title
Marc Andreessen: Future of the Internet, Technology, and AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #386

description
Marc Andreessen is the co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod to get 3 months free - AG1: https://drinkag1.com/lex to get 1 year of Vitamin D and 5 free travel packs TRANSCRIPT: https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-transcript EPISODE LINKS: Marc's Twitter: https://twitter.com/pmarca Marc's Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com Marc's YouTube channel: https://youtube.com/@a16z Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com Why AI will save the world (essay): https://a16z.com/2023/06/06/ai-will-save-the-world Books mentioned: 1. When Reason Goes on Holiday (book): https://amzn.to/3p80b1K 2. Superintelligence (book): https://amzn.to/3N7sc1A 3. Lenin (book): https://amzn.to/43L8YWD 4. The Ancient City (book): https://amzn.to/43GzReb PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:06 - Google Search 8:54 - LLM training 21:25 - Truth 27:38 - Journalism 37:29 - AI startups 42:51 - Future of browsers 49:15 - History of browsers 55:16 - Steve Jobs 1:09:50 - Software engineering 1:17:05 - JavaScript 1:21:23 - Netscape 1:26:27 - Why AI will save the world 1:34:26 - Dangers of AI 2:04:46 - Nuclear energy 2:16:43 - Misinformation 2:32:02 - AI and the economy 2:38:10 - China 2:42:22 - Evolution of technology 2:51:41 - How to learn 2:59:50 - Advice for young people 3:02:40 - Balance and happiness 3:09:16 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Marc Andreessen: Future of the Internet, Technology, and AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #386', 'heatmap': [{'end': 4943.368, 'start': 4828.842, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Marc andreessen discusses the future of search, ai, and the internet evolution, challenges and impacts of ai and media, startup challenges, technological revolution in the 1980s, evolution of tech and web development, netscape era, ai risks and psychological dangers, predictive models and nuclear ethics, ai's future impact on the economy, ai risks and challenges of startup founders, and learning, focus, and innovation.", 'chapters': [{'end': 784.224, 'segs': [{'end': 163.014, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 134.259, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 136.6, 'text': 'By the way, actually, Google has known this for a long time.', 'start': 134.259, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 140.003, 'text': "They've been driving away from the 10 blue links for two days.", 'start': 136.841, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 141.444, 'text': "They've been trying to get away from that for a long time.", 'start': 140.023, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 143.485, 'text': 'What kind of links? They call it the 10 blue links.', 'start': 141.524, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 144.686, 'text': '10 blue links.', 'start': 144.045, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 147.768, 'text': 'The standard Google search result is just 10 blue links to random websites.', 'start': 144.706, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 149.589, 'text': 'And they turn purple when you visit them.', 'start': 148.248, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 150.709, 'text': "That's HTML.", 'start': 149.889, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 154.751, 'text': 'Guess who picked those colors? Thanks.', 'start': 150.789, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 156.751, 'text': "So I'm touchy on this topic.", 'start': 155.451, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 157.432, 'text': 'No offense.', 'start': 156.951, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 158.752, 'text': "It's good.", 'start': 158.352, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 163.014, 'text': 'Well, you know, like Marshall McLuhan said that the content of each new medium is the old medium.', 'start': 159.252, 'duration': 3.762}], 'summary': 'Google has been moving away from the standard 10 blue links for two days.', 'duration': 28.755, 'max_score': 134.259, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8134259.jpg'}, {'end': 250.601, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 221.4, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 224.884, 'text': 'the AI, and then the AI will manipulate it however you want, including in this format.', 'start': 221.4, 'duration': 3.484}, {'end': 228.287, 'text': "But if we ask that question quite seriously, it's a pretty big question.", 'start': 225.064, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 232.492, 'text': 'Will we still have search as we know it? Probably not.', 'start': 228.328, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 233.453, 'text': "Probably we'll just have answers.", 'start': 232.512, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 238.819, 'text': "But there will be cases where you'll want to say, okay, I want more, for example, site sources.", 'start': 234.614, 'duration': 4.205}, {'end': 241.216, 'text': 'And you want it to do that.', 'start': 240.035, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 244.138, 'text': 'And so the 10 blue links site sources are kind of the same thing.', 'start': 241.236, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 250.601, 'text': 'The AI would provide to you the 10 blue links so that you can investigate the sources yourself.', 'start': 244.718, 'duration': 5.883}], 'summary': 'Ai will transform search, possibly leading to more direct answers and provision of sources.', 'duration': 29.201, 'max_score': 221.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8221400.jpg'}, {'end': 360.057, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 316.723, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 322.325, 'text': "since one of the earliest directories of website, and then Google's, for 20 years.", 'start': 316.723, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 331.853, 'text': 'And also, It drove how we create content, you know, search engine optimization, that entirety thing.', 'start': 322.725, 'duration': 9.128}, {'end': 336.116, 'text': 'It also drove the fact that we have web pages and what those web pages are.', 'start': 331.893, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 340.681, 'text': 'So I mean, is that scary to you??', 'start': 337.117, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 345.485, 'text': 'Or are you nervous about the shape and the content of the internet evolving??', 'start': 341.081, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 349.388, 'text': 'Well, you actually highlighted a practical concern in there, which is if we stop making,', 'start': 345.805, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 352.811, 'text': 'web pages are one of the primary sources of training data for the AI.', 'start': 349.388, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 357.835, 'text': "And so if there's no longer an incentive to make web pages, that cuts off a significant source of future training data.", 'start': 353.171, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 360.057, 'text': "So there's actually an interesting question in there.", 'start': 357.855, 'duration': 2.202}], 'summary': 'The evolution of the internet has implications for ai training data and content creation.', 'duration': 43.334, 'max_score': 316.723, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8316723.jpg'}, {'end': 663.869, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 641.214, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 649.823, 'text': 'Those are all central questions for the future of everything that are being asked, and those answers are being determined right now.', 'start': 641.214, 'duration': 8.609}, {'end': 655.181, 'text': "So, just to highlight the points you're making,", 'start': 650.157, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 663.869, 'text': "you think and it's an interesting thought that the majority of content that LLMs of the future will be trained on is actually human conversations with the LLM.", 'start': 655.181, 'duration': 8.688}], 'summary': 'Future of llms relies on human conversations for training.', 'duration': 22.655, 'max_score': 641.214, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8641214.jpg'}], 'start': 0.029, 'title': 'The future of search, ai, and the internet evolution', 'summary': 'Delves into the potential impact of ai on search capabilities, the evolving shape and content of the internet, the role of web pages in ai training data, the shift from search to direct answers, the concept of semantic web, implications of conversations with ai, and the use of synthetic training data for llms.', 'chapters': [{'end': 294.926, 'start': 0.029, 'title': 'Future of search and ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the future of search and ai, with a focus on the potential impact of ai on search capabilities and the evolution of human interaction with knowledge, as well as the role of ai in generating search results.', 'duration': 294.897, 'highlights': ["Marc Andreessen's perspective on the future of search and AI, including the potential for AI to transform search capabilities and the idea that search will evolve into providing direct answers rather than traditional links.", "The discussion on AI's ability to interact and expose human wisdom and knowledge and the potential for AI to manipulate internet content, offering a more interactive and refined search experience.", 'The conversation about the evolution of search, with the possibility of AI generating search results and providing sources for investigation, ultimately transforming the way humans interact with knowledge.', "The reference to Google's shift away from the traditional 10 blue links search results, indicating a move towards a more dynamic and interactive search experience driven by AI technology."]}, {'end': 784.224, 'start': 295.246, 'title': 'Evolution of the internet and ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of search on the internet, the evolving shape and content of the internet, the role of web pages in ai training data, the shift from search to direct answers, the concept of semantic web, the implications of conversations with ai, and the use of synthetic training data for llms.', 'duration': 488.978, 'highlights': ["The shift from search to direct answers by Google, as seen in the Google OneBox, and the concept of semantic web Google's shift from providing 10 blue links to direct answers, as well as the attempt to implement the semantic web through companies like MetaWeb, demonstrate the evolving nature of the internet and search functionality.", "The potential impact of the evolving internet on the creation of web pages and AI training data The concern that a shift in internet content may impact the availability of web pages as primary AI training data, highlighting the practical implications of the internet's evolution on AI development.", "The role of human conversations with LLMs as potential training data and the question of synthetic training data's effectiveness for LLMs The discussion on using human conversations with LLMs as potential training data and the uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of synthetic training data poses significant questions for the future of AI development and its implications on content generation."]}], 'duration': 784.195, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ829.jpg', 'highlights': ["AI's potential to transform search capabilities and provide direct answers rather than traditional links.", "AI's ability to manipulate internet content for a more interactive search experience.", "Google's shift from traditional 10 blue links search results to a more dynamic and interactive search experience driven by AI technology.", 'The evolving nature of the internet and search functionality, including the implementation of the semantic web.', 'The impact of evolving internet content on the availability of web pages as primary AI training data.', 'The potential use of human conversations with LLMs as training data and the uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of synthetic training data for LLMs.']}, {'end': 1599.467, 'segs': [{'end': 856.972, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 828.94, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 832.441, 'text': "And you're saying, because that could 10x the power of these things.", 'start': 828.94, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 835.539, 'text': 'Well, and then you get into this thing also, which is like you know,', 'start': 833.038, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 838.641, 'text': "there's the part of the LLM that just basically is doing prediction based on past data.", 'start': 835.539, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 842.243, 'text': "But there's also the part of the LLM where it's evolving circuitry right?", 'start': 838.681, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 843.424, 'text': "Inside it it's evolving.", 'start': 842.303, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 846.326, 'text': 'you know, neurons functions, be able to do math and be able to.', 'start': 843.424, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 848.307, 'text': 'you know, and you know.', 'start': 846.326, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 849.427, 'text': 'some people believe that you know.', 'start': 848.307, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 853.07, 'text': 'over time, you know, if you keep feeding these things enough data and enough processing cycles,', 'start': 849.427, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 855.371, 'text': "they'll eventually evolve an entire internal world model right?", 'start': 853.07, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 856.972, 'text': "And they'll have, like, a complete understanding of physics.", 'start': 855.391, 'duration': 1.581}], 'summary': 'Llm could 10x power, evolve circuitry, and develop internal world model.', 'duration': 28.032, 'max_score': 828.94, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8828940.jpg'}, {'end': 896.514, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 864.81, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 868.893, 'text': 'Well, this actually makes me wonder about the power of conversation.', 'start': 864.81, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 876.159, 'text': 'So if you have an LLM trained on a bunch of books that cover different economics theories and then you have those LLMs,', 'start': 870.094, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 877.82, 'text': 'just talk to each other like reason.', 'start': 876.159, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 886.087, 'text': 'the way we kind of debate each other as humans on Twitter, in formal debates, in podcast conversations,', 'start': 877.82, 'duration': 8.267}, {'end': 888.288, 'text': 'we kind of have little kernels of wisdom here and there.', 'start': 886.087, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 896.514, 'text': 'But if you can, like a thousand X, speed that up, Can you actually arrive somewhere new?', 'start': 888.609, 'duration': 7.905}], 'summary': 'Exploring the potential of ai conversation to accelerate knowledge exchange and innovation.', 'duration': 31.704, 'max_score': 864.81, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8864810.jpg'}, {'end': 1126.716, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1097.813, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1101.936, 'text': "But you don't know if some of those things are kind of just straight up made up.", 'start': 1097.813, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 1104.891, 'text': 'Yeah, so several layers to the question.', 'start': 1103.291, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 1107.732, 'text': 'So one is one of the things that an LLM is good at is actually de-biasing.', 'start': 1104.911, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 1111.533, 'text': 'And so you can feed it a news article and you can tell it strip out the bias.', 'start': 1108.592, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 1113.653, 'text': "Yeah, that's nice, right? And it actually does it.", 'start': 1111.713, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 1117.894, 'text': 'Like it actually knows how to do that because it knows how to do, among other things, it actually knows how to do sentiment analysis.', 'start': 1113.713, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 1119.534, 'text': 'And so it knows how to pull out the emotionality.', 'start': 1117.934, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 1122.775, 'text': "Yeah And so that's one of things you can do.", 'start': 1119.554, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 1126.716, 'text': "It's very suggestive of the sense here that there's real potential in this issue.", 'start': 1122.815, 'duration': 3.901}], 'summary': 'Llm can de-bias news articles and perform sentiment analysis, suggesting real potential.', 'duration': 28.903, 'max_score': 1097.813, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81097813.jpg'}, {'end': 1151.255, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1127.657, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1134.43, 'text': "I would say, look, the second thing is there's this issue of hallucination, right? And there's a long conversation that we could have about that.", 'start': 1127.657, 'duration': 6.773}, {'end': 1138.839, 'text': 'Hallucination is coming up with things that are totally not true, but sound true.', 'start': 1134.631, 'duration': 4.208}, {'end': 1142.713, 'text': "Yeah So it's basically, well, so it's, it's sort of hallucination is what we call it when we don't like it.", 'start': 1139.212, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 1144.393, 'text': 'Creativity is what we call it when we do like it.', 'start': 1142.853, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 1147.454, 'text': 'Right Um, and you know, brilliant.', 'start': 1144.894, 'duration': 2.56}, {'end': 1150.635, 'text': "Right And, and so when the engineers talk about it, they're like, this is terrible.", 'start': 1147.594, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 1151.255, 'text': "It's hallucinating.", 'start': 1150.675, 'duration': 0.58}], 'summary': "Hallucination vs. creativity: engineers dislike it, it's called terrible. creativity is liked.", 'duration': 23.598, 'max_score': 1127.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81127657.jpg'}, {'end': 1188.965, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1161.658, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1166.921, 'text': 'Well, bullshit, but, but also in the good sense of that word, There are shades of gray, though.', 'start': 1161.658, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 1167.401, 'text': "It's interesting.", 'start': 1166.941, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 1168.402, 'text': 'So we had this conversation.', 'start': 1167.421, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 1171.785, 'text': "We're looking at my firm at AI and lots of domains, and one of them is the legal domain.", 'start': 1168.422, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 1175.448, 'text': "So we had this conversation with this big law firm about how they're thinking about using this stuff.", 'start': 1171.805, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 1180.213, 'text': 'And we went in with the assumption that an LLM that was going to be used in the legal industry would have to be 100% truthful, verified.', 'start': 1175.509, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 1188.965, 'text': "There's this case where this lawyer apparently submitted a GPT-generated brief and it had fake legal case citations in it,", 'start': 1182.675, 'duration': 6.29}], 'summary': "Ai's impact on the legal industry, with a case of gpt-generated fake legal case citations.", 'duration': 27.307, 'max_score': 1161.658, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81161658.jpg'}, {'end': 1316.591, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1285.422, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1289.105, 'text': 'Yeah, if you were to tell me about Wikipedia before Wikipedia was created,', 'start': 1285.422, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 1292.568, 'text': 'I would have laughed at the possibility of something like that being possible.', 'start': 1289.105, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 1303.591, 'text': 'just a handful of folks can organize, write and moderate with a mostly unbiased way the entirety of human knowledge.', 'start': 1292.568, 'duration': 11.023}, {'end': 1311.266, 'text': "So if there's something like the approach that Wikipedia took possible for MLMs, that's really exciting.", 'start': 1304.781, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 1316.591, 'text': "Do you think that's possible? And in fact, Wikipedia today is still not deterministically correct.", 'start': 1311.286, 'duration': 5.305}], 'summary': "Wikipedia's success seemed unlikely, but is now a model for unbiased knowledge organization, with potential for application in other areas.", 'duration': 31.169, 'max_score': 1285.422, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81285422.jpg'}, {'end': 1399.416, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1365.663, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1369.265, 'text': 'or 4,000 years of human civilization is actually getting to the truth is actually a very difficult thing to do.', 'start': 1365.663, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 1374.887, 'text': "Are we getting closer? If we look at the entirety of the arc of human history, are we getting closer to the truth? I don't know.", 'start': 1369.285, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 1377.748, 'text': 'Is it possible?', 'start': 1376.527, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 1382.229, 'text': "is it possible that we're getting very far away from the truth because of the internet,", 'start': 1377.748, 'duration': 4.481}, {'end': 1399.416, 'text': "because of how rapidly you can create narratives and just as the entirety of a society just move like crowds in a hysterical way along those narratives that don't have a necessary grounding in whatever the truth is?", 'start': 1382.229, 'duration': 17.187}], 'summary': 'Seeking truth in human history, with doubts about progress due to internet influence.', 'duration': 33.753, 'max_score': 1365.663, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81365663.jpg'}, {'end': 1489.929, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1465.344, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1473.888, 'text': 'And so my typical thing is we just need a huge amount of humility and we need to be very suspicious of people who claim that they have the capital truth.', 'start': 1465.344, 'duration': 8.544}, {'end': 1475.469, 'text': 'And then we need to have..', 'start': 1473.908, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 1485.603, 'text': 'Look, the good news is the enlightenment has bequeathed us with a set of techniques to be able to presumably get closer to truth through the scientific method and rationality and observation and experimentation and hypothesis.', 'start': 1475.469, 'duration': 10.134}, {'end': 1489.929, 'text': "And we need to continue to embrace those even when they give us answers we don't like.", 'start': 1485.723, 'duration': 4.206}], 'summary': 'Embrace humility, skepticism, and enlightenment techniques for truth-seeking.', 'duration': 24.585, 'max_score': 1465.344, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81465344.jpg'}, {'end': 1604.