title
Sara Seager: Search for Planets and Life Outside Our Solar System | Lex Fridman Podcast #116

description
Sara Seager is a planetary scientist at MIT, known for her work on the search for exoplanets. Support this podcast by supporting our sponsors. Click links, get discount: - Public Goods at https://publicgoods.com/lex and use code LEX - PowerDot: https://powerdot.com/lex and use code LEX – Cash App – use code "LexPodcast" and download: – Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe – Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Sara's Twitter: https://twitter.com/profsaraseager Sara's Website: https://www.saraseager.com/ The Smallest Lights in the Universe (book): https://amzn.to/3g3LfHA PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 5:32 - Falling in love with the stars 9:55 - Are we alone in the universe? 15:27 - Seager equation for number of habitable planets 27:48 - Exoplanets 34:44 - Earth-like exoplanets 40:43 - Intelligent life 52:34 - Number of planets per star 55:09 - Space exploration 57:36 - Traveling to Proxima Centauri 1:00:52 - Starshade 1:07:34 - Using the sun as a gravitational lens 1:09:44 - Starshot 1:12:45 - Rogue planets 1:15:44 - The Smallest Lights in the Universe 1:30:15 - Book recommendations 1:37:48 - Advice for a young person 1:39:29 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Sara Seager: Search for Planets and Life Outside Our Solar System | Lex Fridman Podcast #116', 'heatmap': [{'end': 2929.821, 'start': 2864.181, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Sarah seager, a planetary scientist at mit, discusses exoplanet search, featuring her new memoir 'the smallest lights in the universe' and insights into the search for life beyond our solar system, including breakthroughs in exoplanet detection and the existential implications of discovering alien life, while also sharing personal inspirations and coping with illness.", 'chapters': [{'end': 321.344, 'segs': [{'end': 44.513, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9.318, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Sarah Seager, a planetary scientist at MIT, known for her work on the search for exoplanets,', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 9.229}, {'end': 11.3, 'text': 'which are planets outside of our solar system.', 'start': 9.318, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 15.265, 'text': "She's an author of two books on this fascinating topic.", 'start': 12.041, 'duration': 3.224}, {'end': 23.267, 'text': 'Plus, in a couple days, August 18th, her new book, a memoir called The Smallest Lights in the Universe, is coming out.', 'start': 15.825, 'duration': 7.442}, {'end': 30.229, 'text': 'I read it, and I can recommend it highly, especially if you love space and are a bit of a romantic like me.', 'start': 23.787, 'duration': 6.442}, {'end': 31.829, 'text': "It's beautifully written.", 'start': 30.809, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 40.652, 'text': 'She weaves the stories of the tragedies and the triumphs of her life with the stories of her love for and research on exoplanets,', 'start': 32.308, 'duration': 8.344}, {'end': 44.513, 'text': 'which represent our hope to find life out there in the universe.', 'start': 40.652, 'duration': 3.861}], 'summary': 'Sarah seager, a planetary scientist at mit, has authored two books on exoplanets and is releasing a memoir, the smallest lights in the universe, on august 18th, intertwining her personal life with her passion for exoplanet research.', 'duration': 44.424, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y89.jpg'}, {'end': 92.93, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 68.961, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 77.744, 'text': "with others like us or maybe others that are very different from us, entities that might reveal something profound about why we're here.", 'start': 68.961, 'duration': 8.783}, {'end': 86.908, 'text': 'The possibility of this is both exciting and, at least to me, terrifying, which is exactly where we humans do our best work.', 'start': 78.805, 'duration': 8.103}, {'end': 92.93, 'text': 'If you enjoy this thing, subscribe on YouTube, review it with five stars on Apple Podcasts,', 'start': 88.427, 'duration': 4.503}], 'summary': "Exploring entities to reveal why we're here is thrilling and daunting for humans.", 'duration': 23.969, 'max_score': 68.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y68961.jpg'}, {'end': 203.91, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 154.818, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 158.099, 'text': 'I take their fish oil, for example, which I recommend highly for everyone.', 'start': 154.818, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 163.983, 'text': 'They use a membership model to keep costs low and pass on the savings to us, the people.', 'start': 158.999, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 172.97, 'text': 'They plant one tree for every order placed and have planted over 100,000 trees since September 2019.', 'start': 164.743, 'duration': 8.227}, {'end': 178.954, 'text': 'Visit publicgoods.com slash Lex or use code Lex at checkout to get 15 bucks off your first order.', 'start': 172.97, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 181.756, 'text': 'This show is sponsored by PowerDot.', 'start': 179.975, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 189.481, 'text': 'Get it at PowerDot.com slash Lex and use code Lex at checkout to get 20% off and to support this podcast.', 'start': 182.357, 'duration': 7.124}, {'end': 197.766, 'text': "It's an eStim electrical stimulation device that I've been using a lot for muscle recovery, mostly for my shoulders and legs,", 'start': 190.161, 'duration': 7.605}, {'end': 203.91, 'text': "as I've been doing the crazy amounts of body weight reps and six miles every other day now, after the challenge.", 'start': 197.766, 'duration': 6.144}], 'summary': 'Public goods plants 100,000 trees, offers $15 off first order, and powerdot gives 20% off with code lex.', 'duration': 49.092, 'max_score': 154.818, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y154818.jpg'}, {'end': 285.048, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 254.357, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 259.743, 'text': 'Our first sponsor, the great, the powerful Cash App, the number one finance app in the app store.', 'start': 254.357, 'duration': 5.386}, {'end': 264.188, 'text': 'I will forever be grateful to them for sponsoring this podcast.', 'start': 260.142, 'duration': 4.046}, {'end': 267.411, 'text': "They're awesome people, awesome company, awesome product.", 'start': 264.508, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 269.013, 'text': 'Okay, back to the read.', 'start': 268.112, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 271.756, 'text': 'When you get it, use code LexPodcast.', 'start': 269.233, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 278.442, 'text': 'Cash App lets you send money to friends, buy Bitcoin, invest in the stock market with as little as $1.', 'start': 272.376, 'duration': 6.066}, {'end': 285.048, 'text': 'Since Cash App allows you to buy Bitcoin, let me mention that cryptocurrency in the context of the history of money is fascinating.', 'start': 278.442, 'duration': 6.606}], 'summary': 'Cash app is the number one finance app, allowing investing with as little as $1.', 'duration': 30.691, 'max_score': 254.357, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y254357.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': "Sarah seager's exoplanet search", 'summary': "Features a conversation with sarah seager, a planetary scientist at mit, known for her work on the search for exoplanets and her new memoir 'the smallest lights in the universe' released on august 18th, intertwining personal and professional stories to convey the hope of finding life beyond our solar system. additionally, it discusses podcast sponsors, public goods, powerdot, and cash app, each offering unique products and discounts to support the podcast, and delves into the intriguing concept of extraterrestrial life and its existential implications for humanity.", 'chapters': [{'end': 44.513, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Sarah seager: the search for exoplanets', 'summary': "Features a conversation with sarah seager, a planetary scientist at mit, known for her work on the search for exoplanets, with her new memoir 'the smallest lights in the universe' being released on august 18th, intertwining personal and professional stories to convey the hope of finding life beyond our solar system.", 'duration': 44.424, 'highlights': ['Sarah Seager is a planetary scientist at MIT, renowned for her work on the search for exoplanets.', "Her new book, 'The Smallest Lights in the Universe', a memoir, is set to be released on August 18th.", 'The memoir intertwines personal life stories with her love for and research on exoplanets.']}, {'end': 321.344, 'start': 45.313, 'title': 'Ads and sponsor highlights', 'summary': 'Discusses three podcast sponsors: public goods, powerdot, and cash app, each offering unique products and discounts to support the podcast. it also delves into the intriguing concept of extraterrestrial life and the existential implications it holds for humanity.', 'duration': 276.031, 'highlights': ['The show is sponsored by Public Goods, offering affordable, sustainable household products and using a membership model to pass on savings to customers. They have planted over 100,000 trees since September 2019. Public Goods offers affordable, sustainable household products and uses a membership model to keep costs low. They have also planted over 100,000 trees since September 2019.', 'PowerDot, an eStim electrical stimulation device, provides 20% off and a 30-day free trial. The device is portable and comes with an app offering 15 programs for different body parts. PowerDot offers 20% off and a 30-day free trial for its eStim electrical stimulation device, which is portable and comes with an app offering 15 programs for different body parts.', "Cash App is presented as the number one finance app in the app store, allowing users to send money, buy Bitcoin, and invest in the stock market with as little as $1. Using the code 'LexPodcast' gives $10, and Cash App donates $10 to FIRST. Cash App is presented as the number one finance app, allowing users to send money, buy Bitcoin, and invest in the stock market with as little as $1. Using the code 'LexPodcast' gives $10, and Cash App donates $10 to FIRST.", 'The chapter delves into the concept of extraterrestrial life and its implications for humanity, expressing both excitement and terror at the possibility. It also emphasizes the significance of making contact with the unknown and different entities that could reveal profound insights about human existence. The chapter delves into the concept of extraterrestrial life and its implications for humanity, expressing both excitement and terror at the possibility. It also emphasizes the significance of making contact with the unknown and different entities that could reveal profound insights about human existence.']}], 'duration': 321.255, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y89.jpg', 'highlights': ['Sarah Seager is a planetary scientist at MIT, renowned for her work on the search for exoplanets.', "Her new book, 'The Smallest Lights in the Universe', a memoir, is set to be released on August 18th.", 'The memoir intertwines personal life stories with her love for and research on exoplanets.', 'Public Goods offers affordable, sustainable household products and uses a membership model to keep costs low. They have planted over 100,000 trees since September 2019.', 'PowerDot offers 20% off and a 30-day free trial for its eStim electrical stimulation device, which is portable and comes with an app offering 15 programs for different body parts.', "Cash App is presented as the number one finance app, allowing users to send money, buy Bitcoin, and invest in the stock market with as little as $1. Using the code 'LexPodcast' gives $10, and Cash App donates $10 to FIRST.", 'The chapter delves into the concept of extraterrestrial life and its implications for humanity, expressing both excitement and terror at the possibility. It also emphasizes the significance of making contact with the unknown and different entities that could reveal profound insights about human existence.']}, {'end': 1434.449, 'segs': [{'end': 373.627, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 344.021, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 346.522, 'text': 'and he was driving me and my siblings to his house for the weekend.', 'start': 344.021, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 348.463, 'text': 'And the moon was just following me.', 'start': 347.322, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 350.303, 'text': 'Just had no idea why that was.', 'start': 349.083, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 354.265, 'text': "Yeah So like looking up at the sky and there's this glowing thing.", 'start': 350.323, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 359.307, 'text': "How do you make sense of the moon that at that age? At that age, like age five, there's just no way you can.", 'start': 354.285, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 361.808, 'text': "I think it's one of the great things about being a kid.", 'start': 359.327, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 364.109, 'text': "It's just that curiosity that, that all kids have.", 'start': 361.988, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 373.627, 'text': "You know, I was thinking cause there's these, um uh, almost uh, out there ideas of, of uh, that our earth is flat, uh, floating about on the internet.", 'start': 364.804, 'duration': 8.823}], 'summary': 'Childhood curiosity about the moon while driving with siblings.', 'duration': 29.606, 'max_score': 344.021, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y344021.jpg'}, {'end': 483.911, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 453.408, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 454.489, 'text': 'And one summer we had Tom.', 'start': 453.408, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 456.13, 'text': 'He was barely older than we were.', 'start': 454.569, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 457.07, 'text': 'He was 14.', 'start': 456.35, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 457.81, 'text': 'My brother was 12.', 'start': 457.07, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 459.471, 'text': 'I would have been 11 or 10 maybe.', 'start': 457.81, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 462.853, 'text': "And we went camping because Tom said camping's the thing.", 'start': 460.312, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 463.694, 'text': 'We should try it.', 'start': 462.873, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 473.679, 'text': "And I just remember I didn't aim to see the stars, but I walked out of my tent in the middle of the night and I looked up and wow, so many stars.", 'start': 463.974, 'duration': 9.705}, {'end': 478.385, 'text': 'the dark night sky and all those stars just screaming at me.', 'start': 475.322, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 480.107, 'text': "I just couldn't believe that.", 'start': 479.086, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 483.911, 'text': 'Honestly, my first thought was, this is so incredible, mind-blowing.', 'start': 480.888, 'duration': 3.023}], 'summary': 'Three kids, ages 14, 12, and 10, experienced the beauty of the night sky while camping with tom.', 'duration': 30.503, 'max_score': 453.408, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y453408.jpg'}, {'end': 536.233, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 497.922, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 499.123, 'text': "I've had that with robots.", 'start': 497.922, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 502.526, 'text': "There's a few robots I've met where I just fell in love with this.", 'start': 499.824, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 515.197, 'text': 'Like, is anyone else seeing this? Is anyone else seeing that here in a robot, is our ability to engineer some intelligent beings.', 'start': 502.546, 'duration': 12.651}, {'end': 522.883, 'text': "Intelligent beings that we could love, that could love us, that we can interact with in some rich ways that we haven't yet discovered.", 'start': 516.077, 'duration': 6.806}, {'end': 525.745, 'text': 'Like almost like when you get a puppy.', 'start': 523.602, 'duration': 2.143}, {'end': 536.233, 'text': "hey, it needs to have a dog, and there's this immediate bond and love and, on top of that ability to engineer it, it was, you know,", 'start': 525.745, 'duration': 10.488}], 'summary': 'Expressing fascination with robots as potential intelligent beings we can love and engineer, akin to forming a bond like with a puppy.', 'duration': 38.311, 'max_score': 497.