title
Guido van Rossum: Python and the Future of Programming | Lex Fridman Podcast #341

description
Guido van Rossum is the creator of Python programming language. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - GiveDirectly: https://givedirectly.org/lex to get gift matched up to $1000 - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings - Fundrise: https://fundrise.com/lex - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off - Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex to get 1 month of fish oil EPISODE LINKS: Guido's Twitter: https://twitter.com/gvanrossum Guido's Website: https://gvanrossum.github.io/ Python's Website: https://python.org PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:48 - CPython 6:01 - Code readability 10:22 - Indentation 26:58 - Bugs 38:26 - Programming fads 53:37 - Speed of Python 3.11 1:18:31 - Type hinting 1:23:49 - mypy 1:29:05 - TypeScript vs JavaScript 1:45:05 - Best IDE for Python 1:55:05 - Parallelism 2:12:58 - Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) 2:22:36 - Python 4.0 2:34:53 - Machine learning 2:44:35 - Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL) 2:56:11 - Advice for beginners 3:02:43 - GitHub Copilot 3:06:10 - Future of Python SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Guido van Rossum: Python and the Future of Programming | Lex Fridman Podcast #341', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Discusses potential features of python 4.0, python's strict indentation rules, impacts of language sounds on programming, python 3.11's performance improvements, static typing, asyncio, and python's dominance in scientific code and machine learning. it also covers the future of python in programming, leadership in tech, and github copilot's role in code generation.", 'chapters': [{'end': 213.72, 'segs': [{'end': 94.862, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 17.274, 'text': 'Can you imagine possible features that Python 4.0 might have that would necessitate the creation of the new 4.0, given the amount of pain and joy,', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 17.185}, {'end': 22.795, 'text': 'suffering and triumph that was involved in the move between version two and version three?', 'start': 17.274, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 29.718, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Guido van Rossum, his second time on this podcast.', 'start': 25.373, 'duration': 4.345}, {'end': 38.367, 'text': "He is the creator of the Python programming language and is Python's emeritus BDFL, benevolent dictator for life.", 'start': 29.998, 'duration': 8.369}, {'end': 40.91, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman podcast.', 'start': 39.128, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 43.953, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 41.13, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 47.457, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's Guido van Rossum.", 'start': 44.414, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 51.694, 'text': 'Python 3.11 is coming out very soon.', 'start': 48.632, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 57.196, 'text': 'In it, CPython claimed to be 10 to 60% faster.', 'start': 51.714, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 66.161, 'text': "How did you pull that off? And what's CPython? CPython is the last Python implementation standing, also the first one that was ever created.", 'start': 57.216, 'duration': 8.945}, {'end': 70.023, 'text': 'The original Python implementation that I started over 30 years ago.', 'start': 66.421, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 76.466, 'text': 'So what does it mean that Python, the programming language, is implemented in another programming language called C?', 'start': 70.323, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 79.163, 'text': 'What kind of audience do you have in mind here??', 'start': 76.94, 'duration': 2.223}, {'end': 81.085, 'text': 'People who know programming?', 'start': 79.783, 'duration': 1.302}, {'end': 87.873, 'text': "No, there's somebody on a boat that's into fishing and they've never heard about programming, but also some world-class programmers.", 'start': 81.385, 'duration': 6.488}, {'end': 89.095, 'text': "You're gonna have to speak to both.", 'start': 87.913, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 90.897, 'text': 'Imagine a boat with two people.', 'start': 89.475, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 94.862, 'text': 'One of them has not heard about programming and is really into fishing,', 'start': 91.458, 'duration': 3.404}], 'summary': 'Guido van rossum discusses python 4.0 and the performance improvements in python 3.11, claiming a 10 to 60% speed increase in cpython, the original python implementation.', 'duration': 94.773, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I89.jpg'}, {'end': 185.751, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 157.443, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 167.892, 'text': "I was talking yesterday about how when you have a Chinese person and they speak English, this is a bit of a stereotype they often don't know.", 'start': 157.443, 'duration': 10.449}, {'end': 174.18, 'text': "They can't seem to make the difference well between an L and an R.", 'start': 168.854, 'duration': 5.326}, {'end': 177.665, 'text': "And I have a theory about that, and I've never checked this with linguists.", 'start': 174.18, 'duration': 3.485}, {'end': 185.751, 'text': 'that it probably has to do with the fact that in Chinese there is not really a difference,', 'start': 179.787, 'duration': 5.964}], 'summary': 'Chinese speakers struggle with distinguishing between l and r sounds in english due to lack of distinction in chinese language.', 'duration': 28.308, 'max_score': 157.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I157443.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Python 4.0 features and programming language communication', 'summary': 'Delves into the potential features of python 4.0, considering performance improvements in python 3.11, and discusses communicating about programming with linguistic variations and regional differences in language sounds.', 'chapters': [{'end': 79.163, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Future of python 4.0', 'summary': 'Delves into the potential features of python 4.0, considering the performance improvements in python 3.11, which claimed to be 10 to 60% faster, and explores the significance of cpython as the last standing and original python implementation.', 'duration': 79.074, 'highlights': ['Python 3.11 claimed to be 10 to 60% faster, showcasing significant performance improvements.', 'CPython, the last standing and original Python implementation, is implemented in the programming language C, with over 30 years of history.', 'The conversation explores the potential features of Python 4.0, considering the impact of the transition from Python 2 to 3.']