title
Top 65 SQL Interview Questions and Answers | SQL Interview Preparation | SQL Training | Edureka

description
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{'title': 'Top 65 SQL Interview Questions and Answers | SQL Interview Preparation | SQL Training | Edureka', 'heatmap': [{'end': 132.683, 'start': 96.265, 'weight': 0.803}, {'end': 649.863, 'start': 610.656, 'weight': 0.723}, {'end': 1581.972, 'start': 1515.325, 'weight': 0.84}, {'end': 1938.295, 'start': 1900.32, 'weight': 0.868}, {'end': 2450.448, 'start': 2384.725, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'Covers sql and database management, including 65 interview questions, database keys, constraints, indexes, sql joins, denormalization, database entities, normalization, sql queries, database relationships, sql basics, sql operations, and functions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 401.893, 'segs': [{'end': 54.658, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32.261, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 40.484, 'text': 'makes us handle data and databases and gives us the need to use the database management systems with various kinds of database management systems present in the market today.', 'start': 32.261, 'duration': 8.223}, {'end': 44.926, 'text': 'The relational database management system is one of the most popular systems available.', 'start': 40.764, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 54.658, 'text': 'Now, this type of database management system uses a structure that allows the users to identify and access data in relation to another piece of data in the database,', 'start': 45.49, 'duration': 9.168}], 'summary': 'Learning about database management systems, including relational systems, is essential for working with data.', 'duration': 22.397, 'max_score': 32.261, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU32261.jpg'}, {'end': 96.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 65.748, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 69.091, 'text': "So, guys, if you're preparing for interviews to become a database administrator,", 'start': 65.748, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 72.354, 'text': 'then sequel is one of the important skills that you need to master them.', 'start': 69.091, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 76.576, 'text': "So with the note of this let's just get started with the sequel interview question.", 'start': 72.794, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 83.279, 'text': "So the first question that we have is what is the difference between delete and truncate statement? So I'll start by explaining you.", 'start': 76.916, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 88.622, 'text': 'What is the delete command? Well, the delete command is basically used to delete a row in the table.', 'start': 83.359, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 96.105, 'text': 'So you can also roll back data after using the delete statement and it is a data manipulation command coming to the truncate statement.', 'start': 88.922, 'duration': 7.183}], 'summary': 'Prepare for database administrator interviews by mastering sql skills. learn the difference between delete and truncate statements.', 'duration': 30.357, 'max_score': 65.748, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU65748.jpg'}, {'end': 142.789, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 96.265, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 101.908, 'text': 'The truncate statement is basically used to delete all the rows from a table and you cannot roll back the data.', 'start': 96.265, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 106.67, 'text': 'This is a data definition language command and it is faster than the delete command.', 'start': 102.328, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 110.852, 'text': 'So, if anyone ask you the difference between the delete and the truncate statements,', 'start': 106.97, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 115.815, 'text': "don't forget to mention that you know the truncate statement is definitely faster than the delete statement,", 'start': 110.852, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 121.697, 'text': 'and the truncate statement is from the data definition family and the delete statement is from the data manipulation family.', 'start': 115.815, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 124.119, 'text': 'right now, moving on to our next question,', 'start': 121.697, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 126.54, 'text': 'That is what are the different subsets of SQL?', 'start': 124.199, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 132.683, 'text': 'Well, the different subsets of SQL are mainly the data definition language to data manipulation language,', 'start': 127.12, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 136.265, 'text': 'the data control language and the transaction control language.', 'start': 132.683, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 142.789, 'text': 'now coming to the data definition language, this set of language consists of the commands that can be used to Define the database schema.', 'start': 136.265, 'duration': 6.524}], 'summary': 'Truncate is faster than delete, belongs to ddl. sql subsets: ddl, dml, dcl, tcl.', 'duration': 46.524, 'max_score': 96.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU96265.jpg'}, {'end': 272.569, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 237.579, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 239.601, 'text': 'So you can basically store any kind of data.', 'start': 237.579, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 244.185, 'text': 'Now, the different kinds of database management systems are the hierarchical, the relational,', 'start': 240.121, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 247.528, 'text': 'the network and the object-oriented database management systems.', 'start': 244.185, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 250.01, 'text': 'the talking about the hierarchical database management systems.', 'start': 247.528, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 255.074, 'text': 'This type of database management system has a style of predecessor and the successor type of relationship.', 'start': 250.33, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 261.68, 'text': 'So it has a structure similar to that of a tree where in the notes represent the records and the branches of the tree represent the fields.', 'start': 255.434, 'duration': 6.246}, {'end': 264.222, 'text': 'Coming to the relational database management system.', 'start': 262.2, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 272.569, 'text': 'This type of database management system uses a structure that allows the user to identify and access data in relation to another piece of data in the database.', 'start': 264.542, 'duration': 8.027}], 'summary': 'Various database management systems include hierarchical, relational, network, and object-oriented, each with distinct data structures and relationships.', 'duration': 34.99, 'max_score': 237.579, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU237579.jpg'}, {'end': 319.413, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 291.225, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 296.147, 'text': 'So now moving on to our next question, that is what do you mean by a table and a field in sequel?', 'start': 291.225, 'duration': 4.922}, {'end': 299.488, 'text': 'So now, the answer to this question is quite simple.', 'start': 296.607, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 304.77, 'text': 'a table basically refers to a collection of data in an organized manner, in forms of rows and columns,', 'start': 299.488, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 307.371, 'text': 'and the field refers to the number of columns in the table.', 'start': 304.77, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 311.052, 'text': 'If you have to explain anybody what table and field mean.', 'start': 307.871, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 315.733, 'text': 'so basically, in sequel, you have a database and a database consists of n number of tables right?', 'start': 311.052, 'duration': 4.681}, {'end': 319.413, 'text': 'So that is basically a table and the tables have few column names right?', 'start': 315.973, 'duration': 3.44}], 'summary': 'In sql, a table is a collection of data organized in rows and columns, with fields representing the number of columns. a database consists of multiple tables with column names.', 'duration': 28.188, 'max_score': 291.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU291225.jpg'}, {'end': 409.296, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 381.728, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 387.509, 'text': 'So whenever you have strings of fixed length, then you use the char data types, and whenever you have strings of variable length,', 'start': 381.728, 'duration': 5.781}, {'end': 389.47, 'text': 'then you can use the var char2 data type.', 'start': 387.509, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 395.871, 'text': 'Now, for example, char 10 can only store 10 characters and will not be able to store a string of any other length.', 'start': 389.83, 'duration': 6.041}, {'end': 401.893, 'text': 'Whereas the var char2 10 can store any length that is either 6, 2, 8, it completely depends on the variable.', 'start': 396.211, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 404.614, 'text': 'Right now moving on to our next question.', 'start': 402.193, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 409.296, 'text': "That is what is the primary key now when you're working in the database field.", 'start': 404.954, 'duration': 4.342}], 'summary': 'Use char for fixed length strings, var char2 for variable length. explaining primary key in databases.', 'duration': 27.568, 'max_score': 381.728, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU381728.jpg'}], 'start': 11.26, 'title': 'Sql and database management', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of sql, outlines 65 interview questions, discusses database management systems, and explains sql basics, including tables, fields, and data types.', 'chapters': [{'end': 200.005, 'start': 11.26, 'title': 'Sql interview questions', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of sql in handling data, outlines the top 65 interview questions, and explains the difference between delete and truncate statements, as well as the different subsets of sql.', 'duration': 188.745, 'highlights': ['The relational database management system is one of the most popular systems available, with SQL as the core for accessing and managing the database. The relational database management system is crucial in handling vast amounts of data, with SQL serving as the core for accessing and managing the database, making it essential for database administrators.', 'The chapter outlines the top 65 interview questions generally asked about SQL, emphasizing its significance in interviews for database administrator roles. The chapter focuses on the top 65 interview questions about SQL, highlighting its importance in preparing for database administrator interviews.', 'Explains the difference between delete and truncate statements, highlighting that truncate is faster and from the data definition family, while delete is from the data manipulation family. The delete command is for deleting a row, while the truncate command is for deleting all rows and is faster, belonging to the data definition family, important for interviews.', 'Differentiates the subsets of SQL, including data definition language, data manipulation language, data control language, and transaction control language, with clear explanations of their purposes. The subsets of SQL are explained, encompassing data definition, manipulation, control, and transaction languages, each serving specific purposes in database management.']