title
Matt Botvinick: Neuroscience, Psychology, and AI at DeepMind | Lex Fridman Podcast #106

description
Matt Botvinick is the Director of Neuroscience Research at DeepMind. He is a brilliant cross-disciplinary mind navigating effortlessly between cognitive psychology, computational neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. Support this podcast by supporting our sponsors: - The Jordan Harbinger Show: https://www.jordanharbinger.com/lex - Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex and use code LEX at checkout EPISODE LINKS: Matt's papers: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=eM916YMAAAAJ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:29 - How much of the brain do we understand? 14:26 - Psychology 22:53 - The paradox of the human brain 32:23 - Cognition is a function of the environment 39:34 - Prefrontal cortex 53:27 - Information processing in the brain 1:00:11 - Meta-reinforcement learning 1:15:18 - Dopamine 1:19:01 - Neuroscience and AI research 1:23:37 - Human side of AI 1:39:56 - Dopamine and reinforcement learning 1:53:07 - Can we create an AI that a human can love? CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Matt Botvinick: Neuroscience, Psychology, and AI at DeepMind | Lex Fridman Podcast #106', 'heatmap': [{'end': 297.259, 'start': 213.516, 'weight': 0.916}, {'end': 6296.059, 'start': 6215.233, 'weight': 0.718}], 'summary': 'In this podcast, matt botvinick, director of neuroscience research at deepmind, discusses neuroscience, cognition, deep learning, and the intersection of ai and societal impact, covering topics such as reinforcement learning, prefrontal cortex, and the future of warm and loving ai systems.', 'chapters': [{'end': 183.049, 'segs': [{'end': 89.712, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.109, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6.157, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Matt Botmanick, Director of Neuroscience Research at DeepMind.', 'start': 0.109, 'duration': 6.048}, {'end': 12.586, 'text': "He's a brilliant cross-disciplinary mind, navigating effortlessly between cognitive psychology,", 'start': 6.918, 'duration': 5.668}, {'end': 15.79, 'text': 'computational neuroscience and artificial intelligence.', 'start': 12.586, 'duration': 3.204}, {'end': 17.834, 'text': 'Quick summary of the ads.', 'start': 16.854, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 23.336, 'text': 'Two sponsors, the Jordan Harbinger Show and Magic Spoon Cereal.', 'start': 18.395, 'duration': 4.941}, {'end': 28.318, 'text': 'Please consider supporting the podcast by going to jordanharbinger.com.', 'start': 23.957, 'duration': 4.361}, {'end': 32.94, 'text': 'slash Lex and also going to magicspoon.com.', 'start': 28.318, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 38.342, 'text': 'slash Lex and using code Lex at checkout after you buy all of their cereal.', 'start': 32.94, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 40.763, 'text': 'Click the links, buy the stuff.', 'start': 39.122, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 43.844, 'text': "It's the best way to support this podcast and the journey I'm on.", 'start': 40.963, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 51.075, 'text': 'If you enjoy this podcast, subscribe on YouTube, review it with five stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify,', 'start': 44.77, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 54.098, 'text': 'support on Patreon or connect with me on Twitter.', 'start': 51.075, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 60.963, 'text': 'at Lex Friedman spelled surprisingly, without the E just F-R-I-D-M-A-N.', 'start': 54.098, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 66.728, 'text': "As usual, I'll do a few minutes of ads now and never any ads in the middle that can break the flow of the conversation.", 'start': 62.164, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 71.242, 'text': 'This episode is supported by the Jordan Harbinger Show.', 'start': 67.639, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 74.724, 'text': 'Go to jordanharbinger.com slash Lex.', 'start': 71.782, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 76.566, 'text': "It's how he knows I sent you.", 'start': 75.265, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 83.311, 'text': 'On that page, subscribe to his podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and you know where to look.', 'start': 76.946, 'duration': 6.365}, {'end': 85.868, 'text': "I've been binging on his podcast.", 'start': 84.386, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 89.712, 'text': 'Jordan is a great interviewer and even a better human being.', 'start': 86.128, 'duration': 3.584}], 'summary': 'Conversation with matt botmanick, neuroscience research director at deepmind, includes mentions of sponsors jordan harbinger show and magic spoon cereal.', 'duration': 89.603, 'max_score': 0.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0109.jpg'}, {'end': 192.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 158.451, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 159.812, 'text': 'So I quit it years ago.', 'start': 158.451, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 165.877, 'text': 'But Magic Spoon, amazingly, somehow, is a totally different thing.', 'start': 160.152, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 170.26, 'text': 'Zero sugar, 11 grams of protein, and only three net grams of carbs.', 'start': 165.937, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 172.461, 'text': 'It tastes delicious.', 'start': 170.96, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 176.004, 'text': 'It has a lot of flavors, two new ones, including peanut butter.', 'start': 173.162, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 179.387, 'text': "But if you know what's good for you, you'll go with cocoa.", 'start': 176.705, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 183.049, 'text': 'My favorite flavor, and the flavor of champions.', 'start': 180.167, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 192.533, 'text': 'Click the magicspoon.com slash Lex link in the description and use code Lex at checkout for free shipping and to let them know I sent you.', 'start': 184.21, 'duration': 8.323}], 'summary': 'Magic spoon cereal: 0 sugar, 11g protein, 3g carbs. tasty, with new flavors. visit magicspoon.com/lex, use code lex for free shipping.', 'duration': 34.082, 'max_score': 158.451, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0158451.jpg'}], 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Neuroscience research, podcast sponsorship, and recommendations', 'summary': 'Features a conversation with matt botmanick, the director of neuroscience research at deepmind, and includes mentions of two sponsors, the jordan harbinger show and magic spoon cereal, with a call to action for support through various channels. it also discusses podcast recommendations including the jordan harbinger show and magic spoon cereal, emphasizing their benefits such as mental and physical performance improvement and zero sugar content.', 'chapters': [{'end': 66.728, 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Neuroscience research and podcast sponsorship', 'summary': 'Features a conversation with matt botmanick, the director of neuroscience research at deepmind, and includes mentions of two sponsors, the jordan harbinger show and magic spoon cereal, with a call to action for support through various channels.', 'duration': 66.619, 'highlights': ['Matt Botmanick is the Director of Neuroscience Research at DeepMind, demonstrating his expertise in cognitive psychology, computational neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.', 'The podcast mentions two sponsors, the Jordan Harbinger Show and Magic Spoon Cereal, and encourages support through various actions such as visiting specific websites and using a discount code at checkout.', 'The podcast host provides multiple ways for audience support, including subscribing on YouTube, leaving a five-star review on Apple Podcasts, following on Spotify, supporting on Patreon, and connecting on Twitter for engagement.']}, {'end': 183.049, 'start': 67.639, 'title': 'Podcast and cereal recommendations', 'summary': 'Discusses podcast recommendations including the jordan harbinger show and magic spoon cereal, emphasizing their benefits such as mental and physical performance improvement and zero sugar content.', 'duration': 115.41, 'highlights': ['The Jordan Harbinger Show offers a variety of podcast episodes on platforms like Apple Podcasts and Spotify, and the conversation with Jack Barsky provides a different perspective on the Cold War era.', 'Magic Spoon cereal is keto-friendly, with zero sugar, 11 grams of protein, and only three net grams of carbs, making it suitable for those on a low-carb diet.', 'The chapter also emphasizes the mental and physical performance benefits of a keto diet and the delicious taste of Magic Spoon cereal, especially the cocoa flavor.']}], 'duration': 182.94, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0109.jpg', 'highlights': ['Matt Botmanick, Director of Neuroscience Research at DeepMind, is an expert in cognitive psychology, computational neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.', 'The podcast mentions sponsors, the Jordan Harbinger Show and Magic Spoon Cereal, and encourages support through various actions like visiting specific websites and using a discount code at checkout.', 'The podcast host provides multiple ways for audience support, including subscribing on YouTube, leaving a five-star review on Apple Podcasts, following on Spotify, supporting on Patreon, and engaging on Twitter.', 'The Jordan Harbinger Show offers a variety of podcast episodes on platforms like Apple Podcasts and Spotify, and the conversation with Jack Barsky provides a different perspective on the Cold War era.', 'Magic Spoon cereal is keto-friendly, with zero sugar, 11 grams of protein, and only three net grams of carbs, suitable for those on a low-carb diet.', 'The chapter emphasizes the mental and physical performance benefits of a keto diet and the delicious taste of Magic Spoon cereal, especially the cocoa flavor.']}, {'end': 1349.554, 'segs': [{'end': 297.259, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 209.638, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 211.979, 'text': 'How much of the human brain do you think we understand?', 'start': 209.638, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 227.333, 'text': "I think we're at a weird moment in the history of neuroscience, in the sense that I feel like we understand a lot about the brain,", 'start': 213.516, 'duration': 13.817}, {'end': 231.859, 'text': 'at a very high level, but a very coarse level.', 'start': 227.333, 'duration': 4.526}, {'end': 234.171, 'text': 'When you say high level, what are you thinking??', 'start': 232.591, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 235.372, 'text': 'Are you thinking functional??', 'start': 234.191, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 236.752, 'text': 'Are you thinking structurally??', 'start': 235.492, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 240.373, 'text': 'So, in other words, what is the brain for??', 'start': 236.992, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 243.453, 'text': 'What kinds of computation does the brain do??', 'start': 241.233, 'duration': 2.22}, {'end': 254.536, 'text': 'What kinds of behaviors would we have to explain if we were going to look down at the mechanistic level?', 'start': 245.134, 'duration': 9.402}, {'end': 263.206, 'text': 'At that level, I feel like we understand much, much more about the brain than we did when I was in high school.', 'start': 256.701, 'duration': 6.505}, {'end': 265.187, 'text': "It's almost like we're seeing it through a fog.", 'start': 263.506, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 266.588, 'text': "It's only at a very coarse level.", 'start': 265.247, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 271.932, 'text': "We don't really understand what the neuronal mechanisms are that underlie these computations.", 'start': 266.608, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 280.078, 'text': "We've gotten better at saying what are the functions that the brain is computing that we would have to understand if we were going to get down to the neuronal level?", 'start': 272.532, 'duration': 7.546}, {'end': 287.677, 'text': 'At the other end of the spectrum, In the last few years,', 'start': 280.418, 'duration': 7.259}, {'end': 297.259, 'text': 'incredible progress has been made in terms of technologies that allow us to see actually literally see in some cases,', 'start': 287.677, 'duration': 9.582}], 'summary': "Neuroscience has a broad understanding of the brain's functions, but lacks detailed knowledge of neuronal mechanisms.", 'duration': 30.735, 'max_score': 209.638, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0209638.jpg'}, {'end': 309.