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y497922.jpg'}, {'end': 640.519, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 613.796, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 621.061, 'text': "And one of the awesome things about your work is you've actually put data and real science behind some of the biggest questions that we're all curious about.", 'start': 613.796, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 624.964, 'text': 'But nevertheless, many of the questions might be a little bit speculative.', 'start': 621.481, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 633.491, 'text': "So on that topic, just in your sense, do you think we're alone in the universe, human beings?", 'start': 625.565, 'duration': 7.926}, {'end': 635.813, 'text': "Do you think there's life out there??", 'start': 634.472, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 640.519, 'text': "Well, Lex, the funny thing is is that, as a scientist, I so don't even wanna answer that.", 'start': 636.738, 'duration': 3.781}], 'summary': 'Scientist hesitates to speculate on existence of extraterrestrial life', 'duration': 26.723, 'max_score': 613.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y613796.jpg'}, {'end': 804.376, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 777.484, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 784.194, 'text': 'And even if planets are rare, even if life is rare just because the number of stars is so huge,', 'start': 777.484, 'duration': 6.71}, {'end': 786.817, 'text': 'things have to come together somewhere someplace in our universe.', 'start': 784.194, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 794.212, 'text': "Yeah It's so amazing to think that somebody might be looking up on another planet In a distant galaxy.", 'start': 787.098, 'duration': 7.114}, {'end': 804.376, 'text': 'I have to interrupt your reverie and get back to, in our lifetime at least, the short term, we have to, we only have the nearest stars to look at.', 'start': 795.273, 'duration': 9.103}], 'summary': 'Rare planets and life may exist in our vast universe, leading to potential extraterrestrial observations.', 'duration': 26.892, 'max_score': 777.484, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y777484.jpg'}, {'end': 1148.251, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1119.518, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1123.862, 'text': "So the first thing I say is what are the number of stars available? And it's not that..", 'start': 1119.518, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 1127.337, 'text': 'those trillions and trillions of stars everywhere.', 'start': 1125.376, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 1129.799, 'text': "It's what are available to like a specific search.", 'start': 1127.658, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 1141.487, 'text': 'And so for example, the MIT led NASA mission TESS is surveying the sky looking for all kinds of planets, but it can also, it also has stars.', 'start': 1131, 'duration': 10.487}, {'end': 1143.788, 'text': 'It has about 30,000 red dwarf stars.', 'start': 1141.567, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 1148.251, 'text': 'So we just take a number of stars that a given survey can access.', 'start': 1144.709, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': "Nasa's tess mission is surveying 30,000 red dwarf stars for planet discovery.", 'duration': 28.733, 'max_score': 1119.518, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1119518.jpg'}, {'end': 1304.482, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1271.686, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1274.048, 'text': "There's one more term in the Seeger equation we can measure.", 'start': 1271.686, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 1277.41, 'text': 'I call it fraction of planets in the habitable zone.', 'start': 1274.068, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 1282.573, 'text': 'Because believe it or not, we have a handle on that for a certain set of stars.', 'start': 1278.351, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 1288.375, 'text': 'We know from the Kepler Space Telescope that operated for a number of years.', 'start': 1283.713, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 1292.817, 'text': 'we have estimates for how many planets are in the so-called habitable zone of the host star for a certain type of star.', 'start': 1288.375, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 1294.578, 'text': 'So all those we have measurable.', 'start': 1293.357, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 1298.459, 'text': 'And then like the Drake equation itself, there are some terms we can not measure.', 'start': 1294.878, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 1304.482, 'text': 'And those ones, I call them FL, fraction of all those planets that have life on them.', 'start': 1299.18, 'duration': 5.302}], 'summary': 'Fraction of planets in habitable zone can be measured, fl is unmeasurable', 'duration': 32.796, 'max_score': 1271.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1271686.jpg'}], 'start': 321.344, 'title': 'Exploring the universe', 'summary': "Delves into sarah seeger's fascination with stars and childhood experiences, discussing the search for life in the universe, use of telescopes, factors in finding habitable planets, and specific missions like tess and the kepler space telescope.", 'chapters': [{'end': 676.926, 'start': 321.344, 'title': 'Advancing robotics and stem education', 'summary': "Discusses sarah seeger's journey and fascination with stars, her childhood experiences, and her thoughts on the possibility of life in the universe, reflecting on the impact of early exposure to astronomy and the potential for scientific exploration.", 'duration': 355.582, 'highlights': ['Sarah Seeger shares her childhood memories of being fascinated by the stars and the moon, highlighting the impact of early exposure to astronomy. Childhood fascination with stars and moon, influence of early exposure to astronomy.', 'She recalls an impactful experience of camping with her family and being mesmerized by the night sky, emphasizing the profound effect of encountering the vastness of stars at a young age. Impactful experience of viewing the night sky during camping, the profound effect of encountering the vastness of stars at a young age.', 'Sarah Seeger discusses her fascination with robots and the potential for engineering intelligent beings, drawing parallels between the immediate bond with robots and the magic of experiencing something new, reflecting on the wonder of scientific exploration. Fascination with robots and engineering intelligent beings, parallels drawn between bonding with robots and the magic of new experiences in scientific exploration.', "The conversation delves into the philosophical and speculative nature of questions about life in the universe, highlighting Sarah Seeger's insights as a scientist and her anticipation of the capability to answer such questions in the near future. Philosophical and speculative nature of questions about life in the universe, anticipation of the capability to answer such questions in the near future."]}, {'end': 1119.418, 'start': 677.947, 'title': 'Search for life in the universe', 'summary': "Discusses the search for life in the universe, focusing on the use of telescopes to study other planets' atmospheres, the vastness of the universe, the possibility of habitable planets, and the drake equation's revised version for exoplanet astronomy.", 'duration': 441.471, 'highlights': ["The use of telescopes to study other planets' atmospheres and search for water and gases attributed to life. The chapter discusses the need for sophisticated space telescopes to study the atmospheres of distant planets, enabling the search for water and gases potentially linked to life.", 'The vastness of the universe with hundreds of billions of stars and galaxies, making it likely for life to exist somewhere. The vastness of the universe is emphasized, with hundreds of billions of stars and galaxies, increasing the likelihood of life existing somewhere in the universe.', 'The discussion of habitable planets, including the nearest star Proxima Centauri having an Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone. The chapter explores the concept of habitable planets, highlighting the discovery of an Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri.', 'The revised Drake equation for exoplanet astronomy, focusing on the search for planets suitable for life based on traditional astronomy means. The chapter introduces the revised Drake equation, recast for the search for planets using traditional astronomy means, to guide the search for planets suitable for life.']}, {'end': 1434.449, 'start': 1119.518, 'title': 'Finding habitable planets', 'summary': 'Discusses the factors involved in finding habitable planets, including the number of accessible stars, the quietness of stars, the observability of transiting planets, and the fraction of planets in the habitable zone, with mentions of specific missions like tess and the kepler space telescope.', 'duration': 314.931, 'highlights': ['The MIT led NASA mission TESS is surveying the sky and has about 30,000 red dwarf stars. The TESS mission is surveying a large number of stars, including approximately 30,000 red dwarf stars.', 'There are measurable terms in the Seeger equation, such as the fraction of planets in the habitable zone, which have been estimated from the Kepler Space Telescope data. The Seeger equation includes measurable terms like the fraction of planets in the habitable zone, which have been estimated based on data from the Kepler Space Telescope.', 'The fraction of all those planets that have life and the fraction that we can use telescopes and instruments to look for light are currently unmeasurable. The fractions representing planets with life and the capability to use telescopes to search for light are currently unmeasurable, referred to as FL and FS in the Seeger equation.']}], 'duration': 1113.105, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y321344.jpg', 'highlights': ['The vastness of the universe with hundreds of billions of stars and galaxies, making it likely for life to exist somewhere.', 'The chapter explores the concept of habitable planets, highlighting the discovery of an Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri.', 'The TESS mission is surveying a large number of stars, including approximately 30,000 red dwarf stars.', 'The Seeger equation includes measurable terms like the fraction of planets in the habitable zone, which have been estimated based on data from the Kepler Space Telescope.', 'Childhood fascination with stars and moon, influence of early exposure to astronomy.', 'Impactful experience of viewing the night sky during camping, the profound effect of encountering the vastness of stars at a young age.', 'Fascination with robots and engineering intelligent beings, parallels drawn between bonding with robots and the magic of new experiences in scientific exploration.', 'Philosophical and speculative nature of questions about life in the universe, anticipation of the capability to answer such questions in the near future.']}, {'end': 2640.198, 'segs': [{'end': 1503.