}, {'end': 290.805, 'start': 200.486, 'title': 'Types of database management systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the four subsets of sequel, the definition of database management systems, and the different types, namely hierarchical, relational, network, and object-oriented database management systems.', 'duration': 90.319, 'highlights': ['A database management system is a software application that interacts with the users, applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze the data. The database management system interacts with users, applications, and the database to capture and analyze data.', 'The different types of database management systems are hierarchical, relational, network, and object-oriented. Types of database management systems include hierarchical, relational, network, and object-oriented.', 'The relational database management system uses a structure that allows the user to identify and access data in relation to another piece of data in the database. Relational database management system enables users to identify and access data in relation to another piece of data.']}, {'end': 401.893, 'start': 291.225, 'title': 'Understanding sequel basics', 'summary': 'Introduces the concepts of tables and fields in sequel, explains joints and highlights the difference between char and varchar data types, emphasizing their usage and characteristics.', 'duration': 110.668, 'highlights': ['A table refers to a collection of data in an organized manner, in forms of rows and columns, and the field refers to the number of columns in the table. Explains the basic definitions of a table and a field in Sequel, emphasizing the organizational structure and the relationship between rows and columns.', 'Joint clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on related columns between them, and there are mainly four types of joints in Sequel: inner, full, left, and right. Introduces the concept of joints in Sequel, highlighting their purpose and the four main types, providing a comprehensive understanding of their usage.', 'Char and varchar2 are used for character data type, but varchar2 is used for character strings of variable length, whereas char is used for strings of fixed length. Clarifies the difference between char and varchar2 data types, emphasizing their respective usage for fixed-length and variable-length character strings.']}], 'duration': 390.633, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU11260.jpg', 'highlights': ['The relational database management system is crucial in handling vast amounts of data, with SQL serving as the core for accessing and managing the database, making it essential for database administrators.', 'The chapter outlines the top 65 interview questions generally asked about SQL, emphasizing its significance in interviews for database administrator roles.', 'Explains the difference between delete and truncate statements, highlighting that truncate is faster and from the data definition family, while delete is from the data manipulation family.', 'Differentiates the subsets of SQL, including data definition language, data manipulation language, data control language, and transaction control language, with clear explanations of their purposes.', 'A database management system interacts with users, applications, and the database to capture and analyze data.', 'Types of database management systems include hierarchical, relational, network, and object-oriented.', 'Relational database management system enables users to identify and access data in relation to another piece of data.', 'Explains the basic definitions of a table and a field in Sequel, emphasizing the organizational structure and the relationship between rows and columns.', 'Introduces the concept of joints in Sequel, highlighting their purpose and the four main types, providing a comprehensive understanding of their usage.', 'Clarifies the difference between char and varchar2 data types, emphasizing their respective usage for fixed-length and variable-length character strings.']}, {'end': 838.562, 'segs': [{'end': 435.712, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 402.193, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 404.614, 'text': 'Right now moving on to our next question.', 'start': 402.193, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 409.296, 'text': "That is what is the primary key now when you're working in the database field.", 'start': 404.954, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 413.898, 'text': 'obviously a company who can have n number of databases having n number of tables inside this.', 'start': 409.296, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 418.421, 'text': 'now, each and every table in the database has to be connected with the other table right now.', 'start': 413.898, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 423.423, 'text': 'for that, we need to uniquely identify a table, or you know, you can say you need to uniquely identify a column.', 'start': 418.421, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 429.107, 'text': 'So basically primary key is a set of attributes that can be used to uniquely identify every tuple.', 'start': 423.963, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 435.712, 'text': 'So if there are around three to four candidate keys present in a relationship then out of those one can be chosen as the primary key.', 'start': 429.527, 'duration': 6.185}], 'summary': 'Primary key uniquely identifies every tuple in a database, chosen from candidate keys.', 'duration': 33.519, 'max_score': 402.193, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU402193.jpg'}, {'end': 649.863, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 610.656, 'weight': 0.723, 'content': [{'end': 616.379, 'text': 'guys, sequel is basically the core of relational database which is used for accessing and managing a database,', 'start': 610.656, 'duration': 5.723}, {'end': 619.741, 'text': 'and my sequel is an open-source relational database management system.', 'start': 616.379, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 622.351, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question.", 'start': 620.37, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 628.514, 'text': 'That is what is a unique key now unique key basically identifies a single row in a table.', 'start': 622.411, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 633.496, 'text': 'This basically allows multiple values per table and also the null values are allowed.', 'start': 628.874, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 637.178, 'text': "So you'll have to make sure that you know whenever you're using the unique key.", 'start': 633.876, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 638.598, 'text': 'you need to have an idea that you know.', 'start': 637.178, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 640.819, 'text': 'it identifies a single row in the table.', 'start': 638.598, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 644.661, 'text': 'multiple values are allowed for the table and also null values are allowed.', 'start': 640.819, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 647.002, 'text': 'But yes duplicate values are not allowed.', 'start': 644.701, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 649.863, 'text': 'All right now moving forward to a next question.', 'start': 647.542, 'duration': 2.321}], 'summary': 'Mysql is an open-source relational database management system. a unique key identifies a single row in a table and allows multiple values, but not duplicate values.', 'duration': 39.207, 'max_score': 610.656, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU610656.jpg'}, {'end': 709.909, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 683.419, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 688.161, 'text': 'Now moving forward to our next question, that is what do you mean by data Integrity now?', 'start': 683.419, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 694.723, 'text': 'data Integrity basically defines the accuracy of the data, as well as the consistency of data stored in the database.', 'start': 688.161, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 702.086, 'text': 'It also defines the Integrity constraints to enforce business rules on the data when it is entered into an application or a database.', 'start': 695.043, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 705.847, 'text': 'So, if you have to answer this question, then you can answer by saying that you know.', 'start': 702.526, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 709.909, 'text': 'data Integrity basically defines the accuracy and the consistency of data.', 'start': 705.847, 'duration': 4.062}], 'summary': 'Data integrity ensures accurate and consistent data in the database.', 'duration': 26.49, 'max_score': 683.419, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU683419.jpg'}, {'end': 786.549, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 757.929, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 761.991, 'text': 'the main difference between both of them are both are used for easy retrieval of data.', 'start': 757.929, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 768.494, 'text': 'But yes, the clustered index is faster than the non-cluster index and only one table can have only one clustered index.', 'start': 762.031, 'duration': 6.463}, {'end': 771.816, 'text': 'But yes a single table can have many non-cluster indexes.', 'start': 768.654, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 778.773, 'text': 'Apart from that, the third difference between both of them is also that, you know, the cluster index alters the way records are stored in the table,', 'start': 772.377, 'duration': 6.396}, {'end': 780.838, 'text': 'and the non cluster index does not do that.', 'start': 778.773, 'duration': 2.065}, {'end': 786.549, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question that is write a sequel query to display the current day.", 'start': 781.465, 'duration': 5.084}], 'summary': 'Clustered index is faster than non-cluster index; single table can have only one clustered index, many non-cluster indexes.', 'duration': 28.62, 'max_score': 757.929, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU757929.jpg'}, {'end': 838.562, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 802.02, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 804.601, 'text': "so that's the reason that this question could be asked that you know.", 'start': 802.02, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 806.643, 'text': 'write a sequel query to display the current date.', 'start': 804.601, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 809.044, 'text': 'Now in sequel to display the current date.', 'start': 807.023, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 811.146, 'text': 'We have a function known as the get date.', 'start': 809.205, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 815.669, 'text': 'So basically with the help of this function, you can return the current date and time stamp.', 'start': 811.506, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 827.546, 'text': 'So the syntax of the function is really simple is just get date and it applies to SQL Server 2017 16 14 12 2008 R2 2008 and 2005.', 'start': 816.009, 'duration': 11.537}, {'end': 833.395, 'text': 'So if you just have to give an example to the interviewer about how to write a query to display the current date, you can just mention the query.', 'start': 827.546, 'duration': 5.849}, {'end': 834.897, 'text': 'like you know, select, get date.', 'start': 833.395, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 838.562, 'text': 'So, when you execute this particular query, you would see an output that you know.', 'start': 835.277, 'duration': 3.285}], 'summary': "Use 'get date' function to display current date in sql server.", 'duration': 36.542, 'max_score': 