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1577.567, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1582.408, 'text': "This is exactly the point of a huge amount of the human feedback training that's actually happening with these LLMs today.", 'start': 1577.567, 'duration': 4.841}, {'end': 1586.249, 'text': "This is a huge debate that's happening about whether open source AI should be legal.", 'start': 1582.448, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 1597.502, 'text': 'Well, the actual mechanism of doing the human RL with human feedback It seems like such a fundamental and fascinating question.', 'start': 1587.069, 'duration': 10.433}, {'end': 1599.467, 'text': 'How do you select the humans? Exactly.', 'start': 1597.582, 'duration': 1.885}, {'end': 1604.902, 'text': 'How do you select the humans? AI alignment, which everybody is like, oh, that sounds great.', 'start': 1600.55, 'duration': 4.352}], 'summary': 'Debate surrounds legality of open source ai; human feedback training in question.', 'duration': 27.335, 'max_score': 1577.567, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81577567.jpg'}], 'start': 784.665, 'title': 'The potential and challenges of large language models (llms)', 'summary': "Delves into the potential of large language models (llms) to engage in diverse conversations, while also addressing challenges such as truth verification, de-biasing, and the nuanced nature of llms. it emphasizes the impact of wikipedia's approach in organizing human knowledge and the quest for truth amidst the challenges posed by the internet and technology.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1032.05, 'start': 784.665, 'title': 'Power of conversations for llm', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of large language models (llms) to engage in diverse and accelerated conversations, potentially leading to new insights, with a focus on evolving circuitry, fresh signal generation, and controlled debate simulations.', 'duration': 247.385, 'highlights': ['LLMs engaging in diverse conversations could lead to a 10x increase in their power, potentially expanding the scope of possible conversations beyond human data exploration.', 'The evolving circuitry within LLMs could enable them to develop an entire internal world model and a complete understanding of physics, given sufficient data and processing cycles.', 'Controlled debate simulations with LLMs can be steered to generate tense, argumentative discussions or promote good faith and trust, providing a unique approach to exploring contentious issues and learning about different perspectives.', 'The chapter also highlights the potential for LLMs to 10x the power of diverse conversations, leading to the exploration of new insights and perspectives beyond human data, as well as the evolving circuitry within LLMs enabling them to develop an entire internal world model and a complete understanding of physics.']}, {'end': 1285.102, 'start': 1032.131, 'title': 'Challenges of llms in truth verification', 'summary': 'Explores the challenges of truth verification with llms, discussing their capability to de-bias, potential for hallucination, and the need for factual verification, while highlighting the nuanced nature of llms and the shades of gray in their usage.', 'duration': 252.971, 'highlights': ["LLMs' capability to de-bias content through sentiment analysis and strip out bias from news articles is highlighted as a potential solution to the issue of biased content on the internet.", 'The discussion of hallucination in LLMs raises the question of creativity versus making things up, presenting a nuanced perspective on the potential of LLMs to be creative while maintaining factual accuracy.', 'The conversation with a law firm reveals the shades of gray in the usage of LLMs in the legal domain, where the need for creativity in exploring legal arguments is emphasized alongside the importance of factual verification.', 'The potential future evolution of LLMs to handle their own factual verification and the application of various technical approaches to address the hallucination problem are discussed, highlighting ongoing efforts to mitigate the challenges associated with LLMs.']}, {'end': 1599.467, 'start': 1285.422, 'title': "Wikipedia's approach and truth quest", 'summary': "Explores the impact of wikipedia's approach in organizing human knowledge, the quest for truth, and the challenges posed by the internet and technology, questioning the notion of one truth and emphasizing the need for humility and skepticism in determining truth, while discussing the implications of ai and human feedback in the quest for truth.", 'duration': 314.045, 'highlights': ["Wikipedia's approach in organizing human knowledge and its impact The chapter discusses the possibility of applying Wikipedia's approach to MLMs and highlights the success of Wikipedia in probabilistically providing accurate information, emphasizing its superiority over other sources.", 'The quest for truth and challenges posed by the internet and technology The chapter delves into the difficulty of determining truth throughout human history, the rapid creation of narratives in the internet era, and the challenges in ascertaining truth due to internet influence and rapid narrative creation.', 'The need for humility and skepticism in determining truth The chapter emphasizes the necessity of humility, skepticism, and suspicion towards those claiming to possess absolute truth, highlighting the historical influence of kings and priests in dictating truth and the need to embrace scientific methodologies.', 'Implications of AI and human feedback in the quest for truth The chapter explores the implications of AI and human feedback in determining truth, discussing the debate around open source AI and the fundamental questions about selecting humans for providing feedback in AI training.']}], 'duration': 814.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ8784665.jpg', 'highlights': ['LLMs engaging in diverse conversations could lead to a 10x increase in their power, potentially expanding the scope of possible conversations beyond human data exploration.', 'The evolving circuitry within LLMs could enable them to develop an entire internal world model and a complete understanding of physics, given sufficient data and processing cycles.', 'Controlled debate simulations with LLMs can be steered to generate tense, argumentative discussions or promote good faith and trust, providing a unique approach to exploring contentious issues and learning about different perspectives.', "LLMs' capability to de-bias content through sentiment analysis and strip out bias from news articles is highlighted as a potential solution to the issue of biased content on the internet.", 'The discussion of hallucination in LLMs raises the question of creativity versus making things up, presenting a nuanced perspective on the potential of LLMs to be creative while maintaining factual accuracy.', 'The conversation with a law firm reveals the shades of gray in the usage of LLMs in the legal domain, where the need for creativity in exploring legal arguments is emphasized alongside the importance of factual verification.', "Wikipedia's approach in organizing human knowledge and its impact The chapter discusses the possibility of applying Wikipedia's approach to MLMs and highlights the success of Wikipedia in probabilistically providing accurate information, emphasizing its superiority over other sources.", 'The quest for truth and challenges posed by the internet and technology The chapter delves into the difficulty of determining truth throughout human history, the rapid creation of narratives in the internet era, and the challenges in ascertaining truth due to internet influence and rapid narrative creation.', 'The need for humility and skepticism in determining truth The chapter emphasizes the necessity of humility, skepticism, and suspicion towards those claiming to possess absolute truth, highlighting the historical influence of kings and priests in dictating truth and the need to embrace scientific methodologies.', 'Implications of AI and human feedback in the quest for truth The chapter explores the implications of AI and human feedback in determining truth, discussing the debate around open source AI and the fundamental questions about selecting humans for providing feedback in AI training.']}, {'end': 2502.227, 'segs': [{'end': 1676.661, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1640.459, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1644.942, 'text': "very certain that they're in a position to determine the truth for the entire population is like.", 'start': 1640.459, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 1648.584, 'text': "There's some bubble that has formed around that idea,", 'start': 1645.682, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1655.408, 'text': 'and at least it flies completely in the face of everything I was ever trained about science and about reason,', 'start': 1648.584, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 1658.13, 'text': 'and strikes me as deeply offensive and incorrect.', 'start': 1655.408, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 1664.634, 'text': 'What would you say about the state of journalism just on that topic today? Are we in a temporary kind of..', 'start': 1658.53, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 1676.661, 'text': 'Are we experiencing a temporary problem in terms of the incentives, in terms of the business model, all that kind of stuff?', 'start': 1668.717, 'duration': 7.944}], 'summary': 'Challenges in journalism: questioning truth determination and business model incentives.', 'duration': 36.202, 'max_score': 1640.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81640459.jpg'}, {'end': 1705.211, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1679.723, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1685.547, 'text': 'You have to always think about the counterfactual in these things, which is like okay, because these questions right, this question heads towards.', 'start': 1679.723, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 1688.128, 'text': "it's like okay, the impact of social media and the undermining of truth and all this.", 'start': 1685.547, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 1691.39, 'text': 'but then you want to ask the question of like okay, what if we had had the modern media environment,', 'start': 1688.128, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 1696.586, 'text': 'including cable news and including social media and Twitter and everything else, in 1939 or 1941, right?', 'start': 1691.843, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 1700.668, 'text': 'Or 1910 or 1865 or 1850 or 1776, right?', 'start': 1696.646, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 1705.211, 'text': 'And like I think.', 'start': 1701.008, 'duration': 4.203}], 'summary': 'Considering impact of social media on truth, what if historical events had modern media environment?', 'duration': 25.488, 'max_score': 1679.723, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81679723.jpg'}, {'end': 1831.846, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1805.444, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1811.17, 'text': 'and they do it across everything from the military to clergy and big business and the media, and so forth.', 'start': 1805.444, 'duration': 5.726}, {'end': 1818.117, 'text': "Basically, there's been a systemic collapse in trust in institutions in the US, almost without exception, basically since essentially the early 1970s.", 'start': 1811.21, 'duration': 6.907}, {'end': 1825.82, 'text': "There's two ways of looking at that, which is oh my God, we've lost this old world in which we could trust institutions, and that was so much better,", 'start': 1820.574, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 1827.321, 'text': 'because that should be the way the world runs.', 'start': 1825.82, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1831.846, 'text': "The other way of looking at it is we just know a lot more now and the great mystery is why those numbers aren't all zero.", 'start': 1827.341, 'duration': 4.505}], 'summary': 'Systemic collapse in trust in us institutions since the early 1970s, impacting military, clergy, big business, and media.', 'duration': 26.402, 'max_score': 1805.444, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81805444.jpg'}, {'end': 1896.064, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1867.263, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1873.288, 'text': 'In other words, your experience of reality changes reality, and then reality changes your experience of reality.', 'start': 1867.263, 'duration': 6.025}, {'end': 1878.732, 'text': "It's a two-way feedback process, and media is the intermediating force between that.", 'start': 1873.408, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 1880.414, 'text': 'So change the media environment, change reality.', 'start': 1878.772, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 1882.655, 'text': "Yeah, And so it's just so.", 'start': 1880.894, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 1888.519, 'text': "just as a consequence, I think it's just really hard to say oh, things worked a certain way then and they work a different way now.", 'start': 1882.655, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 1896.064, 'text': 'And then therefore, like people were smarter than or better than or, you know, by the way, dumber than or not as capable than.', 'start': 1888.9, 'duration': 7.164}], 'summary': 'Media shapes reality, a two-way feedback process. changing media changes reality.', 'duration': 28.801, 'max_score': 1867.263, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81867263.jpg'}, {'end': 2162.061, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2127.952, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2130.852, 'text': 'Sitting here today is a really big question about the big models versus the small models.', 'start': 2127.952, 'duration': 2.9}, {'end': 2134.793, 'text': "That's related directly to the big question of proprietary versus open.", 'start': 2131.693, 'duration': 3.1}, {'end': 2139.335, 'text': "Then there's this big question of where is the training data?", 'start': 2136.094, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 2141.515, 'text': 'Are we topping out of the training data or not?', 'start': 2139.755, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 2143.356, 'text': 'And then are we going to be able to synthesize training data?', 'start': 2141.615, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2148.617, 'text': "And then there's a huge pile of questions around regulation and what's actually going to be legal.", 'start': 2144.196, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 2153.579, 'text': 'And so when we think about it, we dovetail kind of all those questions together.', 'start': 2149.317, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 2162.061, 'text': "You can paint a picture of the world where there's two or three God models that are just at like staggering scale and they're just better at everything.", 'start': 2154.439, 'duration': 7.622}], 'summary': 'Debating big vs. small models, proprietary vs. open, and regulation concerns in ai.', 'duration': 34.109, 'max_score': 2127.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82127952.jpg'}], 'start': 1600.55, 'title': 'Challenges and impacts of ai and media', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges of ai alignment, human values impact on decision-making, and the decline of trust in institutions due to media. it also explores the future scenarios of ai development with a focus on big models owned by tech giants and the rise of open source models.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1658.13, 'start': 1600.55, 'title': 'Challenges of ai alignment', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of ai alignment and the impact of human values on decision-making, highlighting the risk of certain groups in positions of power becoming overconfident in determining truth for the entire population.', 'duration': 57.58, 'highlights': ["The level to which people in positions of power have become very certain that they're in a position to determine the truth for the entire population is a notable concern.", 'The discussion raises questions about AI alignment and the impact of human values on decision-making.', 'The social context highlights the risk of certain groups becoming overconfident in determining truth, impacting public perception and trust.', 'The speaker finds the overconfidence of certain groups in determining truth as deeply offensive and incorrect, challenging the principles of science and reason.']}, {'end': 1973.002, 'start': 1658.53, 'title': 'Impact of media on reality', 'summary': 'Explores the impact of media and how it has shaped the perception and understanding of reality, highlighting the decline of trust in institutions and the potential for a two-way feedback process between media and reality, with a focus on the changing landscape of journalism and its implications.', 'duration': 314.472, 'highlights': ['The collapse in trust in institutions in the US has been systemic, with a significant decline in trust since the early 1970s, reflecting a shift in perception and understanding of reality (Gallup poll data).', 'The discussion delves into the potential for a two-way feedback process between media and reality, emphasizing how changing the media environment can alter perceptions and consequently influence reality.', "The impact of social media and modern media environments is explored through thought experiments, raising questions about how historical events and figures would have been interpreted in today's context, highlighting the evolving nature of media's influence on reality.", 'The transcript also touches on the evolving landscape of media, with the concept of large language models (LLMs) potentially becoming the new mainstream media, and the potential for rapid fine-tuning and continuous interpretation of events through LLMs, indicating a shift towards a more integrated and passive media experience.']}, {'end': 2502.227, 'start': 1973.002, 'title': 'Future of ai: big models vs. open source', 'summary': 'Explores the potential future scenarios of ai development, including the dominance of big models owned by a few companies and the rise of open source models, as well as the competitive landscape between tech giants and startups in creating the next breakthrough ai product.', 'duration': 529.225, 'highlights': ['The potential scenarios of AI development: dominance of big models vs. open source models, and the competitive landscape between tech giants and startups in creating the next breakthrough AI product. The transcript discusses the two potential scenarios of AI development: one where a small set of companies own extremely powerful models leading to regulatory capture, and the other where open source models proliferate, driven by decentralized training data and blockchain networks. It also highlights the competitive landscape between tech giants and startups in creating the next breakthrough AI product.', 'The impact of big models and open source models on the future of AI. The discussion delves into the impact of big models and open source models on the future of AI, including the potential for regulatory capture by a small set of companies with powerful models and the proliferation of open source models driven by decentralized training data and blockchain networks.', 'The competitive landscape between tech giants and startups in developing AI breakthrough products. The conversation explores the competitive dynamics between tech giants and startups in the development of the next breakthrough AI product, highlighting the advantages startups have in terms of agility and lack of historical legacy, as well as the potential for a new startup to become the next tech giant by creating a compelling AI product.', 'The missed opportunity and potential future developments at Google in AI advancement. The transcript reveals a missed opportunity by Google to launch a GPT-4 equivalent, highlighting the potential for future developments in AI advancement at Google, including the commitment to AI, resources allocation, and the creation of an advanced super LLM. It also discusses the competitive landscape between big companies and startups in developing breakthrough AI products.', 'The advantages of startups in creating compelling AI products. The conversation emphasizes the advantages startups have in creating compelling AI products, including agility, absence of historical legacy, and the potential to innovate without the need to reconcile with existing strategies, contrasting the communication overhead and bureaucracy of big companies.']}], 'duration': 901.677, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ81600550.jpg', 'highlights': ['The collapse in trust in institutions in the US has been systemic, with a significant decline in trust since the early 1970s, reflecting a shift in perception and understanding of reality (Gallup poll data).', 'The potential scenarios of AI development: dominance of big models vs. open source models, and the competitive landscape between tech giants and startups in creating the next breakthrough AI product.', "The impact of social media and modern media environments is explored through thought experiments, raising questions about how historical events and figures would have been interpreted in today's context, highlighting the evolving nature of media's influence on reality.", 'The discussion delves into the potential for a two-way feedback process between media and reality, emphasizing how changing the media environment can alter perceptions and consequently influence reality.', "The level to which people in positions of power have become very certain that they're in a position to determine the truth for the entire population is a notable concern."]