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 287.677, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 297.259, 'text': 'incredible progress has been made in terms of technologies that allow us to see actually literally see in some cases,', 'start': 287.677, 'duration': 9.582}, {'end': 302.24, 'text': "what's going on at the single unit level, even the dendritic level.", 'start': 297.259, 'duration': 4.981}, {'end': 305.041, 'text': "And then there's this yawning gap in between.", 'start': 302.68, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 306.46, 'text': "Oh, that's interesting.", 'start': 305.799, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 309.362, 'text': "So at the high level, so that's almost like cognitive science level? Yeah, yeah.", 'start': 306.48, 'duration': 2.882}], 'summary': 'Technological progress enables visualization at single unit and dendritic level, but a gap exists in cognitive science.', 'duration': 21.685, 'max_score': 287.677, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0287677.jpg'}, {'end': 421.246, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 391.494, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 393.535, 'text': "So that's what psychology is about.", 'start': 391.494, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 395.435, 'text': "It's about understanding the structure of that function.", 'start': 393.575, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 403.558, 'text': 'And then the rest of neuroscience is about figuring out how those operations are actually carried out at a mechanistic level.', 'start': 395.916, 'duration': 7.642}, {'end': 405.119, 'text': "That's really interesting.", 'start': 404.139, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 414.142, 'text': 'So, unlike the kidney, the brain, the gap between the electrical signal and behavior,', 'start': 405.959, 'duration': 8.183}, {'end': 421.246, 'text': 'do you truly see neuroscience as the science that touches behavior,', 'start': 414.142, 'duration': 7.104}], 'summary': 'Psychology and neuroscience study brain functions and their impact on behavior.', 'duration': 29.752, 'max_score': 391.494, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0391494.jpg'}, {'end': 728.676, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 694.377, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 701.099, 'text': 'And the fundamental metaphor of cognition, you said, is the interaction of neurons.', 'start': 694.377, 'duration': 6.722}, {'end': 703.317, 'text': 'What is the metaphor? No, no.', 'start': 701.38, 'duration': 1.937}, {'end': 715.821, 'text': 'The metaphors we use in cognitive psychology are things like attention, the way that memory works.', 'start': 703.357, 'duration': 12.464}, {'end': 719.241, 'text': 'I retrieve something from memory.', 'start': 716.261, 'duration': 2.98}, {'end': 721.002, 'text': 'A memory retrieval occurs.', 'start': 719.521, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 728.676, 'text': "What is that? That's not a physical mechanism that I can examine in its own right.", 'start': 722.093, 'duration': 6.583}], 'summary': 'Cognitive psychology uses metaphors like attention and memory retrieval to explain the interaction of neurons.', 'duration': 34.299, 'max_score': 694.377, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0694377.jpg'}, {'end': 842.224, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 809.102, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 810.963, 'text': 'which has to do with neurotransmitter release.', 'start': 809.102, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 819.829, 'text': "And so what we're really trying to do in neuroscience, writ large as I say, which for me includes psychology,", 'start': 811.463, 'duration': 8.366}, {'end': 827.996, 'text': 'is to take these psychological phenomena and map them onto neural events.', 'start': 819.829, 'duration': 8.167}, {'end': 842.224, 'text': 'I think remaining forever at the level of description that is natural for psychology, for me personally, would be disappointing.', 'start': 829.977, 'duration': 12.247}], 'summary': 'Neuroscience aims to map psychological phenomena onto neural events to go beyond descriptive psychology.', 'duration': 33.122, 'max_score': 809.102, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0809102.jpg'}, {'end': 963.932, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 931.187, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 937.27, 'text': 'I am fond of saying that I have learned much more from psychology than I have from neuroscience.', 'start': 931.187, 'duration': 6.083}, {'end': 942.853, 'text': 'To me, psychology is a hugely important discipline.', 'start': 938.511, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 963.932, 'text': 'And one thing that warms my heart is that ways of investigating behavior that have been native to cognitive psychology since its dawn in the 60s are starting to become.', 'start': 943.853, 'duration': 20.079}], 'summary': 'Psychology is a hugely important discipline, with cognitive psychology techniques evolving since the 60s.', 'duration': 32.745, 'max_score': 931.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0931187.jpg'}, {'end': 1137.136, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1106.568, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1114.172, 'text': 'And you really felt like you were narrowing in on some kind of approximate understanding of what this part of the brain was for.', 'start': 1106.568, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 1121.756, 'text': 'Do you have an example from memory of what kind of aspects of the mind could be studied in this kind of way? Oh, sure.', 'start': 1114.192, 'duration': 7.564}, {'end': 1137.136, 'text': 'very detailed neuropsychological studies of language function, looking at production and reception and the relationship between visual function,', 'start': 1123.667, 'duration': 13.469}], 'summary': 'Narrowing in on understanding brain function; studying language with detailed neuropsychological research.', 'duration': 30.568, 'max_score': 1106.568, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl01106568.jpg'}, {'end': 1188.082, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1155.308, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1173.717, 'text': 'But, having said all that, I agree with you that the cost of doing highly controlled experiments is that you, by construction,', 'start': 1155.308, 'duration': 18.409}, {'end': 1178.519, 'text': 'miss out on the richness and complexity of the real world.', 'start': 1173.717, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 1188.082, 'text': 'So I was drawn into science by what in those days was called connectionism, which is of course what we now call deep learning.', 'start': 1178.539, 'duration': 9.543}], 'summary': 'Controlled experiments miss real-world richness. connectionism led to deep learning.', 'duration': 32.774, 'max_score': 1155.308, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl01155308.jpg'}], 'start': 184.21, 'title': 'Understanding the human brain, cognition, and neuroscience', 'summary': 'Explores the current understanding, pragmatic approaches, and causality in cognition and neuroscience, emphasizing the need to bridge gaps between disciplines and the limitations of controlled experiments.', 'chapters': [{'end': 442.902, 'start': 184.21, 'title': 'Understanding the human brain', 'summary': "Highlights the current understanding of the human brain, the gap between cognitive science, psychology, and neuroscience, and the evolving technologies that allow us to see the brain's functions at different levels.", 'duration': 258.692, 'highlights': ['In the history of neuroscience, we understand a lot about the brain at a very high level but in a coarse manner, with a gap between the cognitive science level and the neuronal level.', "Recent progress in technologies allows us to see what's going on at the single unit and dendritic level, while there's still a gap in understanding the neuronal mechanisms underlying brain computations.", 'The purpose of neuroscience is to study what the brain is for, akin to understanding the structure of its function and how these operations are carried out at a mechanistic level.', 'The brain is for producing behavior and going from perceptual inputs to adaptive behavioral outputs, which psychology aims to understand, while neuroscience seeks to uncover the mechanistic level of these operations.']}, {'end': 664.962, 'start': 442.942, 'title': 'Understanding the brain: a pragmatic approach', 'summary': 'Discusses the pragmatic and aspirational aspects of understanding the brain, emphasizing the need to ground psychological explanations in physical mechanisms while comparing it to the historical progression of genetics research.', 'duration': 222.02, 'highlights': ["The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the brain's behavior and its underlying physical mechanisms, highlighting the need to ground psychological explanations in physical reality.", 'It draws a parallel between the current understanding of the brain and the historical progression of genetics research, emphasizing the productive investigation of genetic inheritance using metaphors before the discovery of genes.']}, {'end': 1349.554, 'start': 666.163, 'title': 'Causality in cognition and neuroscience', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of metaphors in understanding causal properties, the connection between psychology and neuroscience, and the limitations of highly controlled experiments in studying the mind, while highlighting the importance of bridging the gap between psychology and neuroscience.', 'duration': 683.391, 'highlights': ['The use of metaphors in understanding causal properties and the connection between psychology and neuroscience are discussed, emphasizing the importance of bridging the gap between the two disciplines.', 'The limitations of highly controlled experiments in studying the mind are highlighted, pointing out the richness and complexity of the real world that is often missed out.', 'The importance of understanding how mental activity arises from neural activity is emphasized, stressing the significance of mapping psychological phenomena onto neural events in neuroscience.', 'The exciting integration of ways of investigating behavior from cognitive psychology into AI research is mentioned, showing the increasing relevance of cognitive psychology in other disciplines.', 'The discussion on neuropsychology and its creative and deliberate experimentation in analyzing brain damage and language function is presented as an example of understanding the mind through scientific research.']}], 'duration': 1165.344, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl0184210.jpg', 'highlights': ['The brain is for producing behavior and going from perceptual inputs to adaptive behavioral outputs, which psychology aims to understand, while neuroscience seeks to uncover the mechanistic level of these operations.', "Recent progress in technologies allows us to see what's going on at the single unit and dendritic level, while there's still a gap in understanding the neuronal mechanisms underlying brain computations.", 'The purpose of neuroscience is to study what the brain is for, akin to understanding the structure of its function and how these operations are carried out at a mechanistic level.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the brain's behavior and its underlying physical mechanisms, highlighting the need to ground psychological explanations in physical reality.", 'The use of metaphors in understanding causal properties and the connection between psychology and neuroscience are discussed, emphasizing the importance of bridging the gap between the two disciplines.', 'The limitations of highly controlled experiments in studying the mind are highlighted, pointing out the richness and complexity of the real world that is often missed out.', 'The importance of understanding how mental activity arises from neural activity is emphasized, stressing the significance of mapping psychological phenomena onto neural events in neuroscience.', 'The exciting integration of ways of investigating behavior from cognitive psychology into AI research is mentioned, showing the increasing relevance of cognitive psychology in other disciplines.', 'The discussion on neuropsychology and its creative and deliberate experimentation in analyzing brain damage and language function is presented as an example of understanding the mind through scientific research.', 'In the history of neuroscience, we understand a lot about the brain at a very high level but in a coarse manner, with a gap between the cognitive science level and the neuronal level.']