802.02, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU802020.jpg'}], 'start': 402.193, 'title': 'Database key, constraints, and index', 'summary': 'Covers primary key, constraints like not null, unique, check, default, and index, differences between sequel and my sequel, unique key, foreign key, data integrity, clustered and non-clustered index, and writing a sequel query to display the current date.', 'chapters': [{'end': 838.562, 'start': 402.193, 'title': 'Database key, constraints, and index', 'summary': 'Discusses the primary key in a database, constraints such as not null, unique, check, default, and index, the difference between sequel and my sequel, unique key, foreign key, data integrity, clustered and non-clustered index, and writing a sequel query to display the current date.', 'duration': 436.369, 'highlights': ['Primary key is a set of attributes that can be used to uniquely identify every tuple, and it is chosen from candidate keys in a relationship. The primary key uniquely identifies every tuple, chosen from candidate keys in a relationship.', 'Constraints like not null, unique, check, default, and index are used to specify limits of the data type of the table, ensuring no null value, unique values, specific condition satisfaction, default values, and efficient data retrieval. Constraints like not null, unique, check, default, and index specify limits of the data type of the table, ensuring data accuracy and efficient data retrieval.', 'Sequel is a standard language for structured query language, while my sequel is a relational database management system with multi-user access and support for multiple storage engines. Sequel is a standard language for structured query language, while my sequel is a relational database management system with multi-user access and support for multiple storage engines.', 'Unique key allows multiple values per table and null values, but does not allow duplicate values. Unique key allows multiple and null values but disallows duplicate values.', 'Foreign key maintains referential integrity by enforcing a link between the data in two tables, preventing actions that would destroy the links between the child and parent table. Foreign key maintains referential integrity by enforcing a link between the data in two tables, preventing actions that would destroy the links.', 'Data Integrity defines the accuracy and consistency of data stored in the database, enforcing business rules on data when entered into an application or database. Data Integrity defines the accuracy and consistency of data stored in the database, enforcing business rules on data.', 'Clustered index is used for easy data retrieval and is faster than the non-clustered index, while the non-clustered index does not alter the way data is stored but creates a separate object within a table pointing back to the original table. Clustered index is used for fast data retrieval, while the non-clustered index creates a separate object within a table pointing back to the original table.', 'Writing a sequel query to display the current date can be done using the get date function, which returns the current date and time stamp. Writing a sequel query to display the current date can be done using the get date function, which returns the current date and time stamp.']}], 'duration': 436.369, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU402193.jpg', 'highlights': ['Primary key uniquely identifies every tuple, chosen from candidate keys in a relationship.', 'Constraints like not null, unique, check, default, and index ensure data accuracy and efficient retrieval.', 'Sequel is a standard language for structured query language, while my sequel is a relational database management system.', 'Unique key allows multiple and null values but disallows duplicate values.', 'Foreign key maintains referential integrity by enforcing a link between the data in two tables.', 'Data Integrity enforces business rules on data, ensuring accuracy and consistency.', 'Clustered index is used for fast data retrieval, while the non-clustered index creates a separate object within a table pointing back to the original table.', 'Writing a sequel query to display the current date can be done using the get date function.']}, {'end': 1406.433, 'segs': [{'end': 880.409, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 855.619, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 861.344, 'text': 'So talking about the inner joint this joint basically returns those records which have matching values in both the tables.', 'start': 855.619, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 864.725, 'text': 'Now consider two tables table a and table B.', 'start': 861.824, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 867.185, 'text': 'Now, when you apply the inner join on both of these tables,', 'start': 864.725, 'duration': 2.46}, {'end': 873.787, 'text': "you'll observe that you know the output would be all those records which have matching values in both the tables, that is, table a and table B.", 'start': 867.185, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 880.409, 'text': 'talking about the full joint, the full joint basically returns all those records which either have a matching value in the left or the right table.', 'start': 873.787, 'duration': 6.622}], 'summary': 'Inner join returns matching records, full join returns all records with matching values in either table.', 'duration': 24.79, 'max_score': 855.619, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU855619.jpg'}, {'end': 985.012, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 955.84, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 957.863, 'text': 'So if you have to just explain denormalization,', 'start': 955.84, 'duration': 2.023}, {'end': 969.536, 'text': 'you can just say that unit is a technique which is used to access data from higher to lower forms of database and it basically adds redundant data into the table by incorporating database queries that combine data from various tables.', 'start': 957.863, 'duration': 11.673}, {'end': 973.521, 'text': "So I hope I'm clear with this point now moving forward to the next question.", 'start': 969.957, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 978.526, 'text': 'That is what are the entities and relationships So let me just explain you what entities are first.', 'start': 973.561, 'duration': 4.965}, {'end': 985.012, 'text': 'So entities can be anything like in a person place or a thing in real world about which data can be stored in a database.', 'start': 978.847, 'duration': 6.165}], 'summary': 'Denormalization is a technique that adds redundant data to tables and combines data from various tables using database queries.', 'duration': 29.172, 'max_score': 955.84, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU955840.jpg'}, {'end': 1032.747, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1006.11, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1012.574, 'text': 'customer email ID and so on, then all these customer ID, customer name, customer phone number are basically the column names, that is,', 'start': 1006.11, 'duration': 6.464}, {'end': 1016.476, 'text': 'the attributes for the entities, and customer information will be the entity.', 'start': 1012.574, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 1023.481, 'text': 'Now talking about relationships relational links between the entities that have something to do with each other is basically relationships.', 'start': 1016.896, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 1028.624, 'text': 'So, for example, the customer name is related to the customer account number and the contact information.', 'start': 1023.841, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 1032.747, 'text': 'right now this might be in the same table or it could be in any other table also right?', 'start': 1028.624, 'duration': 4.123}], 'summary': 'Customer data includes id, name, phone number, forming relationships between entities.', 'duration': 26.637, 'max_score': 1006.11, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1006110.jpg'}, {'end': 1249.489, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1215.839, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1222.645, 'text': 'whenever you use the drop command, just remember that you know you completely drop the complete table and it cannot be rolled back from the database.', 'start': 1215.839, 'duration': 6.806}, {'end': 1227.73, 'text': 'and the truncate command removes all the rows from the table and also cannot be rolled back into the database.', 'start': 1222.645, 'duration': 5.085}, {'end': 1230.773, 'text': 'So the drop command and the truncate command differ by this.', 'start': 1228.11, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 1236.257, 'text': 'So whenever you use the drop command, you drop the complete table, and whenever you will use the truncate command,', 'start': 1231.173, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 1238.399, 'text': 'you will remove all the rows from the table.', 'start': 1236.257, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 1240.942, 'text': 'the syntax of both the commands are almost same.', 'start': 1238.399, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 1246.146, 'text': 'the syntax of drop command is basically drop object and object name, that is basically the table and table name,', 'start': 1240.942, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 1249.489, 'text': 'and the syntax for truncate command is truncate table and table name.', 'start': 1246.146, 'duration': 3.343}], 'summary': 'Using drop command deletes complete table, while truncate removes all rows.', 'duration': 33.65, 'max_score': 1215.839, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1215839.jpg'}], 'start': 838.562, 'title': 'Sql joins, denormalization, database entities, indexes, normalization & commands', 'summary': 'Covers sql joins including inner join, full join, left join, and right join, and explains denormalization. it also explains database entities, indexes, normalization, and commands like drop and truncate, detailing their definitions, advantages, and differences, along with the various types of normalization with examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 973.521, 'start': 838.562, 'title': 'Sql joins and denormalization', 'summary': 'Covers the different types of joins in sql, including inner join, full join, left join, and right join, and explains denormalization as a technique to access data from higher to lower forms of database, increasing performance by introducing redundancy and combining data from various tables.', 'duration': 134.959, 'highlights': ['Explaining the different types of SQL joins including inner join, full join, left join, and right join. 4 types of joins mentioned.', 'Defining denormalization as a technique used to access data from higher to lower forms of database, increasing performance by introducing redundancy and combining data from various tables. Denormalization technique explained.', 'Clarifying the functionality of inner join in SQL, which returns records with matching values in both tables. Detailed explanation of inner join functionality.']