, and then we want to save the result of the addition of these numbers in this result variable.', 'start': 1980.743, 'duration': 9.223}], 'summary': 'Function returns nullable string, creating a calculator to add two numbers.', 'duration': 32.697, 'max_score': 1957.269, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601957269.jpg'}, {'end': 2058.005, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2026.095, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2033.477, 'text': 'and we get two errors here, because this readline function could potentially return this null value if something goes wrong with that function,', 'start': 2026.095, 'duration': 7.382}, {'end': 2042.119, 'text': "and in that case we just need to make sure that at this part here these values can't be null, because Kotlin doesn't know how to add null values.", 'start': 2033.477, 'duration': 8.642}, {'end': 2048.281, 'text': 'it only knows how to add numbers and to make sure that something is not equal to null.', 'start': 2042.119, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 2058.005, 'text': 'we can use this question mark here before the dot, so that will only execute this toInt function if this number one is not equal to null.', 'start': 2048.281, 'duration': 9.724}], 'summary': "Two errors occur due to potential null value from readline function, resolved using kotlin's null check.", 'duration': 31.91, 'max_score': 2026.095, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602026095.jpg'}, {'end': 2115.933, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2058.465, 'weight': 0.717, 'content': [{'end': 2064.668, 'text': "But in this case here, this won't work because if this would be null, it would still replace this expression with a null.", 'start': 2058.465, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 2068.17, 'text': "And then it still wouldn't know how to add this to another number.", 'start': 2065.168, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 2076.496, 'text': 'So what we could do instead is use that double exclamation mark operator, which will just assume that this number one is not equal to null.', 'start': 2068.672, 'duration': 7.824}, {'end': 2080.339, 'text': 'So we basically tell Kotlin, trust me, we know this is not null.', 'start': 2076.817, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 2083.802, 'text': 'And if it would be null, then our program would still crash.', 'start': 2080.86, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 2085.523, 'text': 'So that is very similar to Java.', 'start': 2083.922, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2087.965, 'text': 'we would do that here as well.', 'start': 2086.304, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 2095.871, 'text': 'and if we now print that result here, print line result and run our program.', 'start': 2087.965, 'duration': 7.906}, {'end': 2099.203, 'text': 'take a look in the console.', 'start': 2097.622, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 2107.668, 'text': 'we can now enter two numbers, for example four, enter five and you can see it will print the result of those two numbers, so nine.', 'start': 2099.203, 'duration': 8.465}, {'end': 2115.933, 'text': "But I don't recommend using these double exclamation marks here, because they could potentially make your program crash, which you want to prevent,", 'start': 2108.109, 'duration': 7.824}], 'summary': 'Using double exclamation mark in kotlin to handle null values, caution advised', 'duration': 57.468, 'max_score': 2058.465, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602058465.jpg'}], 'start': 1815.186, 'title': 'Kotlin features and user input', 'summary': "Covers kotlin's if conditions as expressions and null safety, making it null safe compared to java, and discusses user input, data conversion to integers, and handling null values with a practical example of creating a simple calculator.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1933.707, 'start': 1815.186, 'title': "Kotlin's if conditions and null safety", 'summary': 'Discusses how kotlin allows using if conditions as expressions and its null safety feature, making it a null safe language compared to java, which is prone to null pointer exceptions.', 'duration': 118.521, 'highlights': ['Kotlin allows using if conditions as expressions, enabling the assignment of different values based on a condition, for example, assigning 2 to a variable if x is equal to 2 and 3 otherwise.', "Kotlin's null safety feature prevents null pointer exceptions by allowing the explicit declaration of nullable types and the assignment of null values to variables, ensuring that the program does not crash when accessing variables containing null values."]}, {'end': 2141.325, 'start': 1934.187, 'title': 'User input and data conversion in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains how to take user input, convert it to integers, and handle potential null values in kotlin, demonstrating a practical example of creating a simple calculator.', 'duration': 207.138, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to take user input, convert it to integers, and handle potential null values in Kotlin. The transcript provides a detailed explanation of accepting user input, converting it to integers, and managing potential null values in Kotlin.', 'A practical example of creating a simple calculator is demonstrated. The transcript includes a practical example of creating a simple calculator in Kotlin that takes user input, converts it to integers, performs addition, and handles potential null values.']}], 'duration': 326.139, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq601815186.jpg', 'highlights': ["Kotlin's null safety feature prevents null pointer exceptions by allowing the explicit declaration of nullable types and the assignment of null values to variables, ensuring that the program does not crash when accessing variables containing null values.", 'The chapter explains how to take user input, convert it to integers, and handle potential null values in Kotlin. The transcript provides a detailed explanation of accepting user input, converting it to integers, and managing potential null values in Kotlin.', 'Kotlin allows using if conditions as expressions, enabling the assignment of different values based on a condition, for example, assigning 2 to a variable if x is equal to 2 and 3 otherwise.', 'A practical example of creating a simple calculator is demonstrated. The transcript includes a practical example of creating a simple calculator in Kotlin that takes user input, converts it to integers, performs addition, and handles potential null values.']