}, {'end': 2253.895, 'segs': [{'end': 1447.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1410.8, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1418.085, 'text': "But at the same time, it's responsible for the full transparency of everyday life.", 'start': 1410.8, 'duration': 7.285}, {'end': 1422.569, 'text': 'The brain is literally what makes everything obvious and familiar.', 'start': 1419.086, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 1426.953, 'text': "And there's always one in the room with you.", 'start': 1425.471, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 1432.52, 'text': 'When I taught at Princeton, I used to teach a cognitive neuroscience course.', 'start': 1429.596, 'duration': 2.924}, {'end': 1447.755, 'text': 'And the very last thing I would say to the students was, When people think of scientific inspiration, the metaphor is often, well, look to the stars.', 'start': 1433.081, 'duration': 14.674}], 'summary': 'Brain responsible for full transparency, always present, taught cognitive neuroscience at princeton.', 'duration': 36.955, 'max_score': 1410.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl01410800.jpg'}, {'end': 1615.032, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1577.683, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1585.108, 'text': "there's. there's an incredible scope to um what humans go through in in every moment.", 'start': 1577.683, 'duration': 7.425}, {'end': 1597.005, 'text': "And, um, uh, And yes, so that's part of what fascinates me is that our brains are producing that.", 'start': 1585.388, 'duration': 11.617}, {'end': 1603.008, 'text': "But at the same time, it's so mysterious to us.", 'start': 1600.147, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 1610.31, 'text': 'How? We literally, our brains are literally in our heads producing this experience.', 'start': 1603.088, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 1611.29, 'text': 'Producing the experience.', 'start': 1610.33, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 1615.032, 'text': "And yet it's so mysterious to us.", 'start': 1612.151, 'duration': 2.881}], 'summary': 'Humans experience a mysterious scope of emotions and thoughts generated by their brains.', 'duration': 37.349, 'max_score': 1577.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl01577683.jpg'}, {'end': 1851.909, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1809.857, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1818.001, 'text': 'producing all of this is to build a deep neural network and train it on this data and see how it ends up representing all of this richness.', 'start': 1809.857, 'duration': 8.144}, {'end': 1825.47, 'text': 'So The way that deep learning was deployed in cognitive psychology was that was the spirit of it.', 'start': 1818.542, 'duration': 6.928}, {'end': 1827.652, 'text': 'It was about that richness.', 'start': 1826.091, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 1832.255, 'text': "And that's something that I always found very, very compelling, still do.", 'start': 1829.553, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 1840.521, 'text': 'Is there something especially interesting and profound to you in terms of our current deep learning neural network,', 'start': 1833.356, 'duration': 7.165}, {'end': 1848.446, 'text': 'artificial neural network approaches and whatever we do understand about the biological neural networks in our brain?', 'start': 1840.521, 'duration': 7.925}, {'end': 1851.909, 'text': "There's quite a few differences.", 'start': 1849.347, 'duration': 2.562}], 'summary': 'Building deep neural network to represent richness in data.', 'duration': 42.052, 'max_score': 1809.857, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl01809857.jpg'}, {'end': 2075.668, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2052.469, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2063.899, 'text': 'sure i is that is there something interesting to your search of understanding the human mind where la behavior of large groups or just behavior of groups is interesting?', 'start': 2052.469, 'duration': 11.43}, {'end': 2071.125, 'text': 'you know, seeing that as a collective mind, as a collective intelligence, perhaps seeing the groups of people as a single intelligent organisms,', 'start': 2063.899, 'duration': 7.226}, {'end': 2075.668, 'text': "especially looking at the reinforcement learning work you've done recently?", 'start': 2071.125, 'duration': 4.543}], 'summary': 'Exploring the collective intelligence of groups in understanding human behavior and reinforcement learning work.', 'duration': 23.199, 'max_score': 2052.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl02052469.jpg'}], 'start': 1349.574, 'title': 'Fascination with the brain and deep learning', 'summary': "Narrates the speaker's fascination with the human brain, his embrace of parallel distributed processing, and the challenges of deep learning in cognitive psychology, including differences between artificial and biological neural networks.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1407.877, 'start': 1349.574, 'title': 'Fascination with the brain', 'summary': "Narrates how the speaker's fascination with the mysterious and distant human brain led him to embrace the concept of parallel distributed processing (pdp) and the original idea behind deep learning, which he learned from borrowed books.", 'duration': 58.303, 'highlights': ['The speaker borrowed PDP books, not read, and then covered them later, which was the original name for deep learning.', 'The paradox of the mysterious and distant human brain has always fascinated the speaker since a young age.']}, {'end': 1763.775, 'start': 1410.8, 'title': 'The mystery of the brain', 'summary': "Discusses the mystery and beauty of the brain's ability to produce human experience, the challenges of studying cognition in a scientific way, and the richness and complexity of human cognition in deep learning models.", 'duration': 352.975, 'highlights': ["The brain's ability to produce the entirety of human experience, including reasoning and emotion, is mysterious and fascinating.", 'Studying cognition in a rigorous scientific way feels like losing some of the magic associated with human experience and language.', 'Early deep learning models in cognition focused on the richness and complexity of human cognition, particularly in language formation and exceptions to rules.', "The subjective nature of the brain's experience and consciousness, as well as the challenge of explaining it scientifically, is a fixation for certain individuals.", "The metaphor of looking at the stars for scientific inspiration is contrasted with finding inspiration in the extremely intimately close, such as the brain's mystery and beauty."]}, {'end': 2253.895, 'start': 1764.215, 'title': 'Challenges of deep learning in cognitive psychology', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and structure of deep learning in cognitive psychology, the differences between artificial and biological neural networks, and the significance of group behavior in understanding human intelligence.', 'duration': 489.68, 'highlights': ['The significance of group behavior and collective intelligence in understanding human cognition and the convergence towards ideas is seen as fundamental to human intelligence.', 'The chapter explores the challenges and structure of deep learning in cognitive psychology, emphasizing the richness and complexity of human behavior that deep learning aims to capture.', 'The differences between artificial and biological neural networks, particularly focusing on the lack of flexibility and readiness to adapt in current systems compared to human behavior, are highlighted.', 'The discussion delves into the fundamental aspects of human intelligence, emphasizing the importance of understanding individual humans as a basic unit and the potential role of multiple intelligences in the emergence of intelligence.']}], 'duration': 904.321, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl01349574.jpg', 'highlights': ["The speaker's fascination with the human brain has been a lifelong interest, dating back to a young age.", "The brain's ability to produce the entirety of human experience, including reasoning and emotion, is mysterious and fascinating.", 'The chapter explores the challenges and structure of deep learning in cognitive psychology, emphasizing the richness and complexity of human behavior that deep learning aims to capture.', 'The differences between artificial and biological neural networks, particularly focusing on the lack of flexibility and readiness to adapt in current systems compared to human behavior, are highlighted.', 'The significance of group behavior and collective intelligence in understanding human cognition and the convergence towards ideas is seen as fundamental to human intelligence.']}, {'end': 2931.594, 'segs': [{'end': 2301.929, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2278.664, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2300.029, 'text': 'think a serious effort to understand human intelligence and maybe to build human-like intelligence needs to pay just as much attention to the structure of the environment as to the structure of the the cognizing system,', 'start': 2278.664, 'duration': 21.365}, {'end': 2301.929, 'text': "whether it's a brain or an AI system.", 'start': 2300.029, 'duration': 1.9}], 'summary': 'Understanding human intelligence requires attention to environment as well as the cognizing system.', 'duration': 23.265, 'max_score': 2278.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl02278664.jpg'}, {'end': 2368.512, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2327.124, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2336.296, 'text': 'what really shapes it is the interaction of those things with the structure of the world in which those things are embedded.', 'start': 2327.124, 'duration': 9.172}, {'end': 2343.719, 'text': "right?. especially important for that's made most clear in reinforcement learning where the simulated environment is,", 'start': 2336.296, 'duration': 7.423}, {'end': 2345.5, 'text': 'you can only learn as much as you can simulate.', 'start': 2343.719, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 2352.902, 'text': "And that's what made, what DeepMind made very clear with the other aspect of the environment, which is the self-play mechanism.", 'start': 2345.86, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 2359.386, 'text': 'of the other agent of the competitive behavior, which the other agent becomes the environment essentially.', 'start': 2353.762, 'duration': 5.624}, {'end': 2367.831, 'text': "And that's, I mean, one of the most exciting ideas in AI is the self-play mechanism that's able to learn successfully.", 'start': 2360.066, 'duration': 7.765}, {'end': 2368.512, 'text': 'So there you go.', 'start': 2368.011, 'duration': 0.501}], 'summary': 'Interaction with world shapes learning in reinforcement learning, especially through self-play mechanism. exciting ai concept.', 'duration': 41.388, 'max_score': 2327.124, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl02327124.jpg'}, {'end': 2590.628, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2556.24, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2568.135, 'text': 'And what he started to figure out was that the frontal cortex was somehow involved in flexibility,', 'start': 2556.24, 'duration': 11.895}, {'end': 2576.523, 'text': 'in guiding behaviors that required someone to override a habit or to do something unusual.', 'start': 2568.135, 'duration': 8.388}, {'end': 2582.021, 'text': 'or to change what they were doing in a very flexible way from one moment to another.', 'start': 2577.617, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 2584.603, 'text': 'So focused on new experiences.', 'start': 2582.541, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 2590.628, 'text': 'So the way your brain processes and acts in new experiences.', 'start': 2585.184, 'duration': 5.444}], 'summary': 'Frontal cortex involved in flexibility, guiding behaviors and processing new experiences.', 'duration': 34.388, 'max_score': 2556.24, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl02556240.jpg'}], 'start': 2255.696, 'title': 'Human intelligence and environment', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of environment on cognition and the importance of understanding human intelligence in building human-like intelligence, emphasizing reinforcement learning and the structure of the environment.