}, {'end': 1406.433, 'start': 973.561, 'title': 'Database entities, indexes, normalization & commands', 'summary': 'Explains database entities and relationships, types of indexes, normalization, and commands like drop and truncate, detailing their definitions, advantages, and differences, along with the various types of normalization with examples.', 'duration': 432.872, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of entities, defining them as anything in the real world about which data can be stored in a database, such as a person, place, or thing, and details the attributes and relationships between entities. Entities can be anything like a person, place, or thing, and the example of a customer table with attributes like customer ID, customer name, customer phone number is given.', 'The transcript elaborates on indexes, highlighting their role as a performance tuning method for faster data retrieval, and explains the unique, clustered, and non-clustered index types along with their distinct functions. Explains unique index does not allow duplicate values, clustered index reorders the physical order of the table, and non-clustered index maintains logical order of data.', 'Normalization is defined as the process of organizing data to avoid duplication and redundancy, and its advantages, including better database organization, efficient data access, and reduction of redundant data, are outlined. Advantages of normalization include better database organization, efficient data access, reduction of redundant data, and more compact databases.', 'The differences between the drop and truncate commands are explained, where drop removes the complete table and cannot be rolled back, while truncate removes all rows from the table and also cannot be rolled back, with the syntax for both commands provided. Drop command removes the complete table, and truncate command removes all rows from the table, and the syntax for both commands is provided.', 'The transcript details the four types of normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF) with an example, and explains the process of achieving 1NF and 2NF, including the need for unique values and single column primary key for 2NF. The process of achieving 1NF and 2NF is detailed, emphasizing the need for unique values and a single column primary key for 2NF.']}], 'duration': 567.871, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU838562.jpg', 'highlights': ['Explaining the different types of SQL joins including inner join, full join, left join, and right join. 4 types of joins mentioned.', 'Defining denormalization as a technique used to access data from higher to lower forms of database, increasing performance by introducing redundancy and combining data from various tables. Denormalization technique explained.', 'Clarifying the functionality of inner join in SQL, which returns records with matching values in both tables. Detailed explanation of inner join functionality.', 'The chapter explains the concept of entities, defining them as anything in the real world about which data can be stored in a database, such as a person, place, or thing, and details the attributes and relationships between entities. Entities can be anything like a person, place, or thing, and the example of a customer table with attributes like customer ID, customer name, customer phone number is given.', 'The transcript elaborates on indexes, highlighting their role as a performance tuning method for faster data retrieval, and explains the unique, clustered, and non-clustered index types along with their distinct functions. Explains unique index does not allow duplicate values, clustered index reorders the physical order of the table, and non-clustered index maintains logical order of data.', 'Normalization is defined as the process of organizing data to avoid duplication and redundancy, and its advantages, including better database organization, efficient data access, and reduction of redundant data, are outlined. Advantages of normalization include better database organization, efficient data access, reduction of redundant data, and more compact databases.', 'The differences between the drop and truncate commands are explained, where drop removes the complete table and cannot be rolled back, while truncate removes all rows from the table and also cannot be rolled back, with the syntax for both commands provided. Drop command removes the complete table, and truncate command removes all rows from the table, and the syntax for both commands is provided.', 'The transcript details the four types of normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF) with an example, and explains the process of achieving 1NF and 2NF, including the need for unique values and single column primary key for 2NF. The process of achieving 1NF and 2NF is detailed, emphasizing the need for unique values and a single column primary key for 2NF.']}, {'end': 1948.597, 'segs': [{'end': 1471.39, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1444.055, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1447.916, 'text': 'Well, guys, with this we come to an end of this particular example that you know.', 'start': 1444.055, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 1452.918, 'text': 'our table has been completely normalized and the highest normal form available for this particular table is 3 NF.', 'start': 1447.916, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 1457.721, 'text': 'Now moving forward to the final type of normalization that is BCNF.', 'start': 1453.818, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 1465.446, 'text': 'now, if your database is in third normal form and there would be some scenarios where anomalies would be present and if you have more than one candidate key,', 'start': 1457.721, 'duration': 7.725}, {'end': 1471.39, 'text': 'then BCNF comes into role when you further divide your table so that you know there would be only one candidate key present.', 'start': 1465.446, 'duration': 5.944}], 'summary': 'Database table is in 3nf, next step is bcnf for eliminating anomalies.', 'duration': 27.335, 'max_score': 1444.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1444055.jpg'}, {'end': 1554.077, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1515.325, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1522.452, 'text': 'So if you have to Define asset property in a database, then you have to Define all these terms individually a stands for atomicity.', 'start': 1515.325, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 1529.598, 'text': 'So atomicity refers to the transactions that are completely done or failed where transaction refers to a single logic operation of a data.', 'start': 1522.732, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 1535.724, 'text': 'It means if one part of any transaction fields in the entire transaction fields and the database state is left unchanged.', 'start': 1529.999, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 1542.269, 'text': 'Coming to consistency consistency ensures that the data must meet all the validation rules in simple words.', 'start': 1536.204, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 1548.573, 'text': 'You can say that you know, your transaction never leaves the database without completing its state third part that is isolation.', 'start': 1542.289, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 1554.077, 'text': 'The main goal of isolation is the concurrency control and the last part, that is durability.', 'start': 1548.893, 'duration': 5.184}], 'summary': 'Defining asset property in a database involves ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability for transactions.', 'duration': 38.752, 'max_score': 1515.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1515325.jpg'}, {'end': 1581.972, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1515.325, 'weight': 0.84, 'content': [{'end': 1522.452, 'text': 'So if you have to Define asset property in a database, then you have to Define all these terms individually a stands for atomicity.', 'start': 1515.325, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 1529.598, 'text': 'So atomicity refers to the transactions that are completely done or failed where transaction refers to a single logic operation of a data.', 'start': 1522.732, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 1535.724, 'text': 'It means if one part of any transaction fields in the entire transaction fields and the database state is left unchanged.', 'start': 1529.999, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 1542.269, 'text': 'Coming to consistency consistency ensures that the data must meet all the validation rules in simple words.', 'start': 1536.204, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 1548.573, 'text': 'You can say that you know, your transaction never leaves the database without completing its state third part that is isolation.', 'start': 1542.289, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 1554.077, 'text': 'The main goal of isolation is the concurrency control and the last part, that is durability.', 'start': 1548.893, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 1561.763, 'text': 'durability means that if a transaction has been committed, it will occur whatever may come in between, such as power loss, crash or any sort of error.', 'start': 1554.077, 'duration': 7.686}, {'end': 1564.337, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question.", 'start': 1562.435, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 1566.899, 'text': 'That is what you mean by a trigger in sequel.', 'start': 1564.377, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 1574.906, 'text': 'So triggers and sequel are a special type of stored procedures that are defined to execute automatically in place or after data modifications.', 'start': 1567.439, 'duration': 7.467}, {'end': 1581.972, 'text': 'It allows you to execute a batch of code when an insert update or any other queries executed against the specific table.', 'start': 1575.326, 'duration': 6.646}], 'summary': 'Database asset properties: atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability. triggers execute code on data modifications.', 'duration': 66.647, 'max_score': 1515.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1515325.jpg'}, {'end': 1711.021, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1680.646, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1683.347, 'text': 'But as a zero is a number and a blank space is a character.', 'start': 1680.646, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 1685.983, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question.", 'start': 1684.142, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1693.889, 'text': 'That is what is the difference between a cross join and a natural join the cross joint produces the cross product or Cartesian product of two tables.', 'start': 1686.004, 'duration': 7.885}, {'end': 1699.614, 'text': 'Whereas the natural join is based on all the columns having the same name and data types in both the tables.', 'start': 1693.949, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 1711.021, 'text': 'The main difference between both of them is that in the cross joint basically produces the cross product of both the tables and the National join is completely based on all the columns having the same name data types in both the team.', 'start': 1700.194, 'duration': 10.827}], 'summary': 'Cross join produces cross product, natural join based on same name and data types in both tables.', 'duration': 30.375, 'max_score': 1680.646, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1680646.jpg'}, {'end': 1938.295, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1900.32, 'weight': 0.868, 'content': [{'end': 1906.783, 'text': "now let's move forward to our next question, that is, write a sequel query to get the third highest salary of an employee from an employee table.", 'start': 1900.32, 'duration': 6.463}, {'end': 1910.341, 'text': 'Now to get the third is salary of an employee from an employee table.', 'start': 1907.378, 'duration': 2.963}, {'end': 1912.744, 'text': 'You can write a query as you can see on the screen.', 'start': 1910.642, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 1920.633, 'text': 'You can just mention select top one salary from and then write a sub query which says select top three salary from employee table,', 'start': 1912.824, 'duration': 7.809}, {'end': 1926.8, 'text': 'order by salary in a descending order as M and then again order by salary in ascending order for the outer query.', 'start': 1920.633, 'duration': 6.167}, {'end': 1929.053, 'text': 'So you can write a query like this guys.', 'start': 1927.313, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 1931.354, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to a next question.", 'start': 1929.473, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1938.295, 'text': 'That is what is the need of group functions in sequel now group functions work on a set of rows and return one result per group.', 'start': 1931.374, 'duration': 6.921}], 'summary': 'Write a sequel query to get the third highest salary of an employee from an employee table and understand the need of group functions in sequel.', 'duration': 37.975, 'max_score': 1900.32, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1900320.jpg'}, {'end': 1938.295, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1912.824, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1920.633, 'text': 'You can just mention select top one salary from and then write a sub query which says select top three salary from employee table,', 'start': 1912.824, 'duration': 7.809}, {'end': 1926.8, 'text': 'order by salary in a descending order as M and then again order by salary in ascending order for the outer query.', 'start': 1920.633, 'duration': 6.167}, {'end': 1929.053, 'text': 'So you can write a query like this guys.', 'start': 1927.313, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 1931.354, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to a next question.", 'start': 1929.473, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1938.295, 'text': 'That is what is the need of group functions in sequel now group functions work on a set of rows and return one result per group.', 'start': 1931.374, 'duration': 6.921}], 'summary': 'Using subqueries to select top salaries and understanding the need of group functions in sql.', 'duration': 25.471, 'max_score': 1912.