}, {'end': 213.72, 'start': 79.783, 'title': 'Programming languages and linguistics', 'summary': 'Discusses the need to communicate about programming with both non-programmers and experienced programmers, emphasizing the importance of understanding linguistic variations and regional differences in language sounds.', 'duration': 133.937, 'highlights': ['The importance of communicating about programming to both non-programmers and experienced programmers is emphasized, with a focus on the need to understand linguistic variations and regional differences in language sounds.', "The discussion of linguistic variations in Chinese and the theory about the difficulty Chinese speakers face in differentiating between the sounds of 'L' and 'R' is intriguing and relevant to understanding language perception.", 'The analogy of communicating about programming to a scenario involving a boat with a fisherman and a Silicon Valley programmer effectively illustrates the need to cater to diverse audiences when discussing technical topics.']}], 'duration': 213.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I89.jpg', 'highlights': ['Python 3.11 claimed to be 10 to 60% faster, showcasing significant performance improvements.', 'The conversation explores the potential features of Python 4.0, considering the impact of the transition from Python 2 to 3.', 'The importance of communicating about programming to both non-programmers and experienced programmers is emphasized, with a focus on the need to understand linguistic variations and regional differences in language sounds.', 'The analogy of communicating about programming to a scenario involving a boat with a fisherman and a Silicon Valley programmer effectively illustrates the need to cater to diverse audiences when discussing technical topics.', 'CPython, the last standing and original Python implementation, is implemented in the programming language C, with over 30 years of history.', "The discussion of linguistic variations in Chinese and the theory about the difficulty Chinese speakers face in differentiating between the sounds of 'L' and 'R' is intriguing and relevant to understanding language perception."]}, {'end': 1918.058, 'segs': [{'end': 243.3, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 214.721, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 220.543, 'text': "Like Americans or English speakers don't seem to know the sound zh.", 'start': 214.721, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 223.044, 'text': 'They seem uncomfortable with that sound.', 'start': 221.043, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 225.39, 'text': 'Yeah Oh, yes.', 'start': 223.689, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 230.933, 'text': "Okay So we're not going to the shapes of tongues and the sounds that the mouth can make.", 'start': 225.47, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 235.636, 'text': "Fine And similarly, we're not going into the ones and zeros or machine language.", 'start': 231.053, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 243.3, 'text': 'I would say a programming language is a list of instructions like a cookbook recipe.', 'start': 236.356, 'duration': 6.944}], 'summary': "English speakers struggle with the sound 'zh', and programming languages are like cookbook recipes.", 'duration': 28.579, 'max_score': 214.721, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I214721.jpg'}, {'end': 427.444, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 397.609, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 401.231, 'text': 'In fact, they have lots of context, but their context is very different.', 'start': 397.609, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 416.014, 'text': "But what we've seen emerge during the development of software, starting probably in the late 40s, is that software is a very social activity.", 'start': 402.432, 'duration': 13.582}, {'end': 422.459, 'text': 'A software developer is not a mad scientist who sits alone in his lab writing brilliant code.', 'start': 416.614, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 427.444, 'text': 'Software is developed by teams of people.', 'start': 424.801, 'duration': 2.643}], 'summary': 'Software development is a social activity, involving teams of people.', 'duration': 29.835, 'max_score': 397.609, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I397609.jpg'}, {'end': 896.966, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 867.4, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 874.823, 'text': "And then Python, really, indentation is a fundamental part of the language, right? It doesn't have to be four spaces.", 'start': 867.4, 'duration': 7.423}, {'end': 884.368, 'text': 'So you can code Python with two spaces per block or six spaces or 12 if you really want to go wild.', 'start': 874.883, 'duration': 9.485}, {'end': 892.145, 'text': 'But sort of everything that belongs to the same block needs to be indented the same way.', 'start': 884.448, 'duration': 7.697}, {'end': 896.966, 'text': 'In practice, in most other languages, people recommend doing that anyway.', 'start': 893.045, 'duration': 3.921}], 'summary': "Python's indentation is fundamental, allowing flexibility with 2, 4, 6, or 12 spaces per block.", 'duration': 29.566, 'max_score': 867.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I867400.jpg'}, {'end': 1255.848, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1227.954, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1240.36, 'text': 'The classic example was often oh, the compiler complains every time I put a semicolon in the wrong place or I forget to put a semicolon.', 'start': 1227.954, 'duration': 12.406}, {'end': 1244.502, 'text': "Python doesn't have semicolons in that sense.", 'start': 1242.161, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 1246.583, 'text': "So you can't forget them.", 'start': 1245.323, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 1255.848, 'text': "And you are also not sort of misled into putting them where they don't belong because you don't learn about them in the first place.", 'start': 1247.224, 'duration': 8.624}], 'summary': 'Python eliminates the need for semicolons, preventing errors and confusion.', 'duration': 27.894, 'max_score': 1227.