}, {'end': 2564.637, 'segs': [{'end': 2190.031, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2141.325, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2148.148, 'text': 'so the user input to this number one, but if something goes wrong with that function and it returns null, it will assign zero instead.', 'start': 2141.325, 'duration': 6.823}, {'end': 2157.171, 'text': 'the next concept i want to show you are actually so-called lists, so those are data containers we can use to save a bunch of variables in.', 'start': 2148.148, 'duration': 9.023}, {'end': 2164.87, 'text': 'so we could, for example, create a shopping list here and set that equal to list of And in these angle brackets.', 'start': 2157.171, 'duration': 7.699}, {'end': 2169.013, 'text': 'we now need to specify the type of the variables we want to save in that list.', 'start': 2164.87, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 2172.916, 'text': 'For example, a string, because a shopping list usually contains texts.', 'start': 2169.333, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 2178.74, 'text': 'And in these parentheses, we can now list all of our items we want to have in this list.', 'start': 2173.857, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 2182.023, 'text': 'So for example, a Lamborghini.', 'start': 2179.261, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 2190.031, 'text': 'a penthouse and a Rolex, just a normal purchase as a programming YouTuber.', 'start': 2184.324, 'duration': 5.707}], 'summary': "Demonstrates handling null inputs and creating a list of strings with items like 'lamborghini' and 'rolex'.", 'duration': 48.706, 'max_score': 2141.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602141325.jpg'}, {'end': 2292.957, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2259.981, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2263.443, 'text': 'Now there are two major types of lists we can have here in Kotlin.', 'start': 2259.981, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 2265.904, 'text': 'Immutable lists and mutable lists.', 'start': 2263.963, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 2267.966, 'text': 'So right now that is an immutable list.', 'start': 2266.024, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 2273.969, 'text': 'We cannot add items to that list or remove items from that list or also we cannot change items.', 'start': 2268.046, 'duration': 5.923}, {'end': 2276.931, 'text': 'So the value of items after we created that list.', 'start': 2274.109, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 2284.089, 'text': 'but we could replace this list of with mutable list of, and that would allow us to do this.', 'start': 2277.864, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 2292.957, 'text': "And by the way, we also don't need this string specification here because we just put strings into this list.", 'start': 2284.79, 'duration': 8.167}], 'summary': 'In kotlin, there are two types of lists: immutable and mutable. immutable lists cannot be changed, while mutable lists allow adding, removing, and changing items.', 'duration': 32.976, 'max_score': 2259.981, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602259981.jpg'}, {'end': 2541.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2511.974, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2523.279, 'text': 'and write for instead parentheses and now with for we can simply just loop over the whole list so we can directly get references to the single items of that list.', 'start': 2511.974, 'duration': 11.305}, {'end': 2530.623, 'text': 'so we can use for now we need to define a name for each item, so shopping item, for example.', 'start': 2523.279, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 2541.565, 'text': 'for each shopping item in our shopping list, we want to execute this piece of code and that is actually very readable, in my opinion.', 'start': 2531.443, 'duration': 10.122}], 'summary': "Using 'for' instead of parentheses simplifies looping over a list for executing code on each item.", 'duration': 29.591, 'max_score': 2511.974, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602511974.jpg'}], 'start': 2141.325, 'title': 'Lists and loops in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers handling null values, using lists to store variables, and discusses the difference between immutable and mutable lists in kotlin, along with using for loops to iterate through a shopping list, resulting in the same output of all items in the list.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2259.24, 'start': 2141.325, 'title': 'Handling null values and using lists', 'summary': 'Covers handling null values by assigning zero, and using lists to store variables, specifying types, accessing items by index, and avoiding out-of-bounds errors.', 'duration': 117.915, 'highlights': ['Lists are data containers used to save variables, specifying types and listing items, like creating a shopping list containing a Lamborghini, a penthouse, and a Rolex.', "Accessing items in a list is done using an index, starting from zero, where accessing an index that doesn't exist can lead to a program crash.", 'Handling null values by assigning zero when a function returns null to avoid potential issues.']}, {'end': 2386.759, 'start': 2259.981, 'title': 'Immutable vs mutable lists in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses the difference between immutable and mutable lists in kotlin, explaining their capabilities and how to use them, while also covering the concept of loops in kotlin.', 'duration': 126.778, 'highlights': ['Immutable list in Kotlin cannot add, remove, or change items, while a mutable list allows for these actions, demonstrated by adding an item to the list and accessing items by index.', 'Kotlin can recognize string values in a list without the need for explicit string specification, simplifying the list declaration process.', 'The concept of loops in Kotlin is introduced, with a focus on while loops and their execution based on a true boolean condition.']