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1912824.jpg'}], 'start': 1406.814, 'title': 'Database normalization process and sql queries', 'summary': 'Explains the process of normalizing a database to achieve 3nf and bcnf, and covers types of database properties, sql queries, and the need for group functions in sql.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1494.178, 'start': 1406.814, 'title': 'Database normalization process', 'summary': 'Explains the process of normalizing a database, highlighting the division of tables to achieve 3nf and bcnf, ensuring no transitive functional dependency and identifying the highest normal form available as 3nf.', 'duration': 87.364, 'highlights': ['The highest normal form available for this particular table is 3NF, achieved by further dividing the tables and ensuring no transitive functional dependency.', 'BCNF comes into role when further dividing the table to ensure only one candidate key is present, addressing anomalies in scenarios where the database is in third normal form.', 'Explanation of 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF, outlining criteria such as absence of repeating groups, dependency on primary key, and the presence of only one candidate key in the table.']}, {'end': 1948.597, 'start': 1494.676, 'title': 'Types of database properties and sql queries', 'summary': 'Covers the types of database properties including acid, triggers in sql, types of operators, null value, cross join and natural join, sub queries, types of sub queries, ways to count records in a table, writing sql queries to find employee names and third-highest salary, and the need for group functions in sql.', 'duration': 453.921, 'highlights': ['ACID Property in Database The ACID property stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, ensuring reliable data transactions in a database system.', 'Types of Triggers in SQL Triggers in SQL include before insert, after insert, before update, after update, before delete, and after delete, for executing code automatically during or after data modifications.', 'Types of Operators in SQL SQL offers arithmetic, bitwise, comparison, compound, and logical operators for various operations.', 'Difference Between Null Value, Zero, and Blank Space A null value represents unavailability or unknownness, distinct from zero (a number) and blank space (a character).', 'Types of Sub Queries in SQL SQL features correlated and non-correlated sub queries, with the former referencing data from an outer query and the latter substituting its output into the main query.']}], 'duration': 541.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1406814.jpg', 'highlights': ['BCNF comes into role when further dividing the table to ensure only one candidate key is present, addressing anomalies in scenarios where the database is in third normal form.', 'The highest normal form available for this particular table is 3NF, achieved by further dividing the tables and ensuring no transitive functional dependency.', 'Explanation of 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF, outlining criteria such as absence of repeating groups, dependency on primary key, and the presence of only one candidate key in the table.', 'ACID Property in Database The ACID property stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, ensuring reliable data transactions in a database system.', 'Types of Triggers in SQL Triggers in SQL include before insert, after insert, before update, after update, before delete, and after delete, for executing code automatically during or after data modifications.', 'Types of Sub Queries in SQL SQL features correlated and non-correlated sub queries, with the former referencing data from an outer query and the latter substituting its output into the main query.']}, {'end': 2384.125, 'segs': [{'end': 1976.88, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1948.597, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1953.458, 'text': 'the need is basically because the group functions work on a set of row and return one result per group.', 'start': 1948.597, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 1959.751, 'text': "Now let's move forward to our next question, that is, what is a relationship and what are the different types of relationship?", 'start': 1954.088, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 1966.475, 'text': 'so relation, or links between entities that have something to do with each other, can be basically termed as relationships.', 'start': 1959.751, 'duration': 6.724}, {'end': 1971.677, 'text': 'So relationships can be also defined as the connection between the tables in a database right?', 'start': 1966.915, 'duration': 4.762}, {'end': 1976.88, 'text': 'Now, the different types of relationships are the one-to-one relationship, the one-to-many relationship,', 'start': 1972.038, 'duration': 4.842}], 'summary': 'Explanation of relationships in databases, including one-to-one and one-to-many relationships.', 'duration': 28.283, 'max_score': 1948.597, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1948597.jpg'}, {'end': 2110.082, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2034.802, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2039.726, 'text': 'So as these are the two ways through which you know, you can insert null values in a column while inserting the data.', 'start': 2034.802, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 2046.823, 'text': "Now let's move forward to the next question, that is, what is the difference between the between and the in condition operators?", 'start': 2040.333, 'duration': 6.49}, {'end': 2051.909, 'text': 'the between operators basically used to display rows based on a range of values in row.', 'start': 2046.823, 'duration': 5.086}, {'end': 2057.098, 'text': 'Whereas the in condition operators used to check for values contained in a specific set of values.', 'start': 2051.969, 'duration': 5.129}, {'end': 2064.126, 'text': 'So if you have to explain with an example for between and the in condition operators, then you can use the example on the screen.', 'start': 2057.558, 'duration': 6.568}, {'end': 2069.992, 'text': 'You can just write a query like in a select star from students by row number between 10 to 50.', 'start': 2064.585, 'duration': 5.407}, {'end': 2075.962, 'text': 'So all those records from the students table would be selected whose roll number stands between 10 to 50.', 'start': 2069.992, 'duration': 5.97}, {'end': 2077.703, 'text': 'Coming to the in condition operators.', 'start': 2075.962, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2083.543, 'text': 'You can use a query like this like, you know select staff from students where roll number in 8 15 25.', 'start': 2077.723, 'duration': 5.82}, {'end': 2090.469, 'text': 'So all those records from a student table would be selected where the roll number would be either 8 15 or 25.', 'start': 2083.545, 'duration': 6.924}, {'end': 2094.351, 'text': 'So guys that is the main difference between the between and the in condition operators.', 'start': 2090.469, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 2096.833, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question.", 'start': 2094.793, 'duration': 2.04}, {'end': 2099.075, 'text': 'That is why are the sequel functions used.', 'start': 2096.954, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 2106.84, 'text': 'The sequel functions are used to perform some calculations on the data, to modify individual data items, to manipulate the output,', 'start': 2099.555, 'duration': 7.285}, {'end': 2110.082, 'text': 'to format dates and numbers and also to convert the data types.', 'start': 2106.84, 'duration': 3.242}], 'summary': "Explains inserting null values, difference between 'between' and 'in' condition operators, and usage of sql functions.", 'duration': 75.28, 'max_score': 2034.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2034802.jpg'}], 'start': 1948.597, 'title': 'Database relationships and sql basics', 'summary': 'Discusses types of database relationships, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and self-referencing relationships, with examples. it also covers sql basics, functions, operators, clauses, constraints, and executing dynamic sql, with various specific topics and examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2018.138, 'start': 1948.597, 'title': 'Types of relationships in databases', 'summary': 'Discusses the types of relationships in databases, including one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and self-referencing relationships, with examples and explanations.', 'duration': 69.541, 'highlights': ['The different types of relationships in databases are one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and self-referencing relationships, each with specific characteristics and examples.', 'A single record in table A can be related to a single record in table B in a one-to-one relationship, whereas in a one-to-many relationship, a single record in table A can be related to many records in table B.', 'In a many-to-one relationship, many records in table A can be related to one record in table B, and in a self-referencing relationship, two columns in a single table are related to each other.']}, {'end': 2384.125, 'start': 2018.158, 'title': 'Sql basics & functions', 'summary': "Covers inserting null values in a column, difference between 'between' and 'in' condition operators, usage of sql functions, need of merge statement, recursive stored procedure, sql clauses, dynamic sql execution methods, levels of constraints, fetching common records from two tables, and case manipulation functions in sql.", 'duration': 365.967, 'highlights': ["Difference between 'between' and 'in' condition operators The 'between' operator is used to display rows based on a range of values, while the 'in' condition operator is used to check for values contained in a specific set of values.", 'Usage of SQL functions SQL functions are used to perform calculations on the data, modify individual data items, manipulate the output, format dates and numbers, and convert data types.', "Need of merge statement The merge statement is used to allow conditional update or insertion of data into a table, performing an update if a row exists or an insert if the row doesn't exist.", 'Levels of constraints There are two levels of constraints in SQL: column level constraint and table level constraint, which represent a column to enforce data entity and consistency.', "Fetching common records from two tables Common records from two tables can be fetched using the 'intersect' statement, which selects common rows based on a specified condition from both tables.", "Case manipulation functions in SQL SQL provides three case manipulation functions: 'lower' converts a string to lowercase, 'upper' converts a string to uppercase, and 'init cap' capitalizes the first letter of a string."]