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2345.5, 'start': 2255.696, 'title': 'Human intelligence and environment', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of understanding human intelligence and building human-like intelligence by giving equal attention to the structure of the environment as to the cognizing system, with emphasis on the impact of environment on cognition, as highlighted in reinforcement learning.', 'duration': 89.804, 'highlights': ["The structure of cognition is influenced by the interaction of the brain's architecture and learning algorithms with the structure of the world, particularly emphasized in reinforcement learning where the simulated environment limits learning.", "Efforts to understand human intelligence and build human-like intelligence should focus on the structure of the environment as much as the cognizing system, according to the speaker's early studies with pioneers of neural network research.", 'The possibility of a single human not becoming homo sapien and intelligent challenges the difficulty in studying intelligence.']}, {'end': 2931.594, 'start': 2345.86, 'title': 'Understanding prefrontal cortex', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of self-play mechanism in ai, the role of the prefrontal cortex in guiding flexible behaviors, and the debate on cognitive flexibility in different mammalian species, highlighting the importance of competition for learning and the distinction between controlled and automatic behavior.', 'duration': 585.734, 'highlights': ['The self-play mechanism in AI is an exciting idea that enables successful learning through competition, emphasizing the essential role of competition for learning. Self-play mechanism in AI, successful learning, competition for learning', 'The prefrontal cortex is responsible for guiding behaviors that require flexibility, allowing the brain to override habits and adapt to new experiences, demonstrating the distinction between controlled and automatic behavior. Prefrontal cortex, flexibility, override habits, controlled and automatic behavior', 'The debate on cognitive flexibility in different mammalian species raises questions about the intelligence of mice and fruit flies, with differing perspectives on their cognitive abilities and adaptability. Cognitive flexibility in mammalian species, intelligence of mice and fruit flies']}], 'duration': 675.898, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl02255696.jpg', 'highlights': ["The structure of cognition is influenced by the interaction of the brain's architecture and learning algorithms with the structure of the world, particularly emphasized in reinforcement learning where the simulated environment limits learning.", "Efforts to understand human intelligence and build human-like intelligence should focus on the structure of the environment as much as the cognizing system, according to the speaker's early studies with pioneers of neural network research.", 'The self-play mechanism in AI is an exciting idea that enables successful learning through competition, emphasizing the essential role of competition for learning.', 'The prefrontal cortex is responsible for guiding behaviors that require flexibility, allowing the brain to override habits and adapt to new experiences, demonstrating the distinction between controlled and automatic behavior.']}, {'end': 3593.306, 'segs': [{'end': 3124.516, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3055.301, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3061.504, 'text': "So it doesn't seem like it's easy to divide the brain up into true modules.", 'start': 3055.301, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 3075.384, 'text': 'that have clear boundaries and that have clear channels of communication between them.', 'start': 3063.336, 'duration': 12.048}, {'end': 3078.206, 'text': 'And this applies to the prefrontal cortex? Yeah.', 'start': 3076.065, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 3078.586, 'text': 'Oh, yeah.', 'start': 3078.246, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 3083.23, 'text': 'Yeah, The prefrontal cortex is made up of a bunch of different subregions,', 'start': 3078.646, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 3090.495, 'text': 'the functions of which are not clearly defined and the borders of which seem to be quite vague.', 'start': 3083.23, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 3103.282, 'text': "Then there's another thing that's popping up in very recent research, which involves application of these new techniques.", 'start': 3092.476, 'duration': 10.806}, {'end': 3121.293, 'text': "There are a number of studies that suggest that parts of the brain that we would have previously thought were quite focused in their function are actually carrying signals that we wouldn't have thought would be there.", 'start': 3104.983, 'duration': 16.31}, {'end': 3124.516, 'text': 'For example, looking in the primary visual cortex,', 'start': 3121.373, 'duration': 3.143}], 'summary': 'Brain modules lack clear boundaries, prefrontal cortex subregions not well-defined, recent research shows unexpected brain signal transmission.', 'duration': 69.215, 'max_score': 3055.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03055301.jpg'}, {'end': 3166.663, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3139.507, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3150.973, 'text': "you can recover information from primary visual cortex about all sorts of things like what behavior the animal is engaged in right now and how much reward is on offer in the task that it's pursuing.", 'start': 3139.507, 'duration': 11.466}, {'end': 3166.663, 'text': "So it's clear that even regions whose function is pretty well defined at a coarse grain are nonetheless carrying some information about information from very different domains.", 'start': 3151.413, 'duration': 15.25}], 'summary': 'Primary visual cortex carries diverse information, including behavior and reward.', 'duration': 27.156, 'max_score': 3139.507, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03139507.jpg'}, {'end': 3248.09, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3226.465, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3242.029, 'text': "Well, I guess I'm old fashioned in that I consider the networks that we use in deep learning research to be a reasonable approximation to the mechanisms that carry information in the brain.", 'start': 3226.465, 'duration': 15.564}, {'end': 3248.09, 'text': 'So the usual way of articulating that is to say, what really matters is a rate code.', 'start': 3242.589, 'duration': 5.501}], 'summary': 'Deep learning networks are a reasonable approximation of brain mechanisms for carrying information.', 'duration': 21.625, 'max_score': 3226.465, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03226465.jpg'}, {'end': 3294.02, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3266.187, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3280.771, 'text': "There's, you know, there's, still uncertainty about whether that's an adequate description of how information is transmitted within the brain.", 'start': 3266.187, 'duration': 14.584}, {'end': 3285.614, 'text': 'There are studies that suggest that the precise timing of spikes matters.', 'start': 3280.891, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 3294.02, 'text': 'There are studies that suggest that there are computations that go on within the dendritic tree, within a neuron,', 'start': 3286.135, 'duration': 7.885}], 'summary': 'The uncertainty about information transmission in the brain is shown in studies on spike timing and dendritic computations.', 'duration': 27.833, 'max_score': 3266.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03266187.jpg'}, {'end': 3441.842, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3396.188, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3402.053, 'text': 'The meeting of the transmitter with these receptors changes the voltage of the neuron.', 'start': 3396.188, 'duration': 5.865}, {'end': 3408.179, 'text': 'And if enough voltage change occurs, then a spike occurs, one of these discrete events.', 'start': 3402.394, 'duration': 5.785}, {'end': 3414.364, 'text': "And it's that spike that is conducted down the axon and leads to neurotransmitter release.", 'start': 3408.799, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 3416.827, 'text': 'This is just like neuroscience 101.', 'start': 3414.545, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 3418.889, 'text': 'This is like the way the brain is supposed to work.', 'start': 3416.827, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 3431.538, 'text': "Now, what we do when we build artificial neural networks of the kind that are now popular in the AI community is that we don't worry about those individual spikes.", 'start': 3419.369, 'duration': 12.169}, {'end': 3436.58, 'text': 'We just worry about the frequency at which those spikes are being generated.', 'start': 3431.798, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 3441.842, 'text': 'People talk about that as the activity of a neuron.', 'start': 3438.601, 'duration': 3.241}], 'summary': 'Neuron spike causes neurotransmitter release in artificial neural networks, focusing on spike frequency.', 'duration': 45.654, 'max_score': 3396.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03396188.jpg'}, {'end': 3593.306, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3568.719, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3579.026, 'text': 'that strategy works in the sense that the learning algorithms that we have access to, which typically center on back propagation, they give rise to,', 'start': 3568.719, 'duration': 10.307}, {'end': 3585.804, 'text': 'you know, patterns of activity, patterns of response, patterns of,', 'start': 3580.083, 'duration': 5.721}, {'end': 3593.306, 'text': 'like neuronal behavior in these artificial models that look hauntingly similar to what you see in the brain.', 'start': 3585.804, 'duration': 7.502}], 'summary': 'Learning algorithms produce brain-like patterns of activity.', 'duration': 24.587, 'max_score': 3568.719, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03568719.jpg'}], 'start': 2932.514, 'title': 'Neuroscience and brain function', 'summary': 'Provides insights into the functional differentiation of the prefrontal cortex and discusses neuronal communication, information processing, and deep learning, along with challenging traditional assumptions about brain functionality, and the basic mechanism of communication in the brain via individual neuron spiking, with emphasis on the similarities between artificial models and neuronal behavior.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3139.507, 'start': 2932.514, 'title': 'Understanding prefrontal cortex function', 'summary': 'Provides insights into the functional differentiation of the prefrontal cortex, discussing its distinct regions, interconnected nature, and recent findings challenging traditional assumptions about brain functionality.', 'duration': 206.993, 'highlights': ['The prefrontal cortex is characterized by functional differentiation and distinct regions, supported by evidence from studies of brain damage and neural activity measurements.', 'Functional differentiation in the brain is graded rather than discrete, making it challenging to divide the brain into clear modules with defined boundaries and communication channels.', "Recent research utilizing new techniques suggests that parts of the brain previously considered focused in function may carry unexpected signals, as seen in the primary visual cortex's processing of visual information."]}, {'end': 3343.16, 'start': 3139.507, 'title': 'Neuronal communication and information processing', 'summary': "Discusses how the brain's primary visual cortex carries information about behavior and reward, the oscillation between modular and undifferentiated views in neuroscience, the basic mechanism of communication in the brain via individual neuron spiking, and the uncertainty around the description of information transmission in the brain.", 'duration': 203.653, 'highlights': ["The primary visual cortex carries information about behavior and reward, indicating the diverse functions of brain regions. It can recover information about the animal's behavior and the reward in the task it's pursuing.", 'The discussion revolves around the oscillation between modular and undifferentiated views in neuroscience, aiming to find a middle ground for understanding. The history of neuroscience oscillates between modular and undifferentiated views, and understanding lies somewhere in between.', "The basic mechanism of communication in the brain is considered to be the rate code, focusing on the frequency and timing of individual neuron spiking. The rate code, emphasizing the frequency and timing of individual neuron spiking, is viewed as a reasonable approximation to the brain's information transmission.", 'There is uncertainty about the adequacy of the rate code as a description of information transmission in the brain, with studies suggesting the importance of precise timing of spikes and rich computations within neurons. Uncertainty exists regarding the adequacy of the rate code, as studies suggest the importance of precise timing of spikes and rich computations within neurons.']