}, {'end': 2564.637, 'start': 2387.36, 'title': 'Using for loops to iterate through a shopping list', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of for loops to iterate through a shopping list, offering a more efficient and readable alternative to while loops, resulting in the same output of all items in the list.', 'duration': 177.277, 'highlights': ['The use of for loops provides a more efficient and readable alternative to while loops for iterating through a shopping list, resulting in the same output of all items in the list.', 'The for loop allows direct references to single items in the list, providing a clearer and more concise way to iterate through the entire list, improving code readability and maintainability.', 'The for loop simplifies the process of printing each item in the shopping list, eliminating the need to manually increment a counter and directly accessing each item for printing.']}], 'duration': 423.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602141325.jpg', 'highlights': ['Lists are data containers used to save variables, specifying types and listing items, like creating a shopping list containing a Lamborghini, a penthouse, and a Rolex.', 'The use of for loops provides a more efficient and readable alternative to while loops for iterating through a shopping list, resulting in the same output of all items in the list.', 'Handling null values by assigning zero when a function returns null to avoid potential issues.', 'The for loop allows direct references to single items in the list, providing a clearer and more concise way to iterate through the entire list, improving code readability and maintainability.', 'Immutable list in Kotlin cannot add, remove, or change items, while a mutable list allows for these actions, demonstrated by adding an item to the list and accessing items by index.']}, {'end': 3283.114, 'segs': [{'end': 2650.467, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2591.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2599.693, 'text': 'that will just assign the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and so on to i and execute this piece of code a hundred times.', 'start': 2591.089, 'duration': 8.604}, {'end': 2612.389, 'text': 'So if we would now print i and run our program then you will see that Kotlin will print a hundred numbers here to our console.', 'start': 2599.893, 'duration': 12.496}, {'end': 2616.033, 'text': 'And that are already the basics for loops in Kotlin.', 'start': 2613.07, 'duration': 2.963}, {'end': 2619.176, 'text': 'The next thing I want to show you is the so-called when expression.', 'start': 2616.633, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 2623.28, 'text': 'So we can create a val x here and set it to three, for example.', 'start': 2619.757, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 2631.613, 'text': 'Now we can use a when x open curly brackets here, and that is very similar to if conditions actually,', 'start': 2623.841, 'duration': 7.772}, {'end': 2635.796, 'text': 'just in some scenarios a shorter way to write that.', 'start': 2631.613, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 2641.76, 'text': 'so, for example, we could check if x is in the range of one to two.', 'start': 2635.796, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 2650.467, 'text': "then we make this arrow and let's say, in this case we want to print a line x is between one and two,", 'start': 2641.76, 'duration': 8.707}], 'summary': 'Kotlin can print a hundred numbers using loop, and use when expression for conditions.', 'duration': 59.378, 'max_score': 2591.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602591089.jpg'}, {'end': 2870.07, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2826.144, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2833.849, 'text': 'And such functions are of course very useful if you have a piece of code in your program that you need at very many places in your program.', 'start': 2826.144, 'duration': 7.705}, {'end': 2838.272, 'text': "Because you don't want to write the same for loop here at every place.", 'start': 2834.389, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 2843.676, 'text': 'That would just increase your lines of code by a lot and make it very messy.', 'start': 2838.652, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 2845.597, 'text': 'Instead you just define a function.', 'start': 2844.076, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 2851.521, 'text': 'So you just need to call this function a single line to execute this piece of code over and over again.', 'start': 2846.097, 'duration': 5.424}, {'end': 2856.767, 'text': 'And of course in bigger programs these functions can become very big as well.', 'start': 2852.122, 'duration': 4.645}, {'end': 2866.489, 'text': 'So why do we actually have these empty parentheses here? The reason for that is we can use these to specify parameters for our functions.', 'start': 2857.328, 'duration': 9.161}, {'end': 2870.07, 'text': 'So if our function would rely on outside input.', 'start': 2866.909, 'duration': 3.161}], 'summary': 'Functions reduce code repetition, making programs more organized and efficient.', 'duration': 43.926, 'max_score': 2826.144, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602826144.jpg'}, {'end': 3142.007, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3108.241, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3111.662, 'text': 'But with default parameters, we can specify a default value.', 'start': 3108.241, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 3119.164, 'text': 'And we can do that by simply setting that number equal to anything, for example, equal to 10.', 'start': 3112.142, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 3126.426, 'text': "that will use the value 10 for that number parameter if we don't pass a parameter for that number.", 'start': 3119.164, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 3134.309, 'text': "so in our case this wouldn't change anything, because we call this is even function with the parameter 5, but in this case,", 'start': 3126.426, 'duration': 7.883}, {'end': 3142.007, 'text': 'because we specified this default parameter here, we could also leave the 5 away and This would also work.', 'start': 3134.309, 'duration': 7.698}], 'summary': 'Default parameters can be set, e.g., to 10, allowing functions to work without all parameters.', 'duration': 33.766, 'max_score': 3108.