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I1227954.jpg'}, {'end': 1841.435, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1811.703, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1814.585, 'text': "So you said mature software, right? So here's..", 'start': 1811.703, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 1820.668, 'text': 'a report from a programming analytics company.', 'start': 1816.607, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 1823.83, 'text': 'Now this is from a developer perspective.', 'start': 1821.929, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1828.251, 'text': 'Let me just say what it says, because this is very weird and surprising.', 'start': 1825.07, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 1833.193, 'text': 'On average, a developer creates 70 bugs per 1000 lines of code.', 'start': 1828.831, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 1838.275, 'text': '15 bugs per 1000 lines of code find their way to the customers.', 'start': 1833.213, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 1841.435, 'text': "This is in the software they've analyzed.", 'start': 1840.114, 'duration': 1.321}], 'summary': 'On average, a developer creates 70 bugs per 1000 lines of code, with 15 bugs per 1000 lines reaching customers.', 'duration': 29.732, 'max_score': 1811.703, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I1811703.jpg'}], 'start': 214.721, 'title': 'Understanding language and python', 'summary': "Discusses discomfort with certain sounds, ambiguity in languages, and the importance of precise instructions in programming. it also explores python's strict indentation rules and the benefits of teaching programming with python, including its impact on bug reduction.", 'chapters': [{'end': 262.137, 'start': 214.721, 'title': 'Understanding sounds and programming languages', 'summary': 'Discusses the discomfort of some language speakers with certain sounds, along with an analogy of programming languages being like a list of instructions in a cookbook recipe.', 'duration': 47.416, 'highlights': ["The discomfort of some language speakers with certain sounds like the sound 'zh' is highlighted, indicating a potential language learning challenge for some individuals.", 'The analogy of programming languages to a list of instructions in a cookbook recipe is explained, showcasing a simplified understanding of programming languages for non-technical individuals.']}, {'end': 703.301, 'start': 263.698, 'title': 'Ambiguity in language and programming', 'summary': 'Explores the ambiguity in natural languages and programming languages, emphasizing the importance of context in human communication and the need for readable code in software development, highlighting the social aspect and the significance of precise instructions for computers.', 'duration': 439.603, 'highlights': ['The importance of context in human communication and the ambiguity in natural languages compared to the need for precise instructions in programming languages and the significance of context in human communication and the need for readable code in software development.', 'The significance of readable code in software development and the social aspect of software development, emphasizing the need for code that is understandable by other programmers and the complexity of debugging in software development.', 'The comparison between cookbook recipes and computer programs, emphasizing the need for computer programs to be readable by both computers and other programmers and the complexity and social aspect of software development.', 'The importance of the spatial structure and indentation style in Python for readability, highlighting the significance of spaces for the readability of text and the use of standard notation and shortcuts in cookbook recipes for clarity and ease of understanding.']}, {'end': 1134.337, 'start': 703.301, 'title': "Python's indentation strictness", 'summary': "Discusses python's strict indentation rules, defining four spaces for indentation, contrasting it with other languages' practices, and highlighting the reasoning behind python's unconventional choice amidst historical and practical constraints.", 'duration': 431.036, 'highlights': ["Python defines four spaces for indentation, defining the language's look and feel, and the high-level structure of the code. Python's strict indentation rules use four spaces for indentation, defining both the language's appearance and the code's high-level structure.", "Contrasting with other languages, Python's indentation is a fundamental part of the language, unlike languages where indentation is a stylistic recommendation. Python's indentation is a fundamental part of the language, in contrast to languages where indentation is a stylistic recommendation, such as two spaces per indent level.", "The historical and practical constraints prevent Python from changing its indentation rules, as it would conflict with existing code and conventions. Python's historical and practical constraints prevent the language from changing its indentation rules, as it would conflict with existing code and conventions, similar to the debate about tabs versus spaces in the past.", "Python's unconventional choice of indentation, amidst historical and practical constraints, highlights the difficulty in changing such fundamental language features. Python's unconventional choice of indentation, amidst historical and practical constraints, highlights the difficulty in changing such fundamental language features, as seen in the debate about tabs versus spaces in the past."]}, {'end': 1918.058, 'start': 1134.357, 'title': 'Teaching programming with python', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits of teaching programming with python, highlighting how it simplifies the language for beginners, the historical context of programming languages, and the impact of bugs in software development, citing that an average developer creates 70 bugs per 1000 lines of code.', 'duration': 783.701, 'highlights': ['An average developer creates 70 bugs per 1000 lines of code, with 15 bugs per 1000 lines finding their way to the customers. This highlights the prevalence of bugs in software development and the potential impact on end users, emphasizing the importance of thorough testing and debugging processes.', "Fixing a bug takes 30 times longer than writing a line of code, and 75% of a developer's time is spent on debugging. This emphasizes the significant time and resource investment required for debugging, indicating the challenges and costs associated with resolving software bugs.", 'Python simplifies the language for beginners by eliminating the need for semicolons and reduces the distraction from syntax, making it easier to grasp for those new to programming. This highlights the specific ways in which Python streamlines the learning process for beginners, reducing potential confusion and allowing focus on fundamental programming concepts.', 'The historical context of programming languages, including the use of the dollar sign in languages like PHP and Perl, is explained in relation to parameterizing scripting and the need for clear differentiation between variables and fixed parts. This provides historical context on the evolution of programming languages and the development of syntax elements such as the dollar sign, offering insights into the origins and purposes behind programming language features.']