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1458.73, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1463.633, 'text': 'And all life here has some kind of byproduct in doing all that, some kind of waste product that goes into the atmosphere.', 'start': 1458.73, 'duration': 4.903}, {'end': 1468.116, 'text': 'So I like to think that life everywhere uses chemistry.', 'start': 1464.333, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 1476.461, 'text': "Some people have imagined like, let's imagine like a windmill, like mechanical energy, just getting energy and using it without storing it.", 'start': 1468.596, 'duration': 7.865}, {'end': 1479.382, 'text': 'And if there was life like that, it might not need to output a gas.', 'start': 1477.041, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 1482.564, 'text': 'so we make this basic assumption of chemistry.', 'start': 1480.763, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 1484.006, 'text': "that's the first thing.", 'start': 1482.564, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 1490.03, 'text': 'the second, more complicated thing that i and my team work on is what happens to the gas once it is produced by life.', 'start': 1484.006, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 1499.317, 'text': 'it goes into the atmosphere and a lot of gas is just destroyed immediately, actually by ultraviolet radiation or by oxygen.', 'start': 1490.03, 'duration': 9.287}, {'end': 1503.481, 'text': 'oxygen is incredibly um destructive to a lot of gases.', 'start': 1499.317, 'duration': 4.164}], 'summary': 'Life produces waste products, such as gas, which gets destroyed by uv radiation and oxygen in the atmosphere.', 'duration': 44.751, 'max_score': 1458.73, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1458730.jpg'}, {'end': 1607.386, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1577.847, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1584.15, 'text': "And that's a big part of this growing field is how to make sure that this gas isn't produced by another effect.", 'start': 1577.847, 'duration': 6.303}, {'end': 1588.912, 'text': 'But I do wanna again pausing on that and going back a bit.', 'start': 1584.17, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 1589.853, 'text': "it's incredible to think,", 'start': 1588.912, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 1597.683, 'text': "but at least almost 100 years ago there's a record of someone talking about the idea of a gas being an indicator of life elsewhere.", 'start': 1589.853, 'duration': 7.83}, {'end': 1600.344, 'text': 'Yes Oh, that idea was floating about somewhere.', 'start': 1597.703, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 1601.344, 'text': 'Yes, it was totally floating about.', 'start': 1600.364, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 1607.386, 'text': 'And it comes down to oxygen, which on our planet fills our atmosphere to 20% by volume.', 'start': 1601.884, 'duration': 5.502}], 'summary': "Growing field explores gas as indicator of life, with 20% oxygen in earth's atmosphere.", 'duration': 29.539, 'max_score': 1577.847, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1577847.jpg'}, {'end': 1666.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1641.63, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1647.032, 'text': "Oxygen's a huge indicator, and that's what we're hoping that there is an intelligent civilization not too far from here,", 'start': 1641.63, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 1651.714, 'text': "around a planet orbiting a nearby star with the kind of telescopes we're trying to build.", 'start': 1647.032, 'duration': 4.682}, {'end': 1655.596, 'text': "And they're looking back at our Sun and they've seen our Earth and they see oxygen.", 'start': 1651.734, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 1661.159, 'text': "And they probably won't be like 100.0% sure that there's life making it.", 'start': 1656.657, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 1666.481, 'text': "But if they go through all the possible scenarios, they'll be left with a pretty strong hint that there's life here.", 'start': 1661.519, 'duration': 4.962}], 'summary': 'Search for oxygen as indicator of life for nearby intelligent civilization.', 'duration': 24.851, 'max_score': 1641.63, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1641630.jpg'}, {'end': 1702.541, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1680.029, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1688.157, 'text': "When I first started working on exoplanets long time ago, People didn't believe we would ever, ever, ever study an exoplanet atmosphere of any kind.", 'start': 1680.029, 'duration': 8.128}, {'end': 1690.998, 'text': 'And now dozens of them are studied.', 'start': 1689.417, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 1694.879, 'text': "There's a whole field of people, hundreds of people working on exoplanet atmospheres, actually.", 'start': 1691.158, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 1700.62, 'text': "Wow. But first there was a point where people didn't even know there were exoplanets right?", 'start': 1695.359, 'duration': 5.261}, {'end': 1702.541, 'text': 'When was the first exoplanet detected?', 'start': 1700.72, 'duration': 1.821}], 'summary': 'Exoplanet research has grown from skepticism to dozens studied, with hundreds of researchers now working on exoplanet atmospheres.', 'duration': 22.512, 'max_score': 1680.029, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1680029.jpg'}, {'end': 1786.693, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1746.801, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1749.183, 'text': 'Right Extrasolar, I guess, is another.', 'start': 1746.801, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 1750.283, 'text': 'You can call it extrasolar.', 'start': 1749.223, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 1751.744, 'text': 'Exoplanet is simpler.', 'start': 1750.864, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 1758.408, 'text': "But I think it's worth pausing to remember that each one of those stars out there in our night sky is a Sun.", 'start': 1752.124, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 1762.07, 'text': 'And our Sun has planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc.', 'start': 1759.449, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 1768.377, 'text': 'And so for a long time people have wondered do those other stars or other suns have planets?', 'start': 1763.351, 'duration': 5.026}, {'end': 1773.523, 'text': 'And they do, and it appears that nearly every star has a planet we call exoplanet.', 'start': 1769.078, 'duration': 4.445}, {'end': 1776.826, 'text': 'And there are thousands of known exoplanets already.', 'start': 1773.943, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 1778.268, 'text': "So there's already, yeah, like..", 'start': 1776.946, 'duration': 1.322}, {'end': 1786.693, 'text': "There's so many things about space that it's hard to put into one's brain because it starts filling it with awe.", 'start': 1779.229, 'duration': 7.464}], 'summary': 'Thousands of known exoplanets orbit stars, filling space with awe.', 'duration': 39.892, 'max_score': 1746.801, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1746801.jpg'}, {'end': 1930.389, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1900.49, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1904.893, 'text': 'And so one thing that really helped exoplanets were detectors that were very sensitive.', 'start': 1900.49, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 1912.899, 'text': "Because when we're looking for the transiting planets, what we're doing is we're monitoring a star's brightness as a function of time.", 'start': 1905.714, 'duration': 7.185}, {'end': 1917.483, 'text': "It's like click, taking a picture of the stars every few seconds or minutes.", 'start': 1913.76, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 1921.925, 'text': "And we're measuring the brightness of a star, like every frame.", 'start': 1918.643, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 1930.389, 'text': "And we're looking for a drop in brightness that's characteristic of a planet going in front of the star and then finishing its so-called transit.", 'start': 1922.865, 'duration': 7.524}], 'summary': 'Sensitive detectors monitor star brightness for transiting exoplanets.', 'duration': 29.899, 'max_score': 1900.49, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1900490.jpg'}, {'end': 2052.563, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2020.568, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2023.391, 'text': 'So we have computer software and computer code.', 'start': 2020.568, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 2031.796, 'text': 'that does the job for us and counts the brightness and looks for a signal that could be due to a transiting planet.', 'start': 2024.452, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 2045.281, 'text': 'I just finished a job called Deputy Science Director for the MIT-led NASA mission test and it was my to make sure that we got the planet candidates,', 'start': 2032.216, 'duration': 13.065}, {'end': 2052.563, 'text': "the transiting light curves, out to the community so people could follow them up and figure out if they're actual planets or false positives.", 'start': 2045.281, 'duration': 7.282}], 'summary': 'Developed software to identify planet candidates from light curves for nasa mission test.', 'duration': 31.995, 'max_score': 2020.568, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2020568.jpg'}, {'end': 2223.02, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2197.774, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 2205.899, 'text': 'Well, one thought and this is more when we want to be rather than might be is that these so-called mini-Neptunes we call them,', 'start': 2197.774, 'duration': 8.125}, {'end': 2211.682, 'text': "that they are water worlds, that they could be scaled-up versions of Jupiter's icy moons,", 'start': 2205.899, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 2216.125, 'text': 'such that they are planets that are made of more than half of water by mass.', 'start': 2211.682, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 2223.02, 'text': "And what's the connection between water and life and the possibility of seeing that from a gas perspective?", 'start': 2217.319, 'duration': 5.701}], 'summary': 'Mini-neptunes could be water worlds, possibly made of over half water by mass, with potential implications for life.', 'duration': 25.246, 'max_score': 2197.774, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2197774.jpg'}, {'end': 2337.34, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2306.517, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 2312.943, 'text': "If we see a small rocky planet with water vapor in the atmosphere, we're pretty sure that means there has to be a liquid water reservoir.", 'start': 2306.517, 'duration': 6.426}, {'end': 2321.032, 'text': "Because it's not intuitive in any way, but water is broken up by ultraviolet radiation from the sun.", 'start': 2314.225, 'duration': 6.807}, {'end': 2328.059, 'text': 'And on most planets, when water is broken up into H and O, the H, the hydrogen, will escape to space.', 'start': 2322.213, 'duration': 5.846}, {'end': 2337.34, 'text': "Cause, just like when you think of a child letting go of a helium filled balloon it floats upwards and hydrogen's a light gas and will leave from earth,", 'start': 2328.951, 'duration': 8.389}], 'summary': 'Detection of water vapor on rocky planet indicates presence of liquid water reservoir and potential for hydrogen escape.', 'duration': 30.823, 'max_score': 2306.517, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2306517.jpg'}, {'end': 2590.166, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2559.899, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 2560.719, 'text': "She's onto something.", 'start': 2559.899, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 2564.66, 'text': 'Yeah, What might we look for in terms of signs of intelligent life?', 'start': 2560.939, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 2575.684, 'text': 'From your toolkit, do you think there are things that we should we might be able to use, or maybe, in the next couple of decades,', 'start': 2566.441, 'duration': 9.243}, {'end': 2579.445, 'text': 'discover that would be different than life?', 'start': 2575.684, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 2581.646, 'text': "that's like bacteria, that's primitive life?", 'start': 2579.445, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 2585.702, 'text': 'I still love SETI search for extraterrestrial intelligence.', 'start': 2583.18, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 2590.166, 'text': "I like to hope that if there is a civilization out there, they're trying to send us a message.", 'start': 2586.503, 'duration': 3.663}], 'summary': 'Discussion on searching for signs of intelligent life in outer space and hope for receiving a message.', 'duration': 30.267, 'max_score': 2559.899, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2559899.jpg'}], 'start': 1434.449, 'title': 'Life and gases in the universe, exoplanet atmospheres, detection breakthroughs, and alien life search', 'summary': 'Explores the use of chemistry in life, complexities of gases, importance of oxygen in exoplanets, breakthroughs in exoplanet detection, and challenges in the search for alien life, with over a thousand people working in the field and thousands of known exoplanets.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1600.344, 'start': 1434.449, 'title': 'Life and gases in the universe', 'summary': 'Explores the assumption that life everywhere uses chemistry, the complexities of gases produced by life being destroyed by the environment, and the potential of using gases as an indicator of life elsewhere in the universe.', 'duration': 165.895, 'highlights': ['Life uses chemistry for energy and has waste products that go into the atmosphere. Life is assumed to use chemistry due to the process of eating, breathing, and metabolism.', 'Gases produced by life can be destroyed by ultraviolet radiation or oxygen in the atmosphere. The environment can lead to the immediate destruction of gases produced by life, impacting the search for signs of life elsewhere.', 'The potential of using gases as an indicator of life elsewhere in the universe. The concept of using gases as a tool to detect life in the universe is a powerful and exciting idea.']}, {'end': 1899.889, 'start': 1600.364, 'title': 'Exoplanet atmospheres and the search for intelligent life', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of oxygen as an indicator of life on exoplanets, the detection of exoplanet atmospheres, and the evolution of exoplanet research from a controversial field to a legitimate area of inquiry, with over a thousand people working in the field and thousands of known exoplanets.', 'duration': 299.525, 'highlights': ["The importance of oxygen as an indicator of life on exoplanets is highlighted, with the hope that an intelligent civilization may detect oxygen in Earth's atmosphere as a strong hint of life.", 'The evolution of exoplanet research is discussed, from being considered sketchy to becoming a legitimate field of inquiry with over a thousand people working in the field and thousands of known exoplanets.', 'The detection of exoplanet atmospheres is mentioned, with the initial skepticism about the possibility of studying exoplanet atmospheres and the subsequent advancements in the field, where dozens of exoplanet atmospheres are now studied.', 'The first detection of an exoplanet around a Sun-like star in the mid-1990s is recalled, which was controversial due to the proximity of the planet to its star, challenging existing beliefs about planetary systems.', 'The presence of thousands of known exoplanets is emphasized, indicating the vastness of space and the potential for life on other planets.', 'The role of technology, including software, computers, and hardware, in advancing exoplanet research is highlighted, with digital technology revolutionizing data collection and analysis.']