}], 'duration': 435.528, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU1948597.jpg', 'highlights': ['The different types of relationships in databases are one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and self-referencing relationships, each with specific characteristics and examples.', 'A single record in table A can be related to a single record in table B in a one-to-one relationship, whereas in a one-to-many relationship, a single record in table A can be related to many records in table B.', 'In a many-to-one relationship, many records in table A can be related to one record in table B, and in a self-referencing relationship, two columns in a single table are related to each other.', "Difference between 'between' and 'in' condition operators The 'between' operator is used to display rows based on a range of values, while the 'in' condition operator is used to check for values contained in a specific set of values.", 'Usage of SQL functions SQL functions are used to perform calculations on the data, modify individual data items, manipulate the output, format dates and numbers, and convert data types.', "Need of merge statement The merge statement is used to allow conditional update or insertion of data into a table, performing an update if a row exists or an insert if the row doesn't exist.", 'Levels of constraints There are two levels of constraints in SQL: column level constraint and table level constraint, which represent a column to enforce data entity and consistency.', "Fetching common records from two tables Common records from two tables can be fetched using the 'intersect' statement, which selects common rows based on a specified condition from both tables.", "Case manipulation functions in SQL SQL provides three case manipulation functions: 'lower' converts a string to lowercase, 'upper' converts a string to uppercase, and 'init cap' capitalizes the first letter of a string."]}, {'end': 3211.868, 'segs': [{'end': 2450.448, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2384.725, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2386.586, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question.", 'start': 2384.725, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 2389.669, 'text': 'That is, what are the different set operators available in sequel?', 'start': 2386.606, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 2395.312, 'text': 'So the different set operators available in sequel are Union intersect and the minus operators.', 'start': 2390.069, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 2397.234, 'text': "So let's talk about Union first.", 'start': 2395.733, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2403.398, 'text': 'So when you consider two queries, that is, the left query and the right query, and you apply the Union operation,', 'start': 2397.614, 'duration': 5.784}, {'end': 2406.5, 'text': 'you will see that you know it will combine rows from both those queries.', 'start': 2403.398, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 2412.544, 'text': "You'll get an output of, you know, all those records from the left table, that is basically the left query, and also from the right query.", 'start': 2406.98, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 2413.865, 'text': 'that is the right table.', 'start': 2412.544, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2415.606, 'text': 'moving forward to the next operation,', 'start': 2413.865, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2417.027, 'text': 'It is the intersect operation.', 'start': 2415.626, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 2421.43, 'text': 'So when you apply the intersect operation to the left query and the right query,', 'start': 2417.407, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 2425.532, 'text': "you'll see that you know you'll get only those rows which are common in both the queries, right?", 'start': 2421.43, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 2432.897, 'text': 'So, for example, you have 10 rows in the first table and 10 rows in the second table, but the common rows in both these tables are just two rows.', 'start': 2425.893, 'duration': 7.004}, {'end': 2436.8, 'text': "So you'll get only those two rows as an output to this particular operation.", 'start': 2433.218, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 2440.682, 'text': 'Moving forward to the third type of operation that is the minus operation.', 'start': 2437.32, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 2443.884, 'text': 'So when you apply left query minus right query,', 'start': 2441.103, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 2450.448, 'text': "you'll see that you know you'll get the only those rows from the left query which are not included in the right query as an output.", 'start': 2443.884, 'duration': 6.564}], 'summary': 'Different set operators in sql: union, intersect, minus. union combines rows, intersect shows common rows, minus excludes specific rows.', 'duration': 65.723, 'max_score': 2384.725, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2384725.jpg'}, {'end': 2432.897, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2403.398, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2406.5, 'text': 'you will see that you know it will combine rows from both those queries.', 'start': 2403.398, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 2412.544, 'text': "You'll get an output of, you know, all those records from the left table, that is basically the left query, and also from the right query.", 'start': 2406.98, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 2413.865, 'text': 'that is the right table.', 'start': 2412.544, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2415.606, 'text': 'moving forward to the next operation,', 'start': 2413.865, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2417.027, 'text': 'It is the intersect operation.', 'start': 2415.626, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 2421.43, 'text': 'So when you apply the intersect operation to the left query and the right query,', 'start': 2417.407, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 2425.532, 'text': "you'll see that you know you'll get only those rows which are common in both the queries, right?", 'start': 2421.43, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 2432.897, 'text': 'So, for example, you have 10 rows in the first table and 10 rows in the second table, but the common rows in both these tables are just two rows.', 'start': 2425.893, 'duration': 7.004}], 'summary': 'The intersect operation results in only 2 common rows out of 10 in each query.', 'duration': 29.499, 'max_score': 2403.398, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2403398.jpg'}, {'end': 2616.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2583.43, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2588.173, 'text': "That's how you can segregate the alternate records that is the even number records and the odd number records.", 'start': 2583.43, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 2596.637, 'text': 'You just have to mention the condition mod row number comma 2 equal to 0 if or even and mod row number comma 2 equal to 1 for odd.', 'start': 2588.613, 'duration': 8.024}, {'end': 2602.695, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to the next question that is named the operator which is used in query for pattern matching.", 'start': 2597.262, 'duration': 5.433}, {'end': 2607.624, 'text': 'The operator which is used in the query for pattern matching is basically the like operator.', 'start': 2603.422, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 2616.268, 'text': 'So in like operator you can use either the percentage sign or the underscore sign the percentage sign basically matches to zero or more characters.', 'start': 2608.084, 'duration': 8.184}], 'summary': "Segregate even and odd number records using 'mod' condition. 'like' operator for pattern matching uses percentage and underscore sign.", 'duration': 32.838, 'max_score': 2583.43, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2583430.jpg'}, {'end': 2707.778, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2676.148, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2680.452, 'text': 'So with the help of this query, all the unique records from the student table will be selected.', 'start': 2676.148, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 2682.64, 'text': "Let's move forward with the next question.", 'start': 2680.979, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 2689.305, 'text': 'That is how can you fetch first five characters of a string now, there are obviously a lot of ways to fetch the characters from a string.', 'start': 2682.66, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 2695.809, 'text': "So for your understanding I've mentioned two examples over here that is either you can use the substring command or the right command.", 'start': 2689.725, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 2698.932, 'text': 'So when you use the substring statement, you can use the statement.', 'start': 2696.13, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 2699.312, 'text': 'like you know.', 'start': 2698.932, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 2703.975, 'text': 'select substring student name 1 to 5 as student name from student.', 'start': 2699.312, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 2707.778, 'text': 'the first five characters of student name will be retrieved from the student table.', 'start': 2703.975, 'duration': 3.803}], 'summary': 'Query selects unique records from student table and fetches first five characters of a string using substring or right command.', 'duration': 31.63, 'max_score': 2676.148, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2676148.jpg'}, {'end': 2774.369, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2734.992, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2743.154, 'text': 'Now, sequel, as I mentioned before, is a query language that allows you to issue a single query or execute a single insert, update, delete,', 'start': 2734.992, 'duration': 8.162}, {'end': 2747.395, 'text': "whereas peel slash sequel, that is basically Oracle's procedural language.", 'start': 2743.154, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 2755.776, 'text': 'sequel allows you to write a full program of loops, variables, Etc, to accomplish multiple operations, such as select inserts, updates and deletes.', 'start': 2747.395, 'duration': 8.381}, {'end': 2762.703, 'text': 'So, guys, that is the main difference between sequel and procedural language sequel In sequel, you just have to write a single query to execute,', 'start': 2756.176, 'duration': 6.527}, {'end': 2765.928, 'text': 'insert, update and delete, and in procedure of angle sequel.', 'start': 2762.703, 'duration': 3.225}, {'end': 2771.919, 'text': 'You have to write full program with loops and variables to perform multiple operations like insert update delete and selects.', 'start': 2765.948, 'duration': 5.971}, {'end': 2774.369, 'text': "Now, let's move forward to our next question.", 'start': 2772.469, 'duration': 1.9}], 'summary': 'Sequel allows single queries, while procedural language involves full programs with loops and variables for multiple operations.', 'duration': 39.377, 'max_score': 2734.992, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2734992.jpg'}, {'end': 2821.