}, {'end': 3593.306, 'start': 3343.78, 'title': 'Neuronal communication and deep learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the classical view of neuronal communication, the use of artificial neural networks in ai, and the potential for alternative forms of communication in the brain, with emphasis on the similarities between artificial models and neuronal behavior.', 'duration': 249.526, 'highlights': ['The classical view of neuronal communication is based on neurotransmitters arriving at a neuron, changing its voltage, and leading to spike occurrence, which is conducted down the axon. This provides a foundational understanding of the traditional concept of neuronal communication and its mechanism.', 'Artificial neural networks in AI focus on the frequency of spike generation, analogous to the activity of a neuron. This highlights the approach taken in AI research and its relation to the spike rate of neurons.', 'Research suggests that voltage fluctuations in populations of neurons below the level of spike production may be important for communication, indicating potential alternative forms of communication in the brain. This presents a potential shift from the classical view, suggesting the importance of voltage fluctuations in neuronal communication.', 'The similarities between the patterns of activity and response in artificial models and the behavior of neurons in the brain indicate a potential correlation, supported by the success of deep learning research in neuroscience. This emphasizes the relevance of artificial models in understanding and potentially modeling the behavior of neurons in the brain.']}], 'duration': 660.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl02932514.jpg', 'highlights': ['The prefrontal cortex is characterized by functional differentiation and distinct regions, supported by evidence from studies of brain damage and neural activity measurements.', "Recent research utilizing new techniques suggests that parts of the brain previously considered focused in function may carry unexpected signals, as seen in the primary visual cortex's processing of visual information.", "The primary visual cortex carries information about behavior and reward, indicating the diverse functions of brain regions. It can recover information about the animal's behavior and the reward in the task it's pursuing.", "The basic mechanism of communication in the brain is considered to be the rate code, focusing on the frequency and timing of individual neuron spiking. The rate code, emphasizing the frequency and timing of individual neuron spiking, is viewed as a reasonable approximation to the brain's information transmission.", 'There is uncertainty about the adequacy of the rate code as a description of information transmission in the brain, with studies suggesting the importance of precise timing of spikes and rich computations within neurons.', 'The classical view of neuronal communication is based on neurotransmitters arriving at a neuron, changing its voltage, and leading to spike occurrence, which is conducted down the axon. This provides a foundational understanding of the traditional concept of neuronal communication and its mechanism.', 'Artificial neural networks in AI focus on the frequency of spike generation, analogous to the activity of a neuron. This highlights the approach taken in AI research and its relation to the spike rate of neurons.', 'The similarities between the patterns of activity and response in artificial models and the behavior of neurons in the brain indicate a potential correlation, supported by the success of deep learning research in neuroscience.']}, {'end': 4446.093, 'segs': [{'end': 3636.963, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3611.712, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3620.034, 'text': 'So you have co-authored several recent papers that sort of weave beautifully between the world of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.', 'start': 3611.712, 'duration': 8.322}, {'end': 3630.798, 'text': 'And maybe if we could, can we just try to dance around and talk about some of them, maybe try to pick out interesting ideas that jump to your mind.', 'start': 3620.955, 'duration': 9.843}, {'end': 3631.999, 'text': 'from memory.', 'start': 3631.418, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 3636.963, 'text': 'So maybe, looking at, we were talking about the prefrontal cortex, the 2018,', 'start': 3632.339, 'duration': 4.624}], 'summary': 'Co-authored papers bridging neuroscience and ai, focusing on prefrontal cortex in 2018.', 'duration': 25.251, 'max_score': 3611.712, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03611712.jpg'}, {'end': 3682.626, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3660.16, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3673.241, 'text': 'a situation in which you have a learning algorithm And the learning algorithm operates in such a way that it gives rise to another learning algorithm.', 'start': 3660.16, 'duration': 13.081}, {'end': 3682.626, 'text': 'In the earliest applications of this idea, you had one learning algorithm adjusting the parameters on another learning algorithm.', 'start': 3674.142, 'duration': 8.484}], 'summary': 'A learning algorithm gives rise to another algorithm.', 'duration': 22.466, 'max_score': 3660.16, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03660160.jpg'}, {'end': 3896.957, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3861.651, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3863.012, 'text': "So that's idea number one.", 'start': 3861.651, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 3868.616, 'text': 'Now, the dynamics of that network are shaped by the connectivity, by the synaptic weights.', 'start': 3863.592, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 3875.777, 'text': "And those synaptic weights are being shaped by this reinforcement learning algorithm that you're training the network with.", 'start': 3869.79, 'duration': 5.987}, {'end': 3883.126, 'text': 'So the punchline is if you train a recurrent neural network with a reinforcement learning algorithm,', 'start': 3877.779, 'duration': 5.347}, {'end': 3889.453, 'text': "that's adjusting its weights and you do that for long enough, the activation dynamics will become very interesting.", 'start': 3883.126, 'duration': 6.327}, {'end': 3896.957, 'text': 'So imagine I give you a task where you have to press one button or another, left button or right button.', 'start': 3890.894, 'duration': 6.063}], 'summary': 'Training recurrent neural network with reinforcement learning algorithm shapes activation dynamics.', 'duration': 35.306, 'max_score': 3861.651, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03861651.jpg'}], 'start': 3593.807, 'title': 'Neuroscience, ai, and meta-reinforcement learning', 'summary': 'Explores the intriguing connection between neuroscience and artificial intelligence, focusing on recent papers interlacing the prefrontal cortex and ai in 2018. it also delves into the concept of meta-reinforcement learning and its application in recurrent neural networks, emphasizing the dynamics shaped by reinforcement learning and the significance of environmental variation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3636.963, 'start': 3593.807, 'title': 'Neuroscience and ai connections', 'summary': 'Discusses the intriguing connection between neuroscience and artificial intelligence, exploring the likelihood of meaningful coincidences and the intersection of recent papers that interlace neuroscience and ai, hinting at the captivating link between the prefrontal cortex and ai in 2018.', 'duration': 43.156, 'highlights': ['The intersection of recent papers interlacing neuroscience and AI, hinting at the captivating link between the prefrontal cortex and AI in 2018.', 'Exploring the likelihood of meaningful coincidences, suggesting the connection between neuroscience and artificial intelligence is deeply meaningful.', 'Discussing the unlikelihood of coincidences and the overwhelming circumstantial evidence, implying a strong connection between neuroscience and AI.']}, {'end': 4446.093, 'start': 3636.963, 'title': 'Prefrontal cortex as meta-reinforcement learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of meta-learning, where a learning algorithm gives rise to another learning algorithm, and its application in recurrent neural networks. it explains how the dynamics of the network are shaped by the reinforcement learning algorithm, leading to an emergent learning algorithm, and highlights the significance of environmental variation in the process of meta-learning.', 'duration': 809.13, 'highlights': ["The dynamics of the network are shaped by the reinforcement learning algorithm, leading to an emergent learning algorithm. The recurrent neural network's activation dynamics are shaped by the synaptic weights adjusted by the reinforcement learning algorithm, resulting in the emergence of a learning algorithm within the network.", 'The significance of environmental variation in the process of meta-learning. The paper emphasizes the importance of varying the environment sufficiently to enable the emergence of the learning to learn concept, indicating the impact of environmental diversity on meta-learning.', 'The concept of meta-learning, where a learning algorithm gives rise to another learning algorithm. The discussion revolves around the idea of meta-learning, where a learning algorithm operates in a way that leads to the creation of another learning algorithm, signifying the recursive nature of learning processes.']}], 'duration': 852.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl03593807.jpg', 'highlights': ['The intersection of recent papers interlacing neuroscience and AI, hinting at the captivating link between the prefrontal cortex and AI in 2018.', 'The dynamics of the network are shaped by the reinforcement learning algorithm, leading to an emergent learning algorithm.', 'The concept of meta-learning, where a learning algorithm gives rise to another learning algorithm.']}, {'end': 6129.864, 'segs': [{'end': 4477.273, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4446.774, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4457.657, 'text': 'Like, if you just kind of think about what you do every day, you never do exactly the same thing that you did the day before,', 'start': 4446.774, 'duration': 10.883}, {'end': 4461.022, 'text': 'but everything that you do is sort of has a family resemblance.', 'start': 4457.657, 'duration': 3.365}, {'end': 4463.064, 'text': 'It shares structure with something that you did before.', 'start': 4461.062, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 4472.572, 'text': 'And so, you know, the real world is sort of, saturated with this kind of, this property.', 'start': 4463.565, 'duration': 9.007}, {'end': 4477.273, 'text': "It's endless variety with endless redundancy.", 'start': 4472.952, 'duration': 4.321}], 'summary': 'Daily activities show endless variety with endless redundancy.', 'duration': 30.499, 'max_score': 4446.774, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl04446774.jpg'}, {'end': 4525.089, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4499.21, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4506.037, 'text': "So we're able to connect concepts together in this kind of way, in this same kind of automated, emergent way,", 'start': 4499.21, 'duration': 6.827}, {'end': 4515.343, 'text': "which There's so many echoes here of psychology and neuroscience, and obviously now with reinforcement learning,", 'start': 4506.037, 'duration': 9.306}, {'end': 4517.304, 'text': 'with recurrent neural networks at the core.', 'start': 4515.343, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 4520.166, 'text': 'If we could talk a little bit about dopamine.', 'start': 4518.305, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 4525.089, 'text': "you have really you're a part of co-authoring really exciting recent paper,", 'start': 4520.166, 'duration': 4.923}], 'summary': 'Connecting concepts using automated, emergent way with echoes of psychology and neuroscience, and reinforcement learning and recurrent neural networks at the core.', 'duration': 25.879, 'max_score': 4499.21, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl04499210.jpg'}, {'end': 4668.743, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4637.158, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4644.845, 'text': 'Just because a particular paper is a little bit focused on from AI, from neural networks to neuroscience.', 'start': 4637.158, 'duration': 7.687}, {'end': 4653.391, 'text': 'Ultimately, the discussion, the thinking, the productive long-term