}], 'duration': 1703.337, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I214721.jpg', 'highlights': ["Python's strict indentation rules use four spaces for indentation, defining both the language's appearance and the code's high-level structure.", "The discomfort of some language speakers with certain sounds like the sound 'zh' is highlighted, indicating a potential language learning challenge for some individuals.", 'The importance of readable code in software development and the social aspect of software development, emphasizing the need for code that is understandable by other programmers and the complexity of debugging in software development.', 'An average developer creates 70 bugs per 1000 lines of code, with 15 bugs per 1000 lines finding their way to the customers. This highlights the prevalence of bugs in software development and the potential impact on end users, emphasizing the importance of thorough testing and debugging processes.', 'Python simplifies the language for beginners by eliminating the need for semicolons and reduces the distraction from syntax, making it easier to grasp for those new to programming.']}, {'end': 2607.16, 'segs': [{'end': 1945.996, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1918.358, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1923.421, 'text': 'Anyway, I mean, can you believe that number of bugs? Oh, absolutely.', 'start': 1918.358, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 1927.383, 'text': "Isn't that scary? That's 70 bugs per 1000 lines of code.", 'start': 1924.081, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1929.584, 'text': 'So even 10 bugs per 1000 lines of code.', 'start': 1927.883, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 1934.846, 'text': "Well, that's about one bug after every 15 lines, and that's when you're first typing it in.", 'start': 1929.624, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 1945.996, 'text': 'Yeah, from a developer, but like, how many bugs are going to be found? Well, the development process is extremely iterative.', 'start': 1936.067, 'duration': 9.929}], 'summary': '70 bugs per 1000 lines of code, with one bug every 15 lines during initial typing.', 'duration': 27.638, 'max_score': 1918.358, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I1918358.jpg'}, {'end': 2048.733, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2011.79, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2017.615, 'text': 'And so with my two fingers, I sort of pecked out my code.', 'start': 2011.79, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 2023.035, 'text': 'Watch anyone give you a little coding demonstration.', 'start': 2019.051, 'duration': 3.984}, {'end': 2034.946, 'text': "They'll have to produce like four lines of code and now see how many times they use the backspace key because they made a mistake.", 'start': 2023.936, 'duration': 11.01}, {'end': 2048.733, 'text': 'And some people, especially when someone else is looking, will backspace over 20, 30, 40 characters to fix a typo earlier in a line.', 'start': 2036.127, 'duration': 12.606}], 'summary': 'Coding demonstration: 4 lines, 20-40 backspaces for a typo.', 'duration': 36.943, 'max_score': 2011.79, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I2011790.jpg'}, {'end': 2552.781, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2522.628, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2533.852, 'text': "Today, I'm trying to see what are the new languages to try, what are the new systems to try, what are the new ideas to try to keep improving.", 'start': 2522.628, 'duration': 11.224}, {'end': 2536.393, 'text': "That's why we start when we're young, right?", 'start': 2534.092, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 2547.278, 'text': "But that seems very true to me that when you're young, you have your whole life ahead of you and you're allowed to make mistakes.", 'start': 2538.794, 'duration': 8.484}, {'end': 2552.781, 'text': 'In fact, you should feel encouraged to do a bit of stupid stuff.', 'start': 2547.519, 'duration': 5.262}], 'summary': 'Exploring new languages, systems, and ideas for constant improvement and embracing mistakes when young.', 'duration': 30.153, 'max_score': 2522.628, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I2522628.jpg'}], 'start': 1918.358, 'title': 'Software bugs and typing challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the prevalence of bugs in code, with an average of 70 bugs per 1000 lines and the impact of typing challenges on programming efficiency, emphasizing the importance of experimenting and learning new technologies.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2607.16, 'start': 1918.358, 'title': 'Software bugs and typing challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the prevalence of bugs in code, with an average of 70 bugs per 1000 lines and the impact of typing challenges on programming efficiency, while emphasizing the importance of experimenting and learning new technologies.', 'duration': 688.802, 'highlights': ['The average number of bugs per 1000 lines of code is 70, affecting the development process. The prevalence of bugs in code is quantified, with an average of 70 bugs per 1000 lines, emphasizing its impact on the development process.', 'The impact of typing challenges on programming efficiency is demonstrated, with a focus on mistyping and the subsequent correction process. The transcript highlights the impact of typing challenges on programming efficiency, particularly in terms of mistyping and the subsequent correction process, showcasing the potential time loss and productivity impact.', 'The importance of experimenting and learning new technologies is emphasized, particularly for young programmers, encouraging them to make mistakes and try new approaches. The importance of experimentation and learning new technologies is emphasized, particularly for young programmers, encouraging them to make mistakes and try new approaches to continually improve and innovate.']}], 'duration': 688.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I1918358.jpg', 'highlights': ['The average number of bugs per 1000 lines of code is 70, affecting the development process.', 'The importance of experimenting and learning new technologies is emphasized, particularly for young programmers, encouraging them to make mistakes and try new approaches.', 'The impact of typing challenges on programming efficiency is demonstrated, with a focus on mistyping and the subsequent correction process.']