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603108241.jpg'}, {'end': 3224.163, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 3157.678, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3161.28, 'text': 'And that means, if we call this function here our isEven function,', 'start': 3157.678, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 3166.905, 'text': 'we can explicitly specify the name of this parameter we want to assign something to.', 'start': 3161.28, 'duration': 5.625}, {'end': 3177.684, 'text': "and just set it equal to any number here in this in this case so we use number is equal to let's say five again This is optional.", 'start': 3167.785, 'duration': 9.899}, {'end': 3179.004, 'text': "You don't need to do that.", 'start': 3177.724, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 3182.386, 'text': 'But as I said, that just improves readability a little bit.', 'start': 3179.545, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 3185.068, 'text': 'So if you like to do that, then you can do that.', 'start': 3182.747, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 3189.45, 'text': 'And another very Kotlin-specific feature here are so-called extension functions.', 'start': 3185.648, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 3194.634, 'text': 'So those will be functions that extend an already existing type.', 'start': 3189.891, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 3197.575, 'text': 'So for example, integer, string, or whatever you like.', 'start': 3194.654, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 3201.618, 'text': 'And that is really a feature that not many languages have.', 'start': 3198.316, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 3203.158, 'text': 'But Kotlin does.', 'start': 3202.338, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 3205.519, 'text': "So let's actually create a function.", 'start': 3203.798, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3212.961, 'text': 'an extension function isOdd to check if a number is odd by simply specifying function again.', 'start': 3205.519, 'duration': 7.442}, {'end': 3213.881, 'text': 'so the keyword for that.', 'start': 3212.961, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 3217.942, 'text': 'And now we want to specify the type we want to extend.', 'start': 3214.401, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 3224.163, 'text': "In this case it's integer because we want to be able to call that function on integer numbers.", 'start': 3218.582, 'duration': 5.581}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains the usage of explicit parameters and kotlin-specific extension functions.', 'duration': 47.841, 'max_score': 3157.678, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603157678.jpg'}], 'start': 2565.902, 'title': 'Basics of loops, when expression, and functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers basics of for loops, demonstrating looping over a range of numbers, executing code a specified number of times, and when expressions for conditional checks. it also discusses functions, including creation, parameters, return values, default and named parameters, and kotlin-specific features, emphasizing their role in reducing code redundancy and promoting code reusability.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2735.724, 'start': 2565.902, 'title': 'Basics of loops and when expression in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of for loops in kotlin, demonstrating how to loop over a range of numbers and execute code a specified number of times, followed by an explanation of the when expression, showcasing its usage for conditional checks and providing an example of a shorter and more elegant way to write if conditions.', 'duration': 169.822, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the basics of for loops in Kotlin, demonstrating how to loop over a range of numbers and execute code a specified number of times The speaker explains how to use a for loop to iterate over a range of numbers from one to a hundred, executing the code a hundred times.', 'The next thing I want to show you is the so-called when expression The speaker introduces the when expression as a shorter way to write if conditions and demonstrates its usage to check the range of a variable and execute different pieces of code based on the range.', 'Providing an example of a shorter and more elegant way to write if conditions The speaker explains that the when expression is a more elegant and concise way to write if conditions, especially when multiple conditions depend on a single variable, offering a better coding style.']}, {'end': 3283.114, 'start': 2735.724, 'title': 'Introduction to functions', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of functions in programming, covering the creation of custom functions, passing parameters, return values, default parameters, named parameters, and kotlin-specific features such as extension functions. it also emphasizes the relevance of functions in reducing code redundancy and promoting code reusability.', 'duration': 547.39, 'highlights': ['Functions allow for the creation of custom reusable code, reducing redundancy and promoting code reusability. Functions enable the creation of custom code that can be easily reused throughout the program, reducing the need for redundant code and promoting reusability.', 'Parameters can be passed to functions to provide outside input, enhancing their flexibility and applicability. Functions can accept parameters to receive outside input, enhancing their flexibility and enabling them to perform different tasks based on the provided input.', 'Return values from functions provide output that can be utilized in the main program, enhancing the functionality of the code. Functions can return values that provide output for use in the main program, expanding the range of tasks the code can perform.', 'Default parameters in functions allow for the specification of default values, streamlining the function calls and improving readability. Default parameters in functions enable the specification of default values, simplifying function calls and enhancing code readability.', 'Named parameters in function calls improve code readability by explicitly specifying the parameter being assigned a value. Using named parameters in function calls enhances code readability by explicitly specifying the parameter to which a value is assigned.', "Extension functions in Kotlin enable the extension of existing types with new functionalities, enhancing the language's flexibility and expressiveness. Kotlin's extension functions allow for the extension of existing types with new functionalities, bolstering the language's flexibility and expressiveness."]