aspect of it is the two-way road nature of the whole interaction.', 'start': 4645.745, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 4659.376, 'text': "Yeah, I mean, we've talked about the notion of a virtuous circle between AI and neuroscience.", 'start': 4653.411, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 4668.743, 'text': "And the way I see it, That's always been there since the two fields jointly existed.", 'start': 4659.396, 'duration': 9.347}], 'summary': 'Ai and neuroscience have a two-way interaction, forming a virtuous circle since their joint existence.', 'duration': 31.585, 'max_score': 4637.158, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl04637158.jpg'}, {'end': 4870.335, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4841.666, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4857.932, 'text': "The one thing that I find is a barrier to being truly world class on both fronts is just the complexity of the technology that's involved in both disciplines now.", 'start': 4841.666, 'duration': 16.266}, {'end': 4870.335, 'text': 'So the engineering expertise that it takes to do truly frontline, hands-on AI research is really, really considerable.', 'start': 4858.432, 'duration': 11.903}], 'summary': 'Complex technology is a barrier to world-class ai and engineering expertise is considerable.', 'duration': 28.669, 'max_score': 4841.666, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl04841666.jpg'}, {'end': 5254.513, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5225.379, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5227.119, 'text': 'I mean psychology becomes part of the picture.', 'start': 5225.379, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 5230.381, 'text': "So there's a few elements there.", 'start': 5228.4, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 5239.125, 'text': "So if you focus on solving like, if you focus on the robotics problem, let's say AGI without humans in the picture,", 'start': 5230.421, 'duration': 8.704}, {'end': 5241.946, 'text': "you're missing fundamentally the final step.", 'start': 5239.125, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 5246.228, 'text': 'When you do want to help human civilization, you eventually have to interact with humans.', 'start': 5242.426, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 5254.513, 'text': 'And when you create a learning system, just as you said, that will eventually have to interact with humans,', 'start': 5247.528, 'duration': 6.985}], 'summary': 'Psychology is crucial in robotics; agi must eventually interact with humans.', 'duration': 29.134, 'max_score': 5225.379, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl05225379.jpg'}, {'end': 5488.978, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5428.949, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5442.525, 'text': 'It started making me feel like doing AI research in a fully responsible way could potentially lead to a kind of cultural renewal.', 'start': 5428.949, 'duration': 13.576}, {'end': 5450.308, 'text': "It's the way to understand human beings at the individual, at the societal level.", 'start': 5444.046, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 5456.691, 'text': 'It may become a way to answer all the silly human questions of the meaning of life and all those kinds of things.', 'start': 5450.328, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 5459.672, 'text': "Even if it doesn't give us a way of answering those questions, it may..", 'start': 5457.131, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 5463.615, 'text': 'force us back to thinking about them.', 'start': 5460.952, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 5477.408, 'text': "And it might restore a certain, I don't know, a certain depth to, or even, dare I say, spirituality to the world.", 'start': 5463.695, 'duration': 13.713}, {'end': 5479.389, 'text': "I don't know, maybe that's too grandiose.", 'start': 5477.748, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 5481.031, 'text': "Well, I'm with you.", 'start': 5479.409, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 5484.174, 'text': 'I think AI will be the philosophy of the 21st century.', 'start': 5481.111, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 5488.978, 'text': 'the way which will open the door.', 'start': 5487.637, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': "Ai research may lead to cultural renewal, understanding human beings, and addressing questions of life's meaning, potentially restoring depth and spirituality to the world.", 'duration': 60.029, 'max_score': 5428.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl05428949.jpg'}, {'end': 5621.993, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5595.962, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5604.706, 'text': 'I believe that the most trajectories, natural human trajectories will lead us towards progress.', 'start': 5595.962, 'duration': 8.744}, {'end': 5611.929, 'text': 'So for me, there is a kind of sense that most trajectories in AI development will lead us into trouble.', 'start': 5605.466, 'duration': 6.463}, {'end': 5621.993, 'text': "To me, and we over-focus on the worst case, it's like in computer science, theoretical computer science has been this focus on worst case analysis.", 'start': 5612.549, 'duration': 9.444}], 'summary': 'Natural human trajectories lead to progress, but ai development may lead into trouble due to over-focus on worst case scenarios.', 'duration': 26.031, 'max_score': 5595.962, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl05595962.jpg'}, {'end': 5674.893, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5643.594, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5649.618, 'text': "the enlightenment there's a book, Enlightenment Now, with Steven Pinker and so on is looking generally at human progress.", 'start': 5643.594, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 5653.4, 'text': "And there's so many ways that human progress can happen with AI.", 'start': 5649.678, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 5655.521, 'text': 'And I think you have to do that research.', 'start': 5653.94, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 5657.323, 'text': 'You have to do that work.', 'start': 5656.322, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 5663.426, 'text': 'You have to do the not just the AI safety work of the one worst case analysis how do we prevent that?', 'start': 5657.383, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 5674.893, 'text': 'But the actual tools and the glue and the mechanisms of human AI interaction that would lead to all the positive interactions that can go.', 'start': 5663.506, 'duration': 11.387}], 'summary': 'Exploring human progress and ai interaction for positive outcomes.', 'duration': 31.299, 'max_score': 5643.594, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl05643594.jpg'}, {'end': 5905.432, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5881.977, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5892.366, 'text': "We're trying to figure out ways of doing actual empirical research that kind of take the first small steps to thinking about what it really means for humans,", 'start': 5881.977, 'duration': 10.389}, {'end': 5898.59, 'text': 'with all of their complexity and contradiction and paradox,', 'start': 5892.366, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 5905.432, 'text': 'to be brought into contact with these AI systems in a way that really makes the world a better place.', 'start': 5898.59, 'duration': 6.842}], 'summary': 'Exploring empirical research on human-ai interaction to improve the world.', 'duration': 23.455, 'max_score': 5881.977, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl05881977.jpg'}], 'start': 4446.774, 'title': 'Ai and its societal impact', 'summary': 'Delves into meta learning, redundancy, and emergent phenomena in the real world, the synergy between ai and neuroscience, and the role of ai in shaping society. it also examines the potential impact of ai on societal well-being, emphasizing ethical considerations and democratic decision-making.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4546.364, 'start': 4446.774, 'title': 'Meta learning and redundancy in the real world', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of endless variety with endless redundancy in the real world, and how humans are adept at finding similarities and family resemblances, with references to meta learning, emergent phenomena, and recent dopamine and temporal difference learning research.', 'duration': 99.59, 'highlights': ['The real world is saturated with endless variety and redundancy, where everything we do shares a structure with something we did before.', 'Humans are adept at finding similarities and family resemblances, displaying an automated, emergent way of connecting concepts.', 'References to recent dopamine and temporal difference learning research, highlighting the significance of finding similarities in the context of reinforcement learning and recurrent neural networks.']}, {'end': 5246.228, 'start': 4546.404, 'title': 'Ai-neuroscience synergy', 'summary': 'Discusses the synergy between ai and neuroscience, exploring how their interaction leads to mutual validation and future insights, with a focus on human-robot interaction and the need for ai systems to consider human behavior. the discussion also touches on the challenges of excelling in both ai and neuroscience.', 'duration': 699.824, 'highlights': ['The two-way validation between AI and neuroscience provides confidence in the scalability and compatibility of AI techniques, leading to a virtuous circle of insights and advancements. The validation of AI techniques by evidence of their usage in the brain not only provides confidence in their scalability and compatibility with other mechanisms but also fosters a virtuous circle of insights and advancements.', 'The complexity of technology in AI and neuroscience poses a barrier to excelling in both fields, requiring a community of individuals with diverse expertise to drive progress and innovation. The complexity of technology in both AI and neuroscience acts as a barrier to achieving true technical expertise in both domains, emphasizing the need for a diverse community with individuals specializing in different areas to drive progress and innovation.', 'Human-robot interaction is identified as a blind spot in robotics and AI research, leading to a shift in focus towards understanding human behavior and psychology to create learning systems that enhance human life. The shift in focus towards human-robot interaction arises from the realization that understanding human behavior and psychology is crucial for creating learning systems that contribute to improving human life, addressing a blind spot in robotics and AI research.']}, {'end': 5719.065, 'start': 5247.528, 'title': 'The role of ai in shaping society', 'summary': 'Explores how the development of ai goes beyond engineering and technology, touching on human preference, culture, societal impact, and the potential for cultural renewal, leading to the belief that ai will be the philosophy of the 21st century.', 'duration': 471.537, 'highlights': ['AI development goes beyond engineering and technology, delving into human preference, culture, societal impact, and the potential for cultural renewal. The discussion delves into the implications of AI development, highlighting how it extends beyond mere engineering and technology, influencing human preference, culture, societal impact, and potentially leading to cultural renewal.', 'The belief that AI will be the philosophy of the 21st century, shaping societal perspectives and interactions. The belief that AI will be the philosophy of the 21st century is expressed, suggesting its potential to shape societal perspectives and interactions in profound ways, akin to the influence of philosophy in previous centuries.', 'The importance of exploring positive trajectories of AI development in addition to focusing on worst-case scenarios and safety measures. The discussion emphasizes the need to explore positive trajectories of AI development alongside worst-case scenarios and safety measures, highlighting the potential for AI to contribute to human progress and enlightenment.']}, {'end': 6129.864, 'start': 5719.725, 'title': 'Ai impact on societal well-being', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of ai on societal well-being, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations, diverse perspectives, and the need for democratic decision-making. it also highlights the application of reinforcement learning in ai research, specifically in the context of dopamine-based reinforcement learning.', 'duration': 410.139, 'highlights': ['The importance of ethical considerations and democratic decision-making in developing AI systems is emphasized, acknowledging the potential impact on societal well-being. Ethical considerations, democratic decision-making, societal well-being', 'The discussion of the application of reinforcement learning in AI research, particularly in the context of dopamine-based reinforcement learning, is highlighted as a significant area of exploration and development. Reinforcement learning, dopamine-based reinforcement learning, AI research']}], 'duration': 1683.