}, {'end': 3195.4, 'segs': [{'end': 2698.495, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2631.314, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2643.237, 'text': "So if you invest a lot in PHP, if you invest a lot in .NET, if you invest a lot in JavaScript, you're going to stick there.", 'start': 2631.314, 'duration': 11.923}, {'end': 2646.478, 'text': "That's your life journey.", 'start': 2645.018, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 2647.698, 'text': "It's very hard to jump.", 'start': 2647.098, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 2653.5, 'text': 'Well, only as far as that technology remains relevant.', 'start': 2647.718, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 2654.56, 'text': 'Yes, yes.', 'start': 2653.98, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 2665.495, 'text': "I mean, if at age 16, You learn coding in C, and by the time you're 26, C is like a dead language.", 'start': 2654.66, 'duration': 10.835}, {'end': 2670.804, 'text': "Then there's still time to switch.", 'start': 2668.46, 'duration': 2.344}, {'end': 2674.582, 'text': "There's probably some kind of survivor bias,", 'start': 2671.82, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 2683.607, 'text': "or whatever it's called in sort of your observation that you pick a camp because there are many different camps to pick.", 'start': 2674.582, 'duration': 9.025}, {'end': 2693.732, 'text': 'And if you picked NET, then you can coast for the rest of your life, because that technology is now so ubiquitous, of course,', 'start': 2683.667, 'duration': 10.065}, {'end': 2698.495, 'text': "that even if it's bound to die, it's gonna take a very long time.", 'start': 2693.732, 'duration': 4.763}], 'summary': 'Technology investment impacts career longevity; popular tech like .net offers longer-term stability.', 'duration': 67.181, 'max_score': 2631.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I2631314.jpg'}, {'end': 2777.386, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2747.95, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2759.338, 'text': 'For me to decide to take the leap to Python, like all out, basically switched completely from C++, except for highly performant robotics applications.', 'start': 2747.95, 'duration': 11.388}, {'end': 2763.38, 'text': 'There was still a culture of C++ in the space of robotics.', 'start': 2760.458, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 2765.442, 'text': 'That was a big leap.', 'start': 2764.461, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 2772.9, 'text': 'Like I had to, you know, like people have like existential crises or midlife crises or whatever.', 'start': 2766.872, 'duration': 6.028}, {'end': 2777.386, 'text': 'You have to realize almost like walking away from a person you love.', 'start': 2772.92, 'duration': 4.466}], 'summary': 'Switched from c++ to python for robotics, despite the prevalent c++ culture. it felt like walking away from a loved one.', 'duration': 29.436, 'max_score': 2747.95, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I2747950.jpg'}, {'end': 2915.778, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2879.103, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2881.464, 'text': 'And I think a lot of people face that kind of decision.', 'start': 2879.103, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 2886.165, 'text': 'It was a difficult decision for me when I made it.', 'start': 2881.924, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 2892.588, 'text': "At this time, it's an obvious switch if you're into machine learning, but at that time, it wasn't quite yet so obvious.", 'start': 2886.366, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 2894.469, 'text': 'So it was a risk.', 'start': 2893.448, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 2904.033, 'text': 'And, you know, you have the same kind of stuff with, I still, because of my connection to WordPress, I still do a lot of backend programming in PHP.', 'start': 2894.709, 'duration': 9.324}, {'end': 2915.778, 'text': "And the question is, you know, Node.js, Python, do you switch backend to any of those programmings? There's the case for Node.js for me.", 'start': 2906.854, 'duration': 8.924}], 'summary': 'Facing a difficult decision, transitioning from php to node.js for backend programming due to the rise of machine learning.', 'duration': 36.675, 'max_score': 2879.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I2879103.jpg'}, {'end': 3087.209, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3059.133, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3066.797, 'text': 'like if you actually carefully analyze what your interests in life are, where you think you can maximally impact the world.', 'start': 3059.133, 'duration': 7.664}, {'end': 3073.421, 'text': 'there really is better and worse choices for a programming language that are not just about the syntax but about the community,', 'start': 3066.797, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 3079.544, 'text': "about where you predict the community's headed, what large systems are programmed in that.", 'start': 3073.421, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 3087.209, 'text': "But can you create that spreadsheet? Because that's sort of you're mentioning a whole bunch of inputs that go into that spreadsheet,", 'start': 3079.704, 'duration': 7.505}], 'summary': 'Choosing a programming language involves analyzing impact, community, and large systems. consider creating a comprehensive spreadsheet.', 'duration': 28.076, 'max_score': 3059.133, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I3059133.jpg'}], 'start': 2607.98, 'title': 'Programming language choices and transition', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of programming language choices on career trajectory, citing examples of php, .net, and javascript, and the transition from c++ to python for machine learning, highlighting challenges, considerations, and productivity impact.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2698.495, 'start': 2607.98, 'title': 'Impact of programming language choices', 'summary': "Discusses how early choices in programming languages can define one's career trajectory, citing examples of php, .net, and javascript, and how technological relevance impacts the ability to switch paths.", 'duration': 90.515, 'highlights': ['Early choices in programming languages define the career trajectory, making it difficult to switch paths later, based on the relevance and ubiquity of the chosen technology.', 'The relevance of a technology impacts the ability to switch career paths, illustrated by the example of learning C at 16 and its potential obsolescence by age 26.', 'The ubiquity of a technology, such as .NET, can allow individuals to coast in their career, despite the eventual demise of the technology.']