}, {'end': 3016.419, 'segs': [{'end': 2555.637, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2519.937, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2523.158, 'text': "Startups are literally stalled out right now because they can't get chips, which is like super weird.", 'start': 2519.937, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 2525.099, 'text': 'Yeah, they got the cloud.', 'start': 2523.718, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 2526.92, 'text': 'Yeah, but the clouds run out of chips.', 'start': 2525.879, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 2533.344, 'text': 'And then to the extent the clouds have chips, they allocate them to the big customers, not the small customers.', 'start': 2528.361, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 2538.787, 'text': 'So the small companies lack everything other than the ability to just do something new.', 'start': 2533.824, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 2542.069, 'text': 'And this is the timeless race and battle.', 'start': 2540.468, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2545.552, 'text': 'And this is the point I tried to make in the essay, which is both sides of this are good.', 'start': 2542.089, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 2550.895, 'text': "It's really good to have highly scaled tech companies that can do things that are at staggering levels of sophistication.", 'start': 2545.732, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 2553.496, 'text': "It's really good to have startups that can launch brand new ideas.", 'start': 2551.315, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 2555.637, 'text': 'They ought to be able to both do that and compete.', 'start': 2553.736, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': "Startups are struggling due to chip shortage, affecting small companies' ability to innovate and compete with highly scaled tech companies.", 'duration': 35.7, 'max_score': 2519.937, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82519937.jpg'}, {'end': 2746.458, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2714.016, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2717.34, 'text': 'And so one outcome is we come out of this with like a super browser that has AI built in.', 'start': 2714.016, 'duration': 3.324}, {'end': 2718.481, 'text': "That's just like amazing.", 'start': 2717.36, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 2721.904, 'text': "Look, there's a real possibility that the whole I mean look,", 'start': 2719.782, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 2727.168, 'text': "there's a possibility here that the whole idea of a screen and Windows and all this stuff just goes away.", 'start': 2721.904, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 2730.89, 'text': "because, like, why do you need that if you just have a thing that's just telling you whatever you need to know?", 'start': 2727.168, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 2734.972, 'text': "And also so there's apps that you can use.", 'start': 2730.91, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 2740.095, 'text': "You don't really use them, you know, being a Linux guy and Windows guy.", 'start': 2735.272, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 2746.458, 'text': "There's one window, the browser that with which you can interact with the Internet, but on the phone you can also have apps.", 'start': 2740.795, 'duration': 5.663}], 'summary': 'Potential outcome: ai-integrated browser replaces the need for screens and windows, with possibility of app integration.', 'duration': 32.442, 'max_score': 2714.016, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82714016.jpg'}, {'end': 2795.175, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2767.081, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2775.387, 'text': "but just like do what I guess AOL did back in the day or something where it's all right there and it changes everything.", 'start': 2767.081, 'duration': 8.306}, {'end': 2786.205, 'text': 'It changes the nature of the internet because where the content is hosted, who owns the data?', 'start': 2779.036, 'duration': 7.169}, {'end': 2788.247, 'text': 'who owns the content?', 'start': 2786.205, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 2789.629, 'text': 'what is the kind of content you create?', 'start': 2788.247, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 2791.771, 'text': 'how do you make money by creating content?', 'start': 2789.629, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 2794.735, 'text': 'who are the content creators?', 'start': 2791.771, 'duration': 2.964}, {'end': 2795.175, 'text': 'all of that.', 'start': 2794.735, 'duration': 0.44}], 'summary': 'Shift towards centralized content hosting impacts internet dynamics and ownership.', 'duration': 28.094, 'max_score': 2767.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82767081.jpg'}, {'end': 2860.436, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2832.018, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2833.999, 'text': 'Another way to think about it is maybe what the browser is.', 'start': 2832.018, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 2837.562, 'text': "Maybe it's just the escape hatch, which is maybe kind of what it is today.", 'start': 2834.4, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 2843.446, 'text': "Right, Which is like most of what you do is like inside a social network, or inside a search engine, or inside you know somebody's app,", 'start': 2838.283, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 2844.927, 'text': 'or inside some controlled experience.', 'start': 2843.446, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2848.83, 'text': "Right But then every once in a while, there's something where you actually want to jailbreak.", 'start': 2845.167, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 2849.83, 'text': 'You want to actually get free.', 'start': 2848.85, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 2852.292, 'text': 'The web browser is the F you to the man.', 'start': 2849.85, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 2853.112, 'text': "You're allowed to.", 'start': 2852.352, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 2854.593, 'text': "That's the free internet.", 'start': 2853.152, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 2857.275, 'text': 'Yeah Back the way it was in the nineties.', 'start': 2854.773, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 2858.195, 'text': "So here's something I'm proud of.", 'start': 2857.295, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 2858.895, 'text': 'So nobody really talks about it.', 'start': 2858.215, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 2860.436, 'text': "Here's something I'm proud of, which is the web.", 'start': 2858.935, 'duration': 1.501}], 'summary': 'The web browser is the escape hatch for accessing the free internet, reminiscent of the 90s.', 'duration': 28.418, 'max_score': 2832.018, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82832018.jpg'}, {'end': 2990.962, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2964.282, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2968.365, 'text': 'You created Mosaic Web Browser, the first widely used web browser.', 'start': 2964.282, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 2969.246, 'text': 'Tell the story of that.', 'start': 2968.445, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 2973.329, 'text': 'And how did it evolve into Netscape Navigator? Just the early days.', 'start': 2969.486, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 2975.13, 'text': 'Full story.', 'start': 2974.79, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 2976.931, 'text': 'You were born.', 'start': 2975.15, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 2977.872, 'text': 'I was born.', 'start': 2976.951, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 2978.813, 'text': 'A small child.', 'start': 2977.992, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 2981.815, 'text': "Actually, yeah, let's go there.", 'start': 2978.833, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 2990.101, 'text': 'When did you first fall in love with computers? Oh, so I hit the generational jackpot, and I hit the Gen X kind of point perfectly, as it turns out.', 'start': 2982.275, 'duration': 7.826}, {'end': 2990.962, 'text': 'So I was born in 1971.', 'start': 2990.121, 'duration': 0.841}], 'summary': 'Mosaic web browser created, evolved into netscape navigator. born in 1971.', 'duration': 26.68, 'max_score': 2964.282, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82964282.jpg'}], 'start': 2502.327, 'title': 'Startup challenges and web browser evolution', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges faced by startups in acquiring essential resources, impacting their ability to compete, and the potential changes in web browsers including ai integration, speech ui shift, and impact on content creation and ownership.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2570.202, 'start': 2502.327, 'title': 'Startup challenges in the tech industry', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced by startups in acquiring essential resources such as chips, impacting their ability to compete with highly scaled tech companies in launching new ideas.', 'duration': 67.875, 'highlights': ['Startups are facing challenges in acquiring chips, impacting their ability to compete with highly scaled tech companies. Startups are currently stalled as they are unable to get chips, leading to a shortage that hinders their ability to innovate and compete in the tech industry.', 'The importance of startups and highly scaled tech companies coexisting and competing in the tech industry. The coexistence of startups and highly scaled tech companies is vital in driving innovation and competition in the tech industry, without subsidies or protection for either side.', 'The significance of startups having the ability to launch new ideas while competing with highly scaled tech companies. It is crucial for startups to have the freedom to launch new ideas and compete with highly scaled tech companies, contributing to a balanced and competitive tech industry.']}, {'end': 3016.419, 'start': 2570.543, 'title': 'Evolution of web browsers', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential changes in web browsers, including the integration of ai, the shift towards speech ui, the possibility of a screenless interface, and the impact on content creation and ownership, with a focus on preserving the freedom and creativity of the web. it also delves into the history of web browsers and the significance of the escape hatch provided by the web browser. the chapter highlights the potential changes in web browsers, ai integration, the possibility of a screenless interface, the impact on content creation and ownership, and the significance of the escape hatch provided by the web browser.', 'duration': 445.876, 'highlights': ['The potential changes in web browsers, including the integration of AI, the shift towards speech UI, and the possibility of a screenless interface.', 'The impact on content creation and ownership, with a focus on preserving the freedom and creativity of the web.', 'The significance of the escape hatch provided by the web browser, allowing for the freedom of expression and creativity in publishing content.', 'The discussion on the history of web browsers, including the creation of Mosaic Web Browser and its evolution into Netscape Navigator.']}], 'duration': 514.092, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ82502327.jpg', 'highlights': ['Startups are currently stalled as they are unable to get chips, leading to a shortage that hinders their ability to innovate and compete in the tech industry.', 'The coexistence of startups and highly scaled tech companies is vital in driving innovation and competition in the tech industry, without subsidies or protection for either side.', 'It is crucial for startups to have the freedom to launch new ideas and compete with highly scaled tech companies, contributing to a balanced and competitive tech industry.', 'The potential changes in web browsers, including the integration of AI, the shift towards speech UI, and the possibility of a screenless interface.', 'The impact on content creation and ownership, with a focus on preserving the freedom and creativity of the web.', 'The significance of the escape hatch provided by the web browser, allowing for the freedom of expression and creativity in publishing content.', 'The discussion on the history of web browsers, including the creation of Mosaic Web Browser and its evolution into Netscape Navigator.']}, {'end': 3539.886, 'segs': [{'end': 3040.384, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3016.459, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3024.801, 'text': 'But but there was this moment in time where because, you know, sort of the Apple, you know, the Apple to hit like 1978 and then the IBM PC hit in 82.', 'start': 3016.459, 'duration': 8.342}, {'end': 3026.901, 'text': 'So I was like, you know, 11 when the PC came out.', 'start': 3024.801, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 3029.201, 'text': 'And so I just kind of hit that perfectly.', 'start': 3027.681, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 3033.562, 'text': 'And then that was the first moment in time when like regular people could spend a few hundred dollars and get a computer.', 'start': 3029.641, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 3036.303, 'text': 'Right And so that I just like that that that resonated right out of the gate.', 'start': 3033.642, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 3040.384, 'text': 'And then the other part of the story is, you know, I was using an Apple II.', 'start': 3038.183, 'duration': 2.201}], 'summary': "The ibm pc hit in 1982, making computers accessible to regular people, coinciding with the speaker's age of 11 at that time.", 'duration': 23.925, 'max_score': 3016.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83016459.jpg'}, {'end': 3106.396, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3077.683, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3083.245, 'text': 'The other part is when Al Gore says that he created the internet, he actually is correct in a really meaningful way, which is,', 'start': 3077.683, 'duration': 5.562}, {'end': 3089.348, 'text': 'he sponsored a bill in 1985 that essentially created the modern internet, created what is called the NSF net at the time,', 'start': 3083.245, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 3091.629, 'text': 'which is sort of the first really fast internet backbone.', 'start': 3089.348, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 3103.094, 'text': 'And that bill dumped a ton of money into a bunch of research universities to build out basically the internet backbone and then the super computer centers that were clustered around the internet.', 'start': 3093.23, 'duration': 9.864}, {'end': 3105.275, 'text': 'And one of those universities was University of Illinois.', 'start': 3103.254, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 3106.396, 'text': 'where I went to school.', 'start': 3105.715, 'duration': 0.681}], 'summary': 'Al gore sponsored a 1985 bill creating the modern internet, including the nsf net and supercomputer centers.', 'duration': 28.713, 'max_score': 3077.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83077683.jpg'}, {'end': 3245.321, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3220.605, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3226.751, 'text': 'You basically had to be a CS undergrad or equivalent to actually get full use of the internet at that point because it was all pretty esoteric stuff.', 'start': 3220.605, 'duration': 6.146}, {'end': 3230.454, 'text': 'So then that was the other part of the idea, which was, okay, we need to actually make this easy to use.', 'start': 3227.271, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 3238.998, 'text': "So what's involved in creating mosaic, like in creating a graphical interface to the internet? Yeah, so it was a combination of things.", 'start': 3231.395, 'duration': 7.603}, {'end': 3243.38, 'text': 'So it was like basically the web existed in an early sort of described as prototype form.', 'start': 3239.038, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 3245.321, 'text': 'And by the way, text only at that point.', 'start': 3243.82, 'duration': 1.501}], 'summary': 'Early internet required cs background, evolved to graphical interface, text-only initially', 'duration': 24.716, 'max_score': 3220.605, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83220605.jpg'}], 'start': 3016.459, 'title': 'Technological revolution in 1980s', 'summary': "Explores the impact of apple and ibm pc in the 1980s, revolutionizing technology accessibility, and the creation of the modern internet through al gore's 1985 bill. it emphasizes the need to make the internet user-friendly and accessible to everyone.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3060.989, 'start': 3016.459, 'title': 'Impact of apple and ibm pc in 1980s', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of apple and ibm pc in the 1980s, where the availability of personal computers revolutionized technology accessibility, enabling regular people to own a computer and the speaker's fascination with cupertino, which turned out to be different from expectations.", 'duration': 44.53, 'highlights': ['Regular people could spend a few hundred dollars and get a computer, marking a significant shift in technology accessibility.', "The speaker's fascination with Cupertino, California, as the 'shining city on the hill' was later contrasted with the reality of it being a cluster of office parks and low-rise apartment buildings.", 'Introduction of Apple in 1978 and IBM PC in 1982 had a profound impact on technology accessibility and personal computing.']}, {'end': 3539.886, 'start': 3061.75, 'title': 'Creation of internet and influence of al gore', 'summary': "Details the creation of the modern internet through al gore's 1985 bill, the significant impact of being on the internet backbone at the university of illinois, and the prevailing disbelief in the practicality of the internet, with an emphasis on the need to make it user-friendly and accessible to everyone.", 'duration': 478.136, 'highlights': ["Al Gore sponsored a bill in 1985 that essentially created the modern internet, including the NSF net, with a significant investment in research universities. Al Gore's 1985 bill created the modern internet and the NSF net, with substantial funding for research universities.", 'Attending the University of Illinois during the time when significant funding was being allocated to build the internet backbone and supercomputer centers was a stroke of luck. Attending the University of Illinois during the allocation of significant funding for the internet backbone and supercomputer centers was fortuitous.', 'The prevailing view at the time was that normal people would not want to use the internet, and it was considered esoteric and hard to use, emphasizing the need to make it accessible to everyone. The prevailing belief was that normal people would not use the internet, highlighting the need to make it user-friendly and accessible to everyone.', 'The chapter delves into the need to make the internet easy to use and the combination of factors involved in creating a graphical interface for the web. The chapter discusses the necessity of making the internet easy to use and the factors involved in creating a graphical interface for the web.', "Steve Jobs' pursuit of perfection in design and his integrated worldview, driving towards the closest possible perfection in device functionality and aesthetics, is discussed. The chapter explores Steve Jobs' pursuit of perfection in design and his integrated worldview towards device functionality and aesthetics."]}], 'duration': 523.427, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83016459.jpg', 'highlights': ['Regular people could spend a few hundred dollars and get a computer, marking a significant shift in technology accessibility.', 'Introduction of Apple in 1978 and IBM PC in 1982 had a profound impact on technology accessibility and personal computing.', 'Al Gore sponsored a bill in 1985 that essentially created the modern internet, including the NSF net, with a significant investment in research universities.', 'Attending the University of Illinois during the allocation of significant funding for the internet backbone and supercomputer centers was fortuitous.', 'The prevailing belief was that normal people would not use the internet, highlighting the need to make it user-friendly and accessible to everyone.', 'The chapter discusses the necessity of making the internet easy to use and the factors involved in creating a graphical interface for the web.']