}], 'duration': 717.212, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq602565902.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the basics of for loops in Kotlin, demonstrating how to loop over a range of numbers and execute code a specified number of times.', 'The speaker introduces the when expression as a shorter way to write if conditions and demonstrates its usage to check the range of a variable and execute different pieces of code based on the range.', 'Functions allow for the creation of custom reusable code, reducing redundancy and promoting code reusability.', 'Parameters can be passed to functions to provide outside input, enhancing their flexibility and applicability.', 'Return values from functions provide output that can be utilized in the main program, enhancing the functionality of the code.', 'Default parameters in functions allow for the specification of default values, streamlining the function calls and improving readability.', 'Named parameters in function calls improve code readability by explicitly specifying the parameter being assigned a value.', "Kotlin's extension functions allow for the extension of existing types with new functionalities, bolstering the language's flexibility and expressiveness."]}, {'end': 4346.576, 'segs': [{'end': 3370.205, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 3304.022, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3309.305, 'text': 'Classes really help us to structure our code better, make it better understandable for us and also for others.', 'start': 3304.022, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 3313.827, 'text': 'And in general, a class is just a blueprint for something.', 'start': 3310.085, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 3320.066, 'text': 'And if we want to create such a class, we usually do that in its own Kotlin file.', 'start': 3314.904, 'duration': 5.162}, {'end': 3328.929, 'text': 'So outside of this main.kt file, we want to go to our src folder, right click on that and create a new Kotlin file or class.', 'start': 3320.246, 'duration': 8.683}, {'end': 3336.072, 'text': 'And I will simply create a simple animal class here because I think that is very good for educational purposes.', 'start': 3329.91, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 3337.892, 'text': 'We select class here.', 'start': 3336.832, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 3341.814, 'text': 'So I want to make sure that you have class selected and then press enter.', 'start': 3338.253, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 3346.736, 'text': 'Okay, what can we now do with this class? Well, we could give it some properties.', 'start': 3342.634, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 3352.598, 'text': 'We can think about which properties or which characteristics does each animal out there have?', 'start': 3346.876, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 3358.06, 'text': 'For example, each animal has a name and then we could specify parentheses here.', 'start': 3352.858, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 3363.862, 'text': 'And in these we could specify a val name, which is of type string.', 'start': 3358.56, 'duration': 5.302}, {'end': 3370.205, 'text': "And now it's actually important to understand the difference between a class and an instance of a class.", 'start': 3364.542, 'duration': 5.663}], 'summary': 'Classes in kotlin help structure code, create blueprints, and define properties for instances, such as a simple animal class with a name property.', 'duration': 24.907, 'max_score': 3304.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603304022.jpg'}, {'end': 3530.033, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 3413.497, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3423.525, 'text': "and let's actually switch back to our main.kt file and create an animal here, remove this code and, for example, create a dog,", 'start': 3413.497, 'duration': 10.028}, {'end': 3425.567, 'text': 'and we set that equal to animal.', 'start': 3423.525, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 3433.262, 'text': 'and now, in these parentheses, you can see we need to specify a name for that which is just dog.', 'start': 3427.199, 'duration': 6.063}, {'end': 3437.124, 'text': 'and what we could do now is, right now nothing would happen here.', 'start': 3433.262, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 3444.048, 'text': 'we could instead go to this animal class inside of this class body, these curly brackets, and specify a so-called init block.', 'start': 3437.124, 'duration': 6.924}, {'end': 3448.991, 'text': 'so that is a block of code that will be executed whenever we create an instance of this class.', 'start': 3444.048, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 3452.512, 'text': 'So here we actually create such an instance.', 'start': 3449.651, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 3457.133, 'text': 'And for this animal, for this dog here, we will execute this init block.', 'start': 3453.052, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 3462.515, 'text': 'And we could, for example, just use print line here and print hello,', 'start': 3457.633, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 3469.077, 'text': 'my name is and then simply insert the name that we passed here when we constructed that animal.', 'start': 3462.515, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 3471.237, 'text': 'So that will be dog here.', 'start': 3469.737, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 3479.52, 'text': 'And if we now run our program and take a look in the console, You can see it prints, hello, my name is dog.', 'start': 3471.437, 'duration': 8.083}, {'end': 3486.063, 'text': 'But the really cool part about classes is now, if it comes to inheritance, because that is possible,', 'start': 3480.06, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 3491.326, 'text': 'that we can define a class hierarchy and that some classes inherit from other classes.', 'start': 3486.063, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 