}, {'end': 2164.682, 'start': 1900.49, 'title': 'Exoplanet detection breakthroughs', 'summary': 'Discusses the breakthroughs in exoplanet detection, including the use of sensitive detectors, ground-based telescopes, and computer software to identify rare transiting planets and make data publicly accessible, allowing for potential discovery of diverse exoplanets, some of which are hot super-earths with surface temperatures capable of melting rock.', 'duration': 264.192, 'highlights': ['The use of sensitive detectors and ground-based telescopes has enabled the discovery of various exoplanets, including hot super-earths with surface temperatures capable of melting rock. The detectors used for monitoring star brightness as a function of time need to be precise, and ground-based telescopes have been successful in finding planets, such as hot super-earths, orbiting close to their stars.', 'Computer software and code have been crucial in identifying rare transiting planets by analyzing massive amounts of star data, with the data being made publicly accessible to enable potential discovery of diverse exoplanets. Computer software and code are employed to analyze large volumes of star data, and the public accessibility of this data allows for potential discovery of diverse exoplanets, including those that are not Earth-like and have extreme characteristics such as hot super-earths.', 'The discovery of exoplanets has expanded to include diverse planets, some with extreme characteristics such as hot super-earths, which have surface temperatures capable of melting rock, making them unsuitable for sustaining life. The discovery of exoplanets has included diverse planets, some of which are hot super-earths with extreme characteristics, such as surface temperatures capable of melting rock, rendering them unsuitable for sustaining life.']}, {'end': 2640.198, 'start': 2164.682, 'title': 'The search for alien life', 'summary': 'Discusses the prevalence of mini-neptune planets, the importance of liquid water for life, the challenges of detecting intelligent life, and the potential of finding signs of life through seti in the next couple of decades.', 'duration': 475.516, 'highlights': ['Mini-Neptune planets are the most common type found, with a size that is two to three times that of Earth, and they are believed to be water worlds containing more than half of water by mass. Mini-Neptune planets, two to three times the size of Earth, are believed to be water worlds containing more than half of water by mass, and are considered the most common type found.', 'Liquid water is essential for life, and the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere of small rocky planets indicates the presence of a liquid water reservoir, which is crucial for the origin and survival of life. The presence of water vapor in the atmosphere of small rocky planets indicates the presence of a liquid water reservoir, which is crucial for the origin and survival of life, as liquid water is essential for life.', 'The search for signs of intelligent life involves the challenges of detecting and communicating with potential intelligent civilizations, as well as the potential of discovering signs of intelligent life through SETI in the next couple of decades. The chapter discusses the challenges of detecting and communicating with potential intelligent civilizations, as well as the potential of discovering signs of intelligent life through SETI in the next couple of decades.']}], 'duration': 1205.749, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y1434449.jpg', 'highlights': ['Life uses chemistry for energy and has waste products that go into the atmosphere.', 'Gases produced by life can be destroyed by ultraviolet radiation or oxygen in the atmosphere.', 'The potential of using gases as an indicator of life elsewhere in the universe.', 'The importance of oxygen as an indicator of life on exoplanets is highlighted.', 'The evolution of exoplanet research is discussed, with over a thousand people working in the field and thousands of known exoplanets.', 'The detection of exoplanet atmospheres is mentioned, with the initial skepticism about the possibility of studying exoplanet atmospheres and the subsequent advancements in the field.', 'The presence of thousands of known exoplanets is emphasized, indicating the vastness of space and the potential for life on other planets.', 'The role of technology, including software, computers, and hardware, in advancing exoplanet research is highlighted.', 'The use of sensitive detectors and ground-based telescopes has enabled the discovery of various exoplanets, including hot super-earths with surface temperatures capable of melting rock.', 'Computer software and code have been crucial in identifying rare transiting planets by analyzing massive amounts of star data.', 'The discovery of exoplanets has expanded to include diverse planets, some with extreme characteristics such as hot super-earths.', 'Mini-Neptune planets are the most common type found, with a size that is two to three times that of Earth, and they are believed to be water worlds containing more than half of water by mass.', 'Liquid water is essential for life, and the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere of small rocky planets indicates the presence of a liquid water reservoir.', 'The search for signs of intelligent life involves the challenges of detecting and communicating with potential intelligent civilizations, as well as the potential of discovering signs of intelligent life through SETI in the next couple of decades.']}, {'end': 3142.893, 'segs': [{'end': 2722.9, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2691.473, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2694.614, 'text': "Well, let's zoom out again and think about oxygen.", 'start': 2691.473, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 2703.002, 'text': 'So when cyanobacteria arose like billions of years ago and figured out how to harness the energy of the sun for photosynthesis,', 'start': 2695.672, 'duration': 7.33}, {'end': 2706.386, 'text': 'they re-engineered the entire atmosphere.', 'start': 2703.002, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 2708.028, 'text': '20% of the atmosphere has oxygen now.', 'start': 2706.406, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 2710.932, 'text': 'Like that is a huge scale.', 'start': 2708.991, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 2716.716, 'text': 'You know, they almost poisoned everything else by making this, what was apparently very poisonous to everything that was alive.', 'start': 2710.952, 'duration': 5.764}, {'end': 2722.9, 'text': 'But imagine so are we doing anything at that scale? Like, are we changing anything at, like 20% of the earth with a giant structure,', 'start': 2717.336, 'duration': 5.564}], 'summary': "Cyanobacteria harnessed sun's energy, changed atmosphere to 20% oxygen, posing significant impact.", 'duration': 31.427, 'max_score': 2691.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2691473.jpg'}, {'end': 2752.93, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2727.137, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2732.34, 'text': "Uh, yeah, that's, that's, uh, that's humbling to think that we're not actually having that much of an impact.", 'start': 2727.137, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 2739.683, 'text': "I know, but we are because in a way we're destroying our entire planet. but it's humbling to think that from far away people probably can't even tell.", 'start': 2732.5, 'duration': 7.183}, {'end': 2747.527, 'text': "But from the perspective of the planet, when we say we're destroying you know, global warming, all that kind of stuff, um,", 'start': 2740.384, 'duration': 7.143}, {'end': 2752.93, 'text': "what we really mean is we're destroying it for a bunch of different species, including humans.", 'start': 2747.527, 'duration': 5.403}], 'summary': "Human impact on the planet is humbling, as we're destroying it for various species, including humans.", 'duration': 25.793, 'max_score': 2727.137, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2727137.jpg'}, {'end': 2841.793, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2812.326, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2817.63, 'text': "I mean I don't know what, how to comprehend that excitement.", 'start': 2812.326, 'duration': 5.304}, {'end': 2827.138, 'text': "but to me it's great to see people curious, because to me extraterrestrial life and aliens is at the core a scientific question.", 'start': 2817.63, 'duration': 9.508}, {'end': 2831.081, 'text': "And it's almost looks like people are excited about science.", 'start': 2828.299, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 2835.63, 'text': "They're excited by discovery Discovery, right.", 'start': 2831.101, 'duration': 4.529}, {'end': 2841.793, 'text': "And then the possibility that there's alien life that visited Earth or is here on Earth now,", 'start': 2835.91, 'duration': 5.883}], 'summary': 'Excitement over extraterrestrial life reflects interest in science and discovery.', 'duration': 29.467, 'max_score': 2812.326, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2812326.jpg'}, {'end': 2929.821, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2864.181, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2865.662, 'text': "they're calling them now UAP.", 'start': 2864.181, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2872.888, 'text': "They got everybody like super excited, like maybe there is, like what's here on earth? Do you follow..", 'start': 2866.183, 'duration': 6.705}, {'end': 2881.092, 'text': "this world of people who are thinking about aliens that are already here or have visited? I don't really follow it.", 'start': 2875.37, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 2882.412, 'text': "They follow me, I'd say.", 'start': 2881.112, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 2890.395, 'text': "Because in this field, if you're a scientist of any kind, you get the people contact us, me.", 'start': 2883.152, 'duration': 7.243}, {'end': 2893.876, 'text': "There's a lot of them about, hey, I have stuff you should see.", 'start': 2890.975, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 2895.737, 'text': 'Hey, the aliens are already here.', 'start': 2893.896, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 2896.717, 'text': 'I need to tell you about it.', 'start': 2895.817, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 2899.438, 'text': 'And I know there are people out there who really believe.', 'start': 2897.557, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 2902.448, 'text': "There's a psychology to it.", 'start': 2901.107, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 2903.508, 'text': "There's a psychology to it.", 'start': 2902.488, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 2905.329, 'text': "It's fascinating.", 'start': 2904.268, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 2907.43, 'text': "Okay, so it's similar to artificial intelligence.", 'start': 2905.429, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2915.514, 'text': "But like you, I'm still enamored with the point that it is out there, and that people believe so strongly, and that so many people out there believe.", 'start': 2907.67, 'duration': 7.844}, {'end': 2920.096, 'text': "Believe, I don't know.", 'start': 2916.614, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 2929.821, 'text': "I'm not as allergic to it as some scientists are, because, ultimately, if aliens showed up or do show up or have showed up,", 'start': 2920.096, 'duration': 9.725}], 'summary': 'Interest in uap and belief in aliens fascinates many scientists and people worldwide.', 'duration': 65.64, 'max_score': 2864.181, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2864181.jpg'}, {'end': 3106.513, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3059.304, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3063.388, 'text': 'even in government are often trying.', 'start': 3059.304, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 3067.391, 'text': "they're like just curious descendants of apes.", 'start': 3063.388, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 3071.054, 'text': "They want to do good, they want to discover stuff, they're not trying to hide stuff.", 'start': 3067.791, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 3080.721, 'text': 'Most of them would, in terms of leaks, would love to discover this and release this kind of stuff.', 'start': 3072.475, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 3083.523, 'text': 'Did you ever watch this show called The X-Files? Yeah.', 'start': 3081.121, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 3085.764, 'text': 'Scully and Mulder? Yeah.', 'start': 3083.843, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 3089.547, 'text': 'What I love actually, I used to put it up during my talks, my public talks.', 'start': 3085.824, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 3094.09, 'text': "There's a picture of a UFO or what looks like a UFO and it says, I want to believe.", 'start': 3089.787, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 3097.792, 'text': "That's where I think a lot of us are coming from.", 'start': 3095.491, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 3098.853, 'text': 'I want to believe.', 'start': 3098.132, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 3100.947, 'text': "And it's so great.", 'start': 3100.246, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 3106.513, 'text': 'And one time I put that up and this very, very nice couple approached me really nervous afterwards.', 'start': 3100.967, 'duration': 5.546}], 'summary': 'Government officials aim to uncover and share information, inspired by a desire to believe and discover, akin to x-files fans.', 'duration': 47.209, 'max_score': 3059.304, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3059304.jpg'}], 'start': 2640.338, 'title': "Aliens and earth's impact", 'summary': "Discusses the voyager spacecraft, humans' impact on earth, and the fascination with extraterrestrial life. it delves into the perspective of institutions like nasa and people's belief in aliens, illustrating a personal encounter with individuals claiming alien abduction. it also emphasizes the scale of oxygen in the atmosphere and the potential impact of discovering alien life.