}, {'end': 4928.614, 'segs': [{'end': 3614.9, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3592.508, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3600.198, 'text': "And one of the things I find really interesting is I'm now 30 years into this like there are very successful companies on both sides of that approach.", 'start': 3592.508, 'duration': 7.69}, {'end': 3607.437, 'text': 'right?. Like that is a fundamental difference in how to operate and how to build and how to create that.', 'start': 3600.198, 'duration': 7.239}, {'end': 3609.758, 'text': 'you have world class companies operating in both ways.', 'start': 3607.437, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 3614.9, 'text': "And I don't think the question of which is the superior model is anywhere close to being answered.", 'start': 3610.858, 'duration': 4.042}], 'summary': 'After 30 years, successful companies operate differently, with no clear superior model.', 'duration': 22.392, 'max_score': 3592.508, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83592508.jpg'}, {'end': 3711.409, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3686.311, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3692.513, 'text': 'And so the Mosaic idea was basically bring those all together, make the whole thing graphical, make it easy to use, make it basically bulletproof,', 'start': 3686.311, 'duration': 6.202}, {'end': 3693.333, 'text': 'so that anybody can do it.', 'start': 3692.513, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 3699.998, 'text': 'And then again, just on the luck side, it so happened that this was right at the moment when graphics, when the GUI sort of actually took off.', 'start': 3694.133, 'duration': 5.865}, {'end': 3704.542, 'text': "And we're now also used to the GUI that we think it's been around forever, but it didn't really.", 'start': 3700.239, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 3705.503, 'text': 'you know.', 'start': 3704.542, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 3709.887, 'text': "the Macintosh brought it out in 85, but they actually didn't sell very many Macs in the 80s.", 'start': 3705.503, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 3711.409, 'text': 'It was not that successful of a product.', 'start': 3709.927, 'duration': 1.482}], 'summary': 'The mosaic idea aimed to create a user-friendly and graphical system, coinciding with the rise of gui in the 80s.', 'duration': 25.098, 'max_score': 3686.311, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83686311.jpg'}, {'end': 3920.349, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3894.575, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3899.06, 'text': "But then there was a button that said, what's new? And what most people did was they went to, for obvious reasons, went to what's new.", 'start': 3894.575, 'duration': 4.485}, {'end': 3904.102, 'text': 'But like, it was so, it was so mind blowing at that point, just the basic idea.', 'start': 3899.68, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 3907.683, 'text': 'And it was just, this was like, you know, this was basically the internet, but people could see it for the first time.', 'start': 3904.122, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 3910.845, 'text': "The basic idea was look, you know some you know it's like literally.", 'start': 3908.124, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 3917.367, 'text': "it's like an Indian restaurant in like Bristol England has like put their menu on the web and people were like wow.", 'start': 3910.845, 'duration': 6.522}, {'end': 3920.349, 'text': "Cause like, that's the first restaurant menu on the web.", 'start': 3917.588, 'duration': 2.761}], 'summary': 'The first restaurant menu on the web was a mind-blowing concept for people.', 'duration': 25.774, 'max_score': 3894.575, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83894575.jpg'}, {'end': 4157.96, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4126.634, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4130.814, 'text': "There was like enormous panic that like your credit card number would get stolen and you'd use life savings to be drained.", 'start': 4126.634, 'duration': 4.18}, {'end': 4132.689, 'text': 'And then, you know, criminals were going to.', 'start': 4131.508, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 4136.011, 'text': 'there was, oh, when we started, one of the things we did, one of the.', 'start': 4132.689, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 4142.615, 'text': 'the Netscape browser was the first widely used piece of consumer software that had strong encryption built in, made it available to ordinary people.', 'start': 4136.011, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 4146.437, 'text': 'And at that time, strong encryption was actually illegal to export out of the US.', 'start': 4142.755, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 4152.098, 'text': 'So we could feel that product in the US, we could not export it because it was classified as ammunition.', 'start': 4147.237, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 4157.96, 'text': 'So the Netscape browser was on a restricted list along with the Tomahawk missile as being something that could not be exported.', 'start': 4152.959, 'duration': 5.001}], 'summary': 'Netscape browser had strong encryption, restricted like tomahawk missile.', 'duration': 31.326, 'max_score': 4126.634, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84126634.jpg'}, {'end': 4306.86, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4277.99, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4280.37, 'text': 'That was how people learned how to make webpages right?', 'start': 4277.99, 'duration': 2.38}, {'end': 4289.784, 'text': "It's so interesting because the stuff we take for granted now is man that was fundamental to the development of the web to be able to have HTML just right there.", 'start': 4280.53, 'duration': 9.254}, {'end': 4298.052, 'text': 'All the ghetto mess that is HTML, all the sort of almost biological messiness of HTML,', 'start': 4290.364, 'duration': 7.688}, {'end': 4303.537, 'text': 'and then having the browser try to interpret that mess to show something reasonable.', 'start': 4298.052, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 4306.86, 'text': 'Well, and then there was this internet principle that we inherited, which was emit.', 'start': 4303.757, 'duration': 3.103}], 'summary': 'The development of webpages was fundamental, utilizing html and internet principles.', 'duration': 28.87, 'max_score': 4277.99, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84277990.jpg'}, {'end': 4430.241, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4395.827, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 4400.648, 'text': 'Um, and so, and it used to drive me bananas when it would do the, the segmentation fault in the core dump file.', 'start': 4395.827, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 4403.809, 'text': "And just like, it's, you know, it's like literally there's like an error in the code.", 'start': 4400.769, 'duration': 3.04}, {'end': 4405.01, 'text': 'The math is off by one.', 'start': 4403.849, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 4406.13, 'text': 'Yeah And it core dumps.', 'start': 4405.03, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 4410.511, 'text': "Yeah And I'm in the core dump trying to analyze it and trying to reconstruct what, and I'm just like, this is ridiculous.", 'start': 4406.43, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 4414.232, 'text': "Like the computer ought to be smart enough to be able to know that if it's off by one, okay, fine.", 'start': 4410.631, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 4414.972, 'text': 'And it keeps running.', 'start': 4414.292, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 4418.053, 'text': "And I would go ask all the experts like why can't it just keep running?", 'start': 4415.792, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 4420.775, 'text': "And they'd explain to me well, because all the downstream repercussions and blah blah.", 'start': 4418.074, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 4430.241, 'text': "And I'm like, this still like, you know, we're forcing the human creator to live to your point in this hyper literal, literal world of perfection.", 'start': 4420.795, 'duration': 9.446}], 'summary': 'The frustration of dealing with segmentation faults and core dumps in code due to off-by-one errors is discussed, highlighting the desire for smarter error handling and the limitations of the hyper-literal world of perfection.', 'duration': 34.414, 'max_score': 4395.827, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84395827.jpg'}, {'end': 4721.46, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4695.419, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4702.565, 'text': 'And then it failed as a backend scripting language, and Java won for a long time, and then Python, Perl, and other things, PHP, and Ruby.', 'start': 4695.419, 'duration': 7.146}, {'end': 4705.867, 'text': 'But now JavaScript is back, and so..', 'start': 4702.745, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 4708.59, 'text': 'I wonder if everything in the end will run on JavaScript.', 'start': 4705.867, 'duration': 2.723}, {'end': 4710.211, 'text': 'It seems like it is the..', 'start': 4708.89, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 4717.837, 'text': 'And by the way, let me give a shout-out to Brendan Eich, who was basically the one-man inventor of JavaScript.', 'start': 4710.211, 'duration': 7.626}, {'end': 4721.46, 'text': "If you're interested to learn more about Brendan Eich, he's been on this podcast previously.", 'start': 4717.857, 'duration': 3.603}], 'summary': 'Javascript has seen a resurgence, possibly becoming the dominant language, with brendan eich as its inventor.', 'duration': 26.041, 'max_score': 4695.419, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84695419.jpg'}, {'end': 4766.896, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4740.211, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4744.615, 'text': 'writing some of the most impactful revolutionary pieces of software.', 'start': 4740.211, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 4747.518, 'text': 'That should be inspiring, yes.', 'start': 4746.117, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 4748.44, 'text': 'Very inspiring.', 'start': 4747.799, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 4749.541, 'text': "I'll give you another one, SSL.", 'start': 4748.48, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 4752.004, 'text': 'So SSL was the security protocol.', 'start': 4750.242, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 4752.484, 'text': 'That was us.', 'start': 4752.024, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 4757.43, 'text': "And that was a crazy idea at the time, which was let's take all the native protocols and let's wrap them in a security wrapper.", 'start': 4752.704, 'duration': 4.726}, {'end': 4760.693, 'text': 'That was a guy named Kip Hickman who wrote that over a summer, one guy.', 'start': 4757.91, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 4766.896, 'text': 'And then look today, sitting here today, like the transformer, like at Google was a small handful of people.', 'start': 4762.154, 'duration': 4.742}], 'summary': 'Revolutionary software, including ssl, developed by small teams at google.', 'duration': 26.685, 'max_score': 4740.211, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84740211.jpg'}, {'end': 4829.583, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4800.165, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4801.705, 'text': 'So much is done by one or two people.', 'start': 4800.165, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 4804.325, 'text': "It's so incredible.", 'start': 4802.965, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 4812.814, 'text': "And that's why, you see, that gives me so much hope about the open source movement in this new age of AI, where you know just recently,", 'start': 4804.345, 'duration': 8.469}, {'end': 4822.119, 'text': "having had a conversation with Mark Zuckerberg, of all people who's all in on open source, which is so interesting to see and so inspiring to see,", 'start': 4812.814, 'duration': 9.305}, {'end': 4824.94, 'text': 'because, like releasing these models, it is scary.', 'start': 4822.119, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 4827.882, 'text': "It is potentially very dangerous, and we'll talk about that.", 'start': 4825.521, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 4829.583, 'text': "But it's also..", 'start': 4828.842, 'duration': 0.741}], 'summary': 'One or two people do incredible work, giving hope for open source and ai. mark zuckerberg is inspiring for being all in on open source.', 'duration': 29.418, 'max_score': 4800.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84800165.jpg'}, {'end': 4909.136, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4884.127, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4889.309, 'text': 'Netscape was acquired in 1999 for $4.3 billion by AOL.', 'start': 4884.127, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 4897.552, 'text': 'What was that like? What were some memorable aspects of that? Well, that was the height of the dot-com boom bubble bust.', 'start': 4889.789, 'duration': 7.763}, {'end': 4899.412, 'text': 'I mean, that was the frenzy.', 'start': 4897.672, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 4906.255, 'text': 'If you watch Succession, that was like what they did in the fourth season with Gojo and the merger with their..', 'start': 4900.053, 'duration': 6.202}, {'end': 4909.136, 'text': 'So it was like the height of one of those kind of dynamics.', 'start': 4906.255, 'duration': 2.881}], 'summary': 'Netscape was acquired by aol in 1999 for $4.3 billion, representing the peak of the dot-com boom bubble bust.', 'duration': 25.009, 'max_score': 4884.127, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84884127.jpg'}], 'start': 3539.886, 'title': 'Evolution of tech and web development', 'summary': "Delves into the lasting impact of apple's work standards, diverse operational models in tech, the birth and impact of mosaic, early web battles, engineering challenges, coding hurdles, and the history and impact of javascript, including key events, challenges, and acquisitions in tech history.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3629.847, 'start': 3539.886, 'title': "Apple's influence and operational models in tech", 'summary': "Discusses the lasting impact of apple's high-quality work standards, the contrasting operational approaches in tech (polish vs. iterate), and the potential benefits of embracing both models.", 'duration': 89.961, 'highlights': ["Apple's lasting influence on employees striving for high quality work standards and the pursuit of similar experiences elsewhere. Former Apple employees continue to seek work experiences that match the high-quality standards set by the company, indicating the lasting impact of Apple's work culture.", "Contrasting operational approaches in tech: 'polish, polish, polish' vs. 'ship early and often and iterate'. The discussion presents the dichotomy between the 'Apple way' of perfecting products before release and the 'incremental hacker mentality' of continuous iteration, showcasing the diverse operational approaches in the tech industry.", "The potential benefits of embracing both operational models in creating world-class companies. The chapter suggests that employing both the 'polish' and 'iterate' approaches can lead to different, yet successful outcomes, indicating the potential advantage of integrating both models in tech operations."]}, {'end': 4076.716, 'start': 3629.927, 'title': 'Mosaic: the birth of the graphical internet', 'summary': "Discusses the development of mosaic, the first graphical web browser, in 1992-1993, and its impact on the internet, including the challenges and early adoption, as well as the pioneering concept of the 'what's new' page and the anticipation of the internet's potential.", 'duration': 446.789, 'highlights': ['The development of Mosaic, the first graphical web browser, in 1992-1993 Mosaic, launched in 1993, was the first graphical web browser, revolutionizing the internet by making it graphical, easy to use, and accessible to a wider audience.', 'The challenges and early adoption of the graphical internet, including the limitations of early PCs and internet access The initial limitations included the high cost of Nextcube PCs at $6,000 and the complex process of obtaining internet access, such as the need to learn about TCP/IP drivers and install modem driver software.', "The pioneering concept of the 'what's new' page and the anticipation of the internet's potential The 'what's new' page, a precursor to the modern concept of a blog, played a vital role in listing and discovering new websites, demonstrating the early anticipation of the internet's potential and the groundbreaking nature of simple web content like an Indian restaurant's menu or a streaming coffee pot video."]}, {'end': 4395.627, 'start': 4076.776, 'title': 'Early web battles and engineering challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the early debates surrounding the inclusion of images in the web and the engineering decisions that shaped the development of browsers, including the controversial choice between optimizing for performance or ease of creation, and the adoption of text-based protocols and formats. additionally, it highlights the concerns around cybercrime and the export restrictions on encryption software during the 1990s.', 'duration': 318.851, 'highlights': ['The inclusion of images in the web sparked heated debates, with purists arguing that it would introduce trivial content and detract from the seriousness of information, while also raising concerns about distractions and frivolousness. The debates around including images in the web raised concerns about the impact on the seriousness of information and potential distractions, reflecting the early skepticism towards visual content.', 'The panic around cybercrime during the 1990s led to fears of credit card theft and the illegal export restrictions on encryption software, which required creating a separate version with deliberately weak encryption for overseas distribution. The 1990s saw widespread concerns about cybercrime, leading to restrictions on encryption software and the challenges of creating separate versions for domestic and overseas distribution.', "The engineering decision to prioritize ease of creation over performance in early browsers, opting for text-based protocols and formats, allowed for the development of the 'view source' function and enabled users to learn HTML by examining web pages. The choice to prioritize ease of creation over performance in early browsers by using text-based protocols and formats facilitated the development of the 'view source' function, empowering users to learn HTML and contribute to the web's development."]}, {'end': 4656.947, 'start': 4395.827, 'title': 'Challenges in coding and web development', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in coding, including the frustration with segmentation faults and core dump files, the push for resilient systems despite opposition, the economic bet to drive demand for broadband, and the evolution of web standards and design decisions.', 'duration': 261.12, 'highlights': ['The frustration with segmentation faults and core dump files The speaker expresses frustration with the occurrence of segmentation faults and core dump files, highlighting the need for systems to be resilient to errors and the exclusion of most people from addressing these issues.', 'The economic bet to drive demand for broadband The chapter explains the strategic decision to sacrifice initial performance in order to spur the demand for broadband, leading to the emergence of a surge in broadband supply.', 'Evolution of web standards and design decisions The discussion touches on the evolution of web standards, including the development of CSS and the concept of separating content from appearance, as well as the temporary design decisions such as using gray backgrounds and the resurgence of text-based content.']}, {'end': 4928.614, 'start': 4657.787, 'title': 'The history and impact of javascript', 'summary': 'Discusses the development and impact of javascript as a front-end and back-end scripting language, its widespread adoption, the creation of ssl protocol, the potential of open source movement in the age of ai, and the acquisition of netscape by aol for $4.3 billion in 1999 during the dot-com boom.', 'duration': 270.827, 'highlights': ['JavaScript was designed to be both front-end and backend, failed initially as a backend scripting language, but now widely used and gaining in adoption. JavaScript was initially designed to be a front-end and backend scripting language, which failed initially as a backend language, but is now the most widely used language in the world and is gaining in its range of adoption.', "SSL, the security protocol, was created by one person over a summer, and today's transformative technologies were developed by a small handful of people. SSL, the security protocol, was created by one person over a summer, and today's transformative technologies like Google's transformer and GPT were developed by a small handful of people, highlighting the impact of a small team's work in software development.", "Open source movement's potential in the age of AI and the belief in the goodness of most people and their skill set. The potential of the open source movement in the age of AI and the belief in the goodness of most people and their skill set, which could lead to exciting possibilities and innovations in the software world.", "Netscape acquisition for $4.3 billion by AOL in 1999 during the dot-com boom, resembling the dynamics of the show 'Succession'. The acquisition of Netscape by AOL for $4.3 billion in 1999 during the dot-com boom, resembling the dynamics depicted in the show 'Succession', which illustrates the height of the dot-com bubble."]}], 'duration': 1388.728, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ83539886.jpg', 'highlights': ['JavaScript, initially a failed backend scripting language, is now widely used and gaining adoption.', 'The potential of the open source movement in the age of AI and the belief in the goodness of most people and their skill set.', "The acquisition of Netscape by AOL for $4.3 billion in 1999 during the dot-com boom, resembling the dynamics depicted in the show 'Succession'.", 'The development of Mosaic, the first graphical web browser, in 1992-1993 revolutionized the internet by making it graphical, easy to use, and accessible to a wider audience.', "The 'what's new' page, a precursor to the modern concept of a blog, played a vital role in listing and discovering new websites, demonstrating the early anticipation of the internet's potential.", "The choice to prioritize ease of creation over performance in early browsers by using text-based protocols and formats facilitated the development of the 'view source' function, empowering users to learn HTML and contribute to the web's development.", "SSL, the security protocol, was created by one person over a summer, highlighting the impact of a small team's work in software development.", 'The potential benefits of embracing both operational models in creating world-class companies, indicating the advantage of integrating both models in tech operations.', 'The panic around cybercrime during the 1990s led to fears of credit card theft and the illegal export restrictions on encryption software, reflecting the early skepticism towards visual content.', 'The frustration with segmentation faults and core dump files, highlighting the need for systems to be resilient to errors and the exclusion of most people from addressing these issues.']}, {'end': 5664.337, 'segs': [{'end': 4990.221, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4966.141, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4973.287, 'text': 'It was then followed by AOL buying Time Warner, which again, the Succession guys kind of play with that, which turned out to be a disastrous deal.', 'start': 4966.141, 'duration': 7.146}, {'end': 4976.029, 'text': 'One of the famous kind of disasters in business history.', 'start': 4974.008, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 4980.413, 'text': 'And then what became an internet depression on the other side of that.', 'start': 4976.77, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 4986.899, 'text': 'But then, in that depression in the 2000s, was the beginning of broadband and smartphones and Web 2.0, right?', 'start': 4980.813, 'duration': 6.086}, {'end': 4990.221, 'text': 'And then social media and search and SaaS and everything that came out of that.', 'start': 4986.939, 'duration': 3.282}], 'summary': "Aol's acquisition of time warner was a disastrous deal, leading to an internet depression, but it sparked the development of broadband, smartphones, social media, search, and saas.", 'duration': 24.08, 'max_score': 4966.141, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84966141.jpg'}, {'end': 5133.39, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5114.003, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5125.487, 'text': 'These days, Minecraft, Mathematica, you know, Facebook, Google, you have the software assets that are, you know, have been around for 30 years,', 'start': 5114.003, 'duration': 11.484}, {'end': 5127.368, 'text': 'that are gaining in value every year, right?', 'start': 5125.487, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 5127.768, 'text': "And they're just.", 'start': 5127.388, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 5129.368, 'text': "they're being World of Warcraft, right?", 'start': 5127.768, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 5133.39, 'text': "Salesforce.com. like they're being every single year, they're being polished and polished, and polished and polished.", 'start': 5129.388, 'duration': 4.002}], 'summary': 'Software assets like minecraft and facebook have been gaining value for the past 30 years.', 'duration': 19.387, 'max_score': 5114.