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2797.134, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2804.599, 'text': 'you can clearly see that you know it has combined the columns and the rows from both the tables and has created a view of both of these tables into a single table.', 'start': 2797.134, 'duration': 7.465}, {'end': 2806.641, 'text': "That's what a view is now.", 'start': 2805.02, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 2808.302, 'text': "Let's move forward to the next question.", 'start': 2806.701, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2816.908, 'text': 'That is what our views used for so views as I just explained basically refer to a logical snapshot based on a table or on any other view.', 'start': 2808.342, 'duration': 8.566}, {'end': 2821.732, 'text': 'It is used for restricting the access to data, making complex query simple,', 'start': 2817.428, 'duration': 4.304}], 'summary': 'Views combine columns and rows from multiple tables to create a logical snapshot for data access and simplifying complex queries.', 'duration': 24.598, 'max_score': 2797.134, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2797134.jpg'}, {'end': 2885.704, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2858.602, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2863.125, 'text': 'if you just have a stored procedure for it, it will automatically execute the queries for you.', 'start': 2858.602, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 2869.15, 'text': "Now, let's move forward with the next question that is list some advantages and disadvantages of store procedure.", 'start': 2863.585, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 2871.312, 'text': "Let's talk about the advantages first.", 'start': 2869.55, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 2879.418, 'text': 'So store procedure can be used as a modular programming, which means create one store and call for several times whenever it is required.', 'start': 2871.772, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 2885.704, 'text': 'the supports faster execution and it also reduces Network traffic, which provides better security to the data.', 'start': 2879.418, 'duration': 6.286}], 'summary': 'Stored procedures allow modular programming, faster execution, and reduced network traffic, enhancing data security.', 'duration': 27.102, 'max_score': 2858.602, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2858602.jpg'}, {'end': 3006.032, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2977.634, 'weight': 16, 'content': [{'end': 2979.776, 'text': 'So whenever you want to use local variables,', 'start': 2977.634, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 2987.266, 'text': "then you need to understand the fact that you know they can be only used or exists inside a single function and they can't be referred by any other function.", 'start': 2979.776, 'duration': 7.49}, {'end': 2989.023, 'text': 'Coming to global variables.', 'start': 2987.842, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 2992.705, 'text': 'These variables are the variables which can be accessed throughout the program.', 'start': 2989.223, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 2998.808, 'text': 'So global variables cannot be created whenever the function is called, but yes, they can be accessed throughout the program.', 'start': 2993.045, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 3002.47, 'text': 'So guys that was about the local and the global variables next.', 'start': 2999.168, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 3006.032, 'text': "Let's move forward and understand what is auto increment in SQL.", 'start': 3002.51, 'duration': 3.522}], 'summary': 'Local variables exist within a function, while global variables can be accessed throughout the program.', 'duration': 28.398, 'max_score': 2977.634, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2977634.jpg'}, {'end': 3054.813, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3029.987, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3036.374, 'text': 'data warehouse refers to a central repository of data where the data is assembled from multiple sources of information.', 'start': 3029.987, 'duration': 6.387}, {'end': 3041.819, 'text': 'those data consolidated, transformed and made available for the mining, as well as to online processing.', 'start': 3036.374, 'duration': 5.445}, {'end': 3045.943, 'text': 'Warehouse data also has a subset of data called the data match.', 'start': 3042.319, 'duration': 3.624}, {'end': 3052.67, 'text': 'So data warehouse can be understood as a central repository of data where the data is assembled from multiple sources of information.', 'start': 3046.384, 'duration': 6.286}, {'end': 3054.813, 'text': 'So guys that was about data warehouse.', 'start': 3053.131, 'duration': 1.682}], 'summary': 'Data warehouse is a central repository of consolidated data from multiple sources.', 'duration': 24.826, 'max_score': 3029.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU3029987.jpg'}, {'end': 3095.048, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3067.442, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3073.343, 'text': 'So these two modes are basically used in SQL Windows and to change the authentication modes in SQL Server.', 'start': 3067.442, 'duration': 5.901}, {'end': 3078.825, 'text': "What you can simply do is you have to follow the steps that I've mentioned on the screen, that is, you have to first click on start,", 'start': 3073.563, 'duration': 5.262}, {'end': 3087.627, 'text': 'then go to programs and go to the Microsoft SQL Server and click SQL Enterprise Manager to run SQL Enterprise Manager from the Microsoft SQL Server program group.', 'start': 3078.825, 'duration': 8.802}, {'end': 3090.825, 'text': 'Now to change the authentication modes in a sequel server.', 'start': 3088.323, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 3095.048, 'text': "You can follow the steps that I've mentioned on the screen, that is, you have to click on start, go to programs,", 'start': 3090.865, 'duration': 4.183}], 'summary': 'Sql windows has two authentication modes. steps to change modes: start > programs > microsoft sql server > click sql enterprise manager.', 'duration': 27.606, 'max_score': 3067.442, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU3067442.jpg'}, {'end': 3138.933, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3112.72, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3117.842, 'text': "Now, let's move forward with the final question in the session that is what are stuff and replace function.", 'start': 3112.72, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 3125.624, 'text': 'So talking about the stuff function first this function is basically used to overwrite existing characters or insert a string into another string.', 'start': 3118.222, 'duration': 7.402}, {'end': 3132.046, 'text': 'So the syntax for this function is basically stuff string expression start length and replacement characters.', 'start': 3126.104, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 3136.77, 'text': 'where the string expression is basically the string that will have characters substituted.', 'start': 3132.506, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 3138.933, 'text': 'start represents the starting position.', 'start': 3136.77, 'duration': 2.163}], 'summary': "The 'stuff' function overwrites characters or inserts strings into another string using syntax 'stuff(string_expression, start, length, replacement_characters).'", 'duration': 26.213, 'max_score': 3112.72, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU3112720.jpg'}, {'end': 3196.86, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3166.988, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 3170.749, 'text': 'So guys these were the top 65 questions that could be asked in your interviews.', 'start': 3166.988, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 3175.39, 'text': "So, guys, if you have written in any interviews and you've been asked questions related to sequel,", 'start': 3171.149, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 3180.372, 'text': 'please do let us know in the comment section if you have any doubts related to them, so that we clarified for you guys.', 'start': 3175.39, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 3183.036, 'text': "So guys that's an end from my side today.", 'start': 3180.832, 'duration': 2.204}, {'end': 3188.747, 'text': "I hope you've gone through all the 65 questions and you've understood what kind of questions can be asked in your interviews.", 'start': 3183.397, 'duration': 5.35}, {'end': 3192.052, 'text': "So if you're preparing for an interview all the best for your interviews.", 'start': 3189.067, 'duration': 2.985}, {'end': 3193.876, 'text': 'So thank you and have a great day.', 'start': 3192.313, 'duration': 1.563}, {'end': 3196.86, 'text': 'I hope you have enjoyed listening to this video.', 'start': 3194.719, 'duration': 2.141}], 'summary': 'Top 65 interview questions covered, encouraging feedback and good wishes for interview preparation.', 'duration': 29.872, 'max_score': 3166.988, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU3166988.jpg'}], 'start': 2384.725, 'title': 'Sql operations and functions', 'summary': 'Covers set operators like union, intersect, and minus, alias command, aggregate and scalar functions, pattern matching, views, stored procedures, sql user-defined functions, collation, variables, auto increment, data warehouse, authentication modes, stuff and replace functions. it also lists advantages and disadvantages of stored procedures and outlines the steps to change the authentication mode in sql server.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2900.735, 'start': 2384.725, 'title': 'Set operators, alias command, functions, pattern matching, views, stored procedure', 'summary': 'Covers different set operators available in sequel including union, intersect, and minus, alias command, aggregate and scalar functions, fetching alternate records, like operator for pattern matching, selecting unique records, fetching first five characters, difference between sequel and pl/sequel, views, and stored procedures. it also lists advantages and disadvantages of stored procedures.', 'duration': 516.01, 'highlights': ['Different set operators available in sequel The chapter covers the Union, Intersect, and Minus operators, explaining their functionalities and providing an example to demonstrate the operations.', 'Alias command It explains how an alias name can be given to any table or column and how it can be referred in the where clause to identify a particular table or column.', "Aggregate and scalar functions The chapter provides an explanation of aggregate functions used to evaluate mathematical calculations and return a single value, along with examples like max and count functions. It also covers scalar functions, which return a single value based on the input value, with an example of UK's and now a scalar functions.", 'Fetching alternate records from a table It explains how to fetch alternate records, both odd and even row numbers, using the mod function, and provides examples for selecting even and odd row numbers.', 'Like operator for pattern matching The chapter details the usage of the like operator for pattern matching, using the percentage sign to match zero or more characters and the underscore sign to match exactly one character, along with examples.', 'Selecting unique records from a table It explains the usage of the distinct keyword to select unique records from a table, with an example query provided for better understanding.', 'Fetching first five characters of a string It provides examples of using the substring command and the right command to fetch the first five characters of a string from a table.', 'Difference between sequel and PL/sequel The chapter explains the main difference between sequel and PL/sequel, highlighting that sequel allows issuing a single query or executing a single insert, update, delete, whereas PL/sequel allows writing a full program with loops and variables to accomplish multiple operations.', 'Views It defines a view as a virtual table consisting of a subset of data contained in a table, explaining that views take less space to store, can have data of one or more tables combined, and provides an example to demonstrate the combination of columns and rows from multiple tables into a single view.', 'Stored Procedure It defines a stored procedure as a function consisting of many SQL statements to access the database system, consolidating several SQL statements and executing them whenever required to save time and avoid repetitive code.', 'Advantages and disadvantages of stored procedures It lists the advantages of stored procedures such as modular programming, faster execution, and reduced network traffic, along with the disadvantage that they can only be executed in the database and utilize more memory in the database server.']