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3018.625, 'start': 2640.338, 'title': "Aliens, voyager, and earth's impact", 'summary': 'Discusses the voyager spacecraft, the impact of humans on earth, and the fascination with extraterrestrial life, while highlighting the scale of oxygen in the atmosphere and the potential impact of discovering alien life.', 'duration': 378.287, 'highlights': ["The cyanobacteria re-engineered the entire atmosphere, resulting in 20% oxygen, showcasing a huge scale impact. The rise of cyanobacteria billions of years ago led to 20% of the atmosphere having oxygen, representing a significant impact on Earth's atmosphere.", 'The chapter explores the concept of humans not having a significant impact on Earth at a large scale, despite the destruction caused by global warming. Despite the destructive impact of global warming, the perspective is that humans are not significantly changing the Earth on a large scale.', 'The discussion delves into the excitement and curiosity surrounding extraterrestrial life and aliens, presenting it as a scientific question and a source of discovery. The excitement and curiosity around extraterrestrial life and aliens are portrayed as a scientific question and a driver of discovery.']}, {'end': 3142.893, 'start': 3019.446, 'title': 'Institutions and belief in aliens', 'summary': 'Discusses the perspective on institutions like nasa and the belief in aliens, emphasizing that most people in these institutions are not trying to hide things and that many individuals have a strong desire to believe in the existence of aliens, as illustrated by a personal encounter with a couple who claimed to have experienced an alien abduction.', 'duration': 123.447, 'highlights': ['Most people in institutions like NASA and government are not trying to hide things, but are genuinely curious and want to discover things. The speaker emphasizes that individuals in institutions like NASA, MIT, academia, and government are often genuinely curious and want to discover things, rather than trying to hide information. This is emphasized by the belief that most of these individuals would love to discover and release information about aliens.', 'Encounter with a couple who claimed to have experienced an alien abduction, emphasizing the strong desire to believe in the existence of aliens. The speaker shares an encounter with a couple who claimed to have experienced an alien abduction. This illustrates the strong desire of many individuals to believe in the existence of aliens, as the couple was sincere and genuinely wanted to share their story despite the skepticism surrounding alien abductions.', "The reference to The X-Files and the phrase 'I want to believe' as a representation of the desire to believe in aliens. The speaker references the TV show The X-Files and the famous phrase 'I want to believe,' indicating that many people share this desire to believe in the existence of aliens. This phrase serves as a representation of the hopeful and curious mindset regarding the possibility of extraterrestrial life."]}], 'duration': 502.555, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y2640338.jpg', 'highlights': ["The rise of cyanobacteria billions of years ago led to 20% of the atmosphere having oxygen, representing a significant impact on Earth's atmosphere.", 'Despite the destructive impact of global warming, the perspective is that humans are not significantly changing the Earth on a large scale.', 'The excitement and curiosity around extraterrestrial life and aliens are portrayed as a scientific question and a driver of discovery.', 'The speaker emphasizes that individuals in institutions like NASA, MIT, academia, and government are often genuinely curious and want to discover things, rather than trying to hide information.', 'The speaker shares an encounter with a couple who claimed to have experienced an alien abduction, illustrating the strong desire of many individuals to believe in the existence of aliens.', "The speaker references the TV show The X-Files and the famous phrase 'I want to believe,' indicating that many people share this desire to believe in the existence of aliens."]}, {'end': 4059.772, 'segs': [{'end': 3190.45, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3167.54, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3175.645, 'text': "I don't know if the observable universe is like way too big to think about, but in terms of when we think about how many habitable planets there are,", 'start': 3167.54, 'duration': 8.105}, {'end': 3178.506, 'text': "what are the numbers we're working with in your sense?", 'start': 3175.645, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 3179.627, 'text': 'What are the scale?', 'start': 3178.846, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 3182.628, 'text': 'Honestly, the numbers are probably like billions of trillions.', 'start': 3179.687, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 3183.569, 'text': 'Of stars.', 'start': 3183.149, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 3188.127, 'text': "Yeah, you know, in the UK, I think I don't know if we do that here, but they will call a billion trillion,", 'start': 3184.042, 'duration': 4.085}, {'end': 3190.45, 'text': 'where you put like one billion followed by a trillion.', 'start': 3188.127, 'duration': 2.323}], 'summary': 'Billions of trillions of habitable planets in observable universe.', 'duration': 22.91, 'max_score': 3167.54, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3167540.jpg'}, {'end': 3353.747, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3327.827, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3334.969, 'text': 'What are your thoughts about Elon Musk and SpaceX Crew Dragon while working with NASA to launch astronauts?', 'start': 3327.827, 'duration': 7.142}, {'end': 3338.93, 'text': "What's your sense about these exciting new developments?", 'start': 3335.549, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 3348.323, 'text': "Well, SpaceX and other so-called commercial companies are only good news for my field because they're lowering the cost of getting to space.", 'start': 3339.656, 'duration': 8.667}, {'end': 3353.747, 'text': "By having reusable rockets, it's just been, it's incredible and we need cheaper access to space.", 'start': 3349.124, 'duration': 4.623}], 'summary': "Spacex's reusable rockets are lowering the cost of space access, benefiting the field.", 'duration': 25.92, 'max_score': 3327.827, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3327827.jpg'}, {'end': 3411.792, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3386.468, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3392.615, 'text': "You know, oftentimes in science and engineering, big, huge discoveries are made when we didn't intend to.", 'start': 3386.468, 'duration': 6.147}, {'end': 3399.061, 'text': 'So often this kind of pure exploratory type of research or this pure exploration research, it can lead to something really important.', 'start': 3393.616, 'duration': 5.445}, {'end': 3401.463, 'text': "Like the laser, we couldn't really live without that now.", 'start': 3399.241, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 3407.648, 'text': "At the grocery you scan your foods, there's surgery that involves lasers, GPS, we all use our GPS.", 'start': 3402.284, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 3411.792, 'text': "We don't have GPS because someone thought, hey, it'd be great to have a navigation system.", 'start': 3408.209, 'duration': 3.583}], 'summary': 'Pure exploration research leads to critical discoveries like the integral laser technology.', 'duration': 25.324, 'max_score': 3386.468, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3386468.jpg'}, {'end': 3570.759, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3541.462, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3548.304, 'text': 'I mean, the thing is, it is so hard to get to another planet that this thought of printing humans or printing life forms actually could be easier.', 'start': 3541.462, 'duration': 6.842}, {'end': 3561.11, 'text': "Yeah, that's somehow so sad to think of the idea that we would launch a successful spaceship that has multi-generational, like, non-human life.", 'start': 3549.218, 'duration': 11.892}, {'end': 3564.473, 'text': "And it's going to reach other intelligent life.", 'start': 3562.411, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 3570.759, 'text': 'And by the time they figure out where it came from, human civilization will be extinct.', 'start': 3565.354, 'duration': 5.405}], 'summary': 'Printing life forms could be easier than reaching another planet. human civilization may be extinct by the time other intelligent life finds our spacecraft.', 'duration': 29.297, 'max_score': 3541.462, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3541462.jpg'}, {'end': 3698.663, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3668.014, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3670.395, 'text': "It's the proverbial needle in a haystack, but worse.", 'start': 3668.014, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 3680.082, 'text': 'And we need very sophisticated space-based telescopes to be able to find these planets and to look at them and see which ones have water and which ones have signs of life on them.', 'start': 3670.736, 'duration': 9.346}, {'end': 3683.172, 'text': "Yeah, the Starshade project that you're a part of.", 'start': 3680.41, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 3684.473, 'text': 'Starshade Starshade, yeah.', 'start': 3683.192, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 3686.354, 'text': "It's probably the most badass thing you'll ever see.", 'start': 3684.493, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 3688.115, 'text': "Right, You know what's interesting?", 'start': 3686.394, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3689.536, 'text': 'Can you describe what it is first off?', 'start': 3688.135, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 3693.519, 'text': "So what's amazing about Starshade is it was first conceived of in the 1960s.", 'start': 3689.556, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 3698.663, 'text': 'Imagine that and revisited every decade until now when we think we can actually build it.', 'start': 3694.62, 'duration': 4.043}], 'summary': 'Sophisticated space telescopes needed to find planets with water and signs of life, like starshade project.', 'duration': 30.649, 'max_score': 3668.014, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3668014.jpg'}], 'start': 3143.593, 'title': 'Exploring the human mind and universe', 'summary': 'Discusses the link between the human mind and the universe, estimating billions of trillions of habitable planets. it also explores the uncertainty and potential of earth-like planets, positive impact of commercial space companies, and challenges in space exploration, including multigenerational travel and engineering hurdles.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3199.881, 'start': 3143.593, 'title': 'Mystery of the human mind and the universe', 'summary': 'Delves into the intricate link between the human mind and the universe, discussing the vastness of the observable universe and estimating the abundance of habitable planets to be in the billions of trillions.', 'duration': 56.288, 'highlights': ['The human mind is as interesting as the universe, and they are intricately linked.', 'Estimates suggest billions of trillions of habitable planets exist.', 'Discussion about the vastness of the observable universe and the concept of numbers, such as 10 to the 20, which represents a number with 20 zeros.']}, {'end': 3448.634, 'start': 3200.102, 'title': 'Planets and space exploration insights', 'summary': "Discusses the uncertainty around the number of planets per star, the potential for earth-like planets, and the positive impact of commercial space companies on space exploration, highlighting the exciting developments with spacex's crew dragon and the human desire to explore space.", 'duration': 248.532, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the uncertainty around the number of planets per star, the potential for Earth-like planets, and the positive impact of commercial space companies on space exploration. The transcript delves into the uncertainty of the number of planets per star, the potential for Earth-like planets, and the positive impact of commercial space companies on space exploration, such as SpaceX's Crew Dragon.", 'Some people have extrapolated that as many as one in five stars like our Sun could be hosting a true Earth-like planet. The transcript mentions that as many as one in five stars like our Sun could potentially host a true Earth-like planet, highlighting the potential for Earth-like planets in the universe.', 'The positive impact of commercial space companies, such as SpaceX, on space exploration is emphasized, particularly in lowering the cost of getting to space through reusable rockets. The discussion highlights the positive impact of commercial space companies, like SpaceX, on space exploration by lowering the cost of space travel through the use of reusable rockets.', 'The human desire to explore space and the potential for unexpected discoveries through pure exploratory research are emphasized. The transcript emphasizes the human desire to explore space and the potential for unexpected discoveries through pure exploratory research, reflecting on the positive impact of exploration on scientific and human perspectives.']}, {'end': 4059.772, 'start': 3449.42, 'title': 'Challenges of space exploration', 'summary': 'Explores the challenges of space exploration, including the difficulty of reaching earth-like planets, the concept of multigenerational space travel, the potential of printing humans, the starshade project, and the engineering hurdles to overcome, such as formation flying and diffraction problems.', 'duration': 610.352, 'highlights': ['The Starshade project, aiming to find Earth-like planets, is a billion-dollar endeavor requiring sophisticated space-based telescopes to locate planets with water and signs of life.', 'The Starshade is a giant specially shaped screen, about 30 meters in diameter, designed to block out starlight and allow the telescope to capture the faint light from planets, solving the problem of diffraction.', 'One of the engineering challenges of the Starshade project is the precise formation flying at tens of thousands of kilometers, which requires solving sensing problems and using resources from NASA to address them.', 'The concept of multigenerational space travel is discussed, suggesting the possibility of sending raw biological materials and instructions to print out humans due to the extreme difficulty of reaching other planets.', 'The idea of printing humans or life forms is seen as a potential solution to the challenges of space exploration, as it is extremely difficult to reach another planet and sending non-human life forms might be a more feasible option.']}], 'duration': 916.