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ85114003.jpg'}, {'end': 5246.246, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5217.805, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5224.591, 'text': 'And what intelligence is right I mean what it literally is is the way to you know. capture process, analyze, synthesize information, solve problems.', 'start': 5217.805, 'duration': 6.786}, {'end': 5231.859, 'text': 'But the observation of intelligence in human hands is that intelligence quite literally makes everything better.', 'start': 5225.952, 'duration': 5.907}, {'end': 5240.969, 'text': "And what I mean by that is every kind of outcome of like human quality of life, whether it's education outcomes or success of your children,", 'start': 5233.18, 'duration': 7.789}, {'end': 5246.246, 'text': 'for career success or health or lifetime satisfaction.', 'start': 5242.062, 'duration': 4.184}], 'summary': 'Intelligence improves human quality of life, including education, career, and health outcomes.', 'duration': 28.441, 'max_score': 5217.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ85217805.jpg'}, {'end': 5388.947, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5358.323, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5363.048, 'text': 'we could talk about the collective effect of just having more intelligence in the world, which will have very big payoff.', 'start': 5358.323, 'duration': 4.725}, {'end': 5371.997, 'text': "But there's also just at the individual level, like what if every person has a machine? It's the concept of Doug Engelbart's concept of augmentation.", 'start': 5363.608, 'duration': 8.389}, {'end': 5375.86, 'text': 'What if everybody has an assistant and the assistant is 140 IQ?', 'start': 5372.157, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 5388.947, 'text': "and you happen to be 110 IQ and you've got something that basically is infinitely patient and knows everything about you and is pulling for you in every possible way,", 'start': 5378.723, 'duration': 10.224}], 'summary': 'Increasing intelligence in the world will have big payoff, with the concept of augmentation enhancing individual capabilities.', 'duration': 30.624, 'max_score': 5358.323, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ85358323.jpg'}], 'start': 4929.334, 'title': "The netscape era and ai's impact on human intelligence", 'summary': "Delves into the rise and fall of netscape, the dot-com crash, aol's acquisition of time warner, and the emergence of broadband, smartphones, and web 2.0, showcasing the transformative nature of software. additionally, it explores the potential of ai to enhance human intelligence, with examples illustrating its impact on various aspects of human life.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5178.652, 'start': 4929.334, 'title': 'The netscape era and the economics of software', 'summary': "Discusses the rapid rise and fall of netscape, the impact of the dot-com crash, aol's acquisition of time warner, and the emergence of broadband, smartphones, and web 2.0, highlighting the transformative nature of software as a modern philosopher's stone that transmutes labor into capital and creates long-term value in the digital era.", 'duration': 249.318, 'highlights': ['The rapid rise and fall of Netscape, which went public 18 months after being founded, during the height of deal making and money in the tech industry, was an incredibly fast meteor streaking across the sky.', "The impact of the dot-com crash and AOL's disastrous acquisition of Time Warner led to an internet depression in the 2000s, but also marked the beginning of broadband, smartphones, Web 2.0, social media, search, and SaaS.", "Software is likened to the concept of the Philosopher's Stone in alchemy, transmuting labor into capital and creating value out of purely human thought, which challenges traditional economic theories and creates permanent value in the digital era.", 'Unlike the assumption that new software becomes obsolete, modern software assets like Minecraft, Mathematica, Facebook, Google, World of Warcraft, and Salesforce.com are gaining value over decades, leading to constant investment frenzy and potentially building assets that create value for decades to come.']}, {'end': 5664.337, 'start': 5179.452, 'title': "Ai's impact on human intelligence", 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of ai on human intelligence, proposing that ai has the potential to significantly improve various aspects of human life by augmenting human capabilities, particularly through enhancing intelligence, with examples highlighting the correlation between intelligence and positive life outcomes.', 'duration': 484.885, 'highlights': ['The observation of intelligence in human hands reveals that intelligence literally enhances every aspect of human quality of life, including education outcomes, career success, health, peacefulness, open-mindedness, and life satisfaction, with smarter individuals achieving better outcomes in various domains, such as academic achievement, job performance, income, and leadership.', 'The potential of AI to augment human intelligence is highlighted, suggesting that if every individual has access to a machine with high intelligence, it could effectively raise their IQ, leading to improved odds of successful life outcomes in numerous areas, potentially bridging the intelligence gap and enabling individuals to excel at different stages of life.', 'The concept of augmentation, as proposed by Doug Engelbart, is discussed, emphasizing the use of technology to augment human capabilities, with AI being the latest and most powerful method, directly enhancing fluid intelligence (IQ) and potentially driving significant advancements in various fields, making it a lever on the fundamental factor of intelligence that drives numerous aspects of human life.']}], 'duration': 735.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ84929334.jpg', 'highlights': ['Modern software assets like Minecraft, Mathematica, Facebook, Google, World of Warcraft, and Salesforce.com are gaining value over decades.', 'The potential of AI to augment human intelligence is highlighted, suggesting that if every individual has access to a machine with high intelligence, it could effectively raise their IQ.', 'The observation of intelligence in human hands reveals that intelligence literally enhances every aspect of human quality of life.', "The impact of the dot-com crash and AOL's disastrous acquisition of Time Warner led to an internet depression in the 2000s, but also marked the beginning of broadband, smartphones, Web 2.0, social media, search, and SaaS."]}, {'end': 6491.496, 'segs': [{'end': 5752.35, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5713.336, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5716.117, 'text': 'you tend to get two sets of people showing up arguing for the social reform.', 'start': 5713.336, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 5721.619, 'text': 'And the term Baptists and bootleggers comes from the American experience with alcohol prohibition.', 'start': 5716.777, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 5727.421, 'text': 'And so in the 1900s 1910s, there was this movement that was very passionate at the time,', 'start': 5722.639, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 5730.902, 'text': "which basically said alcohol is evil and it's destroying society.", 'start': 5727.421, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 5733.843, 'text': 'By the way, there was a lot of evidence to support this.', 'start': 5731.942, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 5741.926, 'text': 'There were very high rates of, very high correlations then, by the way, and now between rates of physical violence and alcohol use.', 'start': 5734.523, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 5745.807, 'text': 'Almost all violent crimes have either the perpetrator or the victim are both drunk.', 'start': 5742.346, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 5752.35, 'text': "If you see this actually in the work, almost all sexual harassment cases in the workplace, it's like at a company party and somebody's drunk.", 'start': 5746.747, 'duration': 5.603}], 'summary': 'In the early 1900s, the temperance movement argued that alcohol was destructive to society, with evidence supporting high correlations between alcohol use and violent crimes.', 'duration': 39.014, 'max_score': 5713.336, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ85713336.jpg'}, {'end': 5912.082, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5885.424, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5888.868, 'text': "100, yeah, it's the same pattern and the, the economist will tell you, it's the same pattern every time like.", 'start': 5885.424, 'duration': 3.444}, {'end': 5889.449, 'text': 'this is what happened.', 'start': 5888.868, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 5890.19, 'text': 'nuclear power.', 'start': 5889.449, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 5896.556, 'text': 'this is what happened, which is another interesting one, but like yeah, this is this happens dozens and dozens of times throughout the last 100 years.', 'start': 5890.19, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 5898.156, 'text': "And this is what's happening now.", 'start': 5897.236, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 5904.139, 'text': "And you write that it isn't sufficient to simply identify the actors and impugn their motives.", 'start': 5898.436, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 5908.161, 'text': 'We should consider the arguments of both the Baptists and the bootleggers on their merits.', 'start': 5904.259, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 5909.981, 'text': "So let's do just that.", 'start': 5908.681, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 5912.082, 'text': 'Risk number one.', 'start': 5910.962, 'duration': 1.12}], 'summary': 'The pattern of events in nuclear power has repeated dozens of times in the last 100 years, prompting consideration of both motives and arguments.', 'duration': 26.658, 'max_score': 5885.424, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ85885424.jpg'}, {'end': 6093.705, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6065.361, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6068.765, 'text': "They're going to be the people who survive to the other side and ultimately get credit for having been right.", 'start': 6065.361, 'duration': 3.404}, {'end': 6070.747, 'text': 'Why is that so compelling, do you think??', 'start': 6069.305, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 6079.857, 'text': 'Because it satisfies this very deep need we have for transcendence and meaning that got stripped away when we became secular.', 'start': 6070.967, 'duration': 8.89}, {'end': 6084.577, 'text': 'Yeah, but why does the transcendence involve the destruction of human civilization?', 'start': 6080.293, 'duration': 4.284}, {'end': 6093.705, 'text': "It's a very deep psychological thing, because it's like how plausible is it that we live in a world where everything's just kind of all right?", 'start': 6085.618, 'duration': 8.087}], 'summary': 'Survivalist mindset satisfies need for transcendence and meaning in a secular world, involving destruction of human civilization.', 'duration': 28.344, 'max_score': 6065.361, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ86065361.jpg'}, {'end': 6330.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6301.325, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6303.966, 'text': "There's no way to falsify the hypothesis.", 'start': 6301.325, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 6306.967, 'text': "There's no way to measure progress along the arc.", 'start': 6304.486, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 6309.208, 'text': "It's just all completely missing.", 'start': 6307.948, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 6311.349, 'text': "And so it's not scientific.", 'start': 6309.509, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 6313.49, 'text': "And- Well, I don't think it's completely missing.", 'start': 6311.63, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 6315.211, 'text': "It's somewhat missing.", 'start': 6314.151, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 6318.513, 'text': 'So, for example, the people that say AI is gonna kill all of us.', 'start': 6315.251, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 6326.651, 'text': "I mean they usually have ideas about how to do that, whether it's the paperclip maximizer or it escapes.", 'start': 6319.847, 'duration': 6.804}, {'end': 6330.614, 'text': "There's a mechanism by which you can imagine it killing all humans.", 'start': 6327.792, 'duration': 2.822}], 'summary': 'The hypothesis lacks falsifiability; ai threat is somewhat measurable and not completely missing.', 'duration': 29.289, 'max_score': 6301.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ86301325.jpg'}, {'end': 6461.796, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6432.875, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6438.701, 'text': 'So the moment you say AI is going to kill all of us, therefore we should ban it or that we should regulate all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 6432.875, 'duration': 5.826}, {'end': 6439.902, 'text': "that's when it starts getting serious.", 'start': 6438.701, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 6442.064, 'text': 'Or start, you know, military airstrikes on data centers.', 'start': 6440.042, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 6443.065, 'text': 'Oh boy.', 'start': 6442.685, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 6446.889, 'text': 'Right? And like..', 'start': 6443.406, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 6449.732, 'text': 'Yeah, this one starts getting real weird.', 'start': 6446.889, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 6451.233, 'text': "So here's the problem with millenarian cults.", 'start': 6449.752, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 6452.915, 'text': 'They have a hard time staying away from violence.', 'start': 6451.353, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 6455.932, 'text': 'Yeah, but violence is so fun.', 'start': 6454.591, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 6461.796, 'text': "Well, if you're on the right end of it, they have a hard time avoiding violence.", 'start': 6456.773, 'duration': 5.023}], 'summary': 'Ai doomsday fears can lead to extreme actions; millenarian cults tend towards violence.', 'duration': 28.921, 'max_score': 6432.875, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ86432875.jpg'}], 'start': 5666.929, 'title': 'Ai risks and psychological dangers', 'summary': 'Discusses ai risks and parallels them with historical scenarios of alcohol prohibition, as well as explores dangers of religious-like millenarianism in ai discussions, emphasizing the psychological need for transcendence and the lack of scientific basis in doomsday predictions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5898.156, 'start': 5666.929, 'title': 'Ai risks and the baptists and bootleggers', 'summary': 'Discusses the risks of ai and draws parallels between the concerns of ai regulation and the historical scenarios of alcohol prohibition, highlighting the influence of two distinct groups, the baptists and the bootleggers.', 'duration': 231.227, 'highlights': ['The correlation between alcohol use and violent crimes, sexual harassment, domestic abuse, and child abuse is highlighted, with evidence supporting the negative impact of alcohol on society. High rates of physical violence and alcohol use, high correlations between alcohol use and violent crimes and sexual harassment.', 'The historical analogy of the Baptists and bootleggers is explained, emphasizing the passionate social reform movement and the economic interests of organized crime in banning alcohol sales during the 1900s 1910s. Historical context of alcohol prohibition, the economic motivations of organized crime in banning alcohol sales.', 'The pattern of two distinct groups influencing the regulation of AI is compared to historical occurrences such as nuclear power, indicating a recurring pattern in the development of new technologies. Comparison of AI regulation to historical events, recurring pattern in the development of new technologies.']}, {'end': 6491.496, 'start': 5898.436, 'title': 'Ai and millenarianism', 'summary': 'Explores the dangers of religious-like millenarianism in discussions about ai, highlighting the psychological need for transcendence, the lack of scientific basis in doomsday predictions, and the potential for violent actions stemming from extreme beliefs.', 'duration': 593.06, 'highlights': ['The lack of scientific basis in doomsday predictions The discussion points out the non-scientific nature of claims about AI leading to the destruction of human civilization, emphasizing the absence of testable hypotheses and extraordinary proof for these claims.', "Psychological need for transcendence The chapter delves into the human need for meaning and transcendence, attributing the appeal of doomsday beliefs to a 'God-shaped hole' in consciousness and the desire for a bigger purpose and meaning.", 'Potential for violent actions stemming from extreme beliefs It highlights the historical pattern of millenarian cults leading to violent outcomes due to the belief in an impending apocalypse, raising concerns about the potential for extreme actions in response to doomsday predictions about AI.']}], 'duration': 824.567, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ85666929.jpg', 'highlights': ['The correlation between alcohol use and violent crimes, sexual harassment, domestic abuse, and child abuse is highlighted, with evidence supporting the negative impact of alcohol on society.', 'The historical analogy of the Baptists and bootleggers is explained, emphasizing the passionate social reform movement and the economic interests of organized crime in banning alcohol sales during the 1900s 1910s.', 'The pattern of two distinct groups influencing the regulation of AI is compared to historical occurrences such as nuclear power, indicating a recurring pattern in the development of new technologies.', 'The lack of scientific basis in doomsday predictions The discussion points out the non-scientific nature of claims about AI leading to the destruction of human civilization, emphasizing the absence of testable hypotheses and extraordinary proof for these claims.', "Psychological need for transcendence The chapter delves into the human need for meaning and transcendence, attributing the appeal of doomsday beliefs to a 'God-shaped hole' in consciousness and the desire for a bigger purpose and meaning.", 'Potential for violent actions stemming from extreme beliefs It highlights the historical pattern of millenarian cults leading to violent outcomes due to the belief in an impending apocalypse, raising concerns about the potential for extreme actions in response to doomsday predictions about AI.']}, {'end': 8696.827, 'segs': [{'end': 6520.894, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6491.797, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6496.119, 'text': 'And where this goes from here as they get more worked up, I think is really concerning.', 'start': 6491.797, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 6498.901, 'text': "Okay But that's kind of the extremes.", 'start': 6496.62, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 6501.543, 'text': 'The extremes of anything are always concerning.', 'start': 6498.961, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 6507.267, 'text': "It's also possible to kind of believe that AI has a very high likelihood of killing all of us.", 'start': 6502.824, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 6515.793, 'text': "But there's and therefore we should maybe consider slowing development or regulating.", 'start': 6508.527, 'duration': 7.266}, {'end': 6520.894, 'text': "So not violence or any of these kinds of things, but saying like, all right, let's take a pause here.", 'start': 6515.913, 'duration': 4.981}], 'summary': "Concerns about ai's potential for harm, suggests slowing development or regulating.", 'duration': 29.097, 'max_score': 6491.797, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ86491797.jpg'}, {'end': 6613.009, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6577.799, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6581.021, 'text': 'They claimed to be scientists and they had no testable hypotheses whatsoever.', 'start': 6577.799, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 6581.841, 'text': 'They had a bunch of models.', 'start': 6581.061, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 6585.984, 'text': 'They had a bunch of forecasts and they had a bunch of theories, and they laid these out in front of policymakers,', 'start': 6582.182, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 6592.629, 'text': "and policymakers freaked out and panicked right? and implemented a whole bunch of really terrible decisions that we're still living with the consequences of.", 'start': 6585.984, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 6597.194, 'text': 'And there was never any empirical foundation to any of the models.', 'start': 6594.031, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 6598.495, 'text': 'None of them ever came true.', 'start': 6597.514, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 6599.857, 'text': 'Yeah, to push back.', 'start': 6598.775, 'duration': 1.082}, {'end': 6606.143, 'text': "there were certainly Baptists and bootleggers in the context of this pandemic, but there's still a usefulness to models, no?", 'start': 6599.857, 'duration': 6.286}, {'end': 6607.084, 'text': 'So not.', 'start': 6606.763, 'duration': 0.321}, {'end': 6608.926, 'text': "if they're reliably wrong, right?", 'start': 6607.084, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 6610.607, 'text': "Then they're actually anti-useful, right?", 'start': 6608.946, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 6611.328, 'text': "They're actually damaging.", 'start': 6610.627, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 6613.009, 'text': 'But what do you do with a pandemic??', 'start': 6611.468, 'duration': 1.541}], 'summary': 'Scientists presented unreliable models leading to harmful policy decisions.', 'duration': 35.21, 'max_score': 6577.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ86577799.jpg'}, {'end': 7037.313, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7008.661, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7014.023, 'text': "No, for sure, but it's been only weeks since we had a big enough breakthrough in language models.", 'start': 7008.661, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 7016.323, 'text': 'We can start to actually have.', 'start': 7014.103, 'duration': 2.22}, {'end': 7021.545, 'text': "the thing is, the AI Doomer stuff didn't have any actual systems to really work with,", 'start': 7016.323, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 7025.246, 'text': "and now there's real systems you can start to analyze like how does this stuff go wrong?", 'start': 7021.545, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 7029.328, 'text': 'And I think you kind of agree that there is a lot of risks that we can analyze.', 'start': 7025.706, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 7031.268, 'text': 'The benefits outweigh the risks in many cases.', 'start': 7029.348, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 7032.909, 'text': 'Well, the risks are not existential.', 'start': 7031.808, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 7037.313, 'text': 'Yes Not in the Foon paperclip.', 'start': 7033.969, 'duration': 3.344}], 'summary': 'Recent breakthrough in language models allows for analysis of ai doomer risks and benefits.', 'duration': 28.652, 'max_score': 7008.