3497.669, 'text': "Let's actually do that and create a new class in our SRC folder, new Kotlin follow class.", 'start': 3491.806, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 3500.91, 'text': 'And now I will create a class only for dogs.', 'start': 3498.269, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 3502.991, 'text': 'So call that dog.', 'start': 3501.411, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 3515.407, 'text': 'select class here And to specify that this class now inherits from animal, because each dog is an animal, we write a colon after that class name,', 'start': 3502.991, 'duration': 12.416}, {'end': 3521.689, 'text': 'followed by the class we want to inherit from so animal and call the constructor on this animal.', 'start': 3515.407, 'duration': 6.282}, {'end': 3530.033, 'text': 'So when I say call the constructor, I just mean write these parentheses and specify the parameters we need to construct an instance of that class.', 'start': 3521.87, 'duration': 8.163}], 'summary': 'Creating a dog instance with an init block to print its name, demonstrating class inheritance in kotlin.', 'duration': 116.536, 'max_score': 3413.497, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603413497.jpg'}, {'end': 3497.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3471.437, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3479.52, 'text': 'And if we now run our program and take a look in the console, You can see it prints, hello, my name is dog.', 'start': 3471.437, 'duration': 8.083}, {'end': 3486.063, 'text': 'But the really cool part about classes is now, if it comes to inheritance, because that is possible,', 'start': 3480.06, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 3491.326, 'text': 'that we can define a class hierarchy and that some classes inherit from other classes.', 'start': 3486.063, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 3497.669, 'text': "Let's actually do that and create a new class in our SRC folder, new Kotlin follow class.", 'start': 3491.806, 'duration': 5.863}], 'summary': 'Classes in kotlin allow the creation of class hierarchy and inheritance.', 'duration': 26.232, 'max_score': 3471.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603471437.jpg'}, {'end': 3616.314, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3589.092, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3594.935, 'text': "So if you write lag count you can see we have access to that variable even though we didn't declare it in this dog class.", 'start': 3589.092, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 3602.538, 'text': 'But since we did declare it in our animal class and our dog class inherits from animal,', 'start': 3595.535, 'duration': 7.003}, {'end': 3607.12, 'text': 'that means our dog class will also have all the properties that this animal class has.', 'start': 3602.538, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 3610.582, 'text': 'And that means we can also access the lag count here.', 'start': 3608.221, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 3616.314, 'text': 'But I actually want to remove this init block here in our dog class again.', 'start': 3612.773, 'duration': 3.541}], 'summary': 'Dog class inherits properties from animal class, allowing access to lag count.', 'duration': 27.222, 'max_score': 3589.092, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603589092.jpg'}, {'end': 4195.559, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4166.952, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4174.283, 'text': 'then we want to prevent that our project or that our program can just crash because the user entered a number incorrectly.', 'start': 4166.952, 'duration': 7.331}, {'end': 4177.108, 'text': "that wouldn't be good.", 'start': 4175.546, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 4182.952, 'text': 'So how can we actually prevent that? And the answer is with the so-called try and catch block.', 'start': 4177.587, 'duration': 5.365}, {'end': 4188.975, 'text': 'So with that we can simply specify something that we want to try.', 'start': 4183.432, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 4195.559, 'text': 'So in our case we want to try to convert a number to, or want to convert a string to an integer rather.', 'start': 4188.995, 'duration': 6.564}], 'summary': 'Prevent program crashes by using try and catch block for error handling.', 'duration': 28.607, 'max_score': 4166.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq604166952.jpg'}], 'start': 3283.554, 'title': 'Kotlin classes and object-oriented programming', 'summary': 'Delves into kotlin classes, constructors, inheritance, and object-oriented programming, showcasing practical examples and emphasizing the significance of structuring code, creating blueprints for objects, modeling real-life scenarios, and handling user input to ensure program stability and prevent crashes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3397.903, 'start': 3283.554, 'title': 'Classes in kotlin', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of classes in kotlin, emphasizing their role in structuring code and creating blueprints for objects, such as the example of creating an 'animal' class with properties like 'name', illustrating the difference between a class and an instance of a class.", 'duration': 114.349, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the concept of classes in Kotlin, highlighting their role in structuring code and creating blueprints for objects, such as creating an 'animal' class with properties like 'name'.", 'It emphasizes the importance of classes in making the code more understandable for both developers and others.', 'The chapter illustrates the difference between a class and an instance of a class using the analogy of a manual for building a table as the class, and the constructed table as an instance of the class.']