}, {'end': 3195.4, 'start': 2699.095, 'title': 'Transition from c++ to python', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's transition from c++ to python for machine learning, highlighting the challenges and considerations involved in the decision-making process, and the impact of language choice on productivity and community involvement.", 'duration': 496.305, 'highlights': ["The speaker's transition from C++ to Python for machine learning The speaker made a significant transition from programming in C++ to fully embracing Python for machine learning, despite the initial culture and community favoring C++ in robotics applications.", 'Challenges and considerations in language transition decision-making The chapter delves into the personal struggles and reflections on the decision-making process when considering language transitions for different programming problems, emphasizing the complexity and individual nature of such choices.', 'Impact of language choice on productivity and community involvement The discussion explores how language choice not only affects productivity but also community involvement and future predictions, highlighting the subjective and intricate nature of such decisions.']}], 'duration': 587.42, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I2607980.jpg', 'highlights': ['Early choices in programming languages define career trajectory, making it difficult to switch paths later.', 'The relevance of a technology impacts the ability to switch career paths, illustrated by the example of learning C at 16 and its potential obsolescence by age 26.', 'The ubiquity of a technology, such as .NET, can allow individuals to coast in their career, despite the eventual demise of the technology.', "The speaker's transition from C++ to Python for machine learning.", 'Challenges and considerations in language transition decision-making.', 'Impact of language choice on productivity and community involvement.']}, {'end': 4327.06, 'segs': [{'end': 3360.825, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3321.417, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3323.798, 'text': 'And so I sort of, I cut corners.', 'start': 3321.417, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 3331.884, 'text': 'I borrowed ideas left and right when it comes to language design as well as implementation.', 'start': 3325.88, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 3337.472, 'text': 'I also wrote much of the code as simple as it could be.', 'start': 3333.43, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 3348.898, 'text': 'And there are many things that you can code more efficiently by adding more code.', 'start': 3338.813, 'duration': 10.085}, {'end': 3360.825, 'text': "It's a bit of a time-space trade-off where you can compute a certain thing from a small number of inputs,", 'start': 3350.039, 'duration': 10.786}], 'summary': 'Borrowed ideas, wrote simple code, and explored time-space trade-offs in implementing language design.', 'duration': 39.408, 'max_score': 3321.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I3321417.jpg'}, {'end': 3642.962, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3608.823, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3612.165, 'text': "But that's an art and it's not always the case.", 'start': 3608.823, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 3618.328, 'text': "In the general cases, the more performant the algorithm, the more complex it's going to be.", 'start': 3612.625, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 3620.209, 'text': "There's a kind of trade-off.", 'start': 3618.628, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3629.835, 'text': "The simpler algorithms are also the ones that people invent first, because when you're looking for a solution,", 'start': 3620.73, 'duration': 9.105}, {'end': 3632.436, 'text': 'you look at the simplest way to get there first.', 'start': 3629.835, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 3642.962, 'text': "And so if there is a simple solution, even if it's not the best solution, not the fastest or the most memory efficient or whatever.", 'start': 3633.376, 'duration': 9.586}], 'summary': 'Simpler algorithms are usually the first choice, despite not being the most performant.', 'duration': 34.139, 'max_score': 3608.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I3608823.jpg'}, {'end': 3786.468, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3751.136, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3754.018, 'text': 'And that is sort of the recipe for building a computer.', 'start': 3751.136, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 3756.32, 'text': 'The recipe for the baker and the chef.', 'start': 3754.578, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 3767.628, 'text': 'Yeah, What are the algorithmically tricky things that happen to be low-hanging fruit that could be improved on? Maybe throughout the history of Python,', 'start': 3756.46, 'duration': 11.168}, {'end': 3768.969, 'text': 'but also now?', 'start': 3767.628, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 3775.313, 'text': "how is it possible that 3.11 in year 2022, it's possible to get such a big performance improvement?", 'start': 3768.969, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 3786.468, 'text': 'we focused on a few areas where we still felt there was low-hanging fruit.', 'start': 3777.122, 'duration': 9.346}], 'summary': 'Improving low-hanging fruit for big performance improvement in python 3.11', 'duration': 35.332, 'max_score': 3751.136, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I3751136.jpg'}, {'end': 3941.624, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3884.625, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3893.774, 'text': "So you see the compiler inside Python not like a just-in-time compiler, but it's a compiler that creates bytecode that is then fed to the interpreter.", 'start': 3884.625, 'duration': 9.149}, {'end': 3896.716, 'text': 'And the compiler.', 'start': 3894.654, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 3898.698, 'text': 'was there something interesting to say about the compiler?', 'start': 3896.716, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 3901.601, 'text': "It's interesting that you haven't changed that, tweaked that at all or much.", 'start': 3898.758, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 3907.273, 'text': 'We changed some parts of the bytecode but not very much.', 'start': 3902.081, 'duration': 5.192}, {'end': 3917.958, 'text': 'And so we only had to change the parts of the compiler where we decided that the breakdown of a Python program in bytecode instructions had to be slightly different.', 'start': 3908.253, 'duration': 9.705}, {'end': 3927.942, 'text': "But that didn't gain us the performance improvements.", 'start': 3919.999, 'duration': 7.943}, {'end': 3933.245, 'text': 'The performance improvements were like making the interpreter faster,', 'start': 3928.082, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 3941.624, 'text': 'in part by sort of removing the fat from some internal data structures used by the interpreter.', 'start': 3933.245, 'duration': 8.379}], 'summary': "Python's compiler creates bytecode fed to interpreter, with limited performance gains from bytecode changes but improved interpreter speed.", 'duration': 56.999, 'max_score': 3884.625, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I3884625.jpg'}, {'end': 4060.