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y3143593.jpg', 'highlights': ['Estimates suggest billions of trillions of habitable planets exist.', 'The positive impact of commercial space companies, such as SpaceX, on space exploration is emphasized, particularly in lowering the cost of getting to space through reusable rockets.', 'The human desire to explore space and the potential for unexpected discoveries through pure exploratory research are emphasized.', 'The Starshade project, aiming to find Earth-like planets, is a billion-dollar endeavor requiring sophisticated space-based telescopes to locate planets with water and signs of life.', 'The concept of multigenerational space travel is discussed, suggesting the possibility of sending raw biological materials and instructions to print out humans due to the extreme difficulty of reaching other planets.']}, {'end': 4601.111, 'segs': [{'end': 4085.052, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4059.772, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4067.099, 'text': "let's just talk about it briefly, because it's not a probe, but it's the idea to send a telescope very far away, to 500 times the Earth-Sun distance.", 'start': 4059.772, 'duration': 7.327}, {'end': 4070.442, 'text': 'And this is way farther than the Voyager spacecrafts are right now.', 'start': 4067.74, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 4072.003, 'text': 'And to use our Sun.', 'start': 4071.102, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 4077.187, 'text': "as a gravitational lens to use our sun to magnify something that's behind it.", 'start': 4072.984, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 4080.189, 'text': "It's got to sink in for a minute.", 'start': 4079.108, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 4081.87, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 4080.349, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 4085.052, 'text': "I mean, I don't know what the physics of that is, like how to use the sun.", 'start': 4081.91, 'duration': 3.142}], 'summary': 'Plan to use sun as a gravitational lens to observe 500x earth-sun distance.', 'duration': 25.28, 'max_score': 4059.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4059772.jpg'}, {'end': 4153.285, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4105.908, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4113.352, 'text': 'There are galaxies that are lensed, so-called gravitational lensed, by intervening galaxy clusters, actually.', 'start': 4105.908, 'duration': 7.444}, {'end': 4123.136, 'text': 'And there are microlensing events where stars get magnified as an unseen gravitational lens star passes in between us and that very distant star.', 'start': 4114.551, 'duration': 8.585}, {'end': 4124.897, 'text': "It's actually a real tool in astronomy.", 'start': 4123.515, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 4127.638, 'text': 'Yeah, using gravitational lensing to magnify.', 'start': 4125.997, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 4128.198, 'text': "That's amazing.", 'start': 4127.658, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 4131.7, 'text': "Because it bends more rays towards you than you'd normally see.", 'start': 4128.238, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 4139.473, 'text': "And again, we're trying to get more higher resolution images that are basically boiled down to light.", 'start': 4131.962, 'duration': 7.511}, {'end': 4141.156, 'text': 'Well, it boils down to light.', 'start': 4139.974, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 4144.319, 'text': 'And then you can maybe get more information about.', 'start': 4141.616, 'duration': 2.703}, {'end': 4153.285, 'text': "in this case, you would ask me, let's say, if this thing could get built, it would take, like something like they like to say,", 'start': 4145.68, 'duration': 7.605}], 'summary': 'Gravitational lensing is used to magnify and capture higher resolution images in astronomy.', 'duration': 47.377, 'max_score': 4105.908, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4105908.jpg'}, {'end': 4304.894, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4242.77, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4248.194, 'text': 'And these lasers would momentarily shine upwards and accelerate.', 'start': 4242.77, 'duration': 5.424}, {'end': 4249.055, 'text': "They'd hit these sails.", 'start': 4248.214, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 4255.839, 'text': "They'd be like a power source for the sail and would accelerate the sails to travel at about a 20th the speed of light.", 'start': 4249.215, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 4264.976, 'text': 'Is that as crazy as it sounds? Well, like any good engineering project, it has to be broken down into the crazy parts.', 'start': 4257.67, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 4272.722, 'text': 'And the Breakthrough Initiative, to their huge credit, is sponsoring getting over these..', 'start': 4265.637, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 4275.144, 'text': 'Actually, initially, they listed 19 challenges.', 'start': 4272.722, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 4277.986, 'text': 'This is broken down into concrete things.', 'start': 4275.164, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 4283.491, 'text': 'One of them is, well, you have to buy the land and make sure the airspace is okay with you sending up that much power overhead.', 'start': 4278.066, 'duration': 5.425}, {'end': 4289.386, 'text': "Another one is you have to have material on the sail where the lasers won't just vaporize it.", 'start': 4284.764, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 4291.387, 'text': "So there's a lot of issues.", 'start': 4290.126, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 4298.889, 'text': 'But anyway these sails would be accelerated to 20th the speed of light and their journey to the nearest star would no longer be tens of thousands of years,', 'start': 4291.407, 'duration': 7.482}, {'end': 4299.75, 'text': 'but could be 20 years.', 'start': 4298.889, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 4304.894, 'text': "K20, so it's not as bad as tens of thousands.", 'start': 4302.233, 'duration': 2.661}], 'summary': 'Using lasers to accelerate sails, traveling at 20th the speed of light for a 20-year journey to the nearest star.', 'duration': 62.124, 'max_score': 4242.77, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4242770.jpg'}, {'end': 4365.525, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4335.912, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4342.676, 'text': "It's shifted it just ever so slightly enough, I think, to plant the seed that we have to find a way to somehow find a way to get there.", 'start': 4335.912, 'duration': 6.764}, {'end': 4346.126, 'text': 'Again, to stay on that, that is so powerful.', 'start': 4343.283, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 4356.796, 'text': 'Take a big crazy idea and break it down into smaller crazy ideas, order it in a list, and knock it out one at a time.', 'start': 4346.146, 'duration': 10.65}, {'end': 4365.525, 'text': "I've never heard anything more inspiring from an engineering perspective because that's how you solve the impossible things.", 'start': 4356.816, 'duration': 8.709}], 'summary': 'Inspiring approach: break big ideas into smaller ones to solve impossible things.', 'duration': 29.613, 'max_score': 4335.912, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4335912.jpg'}, {'end': 4460.248, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4433.207, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 4437.33, 'text': 'why does it feel so profoundly lonely on that kind of planet?', 'start': 4433.207, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 4440.812, 'text': 'Like what, like what?', 'start': 4438.45, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 4449.321, 'text': "I think it's because we all wanna be a part of something, a part of a family or a part of a community, or a part of something.", 'start': 4441.596, 'duration': 7.725}, {'end': 4460.248, 'text': "And so our solar system, and by the way, it's sort of like when you treat yourself to eating an entire tub of ice cream.", 'start': 4450.482, 'duration': 9.766}], 'summary': 'People crave belonging, like being part of a family or community, similar to indulging in an entire tub of ice cream.', 'duration': 27.041, 'max_score': 4433.207, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4433207.jpg'}, {'end': 4580.617, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4524.458, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4528.863, 'text': "But we think that there's probably, honestly, there's another path to a rogue planet.", 'start': 4524.458, 'duration': 4.405}, {'end': 4533.348, 'text': "That's one that's been kicked out of its star system by other planets, like a game of billiard balls.", 'start': 4528.883, 'duration': 4.465}, {'end': 4534.709, 'text': 'Something just gets kicked out.', 'start': 4533.728, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 4538.533, 'text': "We actually think there's probably as many rogue planets as stars.", 'start': 4535.61, 'duration': 2.923}, {'end': 4543.839, 'text': 'No, flying out there, fundamentally alone.', 'start': 4539.734, 'duration': 4.105}, {'end': 4548.824, 'text': 'So the book, is a memoir.', 'start': 4544.56, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 4561.63, 'text': "It's about your life, and it weaves both your fascination with planets outside the solar system and the path of your life.", 'start': 4548.844, 'duration': 12.786}, {'end': 4574.676, 'text': 'And you lost your husband, which is a kind of central part of the book that created a feeling of the rogue planet.', 'start': 4562.51, 'duration': 12.166}, {'end': 4580.617, 'text': "By the way, what's the name of the book? The name of the book is The Smallest Lights in the Universe.", 'start': 4575.576, 'duration': 5.041}], 'summary': 'The smallest lights in the universe is a memoir about a life intertwined with a fascination for rogue planets, as numerous as stars, possibly kicked out of their star systems.', 'duration': 56.159, 'max_score': 4524.458, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4524458.jpg'}], 'start': 4059.772, 'title': 'Gravitational lensing and rogue planets', 'summary': "Delves into using the sun as a gravitational lens, the starshot initiative for interstellar travel, and the lonely existence of rogue planets, potentially taking 20 years for the journey, and the significance of the book's title, 'the smallest lights in the universe'.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4320.378, 'start': 4059.772, 'title': 'Gravitational lensing and starshot initiative', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of using the sun as a gravitational lens to magnify distant objects and the starshot initiative to send thousands of tiny spacecraft accelerated by solar sails to the nearest star system, potentially taking 20 years for the journey.', 'duration': 260.606, 'highlights': ['The concept of using the Sun as a gravitational lens to magnify distant objects is discussed, potentially allowing for higher resolution images. Potential for higher resolution images', 'The Starshot initiative aims to send thousands of tiny spacecraft accelerated by solar sails to the nearest star system, potentially reducing the journey to 20 years. Reduction of journey time to 20 years', 'The potential use of gravitational lensing to magnify objects in astronomy is explained, including lensing by galaxy clusters and microlensing events. Explanation of gravitational lensing in astronomy', 'Challenges and considerations in the Starshot initiative are addressed, including the need for materials that can withstand laser acceleration and ensuring airspace approval for sending power overhead. Addressing challenges in the Starshot initiative', 'The potential for using lasers to accelerate solar sails to 20th the speed of light in the Starshot initiative is outlined. Potential for accelerating solar sails to 20th the speed of light']}, {'end': 4601.111, 'start': 4321.184, 'title': 'Rogue planets and loneliness', 'summary': "Discusses the power of shifting perspectives to tackle big ideas, the lonely existence of rogue planets, and the significance of the book's title, 'the smallest lights in the universe'. it also delves into the concept of loneliness and the potential abundance of rogue planets.", 'duration': 279.927, 'highlights': ['The power of shifting perspectives to tackle big ideas is emphasized, with the concept of breaking down large projects into smaller, manageable ones.', 'The description of the lonely existence of rogue planets, with the potential suggestion that there may be as many rogue planets as stars, gives insight into the vastness of the universe and the potential for loneliness within it.', "The significance and double meaning of the book's title, 'The Smallest Lights in the Universe', is explained, relating to the search for other Earths and the metaphorical representation of the smallest lights in the universe.", 'The concept of loneliness is explored, with the discussion centering on the desire to be part of something and the impact of being fundamentally alone in the universe.']}], 'duration': 541.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4059772.jpg', 'highlights': ['Reduction of journey time to 20 years', 'Potential for accelerating solar sails to 20th the speed of light', 'Explanation of gravitational lensing in astronomy', 'Addressing challenges in the Starshot initiative', 'Potential for higher resolution images', "The significance and double meaning of the book's title, 'The Smallest Lights in the Universe'", 'The concept of using the Sun as a gravitational lens to magnify distant objects is discussed', 'The power of shifting perspectives to tackle big ideas is emphasized', 'The description of the lonely existence of rogue planets, with the potential suggestion that there may be as many rogue planets as stars, gives insight into the vastness of the universe and the potential for loneliness within it', 'The concept of loneliness is explored, with the discussion centering on the desire to be part of something and the impact of being fundamentally alone in the universe']}, {'end': 5414.072, 'segs': [{'end': 4702.