}, {'end': 3610.582, 'start': 3398.846, 'title': 'Classes, constructors, and inheritance', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of classes, constructors, and inheritance in kotlin, demonstrating how to create and initialize an instance of a class, utilize init blocks, and implement inheritance to access properties from a parent class.', 'duration': 211.736, 'highlights': ['Classes and Constructors The chapter explores the concept of classes and constructors in Kotlin, emphasizing the need to specify a name for an instance and demonstrating the use of init blocks to execute code when creating an instance.', 'Inheritance and Class Hierarchy It demonstrates the implementation of inheritance to create a class hierarchy, showcasing how a new class can inherit properties from a parent class and access those properties in the child class.', 'Accessing Inherited Properties It illustrates how properties defined in a parent class can be accessed in a child class through inheritance, enabling the child class to utilize the properties without redefining them.']}, {'end': 4083.233, 'start': 3612.773, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses creating classes for dogs and cats, inheritance, abstract classes, and anonymous classes in kotlin, emphasizing the importance of modeling real-life scenarios and behavior in program code, with examples and explanations.', 'duration': 470.46, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses creating classes for dogs and cats, inheritance, abstract classes, and anonymous classes in Kotlin The discussion covers the creation of classes for specific animals, inheritance, abstract classes, and anonymous classes in Kotlin, providing a comprehensive overview of object-oriented programming concepts.', 'Emphasizing the importance of modeling real-life scenarios and behavior in program code The importance of accurately modeling real-life scenarios and behavior in program code is highlighted, demonstrating the practical application of object-oriented programming in Kotlin.', 'Examples and explanations provided The chapter offers examples and explanations to illustrate the concepts of object-oriented programming in Kotlin, aiding in the understanding and application of these principles.']}, {'end': 4346.576, 'start': 4084.134, 'title': 'Handling user input with try and catch', 'summary': 'Introduces the use of try and catch blocks in kotlin to handle user input and prevent program crashes by catching exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executing alternative code, thus ensuring program stability and preventing crashes by handling invalid user input.', 'duration': 262.442, 'highlights': ['By using try and catch blocks in Kotlin, we can handle user input and prevent program crashes by catching exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executing alternative code, ensuring program stability and preventing crashes by handling invalid user input.', 'When accepting user input in Kotlin, the use of try and catch blocks can prevent program crashes by catching exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executing alternative code, ensuring program stability and preventing crashes by handling invalid user input.', 'The try block in Kotlin allows us to attempt to convert user input to an integer, while the catch block catches exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executes alternative code, ensuring program stability and preventing crashes by handling invalid user input.', 'The chapter emphasizes the use of try and catch blocks in Kotlin to handle user input, where the try block attempts to convert user input to an integer, while the catch block catches exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executes alternative code to ensure program stability and prevent crashes by handling invalid user input.']}], 'duration': 1063.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq603283554.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses creating classes for dogs and cats, inheritance, abstract classes, and anonymous classes in Kotlin, providing a comprehensive overview of object-oriented programming concepts.', 'By using try and catch blocks in Kotlin, we can handle user input and prevent program crashes by catching exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executing alternative code, ensuring program stability and preventing crashes by handling invalid user input.', 'It illustrates how properties defined in a parent class can be accessed in a child class through inheritance, enabling the child class to utilize the properties without redefining them.', "The chapter explains the concept of classes in Kotlin, highlighting their role in structuring code and creating blueprints for objects, such as creating an 'animal' class with properties like 'name'.", 'The chapter emphasizes the use of try and catch blocks in Kotlin to handle user input, where the try block attempts to convert user input to an integer, while the catch block catches exceptions, such as number format exceptions, and executes alternative code to ensure program stability and prevent crashes by handling invalid user input.']}, {'end': 5028.734, 'segs': [{'end': 4420.828, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4392.064, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4397.209, 'text': 'So if we remove that, there are some predefined lambda functions in Kotlin that we can use.', 'start': 4392.064, 'duration': 5.145}, {'end': 4408.738, 'text': "For example, if we create a list, val list is equal to list of, let's put in some strings here, Kotlin comma is comma fun.", 'start': 4397.809, 'duration': 10.929}, {'end': 4420.828, 'text': 'then what we could do is we could now count elements in this list according to a rule that we define on our own using a lambda function.', 'start': 4410.063, 'duration': 10.765}], 'summary': 'Kotlin provides predefined lambda functions for custom element counting.', 'duration': 28.764, 'max_score': 4392.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq604392064.jpg'}, {'end': 4760.