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ87008661.jpg'}, {'end': 7154.99, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7123.971, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7129.455, 'text': 'you can talk about the threat of autonomous weapon systems back before we had any automation in in the military,', 'start': 7123.971, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 7131.896, 'text': 'And that would be like very fuzzy kind of logic.', 'start': 7129.835, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 7136.359, 'text': "But the more and more you have drones, they're becoming more and more autonomous.", 'start': 7131.956, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 7139.341, 'text': 'You can start imagining okay, what does that actually look like?', 'start': 7136.379, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 7141.762, 'text': "And what's the actual threat of autonomous weapon systems??", 'start': 7139.381, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 7142.903, 'text': 'How does it go wrong?', 'start': 7141.802, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 7145.505, 'text': "And still it's very vague.", 'start': 7143.323, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 7154.99, 'text': 'But you start to get a sense of like, all right, it should probably be illegal or wrong or not allowed to do like..', 'start': 7145.805, 'duration': 9.185}], 'summary': 'Rising concern about the threat of autonomous weapon systems in military, as drones become more autonomous.', 'duration': 31.019, 'max_score': 7123.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ87123971.jpg'}, {'end': 7821.183, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7796.598, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7802.902, 'text': 'You can make it seem like the use of nuclear weapons is just a part of war and all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 7796.598, 'duration': 6.304}, {'end': 7812.493, 'text': 'something about the reporting and the discussion of nuclear weapons resulted in us being terrified in awe of the power of nuclear weapons.', 'start': 7803.983, 'duration': 8.51}, {'end': 7821.183, 'text': 'And that potentially fed in a positive way towards the game theory of mutually shared destruction.', 'start': 7812.893, 'duration': 8.29}], 'summary': 'Media coverage of nuclear weapons led to fear and influenced game theory.', 'duration': 24.585, 'max_score': 7796.598, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ87796598.jpg'}, {'end': 7864.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7834.306, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7837.449, 'text': 'And they prevented World War III through the game theory of mutually assured destruction.', 'start': 7834.306, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 7842.913, 'text': 'Had nukes not existed, there would have been no reason why the Cold War did not go hot.', 'start': 7837.549, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 7849.718, 'text': 'And the military planners at the time, both on both sides, thought that there was going to be World War III on the plains of Europe.', 'start': 7843.693, 'duration': 6.025}, {'end': 7851.7, 'text': 'And they thought there was going to be like 100 million people dead.', 'start': 7849.758, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 7853.621, 'text': 'It was like the most obvious thing in the world to happen.', 'start': 7851.94, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 7855.863, 'text': "And it's the dog that didn't bark.", 'start': 7854.582, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 7860.987, 'text': "It may be like the best single net thing that happened in the entire 20th century is that that didn't happen.", 'start': 7856.644, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 7864.703, 'text': 'Actually, just on that point, you say a lot of really brilliant things.', 'start': 7861.361, 'duration': 3.342}], 'summary': 'Nukes prevented world war iii, averting 100 million deaths.', 'duration': 30.397, 'max_score': 7834.306, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ87834306.jpg'}, {'end': 7943.687, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7915.698, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 7917.819, 'text': "I don't know that that's what what would have happened,", 'start': 7915.698, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 7926.082, 'text': 'but like the decision to hand the bomb over was a big decision made by people who were very full of themselves.', 'start': 7917.819, 'duration': 8.263}, {'end': 7934.982, 'text': 'So me as an American, me as a person that loves America, I also wonder if U.S. was the only ones with the nuclear weapons.', 'start': 7928.098, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 7938.844, 'text': 'That was the argument for handing the bomb.', 'start': 7937.704, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 7941.986, 'text': 'That was the guys who handed over the bomb.', 'start': 7938.884, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 7943.687, 'text': 'That was actually their moral argument.', 'start': 7942.006, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Handing over the bomb was a big decision made by people very full of themselves, and their moral argument was that the u.s. was not the only one with nuclear weapons.', 'duration': 27.989, 'max_score': 7915.698, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ87915698.jpg'}], 'start': 6491.797, 'title': 'Ai, predictive models, and nuclear ethics', 'summary': "Delves into ai risks and regulation, limitations of predictive models in the context of covid, and ethical and strategic implications of nuclear weapons, emphasizing potential harm of ai, misuse of models, and public perception's role in nuclear deterrence.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6534.879, 'start': 6491.797, 'title': 'Ai risk and regulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the concern over the potential harm of ai, highlighting the possibility of ai causing harm and the need for a rational response, suggesting the consideration of slowing development or regulating.', 'duration': 43.082, 'highlights': ['The concern over the potential harm of AI, including the possibility of AI causing harm, is discussed, with a suggestion to consider slowing development or regulating.', 'The need for a rational response to the risk of AI causing harm is emphasized, indicating the possibility of slowing development or regulating.']}, {'end': 7008.061, 'start': 6536.354, 'title': 'Scientific approach to predicting the future', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of models in predicting the future, particularly in the context of covid, highlighting the lack of empirical foundation, the misuse of models by policymakers, and the need for humility in determining truth.', 'duration': 471.707, 'highlights': ['The lack of empirical foundation to any of the models used in the context of COVID, as none of them ever came true, demonstrates the limitations of predictive models in real-world scenarios.', 'The misuse of models by policymakers during the COVID pandemic led to panicked decision-making and the implementation of terrible policies, resulting in long-term consequences.', 'The need for humility in determining truth, as well as the tendency for individuals to interpret models to fit their narratives, highlights the challenges of relying solely on predictive models for decision-making in complex dynamic systems.']}, {'end': 7476.438, 'start': 7008.661, 'title': 'Risks and benefits of ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the risks and benefits of ai, highlighting the potential threats of autonomous weapon systems, the limitations of current risk assessment models, and the role of language models in moral reasoning and decision-making.', 'duration': 467.777, 'highlights': ['The potential threats of autonomous weapon systems are discussed, emphasizing the need for more scientific arguments and regulations to prevent mass deployment of fully autonomous drones.', 'The limitations of current risk assessment models are highlighted, pointing out the discrepancy between theoretical risks and the actual emergence of different technologies, such as large language models, and the need for more nuanced approaches to evaluating AI risks.', 'The role of language models in moral reasoning and decision-making is emphasized, showcasing the ability of LLMs to provide nuanced, moral, practical, trade-off oriented answers, and raising questions about the wisdom and potential risks of super-intelligent systems.']}, {'end': 7741.871, 'start': 7476.438, 'title': 'Critique of oppenheimer and nuclear weapons', 'summary': "Discusses the critique of oppenheimer's role in the development of nuclear weapons, including his guilt, the impact of his moral beliefs, and the consequences of russia obtaining the bomb through espionage.", 'duration': 265.433, 'highlights': ['The consequences of Russia obtaining the bomb through espionage had a significant impact on the 20th century. The entire 20th century, second half of the 20th century would have played out very different had those people not given Russia the bomb.', "The critique focuses on the moral beliefs and public discussion surrounding the inventors of nuclear technology, which had real consequences. The moral beliefs and public discussion surrounding the inventors of this technology can have real consequences, as evidenced by the impact of Oppenheimer's guilt and the resulting decision to give Russia the bomb.", "Oppenheimer's role in the development of nuclear weapons and his guilt had an enduring impact on the world. Oppenheimer's guilt and the resulting decision to give Russia the bomb had an enduring impact on the world, shaping the course of the 20th century."]}, {'end': 8000.597, 'start': 7742.411, 'title': 'The ethics of nuclear weapons', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical and strategic implications of nuclear weapons, highlighting the role of public perception and the game theory of mutually assured destruction in preventing world war iii, with potential alternative scenarios and the moral dilemma of nuclear proliferation.', 'duration': 258.186, 'highlights': ['The game theory of mutually assured destruction played a crucial role in preventing World War III, as military planners estimated a potential 100 million deaths in a hypothetical conflict without nuclear deterrence.', 'The public perception and reporting of nuclear weapons contributed to a widespread awe and fear of their power, potentially strengthening the concept of mutually assured destruction.', 'The decision to hand over nuclear weapons to other countries was influenced by moral arguments and the belief in creating a balance of terror, with potential alternative scenarios discussed, such as an exclusive American possession of nuclear arms and the impact on the Cold War.', 'John von Neumann, a proponent of the balance of terror, advocated for a first strike against Russia when the U.S. had the bomb and Russia did not, emphasizing his belief in the inevitability of World War III and the necessity of preemptive action.']}, {'end': 8696.827, 'start': 8000.597, 'title': 'Ethics and ai: competence vs moral judgments', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of senior scientists and technologists making moral judgments in the use of technology, the risks of ai leading to misinformation and hate speech, and the potential use of ai for defensive and offensive purposes.', 'duration': 696.23, 'highlights': ['The competence and capability of senior scientists and technologists in making moral judgments in the use of technology is discussed, with a track record that is described as catastrophically bad. Senior scientists and technologists are found to be thinly informed on history, sociology, theology, morality, and ethics, leading to a lack of qualification as moral authorities. Their competence in making moral judgments in the use of technology is deemed to have a terrible track record.', 'The impact of AI on society in terms of misinformation and hate speech is highlighted, with a focus on the shift in discussions about social media over the past decade and the consequences it has had on the operations of tech companies. The chapter discusses the evolution of discussions about social media, particularly focusing on hate speech and misinformation, and how it has influenced the operations of tech companies. The chapter also alludes to the transfer of similar theories and energy to the field of AI.', 'The potential use of AI for defensive and offensive purposes is explored, including the use of technology defensively such as in the development of vaccines and antibiotics, and the debate surrounding the need for censorship and restrictions in the world of open source AI. The discussion covers the defensive and offensive uses of AI, emphasizing the need to use AI for defensive purposes, the presence of existing laws for addressing bad actions, and the potential implications of censorship and restrictions, especially in the context of open source AI.']}], 'duration': 2205.03, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ86491797.jpg', 'highlights': ['The need for a rational response to the risk of AI causing harm is emphasized, indicating the possibility of slowing development or regulating.', 'The concern over the potential harm of AI, including the possibility of AI causing harm, is discussed, with a suggestion to consider slowing development or regulating.', 'The misuse of models by policymakers during the COVID pandemic led to panicked decision-making and the implementation of terrible policies, resulting in long-term consequences.', 'The lack of empirical foundation to any of the models used in the context of COVID, as none of them ever came true, demonstrates the limitations of predictive models in real-world scenarios.', 'The potential threats of autonomous weapon systems are discussed, emphasizing the need for more scientific arguments and regulations to prevent mass deployment of fully autonomous drones.', 'The limitations of current risk assessment models are highlighted, pointing out the discrepancy between theoretical risks and the actual emergence of different technologies, such as large language models, and the need for more nuanced approaches to evaluating AI risks.', 'The game theory of mutually assured destruction played a crucial role in preventing World War III, as military planners estimated a potential 100 million deaths in a hypothetical conflict without nuclear deterrence.', 'The public perception and reporting of nuclear weapons contributed to a widespread awe and fear of their power, potentially strengthening the concept of mutually assured destruction.', 'The decision to hand over nuclear weapons to other countries was influenced by moral arguments and the belief in creating a balance of terror, with potential alternative scenarios discussed, such as an exclusive American possession of nuclear arms and the impact on the Cold War.']}, {'end': 9453.712, 'segs': [{'end': 8763.262, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8729.554, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8734.056, 'text': "So you have to understand my brain's going full steam ahead here,", 'start': 8729.554, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 8738.338, 'text': "because I agree with basically everything you're saying when I'm trying to play devil's advocate here.", 'start': 8734.056, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 8744.42, 'text': 'Because, okay, you highlighted the fact that there is a slippery slope to human nature.', 'start': 8739.478, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 8747.741, 'text': 'The moment you censor something, you start to censor everything.', 'start': 8744.44, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 8763.262, 'text': "That alignment starts out sounding nice, but then you start to align to the beliefs of some select group of people, and then it's just your beliefs.", 'start': 8750.799, 'duration': 12.463}], 'summary': 'Censorship leads to aligning with select group beliefs, censoring everything.', 'duration': 33.708, 'max_score': 8729.554, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ88729554.jpg'}, {'end': 8904.973, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8882.68, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8891.007, 'text': 'there has to be full open source here, because to live in a world in which that open source is not allowed is a world of draconian speech control,', 'start': 8882.68, 'duration': 8.327}, {'end': 8892.489, 'text': 'human control, machine control.', 'start': 8891.007, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 8899.351, 'text': 'I mean, you know, black helicopters with jackbooted thugs coming out, rappelling down and seizing your GPU like territory.', 'start': 8893.149, 'duration': 6.202}, {'end': 8901.712, 'text': "Well, no, no, I'm 100% serious.", 'start': 8899.391, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 8904.193, 'text': "That's you're saying slippery slope always leads there.", 'start': 8902.372, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 8904.973, 'text': 'No, no, no, no, no, no.', 'start': 8904.253, 'duration': 0.72}], 'summary': 'Advocating for full open source to prevent draconian speech control and machine control.', 'duration': 22.293, 'max_score': 8882.68, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ88882680.jpg'}, {'end': 9091.931, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9066.812, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9072.616, 'text': "And then that's where I think all this hand-wringing about AI risk is basically a complete waste of time, because the effort should go into.", 'start': 9066.812, 'duration': 5.804}, {'end': 9074.717, 'text': 'okay, what is the defensive approach?', 'start': 9072.616, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 9081.362, 'text': "And so if you're worried about AI generated pathogens, the right thing to do is to have a permanent project warp speed right? And funded lavishly.", 'start': 9075.437, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 9086.367, 'text': "Let's do a Manhattan project for biological defense, right?", 'start': 9081.422, 'duration': 4.945}, {'end': 9091.931, 'text': "And let's build AIs and let's have like broad spectrum vaccines where, like we're insulated from every pathogen right?", 'start': 9086.387, 'duration': 5.544}], 'summary': 'Focus on defensive approach for ai-generated pathogens with well-funded permanent project and broad spectrum vaccines.', 'duration': 25.119, 'max_score': 9066.812, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89066812.jpg'}, {'end': 9190.772, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9163.046, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9165.609, 'text': 'Of course, it turned out to be wrong about every previous wave of technology.', 'start': 9163.046, 'duration': 2.563}, {'end': 9179.283, 'text': 'The reason it turned out to be wrong about every previous wave of technology is that the way that the self-interested owner of the machines makes the most money is by providing the production capability in the form of products and services to the most people,', 'start': 9166.61, 'duration': 12.673}, {'end': 9180.405, 'text': 'the most customers as possible.', 'start': 9179.283, 'duration': 1.122}, {'end': 9186.031, 'text': "This is one of those funny things where every CEO knows this intuitively and yet it's like hard to explain from the outside.", 'start': 9181.346, 'duration': 4.685}, {'end': 9190.772, 'text': 'the way you make the most money in any business is by selling to the largest market you can possibly get to.', 'start': 9186.751, 'duration': 4.021}], 'summary': 'Self-interested machine owners aim to sell to the largest market for maximum profit.', 'duration': 27.726, 'max_score': 9163.046, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89163046.jpg'}, {'end': 9317.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9291.137, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9297.541, 'text': "And what's great about it is you do not need to rely on anybody's enlightened right generosity to do this.", 'start': 9291.137, 'duration': 6.404}, {'end': 9299.383, 'text': 'You just need to rely on capitalist self-interest.', 'start': 9297.561, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 9306.139, 'text': 'What about AI taking our jobs? Yeah, so very similar thing here.', 'start': 9301.444, 'duration': 4.695}, {'end': 9310.924, 'text': "There's a core fallacy, which again was very common in Marxism, which is what's called the lump of labor fallacy.", 'start': 9306.239, 'duration': 4.685}, {'end': 9317.812, 'text': "And this is sort of the fallacy that there's only a fixed amount of work to be done in the world, and it's all being done today by people.", 'start': 9311.525, 'duration': 6.287}], 'summary': 'Rely on capitalist self-interest, not fixed work fallacy.', 'duration': 26.675, 'max_score': 9291.137, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89291137.jpg'}, {'end': 9453.712, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9425.48, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9427.581, 'text': 'And then to your point, the training thing.', 'start': 9425.48, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 9428.081, 'text': "you know it's always.", 'start': 9427.581, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 9429.682, 'text': 'the issue is can people adapt??', 'start': 9428.081, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 9439.428, 'text': 'And again here you need to imagine living in a world in which everybody has the AI assistant capability right to be able to pick up new skills much more quickly and be able to have some you know be able to have a machine to work with to augment their skills.', 'start': 9429.722, 'duration': 9.706}, {'end': 9442.489, 'text': "It's still going to be painful, but that's the process of life.", 'start': 9439.468, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 9443.509, 'text': "It's painful for some people.", 'start': 9442.589, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 9444.73, 'text': "I mean there's no look, there's no question.", 'start': 9443.549, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 9446.71, 'text': "it's painful for some people and they're, you know, they're.", 'start': 9444.73, 'duration': 1.98}, {'end': 9449.691, 'text': "yes, it's not again, I'm not a utopian on this and it's not like.", 'start': 9446.71, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 9453.712, 'text': "it's positive for everybody in the moment, but it has been overwhelmingly positive for 300 years.", 'start': 9449.691, 'duration': 4.021}], 'summary': 'Ai assistants can help people adapt, although change may be painful. overwhelmingly positive for 300 years.', 'duration': 28.232, 'max_score': 9425.48, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89425480.jpg'}], 'start': 8696.847, 'title': "Ai's future and impact on economy", 'summary': 'Discusses implications of open source ai models, potential risks of ai censorship, and the need for defensive measures against ai-generated pathogens. it also addresses the potential impact of ai on the economy and jobs, highlighting concerns of inequality and job displacement, while emphasizing the potential for new and better job opportunities.