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl04446774.jpg', 'highlights': ['The real world is saturated with endless variety and redundancy, where everything we do shares a structure with something we did before.', 'The belief that AI will be the philosophy of the 21st century, shaping societal perspectives and interactions.', 'The discussion emphasizes the need to explore positive trajectories of AI development alongside worst-case scenarios and safety measures, highlighting the potential for AI to contribute to human progress and enlightenment.', 'The importance of ethical considerations and democratic decision-making in developing AI systems is emphasized, acknowledging the potential impact on societal well-being.', 'The two-way validation between AI and neuroscience provides confidence in the scalability and compatibility of AI techniques, leading to a virtuous circle of insights and advancements.', 'The shift in focus towards human-robot interaction arises from the realization that understanding human behavior and psychology is crucial for creating learning systems that contribute to improving human life, addressing a blind spot in robotics and AI research.', 'AI development goes beyond engineering and technology, delving into human preference, culture, societal impact, and the potential for cultural renewal.', 'The complexity of technology in both AI and neuroscience acts as a barrier to achieving true technical expertise in both domains, emphasizing the need for a diverse community with individuals specializing in different areas to drive progress and innovation.', 'References to recent dopamine and temporal difference learning research, highlighting the significance of finding similarities in the context of reinforcement learning and recurrent neural networks.', 'The importance of exploring positive trajectories of AI development in addition to focusing on worst-case scenarios and safety measures.']}, {'end': 6563.571, 'segs': [{'end': 6174.404, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6149.713, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6158.076, 'text': "But one thing that's already clear from that research is that One reason that it helps is that it drives richer representation learning.", 'start': 6149.713, 'duration': 8.363}, {'end': 6169.021, 'text': 'So if you imagine two situations that have the same expected value, the same kind of weighted average value,', 'start': 6159.457, 'duration': 9.564}, {'end': 6174.404, 'text': 'standard deep reinforcement learning algorithms are going to take those two situations and kind of,', 'start': 6169.021, 'duration': 5.383}], 'summary': 'Research indicates reinforcement learning drives richer representation learning.', 'duration': 24.691, 'max_score': 6149.713, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06149713.jpg'}, {'end': 6222.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6193.938, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6198.883, 'text': 'They have the same average value but they have different distributions of value.', 'start': 6193.938, 'duration': 4.945}, {'end': 6204.848, 'text': 'In that situation, distributional learning will maintain the distinction between these two things.', 'start': 6199.923, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 6209.211, 'text': 'So to make a long story short, distributional learning can keep things separate.', 'start': 6205.128, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 6214.953, 'text': 'in the internal representation that might otherwise be conflated or squished together.', 'start': 6210.111, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 6222.215, 'text': 'And maintaining those distinctions can be useful when the system is now faced with some other task where the distinction is important.', 'start': 6215.233, 'duration': 6.982}], 'summary': 'Distributional learning maintains distinctions in internal representations, enabling separation and usefulness in subsequent tasks.', 'duration': 28.277, 'max_score': 6193.938, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06193938.jpg'}, {'end': 6296.059, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 6215.233, 'weight': 0.718, 'content': [{'end': 6222.215, 'text': 'And maintaining those distinctions can be useful when the system is now faced with some other task where the distinction is important.', 'start': 6215.233, 'duration': 6.982}, {'end': 6226.497, 'text': 'If we look at the optimistic and pessimistic dopamine neurons.', 'start': 6223.296, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 6229.338, 'text': 'So, first of all, what is dopamine?', 'start': 6226.597, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 6240.719, 'text': 'Why is this at all useful to think about, to think about in the artificial intelligence sense?', 'start': 6231.038, 'duration': 9.681}, {'end': 6243.801, 'text': 'but what do we know about dopamine in the human brain??', 'start': 6240.719, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 6244.522, 'text': 'What is it??', 'start': 6244.202, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 6246.383, 'text': 'Why is it useful??', 'start': 6244.722, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 6247.384, 'text': 'Why is it interesting??', 'start': 6246.504, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 6250.227, 'text': 'What does it have to do with the prefrontal cortex and learning in general??', 'start': 6247.504, 'duration': 2.723}, {'end': 6259.694, 'text': "Yeah, so well, this is also a case where there's a huge amount of detail and debate,", 'start': 6250.287, 'duration': 9.407}, {'end': 6269.163, 'text': 'but one currently prevailing idea is that the function of this neurotransmitter, dopamine,', 'start': 6259.694, 'duration': 9.469}, {'end': 6279.636, 'text': 'resembles a particular component of standard reinforcement learning algorithms, which is called the reward prediction error.', 'start': 6269.163, 'duration': 10.473}, {'end': 6283.937, 'text': 'So I was talking a moment ago about these value representations.', 'start': 6279.936, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 6285.157, 'text': 'How do you learn them??', 'start': 6284.277, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 6286.877, 'text': 'How do you update them based on experience?', 'start': 6285.217, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 6296.059, 'text': 'Well, if you, if you made some prediction about a future reward and then you get more reward than you were expecting, then, probably retrospectively,', 'start': 6286.917, 'duration': 9.142}], 'summary': "Dopamine's role in reinforcement learning resembles reward prediction error in standard algorithms.", 'duration': 80.826, 'max_score': 6215.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06215233.jpg'}, {'end': 6436.429, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6413.653, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6423.462, 'text': 'all of which ended up being fairly clearly confirmed and all of which leads to at least some initial indication that the brain might be doing something like this distributional coding,', 'start': 6413.653, 'duration': 9.809}, {'end': 6430.708, 'text': 'that dopamine might be representing surprise signals in a way that is not just collapsing everything to a single number,', 'start': 6423.462, 'duration': 7.246}, {'end': 6436.429, 'text': "but instead it's kind of respecting the variety of future outcomes, if that makes sense.", 'start': 6430.708, 'duration': 5.721}], 'summary': 'Brain and dopamine might use distributional coding for representing surprise signals.', 'duration': 22.776, 'max_score': 6413.653, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06413653.jpg'}, {'end': 6538.196, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6479.023, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6481.325, 'text': 'So we kind of talked about it a little bit.', 'start': 6479.023, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 6488.011, 'text': 'but where do you see the field of neuroscience and artificial intelligence heading broadly? Like,', 'start': 6481.325, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 6495.317, 'text': 'what are the possible exciting areas that you can see breakthroughs in the next?', 'start': 6488.011, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 6502.383, 'text': "let's get crazy not just three or five years, but next 10, 20, 30 years.", 'start': 6495.317, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 6507.667, 'text': "that would make you excited and perhaps you'll be part of?", 'start': 6502.383, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 6517.181, 'text': "On the neuroscience side there's a great deal of interest now in what's going on in AI.", 'start': 6509.144, 'duration': 8.037}, {'end': 6534.273, 'text': "And at the same time I feel like so neuroscience, especially the part of neuroscience that's focused on circuits and systems,", 'start': 6519.363, 'duration': 14.91}, {'end': 6538.196, 'text': 'kind of like really mechanism focused.', 'start': 6534.273, 'duration': 3.923}], 'summary': 'Neuroscience and ai are expected to see breakthroughs in the next 10-30 years, with a focus on circuits and systems.', 'duration': 59.173, 'max_score': 6479.023, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06479023.jpg'}], 'start': 6129.864, 'title': "Distributional learning and dopamine's role in learning", 'summary': "Delves into the impacts of distributional learning in reinforcement learning and the connection between dopamine, reward prediction error, and learning, emphasizing the importance of maintaining distinctions in representations for better decision-making and proposing a new representation scheme for dopamine's reward signal.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6243.801, 'start': 6129.864, 'title': 'Distributional learning in reinforcement learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the striking effect of distributional learning in reinforcement learning, leading to ongoing studies to understand its working and its impact on representation learning, emphasizing the importance of maintaining distinctions in internal representations for better decision-making.', 'duration': 113.937, 'highlights': ['Distributional learning drives richer representation learning by maintaining distinctions in internal representations, which is already clear from ongoing research.', 'Standard deep reinforcement learning algorithms tend to mush together situations with the same expected value, whereas distributional learning maintains the distinction between situations with different value distributions.', 'Maintaining distinctions in internal representations through distributional learning can be useful when the system is faced with tasks where the distinction is important.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of maintaining distinctions in internal representations for better decision-making in reinforcement learning.']}, {'end': 6563.571, 'start': 6244.202, 'title': "Dopamine's role in learning", 'summary': 'Discusses the connection between dopamine, reward prediction error, and learning, proposing that dopamine may be representing surprise signals in a way that is not just collapsing everything to a single number, but instead respecting the variety of future outcomes, potentially suggesting a new representation scheme for its reward signal.', 'duration': 319.369, 'highlights': ["Dopamine's potential representation of surprise signals The connection between dopamine, reward prediction error, and learning suggests that dopamine may be representing surprise signals in a way that respects the variety of future outcomes.", "The connection between dopamine and distributional coding The discussion of distributional reinforcement learning and the potential connection to dopamine's representation of reward prediction errors may indicate a new representation scheme for its reward signal.", 'Integration of AI concepts into neuroscience The chapter highlights the integration of AI concepts into neuroscience, exploring the possibility of AI revealing new insights about neuroscience.', 'Future directions in neuroscience and AI The discussion covers the potential exciting areas for breakthroughs in neuroscience and artificial intelligence in the next 10, 20, 30 years, suggesting a convergence between the two fields.']