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4728.84, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4733.462, 'text': "So I will go through that one more time because I'm sure that is super confusing if you're a beginner.", 'start': 4728.84, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 4736.803, 'text': 'We extend the type list of type string.', 'start': 4733.962, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 4739.885, 'text': 'So we extend the type of lists we have up here.', 'start': 4737.224, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 4746.227, 'text': 'We call this function custom count, which would just do exactly the same as this predefined count function.', 'start': 4740.685, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 4750.689, 'text': 'just that you see how we can create our own function that serves as a Lambda function.', 'start': 4746.227, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 4754.131, 'text': 'We pass this Lambda function here as a parameter.', 'start': 4751.85, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 4760.243, 'text': 'So the parameter is of type, This is how we specify a function type.', 'start': 4754.491, 'duration': 5.752}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of creating a custom count function using a lambda function.', 'duration': 31.403, 'max_score': 4728.84, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq604728840.jpg'}, {'end': 4863.103, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4836.945, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4846.751, 'text': 'and if we now want to be able to call this custom count function on any kind of list, not only on a list of strings, then we use so-called generics.', 'start': 4836.945, 'duration': 9.806}, {'end': 4852.354, 'text': 'that is basically just a type parameter, so we pass the type we want to call this function on.', 'start': 4846.751, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 4859.1, 'text': 'we can do this with these angle brackets And usually we just call this type T.', 'start': 4852.354, 'duration': 6.746}, {'end': 4860.821, 'text': 'So a capital T.', 'start': 4859.1, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 4863.103, 'text': 'And then we can use that T.', 'start': 4860.821, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Using generics allows calling custom count function on any type of list.', 'duration': 26.158, 'max_score': 4836.945, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq604836945.jpg'}], 'start': 4346.576, 'title': 'Lambda functions and generics in kotlin', 'summary': 'Introduces lambda functions and generics in kotlin, explaining the concept of lambda functions and demonstrating their usage, such as counting elements in a list using a custom-defined rule. it also discusses custom count function, extension of list type, and the possibility of applying it to any type of list.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4451.428, 'start': 4346.576, 'title': 'Introduction to lambda functions and generics', 'summary': 'Introduces lambda functions and generics in kotlin, explaining the concept of lambda functions and demonstrating their usage, such as counting elements in a list using a custom-defined rule.', 'duration': 104.852, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces lambda functions and generics in Kotlin, explaining the concept of lambda functions and demonstrating their usage, such as counting elements in a list using a custom-defined rule.', 'Lambda functions are functions passed as parameters to another function, allowing for flexibility and custom rule definition, as demonstrated by the example of counting elements in a list based on a custom-defined rule in Kotlin.', "The use of lambda functions in Kotlin allows for defining custom rules when performing operations on data structures, such as counting elements in a list, showcasing the power and flexibility of Kotlin's functional programming capabilities."]}, {'end': 5028.734, 'start': 4451.428, 'title': 'Lambda functions and custom count in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses lambda functions, custom count function, and the extension of list type in kotlin to count elements based on a given condition, with the possibility of applying it to any type of list.', 'duration': 577.306, 'highlights': ["The function 'custom count' is discussed, which extends the list type and takes a lambda function as a parameter, returning the count of elements for which the function is true, enabling the creation of a custom count function for a specific condition. (e.g., count of strings with a length of 3)", "The concept of generics is introduced, allowing the 'custom count' function to be called on any type of list, providing flexibility in applying the custom count function to different data types for counting elements based on a given condition.", 'The importance of practice and coding to reinforce learning is emphasized, with suggestions for implementing various small functions to solidify understanding and gain a sense of accomplishment as a beginner in Kotlin programming.']}], 'duration': 682.158, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/5flXf8nuq60/pics/5flXf8nuq604346576.jpg', 'highlights': ["Lambda functions in Kotlin allow for defining custom rules when performing operations on data structures, showcasing the power and flexibility of Kotlin's functional programming capabilities.", "The function 'custom count' extends the list type and takes a lambda function as a parameter, enabling the creation of a custom count function for a specific condition.", "The concept of generics in Kotlin allows the 'custom count' function to be called on any type of list, providing flexibility in applying the custom count function to different data types."]}], 'highlights': ['The compatibility of Kotlin with Java, allowing for the use of Java libraries in Kotlin and the reduction of lines of code needed for programming by 40 to 50% compared to Java.', 'The rising popularity of Kotlin, with the number of users rapidly increasing, particularly for Android development and big enterprise applications.', 'Creating a Kotlin project, selecting the Java version 11 as the project SDK, and configuring the project settings for Kotlin development.', "Kotlin's null safety feature prevents null pointer exceptions by allowing the explicit declaration of nullable types and the assignment of null values to variables, ensuring that the program does not crash when accessing variables containing null values.", 'Lists are data containers used to save variables, specifying types and listing items, like creating a shopping list containing a Lamborghini, a penthouse, and a Rolex.', 'The chapter covers the basics of for loops in Kotlin, demonstrating how to loop over a range of numbers and execute code a specified number of times.', 'The chapter discusses creating classes for dogs and cats, inheritance, abstract classes, and anonymous classes in Kotlin, providing a comprehensive overview of object-oriented programming concepts.', "Lambda functions in Kotlin allow for defining custom rules when performing operations on data structures, showcasing the power and flexibility of Kotlin's functional programming capabilities."]}