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4631.544, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4639.188, 'text': 'What did it feel like to first find out that your husband, Mike, was sick? It was incredibly frustrating.', 'start': 4631.544, 'duration': 7.644}, {'end': 4644.731, 'text': 'Like, lots of us have had some kind of problem that the doctors completely ignore.', 'start': 4639.929, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 4647.173, 'text': 'Just that they kept blowing him off.', 'start': 4645.832, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 4647.713, 'text': "It's nothing.", 'start': 4647.273, 'duration': 0.44}, {'end': 4652.195, 'text': "Are they paid to just say it's nothing? I mean, it's just insane.", 'start': 4648.834, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 4653.336, 'text': 'I was just so angry.', 'start': 4652.215, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4656.926, 'text': 'And we finally got to a point where he was really sick.', 'start': 4654.505, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 4660.588, 'text': 'He was like in bed, not able to move basically.', 'start': 4657.106, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 4664.03, 'text': 'And it turned out all the things they ignored and not done any tests.', 'start': 4661.589, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 4672.194, 'text': 'He had like a 100% blockage in his intestine, like a hundred percent, like nothing could get out, nothing could get in.', 'start': 4664.47, 'duration': 7.724}, {'end': 4676.837, 'text': 'And it was pretty, pretty shocking to even hear then that it could be nothing.', 'start': 4673.775, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 4683.151, 'text': 'What was the progression of it in the context of, maybe, the medical system, the doctors?', 'start': 4678.464, 'duration': 4.687}, {'end': 4684.313, 'text': 'I mean, what did it feel like?', 'start': 4683.191, 'duration': 1.122}, {'end': 4686.877, 'text': 'Did you feel like a human being??', 'start': 4685.255, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 4700.618, 'text': "I felt like a child, like the doctors were trying to water down the real diagnosis or treat us like we couldn't know the truth or they didn't know.", 'start': 4689.021, 'duration': 11.597}, {'end': 4702.039, 'text': 'You know, I felt mixed.', 'start': 4700.978, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Frustrating experience with doctors; husband had 100% blockage in intestine, felt like doctors were neglectful and dismissive.', 'duration': 70.495, 'max_score': 4631.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4631544.jpg'}, {'end': 4964.726, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4941.201, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4950.163, 'text': "It turns out, usually, unless you really do have a pressing end of life, people don't do their bucket list or try to change their career.", 'start': 4941.201, 'duration': 8.962}, {'end': 4951.683, 'text': "And some people can't, so we can't.", 'start': 4950.283, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 4954.764, 'text': "Like, for a lot of people, they can't do anything about it, and that's fine.", 'start': 4951.883, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 4957.984, 'text': 'But the ones who can take action, for some reason, never do.', 'start': 4954.784, 'duration': 3.2}, {'end': 4964.726, 'text': "And that was one of the ways that Mike's death, or at the time, his impending death, really, really affected me.", 'start': 4958.024, 'duration': 6.702}], 'summary': "People often don't pursue bucket lists or career changes unless facing end-of-life situations. mike's impending death had a profound impact.", 'duration': 23.525, 'max_score': 4941.201, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4941201.jpg'}, {'end': 5026.02, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4992.172, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4999.078, 'text': 'Because when something that profound happens, all the things I was doing, most of the things I was doing were just meaningless.', 'start': 4992.172, 'duration': 6.906}, {'end': 5000.82, 'text': 'It was so tough to..', 'start': 4999.098, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 5003.821, 'text': 'to find an answer for that.', 'start': 5002.58, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 5015.19, 'text': "And that's when I settled on, I'm gonna devote the rest of my life to trying to find another Earth and to find out, to find that we're not alone.", 'start': 5003.881, 'duration': 11.309}, {'end': 5026.02, 'text': "What is that longing for connection with others? What's that about? What do you think? Why is that so full of meaning? I don't know why.", 'start': 5017.291, 'duration': 8.729}], 'summary': 'Devoting life to finding another earth and seeking connection with others.', 'duration': 33.848, 'max_score': 4992.172, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4992172.jpg'}, {'end': 5139.741, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5111.609, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5115.99, 'text': "There's another book that talks about terror management theory, Sheldon Solomon.", 'start': 5111.609, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 5118.37, 'text': 'I just talked to him a few weeks ago.', 'start': 5116.03, 'duration': 2.34}, {'end': 5125.432, 'text': "He's a brilliant philosopher, psychologist, that their theory, whatever you make of it, is that..", 'start': 5118.39, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 5131.25, 'text': 'the fear of death is at the core of everything, everything we do.', 'start': 5127.546, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 5139.741, 'text': "So like you're that you think you don't think about the mortality of your dog, but you do.", 'start': 5131.97, 'duration': 7.771}], 'summary': "Sheldon solomon's terror management theory suggests fear of death influences human behavior.", 'duration': 28.132, 'max_score': 5111.609, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5111609.jpg'}, {'end': 5240.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5212.344, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5218.569, 'text': 'but maybe can you talk about how you were able to rediscover the lights?', 'start': 5212.344, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 5221.4, 'text': 'They came in many ways.', 'start': 5220.379, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 5230.884, 'text': 'And the way to think about it is like grief is an ocean with tiny islands of the little lights.', 'start': 5222.26, 'duration': 8.624}, {'end': 5235.867, 'text': 'And eventually that ocean gets smaller and smaller and the islands become continents with lakes.', 'start': 5230.944, 'duration': 4.923}, {'end': 5240.669, 'text': "So initially it'd be like the children laughing one day,", 'start': 5237.127, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': 'Rediscovered lights through small moments of joy and laughter', 'duration': 28.325, 'max_score': 5212.344, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5212344.jpg'}, {'end': 5302.32, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5269.137, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5279.106, 'text': 'is there some, by way of advice or insight about how to How to rediscover the beauty of life?', 'start': 5269.137, 'duration': 9.969}, {'end': 5280.607, 'text': 'Of life.', 'start': 5280.267, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 5281.547, 'text': "It's a hard one.", 'start': 5280.987, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 5287.791, 'text': 'I think you just have to stay open to being positive and just to get out there.', 'start': 5282.368, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 5291.013, 'text': 'Do you still think?', 'start': 5289.732, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 5292.754, 'text': 'do you still think about your own mortality?', 'start': 5291.013, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 5302.32, 'text': 'So you mentioned that that was a thing that you would meditate on as a question when it was right there in front of you.', 'start': 5293.655, 'duration': 8.665}], 'summary': "Rediscover life's beauty by staying positive and open, and contemplating mortality.", 'duration': 33.183, 'max_score': 5269.137, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5269137.jpg'}, {'end': 5349.65, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5325.224, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5332.108, 'text': 'What would bring you again I apologize if this makes concrete the fact that life is finite,', 'start': 5325.224, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 5340.402, 'text': "but what would bring you joy if we discovered while you're still here? will bring me joy finding another earth,", 'start': 5332.108, 'duration': 8.294}, {'end': 5349.65, 'text': "an earth-like planet around a sun-like star, knowing that there's at least one or more out there, being able to see water, that it has signs of water,", 'start': 5340.402, 'duration': 9.248}], 'summary': 'Discovering an earth-like planet around a sun-like star, with signs of water, would bring joy.', 'duration': 24.426, 'max_score': 5325.224, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5325224.jpg'}], 'start': 4602.372, 'title': 'Coping with illness and rediscovering joy', 'summary': "Details the struggle of dealing with a misdiagnosed intestinal blockage, the contemplation of mortality's impact on life choices, and the journey of rediscovering joy after loss, emphasizing love, positivity, and the search for meaning.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4796.489, 'start': 4602.372, 'title': 'Struggle with illness diagnosis', 'summary': 'Details the struggle of dealing with a misdiagnosed 100% intestinal blockage, the frustration with the medical system, and the emotional toll of potentially facing a life-threatening illness.', 'duration': 194.117, 'highlights': ['The frustration of dealing with a misdiagnosed 100% intestinal blockage, leading to anger and shock.', 'The emotional toll of potentially facing a life-threatening illness and the fear of a misdiagnosis, particularly in relation to the experience of a loved one with a similar symptom.', 'The struggle with the medical system and feeling disregarded and mistrusted by doctors, leading to a sense of helplessness and uncertainty.', 'The initial symptoms of a random stomach ache being dismissed by doctors, highlighting the common issue of medical professionals ignoring serious symptoms.', 'The impact of the misdiagnosis on the emotional, psychological, and intellectual aspects of dealing with a long and uncertain journey of illness, reflecting the complexities and challenges of facing a major medical issue.']}, {'end': 5139.741, 'start': 4796.609, 'title': "Contemplating mortality and life's purpose", 'summary': 'Delves into a profound exploration of mortality and its impact on life choices, highlighting the realization that impending death often fails to prompt significant life changes, and the subsequent pursuit of a purpose driven life focused on the search for connection and meaning.', 'duration': 343.132, 'highlights': ['The realization that impending death often fails to prompt significant life changes, as observed through the lack of action in response to the question of what one would do differently if given a limited time to live.', "The pursuit of a purpose-driven life focused on the search for connection and meaning, exemplified by the decision to devote the rest of one's life to finding another Earth and the exploration of the significance of seeking connection and love.", "The impact of mortality on the fear of loss, as evidenced by the reluctance to dwell on the eventual end of a beloved dog's life and the philosophical perspective that the fear of death underpins all human actions and behaviors."]}, {'end': 5414.072, 'start': 5140.101, 'title': 'Rediscovering joy after loss', 'summary': 'Discusses the journey of rediscovering joy after loss, finding moments of light in grief, and the hope of discovering earth-like planets, with emphasis on the importance of love, positivity, and the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life.', 'duration': 273.971, 'highlights': ['The journey of rediscovering joy after loss is described as finding moments of light in grief, such as children laughing, colleagues supporting, and connecting with other widows, evolving from tiny islands to continents of joy. Rediscovering joy after loss, finding moments of light in grief, evolving joy from tiny islands to continents, connecting with other widows.', 'The importance of staying open to positivity and actively engaging with life is highlighted as essential in rediscovering the beauty of life after loss. Importance of positivity, actively engaging with life, rediscovering the beauty of life.', "The hope of discovering Earth-like planets, particularly finding one with signs of water and gases that don't belong, is discussed as a source of joy and an ongoing pursuit to fuel the next generation's exploration. Hope of discovering Earth-like planets, finding signs of water and unique gases, fueling the next generation's exploration."]}], 'duration': 811.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y4602372.jpg', 'highlights': ['The struggle with the medical system and feeling disregarded and mistrusted by doctors, leading to a sense of helplessness and uncertainty.', 'The emotional toll of potentially facing a life-threatening illness and the fear of a misdiagnosis, particularly in relation to the experience of a loved one with a similar symptom.', 'The frustration of dealing with a misdiagnosed 100% intestinal blockage, leading to anger and shock.', 'The impact of the misdiagnosis on the emotional, psychological, and intellectual aspects of dealing with a long and uncertain journey of illness, reflecting the complexities and challenges of facing a major medical issue.', "The pursuit of a purpose-driven life focused on the search for connection and meaning, exemplified by the decision to devote the rest of one's life to finding another Earth and the exploration of the significance of seeking connection and love.", 'The realization that impending death often fails to prompt significant life changes, as observed through the lack of action in response to the question of what one would do differently if given a limited time to live.', "The impact of mortality on the fear of loss, as evidenced by the reluctance to dwell on the eventual end of a beloved dog's life and the philosophical perspective that the fear of death underpins all human actions and behaviors.", 'The journey of rediscovering joy after loss is described as finding moments of light in grief, such as children laughing, colleagues supporting, and connecting with other widows, evolving from tiny islands to continents of joy.', "The hope of discovering Earth-like planets, particularly finding one with signs of water and gases that don't belong, is discussed as a source of joy and an ongoing pursuit to fuel the next generation's exploration.", 'The importance of staying open to positivity and actively engaging with life is highlighted as essential in rediscovering the beauty of life after loss.']