}, {'end': 3211.868, 'start': 2900.735, 'title': 'Sql functions, collation, variables, auto increment, data warehouse, authentication modes, stuff & replace functions', 'summary': 'Covers sql user-defined functions, collation, sensitivities, local and global variables, auto increment, data warehouse, authentication modes, stuff and replace functions, providing a comprehensive overview of each topic and their key features. it also outlines the steps to change the authentication mode in sql server.', 'duration': 311.133, 'highlights': ['SQL user-defined functions include scalar, inline table valued, and multi-statement valued functions, with a focus on mentioning these three functions when asked about different types of user-defined functions. There are mainly three types of user-defined functions: scalar function, inline table valued functions, and multi-statement valued functions. These are essential to mention when asked about the different types of user-defined functions.', 'Collation is defined as a set of rules determining data sorting and comparison, encompassing character sequence, case sensitivity, character width, and accent sensitivity. Collation refers to a set of rules that determine how data can be sorted and compared, including character sequence, case sensitivity, character width, and accent sensitivity.', 'Different types of collation sensitivity include case sensitivity, corner sensitivity, width sensitivity, and accent sensitivity, providing a comprehensive understanding of collation sensitivity types. The different types of collation sensitivity are case sensitivity, corner sensitivity, width sensitivity, and accent sensitivity, offering a comprehensive overview of collation sensitivity types.', 'Local variables exist only inside a function and cannot be referred by any other function, while global variables can be accessed throughout the program, distinguishing the usage and scope of local and global variables. Local variables exist and can be used only inside a single function, whereas global variables can be accessed throughout the program, highlighting the distinction between their usage and scope.', 'Auto increment in SQL allows the creation of a unique number whenever a new record is inserted into the table, with specific usage in Oracle and SQL Server, clarifying its purpose and applicability. Auto increment in SQL enables the generation of a unique number upon inserting a new record into the table, commonly used with primary keys and applicable in Oracle and SQL Server.', 'Data warehouse serves as a central repository of data assembled from multiple sources, consolidated, transformed, and made available for mining and online processing, emphasizing its role and purpose. A data warehouse acts as a central repository of data assembled from multiple sources, consolidated, transformed, and made available for mining and online processing, highlighting its crucial role.', 'The different authentication modes in SQL Server include Windows mode and mixed mode, with outlined steps to change the authentication modes in SQL Server, providing practical guidance for users. The different authentication modes in SQL Server are Windows mode and mixed mode, and specific steps are provided to change the authentication modes in SQL Server, offering practical guidance.', 'The stuff function is used to overwrite existing characters or insert a string into another string, while the replace function is utilized to replace all occurrences of existing characters, elucidating the distinct functionalities of these SQL functions. The stuff function overwrites existing characters or inserts a string into another string, whereas the replace function replaces all occurrences of existing characters, highlighting their distinct functionalities.']}], 'duration': 827.143, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-WEpWH1NHGU/pics/-WEpWH1NHGU2384725.jpg', 'highlights': ['Covers set operators like union, intersect, and minus, alias command, aggregate and scalar functions, pattern matching, views, stored procedures, sql user-defined functions, collation, variables, auto increment, data warehouse, authentication modes, stuff and replace functions.', 'Different set operators available in sequel The chapter covers the Union, Intersect, and Minus operators, explaining their functionalities and providing an example to demonstrate the operations.', 'Alias command It explains how an alias name can be given to any table or column and how it can be referred in the where clause to identify a particular table or column.', 'Aggregate and scalar functions The chapter provides an explanation of aggregate functions used to evaluate mathematical calculations and return a single value, along with examples like max and count functions.', 'Fetching alternate records from a table It explains how to fetch alternate records, both odd and even row numbers, using the mod function, and provides examples for selecting even and odd row numbers.', 'Like operator for pattern matching The chapter details the usage of the like operator for pattern matching, using the percentage sign to match zero or more characters and the underscore sign to match exactly one character, along with examples.', 'Selecting unique records from a table It explains the usage of the distinct keyword to select unique records from a table, with an example query provided for better understanding.', 'Fetching first five characters of a string It provides examples of using the substring command and the right command to fetch the first five characters of a string from a table.', 'Difference between sequel and PL/sequel The chapter explains the main difference between sequel and PL/sequel, highlighting that sequel allows issuing a single query or executing a single insert, update, delete, whereas PL/sequel allows writing a full program with loops and variables to accomplish multiple operations.', 'Views It defines a view as a virtual table consisting of a subset of data contained in a table, explaining that views take less space to store, can have data of one or more tables combined, and provides an example to demonstrate the combination of columns and rows from multiple tables into a single view.', 'Stored Procedure It defines a stored procedure as a function consisting of many SQL statements to access the database system, consolidating several SQL statements and executing them whenever required to save time and avoid repetitive code.', 'Advantages and disadvantages of stored procedures It lists the advantages of stored procedures such as modular programming, faster execution, and reduced network traffic, along with the disadvantage that they can only be executed in the database and utilize more memory in the database server.', 'SQL user-defined functions include scalar, inline table valued, and multi-statement valued functions, with a focus on mentioning these three functions when asked about different types of user-defined functions.', 'Collation is defined as a set of rules determining data sorting and comparison, encompassing character sequence, case sensitivity, character width, and accent sensitivity.', 'Different types of collation sensitivity include case sensitivity, corner sensitivity, width sensitivity, and accent sensitivity, providing a comprehensive understanding of collation sensitivity types.', 'Local variables exist only inside a function and cannot be referred by any other function, while global variables can be accessed throughout the program, distinguishing the usage and scope of local and global variables.', 'Auto increment in SQL allows the creation of a unique number whenever a new record is inserted into the table, with specific usage in Oracle and SQL Server, clarifying its purpose and applicability.', 'Data warehouse serves as a central repository of data assembled from multiple sources, consolidated, transformed, and made available for mining and online processing, emphasizing its role and purpose.', 'The different authentication modes in SQL Server include Windows mode and mixed mode, with outlined steps to change the authentication modes in SQL Server, providing practical guidance for users.', 'The stuff function is used to overwrite existing characters or insert a string into another string, while the replace function is utilized to replace all occurrences of existing characters, elucidating the distinct functionalities of these SQL functions.']}], 'highlights': ['SQL is crucial for database administrators, handling vast data.', 'Top 65 SQL interview questions are outlined.', 'Difference between delete and truncate statements is explained.', 'Types of database management systems are introduced.', 'Relational database management system enables data access.', 'Basic definitions of table and field in Sequel are explained.', 'Concept of joints in Sequel is introduced.', 'Primary key uniquely identifies every tuple.', 'Constraints ensure data accuracy and efficient retrieval.', 'Unique key allows multiple and null values but disallows duplicates.', 'Foreign key maintains referential integrity between tables.', 'Clustered and non-clustered indexes are explained.', 'Different types of SQL joins are detailed.', 'Denormalization technique is explained.', 'Functionality of inner join in SQL is clarified.', 'Entities and their attributes and relationships are defined.', "Indexes' role as a performance tuning method is explained.", 'Normalization process and its advantages are outlined.', 'Differences between drop and truncate commands are explained.', 'Four types of normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF) are detailed.', 'BCNF ensures only one candidate key is present.', 'ACID property in Database is explained.', 'Types of Triggers in SQL are detailed.', 'Types of Sub Queries in SQL are explained.', 'Different types of relationships in databases are detailed.', "Difference between 'between' and 'in' condition operators is explained.", 'Usage of SQL functions is detailed.', "Merge statement's need and usage are explained.", 'Levels of constraints in SQL are outlined.', 'Fetching common records from two tables is explained.', 'Case manipulation functions in SQL are detailed.', 'Set operators like union, intersect, and minus are covered.', 'Alias command and its usage are explained.', 'Aggregate and scalar functions are detailed.', 'Fetching alternate records from a table is explained.', 'Like operator for pattern matching is detailed.', 'Selecting unique records from a table is explained.', 'Fetching first five characters of a string is detailed.', 'Difference between sequel and PL/sequel is explained.', 'Views and their characteristics are defined.', 'Stored Procedure and its advantages and disadvantages are detailed.', 'SQL user-defined functions are mentioned.', 'Collation and its types are explained.', 'Local and global variables are distinguished.', 'Auto increment in SQL and its usage are clarified.', "Data warehouse's role and purpose are emphasized.", 'Different authentication modes in SQL Server are detailed.', 'Stuff and replace functions in SQL are explained.']}