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4028.741, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4036.185, 'text': 'the plus sign and sort of a bunch of other functions can be written using another single symbol, the multiply sign.', 'start': 4028.741, 'duration': 7.444}, {'end': 4050.557, 'text': 'So if we take addition, the way traditionally in Python, the add bytecode was executed is pointers, pointers, and more pointers.', 'start': 4038.05, 'duration': 12.507}, {'end': 4054.219, 'text': 'So first we have two objects.', 'start': 4051.658, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 4059.182, 'text': 'An object is basically a pointer to a bunch of memory that contains more pointers.', 'start': 4054.62, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 4060.323, 'text': 'Pointers all the way down.', 'start': 4059.402, 'duration': 0.921}], 'summary': "Python's add bytecode traditionally executed using pointers.", 'duration': 31.582, 'max_score': 4028.741, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4028741.jpg'}, {'end': 4231.101, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4196.559, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4209.563, 'text': 'but Each slot contains a function and the functions are different because the addToIntegers function interprets the bit patterns as integers.', 'start': 4196.559, 'duration': 13.004}, {'end': 4219.153, 'text': 'The addToFloat function interprets the same bit pattern as a floating point number.', 'start': 4209.883, 'duration': 9.27}, {'end': 4220.334, 'text': 'And then there is the string.', 'start': 4219.213, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4231.101, 'text': 'data type, which, again, interprets the bit pattern as the address of a sequence of characters.', 'start': 4221.474, 'duration': 9.627}], 'summary': 'Different functions interpret bit patterns as integers, floating point numbers, and addresses of characters.', 'duration': 34.542, 'max_score': 4196.559, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4196559.jpg'}, {'end': 4335.863, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4310.967, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4320.275, 'text': 'It looks at the object from the object, it looks at the type, then it takes the type and it looks up the function pointer, then it calls the function.', 'start': 4310.967, 'duration': 9.308}, {'end': 4327.06, 'text': 'Now the function has to look at the other argument and it has to double check that the other argument has the right type.', 'start': 4320.815, 'duration': 6.245}, {'end': 4335.863, 'text': "And then there's a bunch of error checking before it can actually just go ahead and add the two bit patterns in the right way.", 'start': 4328.161, 'duration': 7.702}], 'summary': 'The process involves object type lookup, function call, and error checking.', 'duration': 24.896, 'max_score': 4310.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4310967.jpg'}], 'start': 3196.121, 'title': 'Python 3.11: performance and implementation', 'summary': 'Covers the upcoming release of python 3.11, emphasizing significant performance improvements and the trade-off between simplicity and performance. it also discusses the presence of a compiler in python, enhancements in the interpreter, and the execution of add and multiply operations using type-based functions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3806.794, 'start': 3196.121, 'title': 'Python 3.11: speed and simplicity', 'summary': 'Discusses the upcoming release of python 3.11, highlighting its significant performance improvements and the trade-off between simplicity and performance in algorithm design.', 'duration': 610.673, 'highlights': ['Python 3.11 will be much faster, focusing on low-hanging fruit such as the interpreter itself. Python 3.11 is expected to deliver substantial performance improvements, particularly in the interpreter, addressing low-hanging fruit for optimization.', 'The trade-off between simplicity and performance in algorithm design is explained, with a focus on the balance between complexity and efficiency. The transcript delves into the trade-off between simplicity and performance in algorithm design, emphasizing that more performant algorithms tend to be more complex, highlighting the balance between complexity and efficiency.', 'The chapter outlines the approach to achieving speed improvements through the simplicity of software by making code more efficient without sacrificing clarity. The discussion touches on achieving speed improvements through the simplicity of software, emphasizing the approach of making code more efficient without sacrificing clarity, demonstrating the balance between speed and simplicity.']}, {'end': 3970.146, 'start': 3806.994, 'title': 'Python compiler and interpreter', 'summary': 'Discusses the presence of a compiler in python, which compiles code to bytecode for the interpreter, and the improvements made in the interpreter to enhance performance, rather than building a just-in-time compiler.', 'duration': 163.152, 'highlights': ['The presence of a compiler in Python that compiles code to bytecode for the interpreter, rather than compiling to machine code, is explained.', 'Improvements in the interpreter were made to enhance performance, instead of building a just-in-time compiler, resulting in a more efficient interpreter.', 'The changes made to the compiler were minimal, with the majority of the work focused on making the interpreter faster by optimizing internal data structures.', 'The concept of an adaptive specializing interpreter, its specialization in bytecode instructions, and its role as an imaginary machine are discussed.']}, {'end': 4327.06, 'start': 3970.806, 'title': "Python's add and multiply operations", 'summary': "Discusses how python's add and multiply operations are executed using type-based functions, with the optimization being the observation that in a particular line of code, the implementation of add is fully generic and looks up the object's type and function pointer.", 'duration': 356.254, 'highlights': ["Python's add operation is executed using type-based functions, such as addToIntegers and addToFloat, interpreting bit patterns as integers or floating point numbers. Python's add operation is executed using type-based functions, where addToIntegers and addToFloat interpret bit patterns as integers or floating point numbers.", "The optimization in Python's add operation is the observation that instead of having a single bytecode, the implementation of add is fully generic, looking up the object's type and function pointer, and then calls the function. The optimization in Python's add operation is the observation that the implementation of add is fully generic, looking up the object's type and function pointer, and then calls the function.", "The add operation is a single byte code that looks at the object's type, looks up the function pointer, and then calls the function, checking the other argument's type. The add operation is a single byte code that looks at the object's type, looks up the function pointer, and then calls the function, checking the other argument's type."]