}, {'end': 6085.478, 'segs': [{'end': 5499.655, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5467.339, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5469.54, 'text': "It's like middle school, I think, or maybe elementary.", 'start': 5467.339, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 5470.4, 'text': 'Yeah, something like that.', 'start': 5469.58, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 5472.441, 'text': "I'm so surprised you've even heard of this book.", 'start': 5470.66, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 5473.542, 'text': "It's just amazing.", 'start': 5472.481, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 5477.564, 'text': "Yeah, but it's the value of giving the right book to a person at the right time.", 'start': 5473.562, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 5481.366, 'text': "Wow Because it's very accessible.", 'start': 5477.764, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 5484.387, 'text': 'Do we want to share what the story is without spoiling it?', 'start': 5482.246, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 5488.149, 'text': 'Yeah, you can, without spoiling, right?', 'start': 5486.048, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 5492.071, 'text': 'Well, it follows this boy in this very utopic society.', 'start': 5488.209, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 5492.791, 'text': "that's perfect.", 'start': 5492.071, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 5494.973, 'text': "It's been all clean cut and made perfect actually.", 'start': 5492.931, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 5499.655, 'text': "As he comes of age, he starts realizing something's wrong with his world.", 'start': 5495.693, 'duration': 3.962}], 'summary': 'Discussion about a book set in a utopic society, emphasizing the value of the right book at the right time.', 'duration': 32.316, 'max_score': 5467.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5467339.jpg'}, {'end': 5719.414, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5694.741, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5700.204, 'text': "And when you picture a scientist, you probably don't picture the women and women of color in this film.", 'start': 5694.741, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 5702.785, 'text': 'And it is a way to get outside your box.', 'start': 5701.044, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 5712.19, 'text': 'I really think everyone interested in science, even just peripherally, should watch this because it is shocking and sobering at the same time.', 'start': 5703.946, 'duration': 8.244}, {'end': 5719.414, 'text': 'And it talks about how well, I think one of the messages across is you know, we really are like.', 'start': 5712.51, 'duration': 6.904}], 'summary': 'Highlighting underrepresented scientists in a shocking and sobering film.', 'duration': 24.673, 'max_score': 5694.741, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5694741.jpg'}, {'end': 5782.421, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5738.469, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5741.471, 'text': "And the movie really helps open people's eyes to it.", 'start': 5738.469, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 5746.615, 'text': 'This book I put third because unlike The Giver, people may not want to read it.', 'start': 5742.332, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 5747.536, 'text': "It's not as relevant.", 'start': 5746.675, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 5750.418, 'text': 'But when I was in my early 20s,', 'start': 5747.576, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 5759.605, 'text': 'I went to this big this like 800 people large conference run by the Wilderness Canoe Association in my hometown of Toronto.', 'start': 5750.418, 'duration': 9.187}, {'end': 5765.108, 'text': "And there was a family friend there who I met, and he said, read this book, it'll change your life.", 'start': 5760.245, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 5767.11, 'text': 'And it actually changed my life.', 'start': 5765.969, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 5771.813, 'text': 'And it was a book called Sleeping Island by an author, P.G.', 'start': 5768.151, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 5775.496, 'text': 'Downs, who just coincidentally lived in this area, lived in the Boston area.', 'start': 5771.853, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 5778.118, 'text': 'And he was a teacher, I think at a private school.', 'start': 5775.996, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 5782.421, 'text': 'And every summer he would go to Canada with a canoe, often by himself.', 'start': 5778.138, 'duration': 4.283}], 'summary': "The book 'sleeping island' by p.g. downs changed the speaker's life, recommended at a conference with 800 people.", 'duration': 43.952, 'max_score': 5738.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5738469.jpg'}, {'end': 5914.194, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5884.639, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5886.16, 'text': 'I do have some advice just to succeed.', 'start': 5884.639, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 5892.384, 'text': "It's tough advice in a way, but it is to find something that you love doing that you're also very good at.", 'start': 5886.28, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 5898.649, 'text': "And in some ways the stars have to align because you've got to find that thing you're good at or the range of things.", 'start': 5892.405, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 5902.992, 'text': 'And it actually has to overlap with something that actually you love doing every day.', 'start': 5899.59, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 5904.753, 'text': "So it's not a tedious job.", 'start': 5903.272, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 5907.095, 'text': "That's the best way to succeed.", 'start': 5905.974, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5914.194, 'text': "What were the signals that, in your own life, were there to make you realize you're good at something?", 'start': 5907.369, 'duration': 6.825}], 'summary': 'To succeed, find something you love and are good at, to avoid a tedious job.', 'duration': 29.555, 'max_score': 5884.639, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5884639.jpg'}, {'end': 6017.76, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5990.386, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5993.248, 'text': 'and the search for exoplanets is kind of part of that.', 'start': 5990.386, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 5998.531, 'text': 'But what do you think is the meaning of it all, of life? I wish I had a good answer for you.', 'start': 5994.469, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 6007.135, 'text': "I think you're the first person ever who refused to answer the question.", 'start': 6003.033, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 6008.635, 'text': "It's not so much refusing.", 'start': 6007.155, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 6010.977, 'text': 'I just, yeah, I mean, I wish I had a better answer.', 'start': 6008.655, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 6012.637, 'text': "It's, it's why we're here.", 'start': 6011.437, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 6017.76, 'text': "It's almost like the meaning is, uh, wishing there was a meaning.", 'start': 6012.797, 'duration': 4.963}], 'summary': 'The search for exoplanets is part of the quest to understand the meaning of life, with no clear answer offered.', 'duration': 27.374, 'max_score': 5990.386, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5990386.jpg'}], 'start': 5415.424, 'title': 'Personal inspirations and scientific journeys', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of 'the giver' and 'picture a scientist', emphasizing diversity and inclusion, and showcases sarah seeger's journey to discovering exoplanets, highlighting her advice for success and the importance of finding one's passion.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5738.409, 'start': 5415.424, 'title': 'The giver and picture a scientist', 'summary': "Discusses the profound impact of the book 'the giver' on the speaker's life and its value in prompting individuals to think outside the confines of society, as well as the importance of diversity and inclusion highlighted in the film 'picture a scientist'.", 'duration': 322.985, 'highlights': ["The Giver's impact on thinking outside societal confines The book 'The Giver' had a profound impact on the speaker's life, prompting individuals to think outside the confines of society and question the evolution towards a better place.", "The value of giving the right book at the right time The speaker emphasizes the value of giving the right book, like 'The Giver', to individuals at the right time, as it can have a profound impact on their lives, especially in middle school or early high school.", "The importance of diversity and inclusion in science The film 'Picture a Scientist' highlights the need for diversity and inclusion in science, addressing the issue of stereotyping and exclusion of talented individuals, urging for a more open and diverse mindset."]}, {'end': 6085.478, 'start': 5738.469, 'title': "Sarah seeger's journey to discovering exoplanets", 'summary': "Showcases sarah seeger's journey from being inspired by a book to exploring canadian wilderness, highlighting her advice for success and reflecting on the meaning of life, while emphasizing the importance of finding one's passion and aligning it with their strengths for success.", 'duration': 347.009, 'highlights': ["Sarah Seeger's life-changing experience with the book 'Sleeping Island' led her to explore the Canadian wilderness, emphasizing the impact of literature in shaping her life and experiences.", "Seeger's advice for success is to find something one loves doing and is good at, highlighting the importance of aligning passion and strengths for achieving success.", 'Seeger reflects on the meaning of life, expressing the longing for understanding the purpose and meaning behind human existence.']}], 'duration': 670.054, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-jA2ABHBc6Y/pics/-jA2ABHBc6Y5415424.jpg', 'highlights': ["The importance of diversity and inclusion in science The film 'Picture a Scientist' highlights the need for diversity and inclusion in science, addressing the issue of stereotyping and exclusion of talented individuals, urging for a more open and diverse mindset.", "The Giver's impact on thinking outside societal confines The book 'The Giver' had a profound impact on the speaker's life, prompting individuals to think outside the confines of society and question the evolution towards a better place.", "The value of giving the right book at the right time The speaker emphasizes the value of giving the right book, like 'The Giver', to individuals at the right time, as it can have a profound impact on their lives, especially in middle school or early high school.", "Sarah Seeger's life-changing experience with the book 'Sleeping Island' led her to explore the Canadian wilderness, emphasizing the impact of literature in shaping her life and experiences.", "Seeger's advice for success is to find something one loves doing and is good at, highlighting the importance of aligning passion and strengths for achieving success.", 'Seeger reflects on the meaning of life, expressing the longing for understanding the purpose and meaning behind human existence.']}], 'highlights': ['Sarah Seager is a planetary scientist at MIT, renowned for her work on the search for exoplanets.', "Her new book, 'The Smallest Lights in the Universe', a memoir, is set to be released on August 18th.", 'The memoir intertwines personal life stories with her love for and research on exoplanets.', 'The chapter delves into the concept of extraterrestrial life and its implications for humanity, expressing both excitement and terror at the possibility. It also emphasizes the significance of making contact with the unknown and different entities that could reveal profound insights about human existence.', 'The vastness of the universe with hundreds of billions of stars and galaxies, making it likely for life to exist somewhere.', 'The chapter explores the concept of habitable planets, highlighting the discovery of an Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri.', 'The TESS mission is surveying a large number of stars, including approximately 30,000 red dwarf stars.', 'The importance of oxygen as an indicator of life on exoplanets is highlighted.', 'The evolution of exoplanet research is discussed, with over a thousand people working in the field and thousands of known exoplanets.', 'The search for signs of intelligent life involves the challenges of detecting and communicating with potential intelligent civilizations, as well as the potential of discovering signs of intelligent life through SETI in the next couple of decades.', "The rise of cyanobacteria billions of years ago led to 20% of the atmosphere having oxygen, representing a significant impact on Earth's atmosphere.", 'The excitement and curiosity around extraterrestrial life and aliens are portrayed as a scientific question and a driver of discovery.', 'The speaker emphasizes that individuals in institutions like NASA, MIT, academia, and government are often genuinely curious and want to discover things, rather than trying to hide information.', 'Estimates suggest billions of trillions of habitable planets exist.', 'The positive impact of commercial space companies, such as SpaceX, on space exploration is emphasized, particularly in lowering the cost of getting to space through reusable rockets.', 'The human desire to explore space and the potential for unexpected discoveries through pure exploratory research are emphasized.', 'The struggle with the medical system and feeling disregarded and mistrusted by doctors, leading to a sense of helplessness and uncertainty.', 'The emotional toll of potentially facing a life-threatening illness and the fear of a misdiagnosis, particularly in relation to the experience of a loved one with a similar symptom.', 'The importance of staying open to positivity and actively engaging with life is highlighted as essential in rediscovering the beauty of life after loss.', "The importance of diversity and inclusion in science The film 'Picture a Scientist' highlights the need for diversity and inclusion in science, addressing the issue of stereotyping and exclusion of talented individuals, urging for a more open and diverse mindset.", 'Seeger reflects on the meaning of life, expressing the longing for understanding the purpose and meaning behind human existence.']}