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9106.882, 'start': 8696.847, 'title': 'The future of ai and open source', 'summary': 'Discusses the implications of open source ai models, the potential risks of ai censorship, and the need for defensive measures against ai-generated pathogens, highlighting the importance of open sourcing ai models and the necessity for a proactive defensive approach.', 'duration': 410.035, 'highlights': ['The importance of open sourcing AI models is emphasized, with the argument that AI will become ubiquitous, akin to air, and that living in a world where open source AI is not allowed would lead to draconian speech control and machine control. AI is compared to air, emphasizing its inevitability and ubiquity. The argument is made that restricting open source AI would lead to draconian speech control and machine control.', 'The need for a proactive defensive approach against AI-generated pathogens is emphasized, suggesting a permanent project warp speed and a Manhattan project for biological defense to develop broad spectrum vaccines and systems for defense. Advocacy for a proactive defensive approach against AI-generated pathogens, proposing the need for a project warp speed and a Manhattan project for biological defense.', 'The potential risks of AI censorship and the slippery slope of human nature leading to alignment with select beliefs and power dynamics are discussed, highlighting the challenges and implications of censorship in AI. Discussion on the potential risks of AI censorship, including the slippery slope of human nature leading to alignment with select beliefs and power dynamics.']}, {'end': 9453.712, 'start': 9109.544, 'title': 'Impact of ai on economy & jobs', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of ai on the economy and jobs, addressing concerns of inequality and job displacement, while highlighting the historical pattern of technology benefiting the broad market and the potential for new and better job opportunities resulting from technological advancements.', 'duration': 344.168, 'highlights': ['The historical pattern of technology benefiting the broad market is illustrated, with the insight that the way to make the most money in any business is by selling to the largest market possible, ultimately driving down prices and making the technology available to everybody.', 'The potential for new and better job opportunities resulting from technological advancements is emphasized, addressing concerns of job displacement and highlighting that new jobs are often better, with the need for adaptation and the possibility of AI assisting in acquiring new skills more quickly.', 'The discussion of the lump of labor fallacy from a Marxist perspective, and how the introduction of technology into production processes leads to more jobs at higher wages, as it causes prices to fall and creates new demand, is presented to counter concerns about AI taking jobs and the fear of a fixed amount of work in the world.', 'The concern about inequality and the rich getting richer due to AI is raised, drawing parallels to Marxism and the accumulation of wealth by the owners of capital, but the insight is provided that while individuals may get rich producing AI technology, it could have a huge positive impact by making the technology available to everybody.', 'The potential for job turnover and the impact on individuals, with the acknowledgment of the painful process of job loss and adaptation, is discussed, with the reassurance that new jobs are often better, and the need for individuals to adapt and acquire new skills is emphasized.']}], 'duration': 756.865, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ88696847.jpg', 'highlights': ['The need for a proactive defensive approach against AI-generated pathogens, proposing the need for a project warp speed and a Manhattan project for biological defense.', 'The importance of open sourcing AI models is emphasized, with the argument that AI will become ubiquitous, akin to air, and that living in a world where open source AI is not allowed would lead to draconian speech control and machine control.', 'The potential risks of AI censorship and the slippery slope of human nature leading to alignment with select beliefs and power dynamics are discussed, highlighting the challenges and implications of censorship in AI.', 'The historical pattern of technology benefiting the broad market is illustrated, with the insight that the way to make the most money in any business is by selling to the largest market possible, ultimately driving down prices and making the technology available to everybody.', 'The potential for new and better job opportunities resulting from technological advancements is emphasized, addressing concerns of job displacement and highlighting that new jobs are often better, with the need for adaptation and the possibility of AI assisting in acquiring new skills more quickly.', 'The discussion of the lump of labor fallacy from a Marxist perspective, and how the introduction of technology into production processes leads to more jobs at higher wages, as it causes prices to fall and creates new demand, is presented to counter concerns about AI taking jobs and the fear of a fixed amount of work in the world.']}, {'end': 10285.727, 'segs': [{'end': 9503.168, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9473.759, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9479.941, 'text': 'In 2019, before COVID, we had more jobs at higher wages, both in the country and in the world than at any point in human history.', 'start': 9473.759, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 9486.103, 'text': 'And so the overwhelming evidence is that the net gain here is just wildly positive.', 'start': 9480.581, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 9490.445, 'text': 'And most people overwhelmingly come out the other side being huge beneficiaries of this.', 'start': 9486.624, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 9495.983, 'text': "So you write that the single greatest risk this is the risk you're most convinced by.", 'start': 9491.26, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 9503.168, 'text': 'the single greatest risk of AI is that China wins global AI dominance and we, the United States and the West, do not.', 'start': 9495.983, 'duration': 7.185}], 'summary': 'Pre-covid in 2019, more jobs at higher wages, with the potential risk of china winning global ai dominance.', 'duration': 29.409, 'max_score': 9473.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89473759.jpg'}, {'end': 9641.508, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9608.305, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9612.186, 'text': "And so they've been laying all this financial and technological fabric all over the world.", 'start': 9608.305, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 9617.168, 'text': 'And their plan is to roll out their vision of AI on top of that and to have every other country be running their version.', 'start': 9612.206, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 9624.191, 'text': "And then if you're a country prone to authoritarianism, you're going to find this to be an incredible way to become more authoritarian.", 'start': 9617.988, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 9627.373, 'text': "If you're a country, by the way, not prone to authoritarianism,", 'start': 9625.352, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 9632.235, 'text': "you're going to have the Chinese Communist Party running your infrastructure and having backdoors into it right?", 'start': 9627.373, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 9633.596, 'text': 'Which is also not good.', 'start': 9632.255, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 9641.508, 'text': "What's your sense of where they stand in terms of the race towards superintelligence as compared to the United States? Yeah.", 'start': 9634.437, 'duration': 7.071}], 'summary': "China's plan to deploy ai globally raises concerns about authoritarian influence and backdoor access to infrastructure.", 'duration': 33.203, 'max_score': 9608.305, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89608305.jpg'}, {'end': 9823.447, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9792.929, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9794.791, 'text': 'And then that model is kind of elaborating out.', 'start': 9792.929, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 9798.735, 'text': 'The AI thing is actually a reversion on that for now,', 'start': 9796.653, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 9804.221, 'text': 'because most of the AI business right now is actually in cloud provision of AI APIs for other people to build on.', 'start': 9798.735, 'duration': 5.486}, {'end': 9806.103, 'text': 'But the big thing will probably be an app.', 'start': 9804.261, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 9810.324, 'text': 'Yeah, I think most of the money I think probably will be in whatever.', 'start': 9806.483, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 9816.106, 'text': 'yeah, your AI financial advisor or your AI doctor or your AI lawyer, or take your pick of whatever the domain is.', 'start': 9810.324, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 9820.147, 'text': "And what's interesting is the Valley kind of does everything.", 'start': 9817.006, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 9823.447, 'text': 'The entrepreneurs kind of elaborate every possible idea.', 'start': 9820.167, 'duration': 3.28}], 'summary': "Ai business is mostly in cloud provision of apis. the big thing will probably be an app, and there's potential in ai financial advisor, doctor, and lawyer services.", 'duration': 30.518, 'max_score': 9792.929, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89792929.jpg'}, {'end': 9883.339, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9854.925, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9857.606, 'text': "The great thing about the really great founders is they don't take any advice.", 'start': 9854.925, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 9863.229, 'text': "If you find yourself listening to advice, maybe you shouldn't do it.", 'start': 9860.808, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 9866.33, 'text': "That's actually just to elaborate on that.", 'start': 9864.45, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 9870.292, 'text': 'If you could also speak to great founders too.', 'start': 9867.551, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 9871.633, 'text': 'what makes a great founder?', 'start': 9870.292, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 9879.415, 'text': 'what makes a great founder is super smart, um, coupled with super energetic, coupled with super courageous.', 'start': 9872.529, 'duration': 6.886}, {'end': 9883.339, 'text': "i think it's some of those those three, and intelligence, passion and courage.", 'start': 9879.415, 'duration': 3.924}], 'summary': 'Great founders are super smart, energetic, and courageous, not taking advice.', 'duration': 28.414, 'max_score': 9854.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89854925.jpg'}, {'end': 9920.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9897.131, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9904.275, 'text': "yeah, um, and Here's maybe the biggest thing people don't understand about what it's like to be a startup founder is it gets very romanticized,", 'start': 9897.131, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 9908.177, 'text': 'right?. And even when they fail, it still gets romanticized about what a great adventure it was.', 'start': 9904.275, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 9915.68, 'text': "But the reality of it is, most of what happens is people telling you no, and then they usually follow that with you're stupid right?", 'start': 9908.257, 'duration': 7.423}, {'end': 9916.961, 'text': 'No, I will not come to work for you.', 'start': 9915.8, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 9919.502, 'text': 'I will not leave my cushy job at Google to come work for you.', 'start': 9916.981, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 9920.722, 'text': "No, I'm not going to buy your product.", 'start': 9919.562, 'duration': 1.16}], 'summary': "Startup founder's reality: constant rejection and romanticized failure.", 'duration': 23.591, 'max_score': 9897.131, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89897131.jpg'}, {'end': 9976.394, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9947.181, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9950.502, 'text': 'This is actually one of the conclusions, I think.', 'start': 9947.181, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 9954.164, 'text': "For most of these people on a risk-adjusted basis, it's probably an irrational act.", 'start': 9951.042, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 9959.106, 'text': 'They could probably be more financially successful on average if they just got a real job at a big company.', 'start': 9954.864, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 9965.528, 'text': 'But some people just have an irrational need to do something new and build something for themselves.', 'start': 9960.326, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 9967.369, 'text': "Some people just can't tolerate having bosses.", 'start': 9965.588, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 9969.49, 'text': "Oh, here's a fun thing is, how do you reference check founders?", 'start': 9967.649, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 9971.591, 'text': 'So you call it the normal way.', 'start': 9970.51, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 9972.672, 'text': 'you reference check your hiring.', 'start': 9971.591, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 9976.394, 'text': 'somebody is, you call the bosses and you find out if they were good employees.', 'start': 9972.672, 'duration': 3.722}], 'summary': "Entrepreneurship may be irrational for most, but some have a need to build something new and can't tolerate bosses.", 'duration': 29.213, 'max_score': 9947.181, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89947181.jpg'}, {'end': 10107.826, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10079.96, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10082.363, 'text': 'The Google guys had the Google search engine working at Stanford.', 'start': 10079.96, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 10089.974, 'text': "Actually, there's tons of examples where Pierre Omidyar had eBay working before he left his previous job.", 'start': 10082.683, 'duration': 7.291}, {'end': 10097.2, 'text': 'So I really love that idea of just having a thing, a prototype that actually works before you even begin to remotely scale.', 'start': 10090.697, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 10102.663, 'text': "Yeah By the way, it's also far easier to raise money, right? Like the ideal pitch that we receive is here's the thing that works.", 'start': 10097.26, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 10104.064, 'text': 'Would you like to invest in our company or not?', 'start': 10102.723, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 10107.826, 'text': "Like that's so much easier than here's 30 slides with a dream, right?", 'start': 10104.104, 'duration': 3.722}], 'summary': 'Successful startups had working prototypes before scaling, making fundraising easier.', 'duration': 27.866, 'max_score': 10079.96, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810079960.jpg'}, {'end': 10271.064, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10245.83, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 10252.556, 'text': "you can do any whiff of the idea that there's basically any such thing as work-life balance and that people should actually work hard and everybody gets mad.", 'start': 10245.83, 'duration': 6.726}, {'end': 10257.421, 'text': "But like the truth is, like all the successful founders are working 80-hour weeks and they're working, you know, they form various..", 'start': 10252.596, 'duration': 4.825}, {'end': 10259.841, 'text': 'very strong social bonds with the people they work with.', 'start': 10258.141, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 10263.162, 'text': 'They tend to lose a lot of friends on the outside or put those friendships on ice.', 'start': 10259.881, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 10265.183, 'text': "Like that's just the nature of the thing.", 'start': 10263.222, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 10268.183, 'text': "You know, for most people that's worth the trade off.", 'start': 10266.523, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 10268.423, 'text': 'you know.', 'start': 10268.183, 'duration': 0.24}, {'end': 10271.064, 'text': 'the advantage you know, maybe younger founders have is maybe they have less.', 'start': 10268.423, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Successful founders work 80-hour weeks, form strong social bonds at work, and may sacrifice friendships for success.', 'duration': 25.234, 'max_score': 10245.83, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810245830.jpg'}], 'start': 9454.493, 'title': 'Ai risks and challenges of startup founders', 'summary': "Discusses the concern over ai risks, especially china's global ai dominance and its impact on authoritarian control and surveillance. it also addresses the challenges faced by startup founders, such as constant rejection, the irrationality of entrepreneurship, and the sacrifices made for success.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9897.131, 'start': 9454.493, 'title': 'Ai risks and global competition', 'summary': "Highlights the concern surrounding ai risks, particularly the threat of china's global ai dominance and its potential impact on authoritarian control, surveillance, and the race towards superintelligence, as well as the shift in tech trends towards ai applications and the qualities of a great founder.", 'duration': 442.638, 'highlights': ['The overwhelming evidence shows that the net gain of AI is wildly positive, with more jobs at higher wages before COVID, but the single greatest risk lies in China winning global AI dominance and their vision of authoritarian control and surveillance. More jobs at higher wages before COVID', "China's publicized plan for AI involves surveillance, authoritarian control, and the Digital Silk Road initiative, aiming to proliferate their AI vision globally, potentially enabling authoritarianism in other countries. China's Digital Silk Road initiative", "Although China is behind in the race towards superintelligence, they have access to the work of other countries, and their AI reports and advancements indicate a strategic focus on aligning with communist ideologies. Access to other countries' work and AI reports", 'The evolution of the tech industry has seen a shift towards AI applications, where most of the big wins have been in applications, particularly in cloud provision of AI APIs and the potential for AI services in various domains like finance, healthcare, and law. Shift towards AI applications', 'A great founder is described as super smart, energetic, and courageous, with courage being a choice that involves pain tolerance and the willingness to persevere despite challenges. Qualities of a great founder']}, {'end': 10285.727, 'start': 9897.131, 'title': 'Challenges of being a startup founder', 'summary': 'Highlights the harsh reality of being a startup founder, including facing constant rejection, the irrational act of entrepreneurship, the importance of having a working prototype before scaling, and the sacrifices and social tunnel experienced by successful founders.', 'duration': 388.596, 'highlights': ['The harsh reality of being a startup founder involves facing constant rejection and having to pretend to have a great time while actually being in misery. Founders frequently face rejection, which can be demoralizing, and have to maintain a facade of enjoyment despite feeling miserable inside.', 'The irrational act of entrepreneurship is driven by the need to build something new and the inability to tolerate having bosses, despite knowing that financial success might be more attainable with a traditional job. Entrepreneurship is often an irrational act motivated by the desire to create something new and the inability to work under traditional employment structures, despite the potential for greater financial success in a conventional job.', 'The importance of having a working prototype before scaling and the predictability of success when starting with a great idea before founding a company. Success is more predictable when starting with a great idea and a working prototype before scaling, making it easier to raise funds and ensuring a more successful venture.', 'The sacrifices and social tunnel experienced by successful founders, including working 80-hour weeks, forming strong social bonds with colleagues, and often losing friendships outside of work. Successful founders make significant sacrifices, such as working long hours, forming strong bonds with colleagues, and often losing friendships and work-life balance for the sake of their ventures.']}], 'duration': 831.234, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ89454493.jpg', 'highlights': ["China's publicized plan for AI involves surveillance, authoritarian control, and the Digital Silk Road initiative, aiming to proliferate their AI vision globally, potentially enabling authoritarianism in other countries.", 'The overwhelming evidence shows that the net gain of AI is wildly positive, with more jobs at higher wages before COVID, but the single greatest risk lies in China winning global AI dominance and their vision of authoritarian control and surveillance.', 'The evolution of the tech industry has seen a shift towards AI applications, where most of the big wins have been in applications, particularly in cloud provision of AI APIs and the potential for AI services in various domains like finance, healthcare, and law.', 'A great founder is described as super smart, energetic, and courageous, with courage being a choice that involves pain tolerance and the willingness to persevere despite challenges.', 'The harsh reality of being a startup founder involves facing constant rejection and having to pretend to have a great time while actually being in misery.', 'The irrational act of entrepreneurship is driven by the need to build something new and the inability to tolerate having bosses, despite knowing that financial success might be more attainable with a traditional job.', 'The importance of having a working prototype before scaling and the predictability of success when starting with a great idea before founding a company.', 'The sacrifices and social tunnel experienced by successful founders, including working 80-hour weeks, forming strong social bonds with colleagues, and often losing friendships outside of work.']