}], 'duration': 433.707, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06129864.jpg', 'highlights': ['Distributional learning maintains distinctions in representations for better decision-making.', 'Standard deep reinforcement learning algorithms tend to mush together situations with the same expected value.', 'Dopamine may represent surprise signals in a way that respects the variety of future outcomes.', 'The connection between dopamine and distributional coding may indicate a new representation scheme for its reward signal.', 'The chapter emphasizes the integration of AI concepts into neuroscience.', 'The discussion covers potential exciting areas for breakthroughs in neuroscience and artificial intelligence.']}, {'end': 7222.983, 'segs': [{'end': 6593.169, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6563.671, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6565.973, 'text': 'In other words, you have to immobilize the mouse.', 'start': 6563.671, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 6573.479, 'text': "And so it's been tricky to come up with ways of eliciting interesting behavior from a mouse that's that's restrained in this way.", 'start': 6566.413, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 6583.164, 'text': 'But people have begun to create very interesting solutions to this, like virtual reality environments where the animal can kind of move a trackball.', 'start': 6573.559, 'duration': 9.605}, {'end': 6593.169, 'text': 'And as people have kind of begun to explore what you can do with these technologies, I feel like more and more people are asking well,', 'start': 6583.204, 'duration': 9.965}], 'summary': 'Researchers are developing innovative solutions to elicit behavior from immobilized mice.', 'duration': 29.498, 'max_score': 6563.671, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06563671.jpg'}, {'end': 6628.436, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6602.108, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6628.436, 'text': "And I'm hoping that those two trends the kind of growing interest in behavior and the widespread interest in what's going on in AI will come together to kind of open a new chapter in neuroscience research where there's a kind of a rebirth of interest in the structure of behavior and its underlying substrates,", 'start': 6602.108, 'duration': 26.328}], 'summary': 'Growing interest in behavior and ai may lead to a rebirth in neuroscience research.', 'duration': 26.328, 'max_score': 6602.108, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06602108.jpg'}, {'end': 6774.024, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6741.394, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6745.098, 'text': "The simpler fact of the matter is we're not building things yet that do have that kind of flexibility.", 'start': 6741.394, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 6751.346, 'text': 'And I think the attention of a large part of the AI community is starting to pivot to that question.', 'start': 6745.479, 'duration': 5.867}, {'end': 6756.932, 'text': "How do we get that? That's gonna lead to a focus on abstraction.", 'start': 6751.446, 'duration': 5.486}, {'end': 6765.839, 'text': "It's gonna lead to a focus on what in psychology we call cognitive control, which is the ability to switch between tasks,", 'start': 6758.093, 'duration': 7.746}, {'end': 6774.024, 'text': "the ability to quickly put together a program of behavior that you've never executed before but you know makes sense for a particular set of demands.", 'start': 6765.839, 'duration': 8.185}], 'summary': 'Ai community focusing on flexibility, abstraction, cognitive control', 'duration': 32.63, 'max_score': 6741.394, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06741394.jpg'}, {'end': 6851.449, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6816.988, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6828.633, 'text': "There's social psychology research, in particular by Susan Fisk at Princeton, in the department where I used to work,", 'start': 6816.988, 'duration': 11.645}, {'end': 6839.343, 'text': 'where she dissects human attitudes toward other humans into a sort of two-dimensional scheme.', 'start': 6828.633, 'duration': 10.71}, {'end': 6843.145, 'text': 'And one dimension is about ability.', 'start': 6840.143, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 6851.449, 'text': 'How able, how capable is this other person? But the other dimension is warmth.', 'start': 6844.045, 'duration': 7.404}], 'summary': 'Social psychology research by susan fisk at princeton dissects human attitudes into a two-dimensional scheme: ability and warmth.', 'duration': 34.461, 'max_score': 6816.988, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06816988.jpg'}, {'end': 6941.735, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6910.746, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6912.267, 'text': 'We want our agents to be able to do stuff.', 'start': 6910.746, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 6914.749, 'text': 'This thing can play Go at a superhuman level.', 'start': 6912.767, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 6915.309, 'text': "That's awesome.", 'start': 6914.789, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 6917.33, 'text': "But that's only one dimension.", 'start': 6916.229, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 6919.351, 'text': 'What about the other dimension?', 'start': 6918.091, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 6923.154, 'text': 'What would it mean for an AI system to be warm?', 'start': 6919.371, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 6925.556, 'text': "And I don't know.", 'start': 6924.375, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 6929.642, 'text': 'maybe there are easy solutions here, like we can put a face on our AI systems.', 'start': 6925.556, 'duration': 4.086}, {'end': 6930.363, 'text': "It's cute.", 'start': 6929.962, 'duration': 0.401}, {'end': 6931.104, 'text': 'It has big ears.', 'start': 6930.383, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 6932.706, 'text': "I mean, that's probably part of it.", 'start': 6931.124, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 6941.735, 'text': 'But I think it also has to do with a pattern of behavior, a pattern of What would it mean for an AI system to display caring,', 'start': 6933.106, 'duration': 8.629}], 'summary': 'Exploring the dimensions of ai capability and warmth, including potential solutions such as adding a face to ai systems.', 'duration': 30.989, 'max_score': 6910.746, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06910746.jpg'}], 'start': 6563.671, 'title': 'Future of neuroscience and ai', 'summary': 'Explores the intersection of neuroscience and ai, emphasizing the reintroduction of behavior in neuroscience research informed by ai, and the challenges in building ai systems with human-like cognitive control. it also discusses the potential for creating warm and loving ai systems, addressing the challenges in engineering warm behavior in ai.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6765.839, 'start': 6563.671, 'title': 'The future of neuroscience and ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the intersection of neuroscience and ai, highlighting the need to reintroduce behavior in neuroscience research informed by computational mechanisms from ai, and the challenges in building ai systems with human-like flexibility and cognitive control.', 'duration': 202.168, 'highlights': ['The intersection of neuroscience and AI, emphasizing the reintroduction of behavior in neuroscience research informed by computational mechanisms from AI, and the potential for a new chapter in neuroscience research (e.g., rebirth of interest in behavior and its underlying substrates).', 'Challenges in building AI systems with human-like flexibility and cognitive control, including the need to focus on abstraction and the ability to switch between tasks, as well as the growing interest in addressing this issue within the AI community.', 'The development of solutions for eliciting interesting behavior from restrained mice, such as virtual reality environments where the animal can interact with a trackball, indicating the innovative approaches in studying animal behavior in neuroscience.']}, {'end': 7222.983, 'start': 6765.839, 'title': 'The future of warmth in ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential for creating an ai system that can display warmth and love, exploring the dimensions of human interaction and the challenge of engineering warm behavior in ai systems.', 'duration': 457.144, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the potential for creating an AI system that can display warmth and love, exploring the dimensions of human interaction and the challenge of engineering warm behavior in AI systems. The discussion revolves around the potential to engineer an AI system capable of displaying warmth and love, examining the dimensions of human interaction and the challenge of engineering warm behavior in AI systems.', 'The two dimensions of human attitudes toward others are identified as ability and warmth, with the highest esteem reserved for those who are highly capable and warm. Human attitudes toward others are categorized into two dimensions, ability and warmth, with individuals who are highly capable and warm being held in the highest esteem.', 'The focus of AI research primarily centers on capability, but there is a need to consider the dimension of warmth in AI systems. While AI research predominantly emphasizes capability, there is a need to also consider the dimension of warmth in AI systems for holistic development.']}], 'duration': 659.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/3t06ajvBtl0/pics/3t06ajvBtl06563671.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential for a new chapter in neuroscience research informed by computational mechanisms from AI, emphasizing the reintroduction of behavior in neuroscience research (e.g., rebirth of interest in behavior and its underlying substrates).', 'Challenges in building AI systems with human-like flexibility and cognitive control, including the need to focus on abstraction and the ability to switch between tasks, as well as the growing interest in addressing this issue within the AI community.', 'Innovative approaches in studying animal behavior in neuroscience, such as the development of solutions for eliciting interesting behavior from restrained mice, indicating the use of virtual reality environments where the animal can interact with a trackball.', 'The potential for creating an AI system that can display warmth and love, exploring the dimensions of human interaction and the challenge of engineering warm behavior in AI systems.', 'The identification of two dimensions of human attitudes toward others as ability and warmth, with the highest esteem reserved for those who are highly capable and warm.', 'The need to consider the dimension of warmth in AI systems for holistic development, in addition to the predominant emphasis on capability in AI research.']}], 'highlights': ['Matt Botmanick, Director of Neuroscience Research at DeepMind, is an expert in cognitive psychology, computational neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.', 'The podcast emphasizes the mental and physical performance benefits of a keto diet and the delicious taste of Magic Spoon cereal, especially the cocoa flavor.', "Recent progress in technologies allows us to see what's going on at the single unit and dendritic level, while there's still a gap in understanding the neuronal mechanisms underlying brain computations.", "The brain's ability to produce the entirety of human experience, including reasoning and emotion, is mysterious and fascinating.", 'The prefrontal cortex is responsible for guiding behaviors that require flexibility, allowing the brain to override habits and adapt to new experiences, demonstrating the distinction between controlled and automatic behavior.', "Recent research utilizing new techniques suggests that parts of the brain previously considered focused in function may carry unexpected signals, as seen in the primary visual cortex's processing of visual information.", 'The real world is saturated with endless variety and redundancy, where everything we do shares a structure with something we did before.', 'The belief that AI will be the philosophy of the 21st century, shaping societal perspectives and interactions.', 'The importance of ethical considerations and democratic decision-making in developing AI systems is emphasized, acknowledging the potential impact on societal well-being.', 'The potential for a new chapter in neuroscience research informed by computational mechanisms from AI, emphasizing the reintroduction of behavior in neuroscience research (e.g., rebirth of interest in behavior and its underlying substrates).']}