}, {'end': 11485.799, 'segs': [{'end': 10337.899, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10307.134, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 10309.055, 'text': 'Quote, mostly I try to learn a lot.', 'start': 10307.134, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 10317.199, 'text': "For example, the political events of 2014 to 2016 made clear to me that I didn't understand politics at all, referencing maybe some of this.", 'start': 10309.956, 'duration': 7.243}, {'end': 10318.6, 'text': 'this book here.', 'start': 10317.96, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 10329.877, 'text': 'So I deliberately withdrew from political engagement and fundraising and instead read my way back into history and as far to the political left and political right as I could.', 'start': 10319.902, 'duration': 9.975}, {'end': 10337.899, 'text': "So just high level question, what's your approach to learning? Yeah, so it's basically, I would say it's autodidact.", 'start': 10330.478, 'duration': 7.421}], 'summary': 'Deliberately withdrew from political engagement and fundraising, focused on learning from 2014 to 2016. autodidact approach to learning.', 'duration': 30.765, 'max_score': 10307.134, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810307134.jpg'}, {'end': 10466.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10443.363, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10450.571, 'text': 'first of all, the list here is just incredible, but you say the single best book I have found on who we are and how we got here,', 'start': 10443.363, 'duration': 7.208}, {'end': 10455.576, 'text': 'is The Ancient City by Numa Dennis Fustel de Koulankas.', 'start': 10450.571, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 10457.018, 'text': 'I like it.', 'start': 10456.577, 'duration': 0.441}, {'end': 10463.534, 'text': 'What did you learn about who we are as a human civilization from that book? Yeah, so this is a fascinating book.', 'start': 10457.899, 'duration': 5.635}, {'end': 10464.895, 'text': "This one's free, by the way.", 'start': 10463.554, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 10466.215, 'text': "It's a book from the 1860s.", 'start': 10464.955, 'duration': 1.26}], 'summary': 'The ancient city by numa dennis fustel de koulankas is a fascinating book about human civilization from the 1860s.', 'duration': 22.852, 'max_score': 10443.363, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810443363.jpg'}, {'end': 10691.128, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10659.71, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10662.931, 'text': "It's just our cults are at like a thousandth or a millionth the level of intensity.", 'start': 10659.71, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 10664.172, 'text': 'Right And so our.', 'start': 10663.231, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 10671.236, 'text': 'so. just as to take religions, you know the modern experience of a Christian in our time, even somebody who considers them a devout Christian,', 'start': 10664.172, 'duration': 7.064}, {'end': 10675.639, 'text': 'is just a shadow of the level of intensity of somebody who belonged to a religion back in that period.', 'start': 10671.236, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 10679.281, 'text': 'And then by the way, we have, it goes back to our AI discussion.', 'start': 10676.139, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 10682.063, 'text': 'We, we, we, we then sort of endlessly create new cults.', 'start': 10679.342, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 10684.025, 'text': "Like we're, we're trying to fill the void.", 'start': 10682.644, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 10686.466, 'text': 'Right And the void is a void of, of bonding.', 'start': 10684.325, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 10691.128, 'text': 'Okay, Living in their era, like everybody living today transported in that era,', 'start': 10686.486, 'duration': 4.642}], 'summary': 'Religions today are less intense than those in the past, leading to the creation of new cults to fill the void of bonding.', 'duration': 31.418, 'max_score': 10659.71, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810659710.jpg'}, {'end': 10738.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10705.791, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10707.011, 'text': 'They knew exactly why they were doing it.', 'start': 10705.791, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 10709.312, 'text': 'They had total certainty about their place in the universe.', 'start': 10707.071, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 10713.793, 'text': 'So the question of meaning, the question of purpose was very distinctly, clearly defined for them.', 'start': 10709.552, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 10717.739, 'text': 'Absolutely, overwhelmingly, undisputably, undeniably.', 'start': 10714.156, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 10724.745, 'text': 'As we turn the volume down on the cultism, the search for meaning starts getting harder and harder.', 'start': 10718.48, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 10726.206, 'text': "Yes, because we don't have that.", 'start': 10724.825, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 10727.207, 'text': 'We are ungrounded.', 'start': 10726.246, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 10728.428, 'text': 'We are uncentered.', 'start': 10727.247, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 10733.112, 'text': "And we all feel it, right? And that's why we reach for, you know, it's why we still reach for religion.", 'start': 10728.448, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 10738.557, 'text': "It's why we reach for, you know, people start to take on, you know, let's say, you know, a faith in science, maybe beyond where they should put it.", 'start': 10733.132, 'duration': 5.425}], 'summary': 'The search for meaning becomes harder without certainty and grounding, leading to a reach for religion or faith in science.', 'duration': 32.766, 'max_score': 10705.791, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810705791.jpg'}, {'end': 10918.448, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10890.527, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 10894.01, 'text': "There's a great story in Roman history of Pliny the Elder,", 'start': 10890.527, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 10898.773, 'text': 'who was this legendary statesman died in the Vesuvius eruption trying to rescue his friends.', 'start': 10894.01, 'duration': 4.763}, {'end': 10903.777, 'text': 'But he was famous both for basically being a polymath, but also being an author.', 'start': 10898.833, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 10907.58, 'text': 'And he wrote apparently hundreds of books, most of which have been lost, but he wrote all these encyclopedias.', 'start': 10903.797, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 10912.283, 'text': 'And he literally would be reading and writing all day long, no matter what else was going on.', 'start': 10908.42, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 10918.448, 'text': 'So he would travel with four slaves, and two of them were responsible for reading to him, and two of them were responsible for taking dictation.', 'start': 10912.984, 'duration': 5.464}], 'summary': 'Pliny the elder, a polymath and author, wrote hundreds of books and traveled with four slaves, two of whom read to him and two who took dictation.', 'duration': 27.921, 'max_score': 10890.527, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810890527.jpg'}, {'end': 11011.708, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10981.644, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10983.166, 'text': "So I'm the wrong person to ask.", 'start': 10981.644, 'duration': 1.522}, {'end': 10985.648, 'text': "Can you elaborate why you don't believe in balance?", 'start': 10983.186, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 10986.529, 'text': 'I mean I, I.', 'start': 10985.788, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 10987.75, 'text': "maybe it's just and I, I look.", 'start': 10986.529, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 10989.931, 'text': 'I think people, I think people are wired differently.', 'start': 10987.75, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 10995.375, 'text': "So I, I think it's hard to generalize, uh, this kind of thing, but I'm, I am much happier and more satisfied when I'm fully committed to something.", 'start': 10989.971, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 10998.257, 'text': "So I'm very much in favor of imbalance.", 'start': 10995.475, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 11000.279, 'text': 'Yeah Imbalance.', 'start': 10998.277, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 11002.721, 'text': 'And that applies to work, to life, to everything.', 'start': 11000.539, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 11008.647, 'text': 'Now I happen to have whatever twist of personality traits lead that in non-destructive dimensions,', 'start': 11004.166, 'duration': 4.481}, {'end': 11011.708, 'text': "including the fact that I've actually I now no longer do the 10-4 plan.", 'start': 11008.647, 'duration': 3.061}], 'summary': 'Imbalance makes me happier and more satisfied, leading to non-destructive dimensions and no longer following the 10-4 plan.', 'duration': 30.064, 'max_score': 10981.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810981644.jpg'}, {'end': 11074.562, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11039.114, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11042.075, 'text': 'That just sounds like happiness, but turned down a bit.', 'start': 11039.114, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 11042.855, 'text': 'No, deeper.', 'start': 11042.315, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 11048.917, 'text': 'So happiness is a walk in the woods at sunset, an ice cream cone, a kiss.', 'start': 11043.235, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 11051.578, 'text': 'The first ice cream cone is great.', 'start': 11050.197, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 11054.819, 'text': 'The thousandth ice cream cone, not so much.', 'start': 11051.898, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 11056.359, 'text': 'At some point, the walks in the woods get boring.', 'start': 11055.039, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 11059.88, 'text': "What's the distinction between happiness and satisfaction?", 'start': 11056.559, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 11065.881, 'text': 'I think satisfaction is a deeper thing, which is like having found a purpose and fulfilling it being useful.', 'start': 11059.9, 'duration': 5.981}, {'end': 11074.562, 'text': 'So just something that permeates all your days, just this general contentment of being useful.', 'start': 11066.761, 'duration': 7.801}], 'summary': 'Happiness vs. satisfaction: finding purpose and fulfillment leads to general contentment.', 'duration': 35.448, 'max_score': 11039.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ811039114.jpg'}, {'end': 11112.647, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11085.186, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11088.028, 'text': 'And then I can look back and say, wow, that was hard, but it was worth it.', 'start': 11085.186, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 11094.433, 'text': 'I think generally it seems to lead people in a better state than pursuit of pleasure, pursuit of quote unquote happiness.', 'start': 11089.169, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 11096.194, 'text': 'Does money have anything to do with that?', 'start': 11094.873, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 11101.178, 'text': 'I think the founders, the founding fathers in the US, threw this off kilter when they used the phrase pursuit of happiness.', 'start': 11096.294, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 11101.978, 'text': 'I think they should have said.', 'start': 11101.238, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 11103.499, 'text': 'Pursuit of satisfaction.', 'start': 11102.859, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 11105.861, 'text': 'If they said pursuit of satisfaction, we might live in a better world today.', 'start': 11103.539, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 11109.484, 'text': 'Well, you know, they could have elaborated on a lot of things.', 'start': 11106.161, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 11110.745, 'text': 'They could have tweaked the Second Amendment.', 'start': 11109.544, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 11112.647, 'text': 'I think they were smarter than they realized.', 'start': 11110.765, 'duration': 1.882}], 'summary': 'The pursuit of satisfaction may lead to a better world than pursuit of happiness - founders should have emphasized it.', 'duration': 27.461, 'max_score': 11085.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ811085186.jpg'}, {'end': 11244.776, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11216.937, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11226.203, 'text': "And it's a level of hands-on commitment and depth in the business, um.", 'start': 11216.937, 'duration': 9.266}, {'end': 11235.99, 'text': 'coupled with an absolute priority, uh, towards truth, um, and towards um kind of put science and technology, uh, down to first principles.', 'start': 11226.203, 'duration': 9.787}, {'end': 11237.971, 'text': 'That is just like absolute.', 'start': 11236.17, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 11239.512, 'text': 'It was just like unbelievably absolute.', 'start': 11238.111, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 11242.634, 'text': "He really is ideal that he's only ever talking to engineers.", 'start': 11240.253, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 11244.776, 'text': 'Like he does not tolerate bullshit.', 'start': 11242.815, 'duration': 1.961}], 'summary': 'Hands-on commitment and priority on truth and technology, ideal for engineers.', 'duration': 27.839, 'max_score': 11216.937, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ811216937.jpg'}], 'start': 10286.408, 'title': 'Learning, focus, and innovation', 'summary': "Delves into marc andreessen's approach to learning and the evolution of civilization, emphasizes the value of finding focus and imbalance for satisfaction, and discusses elon musk's modern innovation and leadership style, highlighting the role of money in enabling satisfaction and emphasizing truth and ground truth.", 'chapters': [{'end': 10889.026, 'start': 10286.408, 'title': 'The art of learning and the evolution of civilization', 'summary': "Delves into marc andreessen's approach to learning, which involves deep dives into various topics, listing recommended books on history, politics, and civilization while discussing the evolution of human civilization and the impact of cultism on society.", 'duration': 602.618, 'highlights': ["Marc Andreessen's approach to learning involves deep dives into various topics, combining breadth and depth, with recommended books on history, politics, and civilization. Marc Andreessen adopts an autodidact approach to learning, going broad and deep into rabbit holes, with a list of recommended books on history, politics, and civilization.", "The book 'The Ancient City' by Numa Dennis Fustel de Koulankas provides insights into the evolution of human civilization, revealing the intensity of cults in ancient societies and their impact on individual rights. The book 'The Ancient City' sheds light on the intensity of cults in ancient societies, their impact on individual rights, and the evolution of human civilization, offering a unique perspective on historical development.", 'The discussion on the impact of cultism on modern society highlights the diluted nature of current cults compared to ancient times, raising questions about the search for meaning and the pervasive presence of cultism in modern life. The conversation explores the diluted nature of modern cults compared to ancient times, questioning the search for meaning and discussing the pervasive presence of cultism in modern society, including parallels to modern experiences like religion and technology events.']}, {'end': 11117.251, 'start': 10890.527, 'title': 'Finding focus and imbalance', 'summary': 'Discusses the value of finding focus, with examples of prolific individuals like pliny the elder and the emphasis on imbalance over balance for satisfaction, not happiness, and how it relates to wealth.', 'duration': 226.724, 'highlights': ["Pliny the Elder's prolific writing and focus, traveling with slaves reading and taking dictation, producing amazing books. Pliny the Elder's dedication to writing, traveling with slaves responsible for reading and dictation, producing hundreds of amazing books, with only a few surviving, reflects the value of finding focus and dedication.", 'Embracing imbalance and being fully committed to something leads to greater satisfaction, not pursuing happiness. The emphasis on embracing imbalance and full commitment leading to greater satisfaction, rather than pursuing balance or happiness, reflects a unique perspective on personal fulfillment.', 'The distinction between happiness and satisfaction, with the latter being deeper and related to fulfilling a purpose and being useful. The distinction between happiness and satisfaction, with the latter being deeper and linked to fulfilling a purpose, being useful, and contributing to the world and others, provides insight into the concept of personal fulfillment.', "The founding fathers' use of 'pursuit of happiness' instead of 'pursuit of satisfaction' contributing to a potential misunderstanding of personal fulfillment. The discussion of the founding fathers' choice of 'pursuit of happiness' over 'pursuit of satisfaction' and its potential impact on societal understanding of personal fulfillment highlights a thought-provoking perspective on the concept of satisfaction."]}, {'end': 11485.799, 'start': 11117.692, 'title': 'Elon musk: a modern innovator', 'summary': "Discusses the role of money in enabling satisfaction, highlights elon musk's leadership style and compares him to historical industrialists, emphasizing his emphasis on truth and ground truth, and his ability to challenge conventional norms by betting on the person rather than the idea.", 'duration': 368.107, 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's leadership style is compared to historical industrialists like Henry Ford and Andrew Carnegie, emphasizing his commitment to truth and ground truth, and his preference for direct interaction with engineers, fostering a hands-on approach to business.", "The discussion emphasizes the unparalleled nature of Elon Musk's achievements, such as successfully establishing a new car company in the United States in the 1950s, creating a new rocket company, and defying conventional norms, highlighting his ability to challenge traditional perspectives and inspire support rather than derision.", 'The chapter delves into the role of money in enabling satisfaction, distinguishing it from leading individuals down destructive paths, and highlights the importance of love and taking care of people, intertwining capitalism with the fundamental aspect of looking after others.', "The conversation underscores the impact of Elon Musk's unconventional decisions, fueling resentment among critics while being described as an idealized technologist, ultimately portraying his ability to challenge norms and drive a cult-like following."]}], 'duration': 1199.391, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-hxeDjAxvJ8/pics/-hxeDjAxvJ810286408.jpg', 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's leadership style emphasizes truth and ground truth, fostering a hands-on approach to business.", 'The discussion on the impact of cultism on modern society questions the search for meaning and discusses the pervasive presence of cultism in modern society.', "The book 'The Ancient City' sheds light on the intensity of cults in ancient societies, their impact on individual rights, and the evolution of human civilization, offering a unique perspective on historical development.", 'The distinction between happiness and satisfaction provides insight into the concept of personal fulfillment.', 'The conversation explores the diluted nature of modern cults compared to ancient times, questioning the search for meaning and discussing the pervasive presence of cultism in modern society, including parallels to modern experiences like religion and technology events.', 'Embracing imbalance and being fully committed to something leads to greater satisfaction, not pursuing happiness.', "The founding fathers' use of 'pursuit of happiness' instead of 'pursuit of satisfaction' contributes to a potential misunderstanding of personal fulfillment.", "Marc Andreessen's approach to learning involves deep dives into various topics, combining breadth and depth, with recommended books on history, politics, and civilization.", "Pliny the Elder's dedication to writing, traveling with slaves responsible for reading and dictation, producing hundreds of amazing books, with only a few surviving, reflects the value of finding focus and dedication."]}], 'highlights': ["AI's potential to transform search capabilities and provide direct answers rather than traditional links.", 'LLMs engaging in diverse conversations could lead to a 10x increase in their power, potentially expanding the scope of possible conversations beyond human data exploration.', 'The collapse in trust in institutions in the US has been systemic, with a significant decline in trust since the early 1970s, reflecting a shift in perception and understanding of reality (Gallup poll data).', 'Startups are currently stalled as they are unable to get chips, leading to a shortage that hinders their ability to innovate and compete in the tech industry.', 'Regular people could spend a few hundred dollars and get a computer, marking a significant shift in technology accessibility.', 'JavaScript, initially a failed backend scripting language, is now widely used and gaining adoption.', 'Modern software assets like Minecraft, Mathematica, Facebook, Google, World of Warcraft, and Salesforce.com are gaining value over decades.', 'The correlation between alcohol use and violent crimes, sexual harassment, domestic abuse, and child abuse is highlighted, with evidence supporting the negative impact of alcohol on society.', 'The need for a rational response to the risk of AI causing harm is emphasized, indicating the possibility of slowing development or regulating.', 'The importance of open sourcing AI models is emphasized, with the argument that AI will become ubiquitous, akin to air, and that living in a world where open source AI is not allowed would lead to draconian speech control and machine control.', "China's publicized plan for AI involves surveillance, authoritarian control, and the Digital Silk Road initiative, aiming to proliferate their AI vision globally, potentially enabling authoritarianism in other countries.", "Elon Musk's leadership style emphasizes truth and ground truth, fostering a hands-on approach to business."]}