}], 'duration': 1130.939, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I3196121.jpg', 'highlights': ['Python 3.11 is expected to deliver substantial performance improvements, particularly in the interpreter, addressing low-hanging fruit for optimization.', 'The trade-off between simplicity and performance in algorithm design is explained, emphasizing that more performant algorithms tend to be more complex, highlighting the balance between complexity and efficiency.', 'The discussion touches on achieving speed improvements through the simplicity of software, emphasizing the approach of making code more efficient without sacrificing clarity, demonstrating the balance between speed and simplicity.', 'The presence of a compiler in Python that compiles code to bytecode for the interpreter, rather than compiling to machine code, is explained.', 'Improvements in the interpreter were made to enhance performance, instead of building a just-in-time compiler, resulting in a more efficient interpreter.', 'The changes made to the compiler were minimal, with the majority of the work focused on making the interpreter faster by optimizing internal data structures.', "Python's add operation is executed using type-based functions, where addToIntegers and addToFloat interpret bit patterns as integers or floating point numbers.", "The optimization in Python's add operation is the observation that the implementation of add is fully generic, looking up the object's type and function pointer, and then calls the function.", "The add operation is a single byte code that looks at the object's type, looks up the function pointer, and then calls the function, checking the other argument's type."]}, {'end': 4907.33, 'segs': [{'end': 4395.713, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4360.332, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4374.514, 'text': "And then after a few times through that code, if it's the same type all the time, Uh we say, oh so, this add operation,", 'start': 4360.332, 'duration': 14.182}, {'end': 4380.419, 'text': "even though it's the generic add operation, it might as well be the add integer operation.", 'start': 4374.514, 'duration': 5.905}, {'end': 4391.809, 'text': 'And add integer operation is, uh, much more efficient, because it just says assume that A and B are integers, do the addition operation,', 'start': 4381.2, 'duration': 10.609}, {'end': 4395.713, 'text': 'do it right there in line and produce the result.', 'start': 4391.809, 'duration': 3.904}], 'summary': 'Repeated use of same type in code leads to more efficient operations, such as the add integer operation.', 'duration': 35.381, 'max_score': 4360.332, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4360332.jpg'}, {'end': 4677.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4624.146, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4628.748, 'text': "So the trick here is that the type itself doesn't, the variable doesn't know what type it is.", 'start': 4624.146, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 4637.492, 'text': "So this is not a statically typed language where you can afford to have a shortcut to saying it's ints.", 'start': 4630.33, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 4651.276, 'text': 'This is a trick that is especially important for interpreted languages with dynamic typing, because if the compiler could read in the source,', 'start': 4637.892, 'duration': 13.384}, {'end': 4654.077, 'text': "these x and y that we're adding are integers.", 'start': 4651.276, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 4666.173, 'text': 'the compiler can just insert the single add machine code, that hardware machine instruction that exists on every CPU and ditto for floats.', 'start': 4654.077, 'duration': 12.096}, {'end': 4673.598, 'text': "But because in Python, you don't generally declare the types of your variables.", 'start': 4667.634, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 4677.081, 'text': "You don't even declare the existence of your variables.", 'start': 4673.638, 'duration': 3.443}], 'summary': "Python's dynamic typing allows for flexibility, but lacks type declaration and optimization for hardware machine instructions.", 'duration': 52.935, 'max_score': 4624.146, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4624146.jpg'}, {'end': 4755.607, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4730.58, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4738.304, 'text': "And it's especially popular with sort of larger companies that have very large code bases written in Python.", 'start': 4730.58, 'duration': 7.724}, {'end': 4744.316, 'text': "Do you think of it as almost like documentation, saying these two variables are this type? It's more than documentation.", 'start': 4738.697, 'duration': 5.619}, {'end': 4745.058, 'text': 'I mean, so it..', 'start': 4744.336, 'duration': 0.722}, {'end': 4753.406, 'text': 'It is a sub-language of Python where you can express the types of variables.', 'start': 4747.822, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 4755.607, 'text': "So here is a variable and it's an integer.", 'start': 4753.466, 'duration': 2.141}], 'summary': 'Mypy is popular with larger companies with very large python code bases, allowing expression of variable types.', 'duration': 25.027, 'max_score': 4730.58, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4730580.jpg'}, {'end': 4844.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4811.892, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4821.555, 'text': "even when they do use them, they sometimes contain lies where the static type checker says everything's fine.", 'start': 4811.892, 'duration': 9.663}, {'end': 4832.137, 'text': 'I cannot prove that this integer is ever not an integer, but at runtime somehow someone manages to violate that assumption.', 'start': 4822.795, 'duration': 9.342}, {'end': 4836.697, 'text': 'And the interpreter ends up doing just fine.', 'start': 4833.078, 'duration': 3.619}, {'end': 4844.081, 'text': 'If we started enforcing type annotations in Python, many Python programs would no longer work.', 'start': 4836.777, 'duration': 7.304}], 'summary': 'Enforcing type annotations in python may break many programs.', 'duration': 32.189, 'max_score': 4811.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4811892.jpg'}], 'start': 4328.161, 'title': 'Optimizing add operations and python type hints', 'summary': 'Discusses optimizing add operations in python through type inference and statistical analysis, as well as the significance of type hints in large code bases and the challenges of enforcing type annotations for interpreter efficiency.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4594.1, 'start': 4328.161, 'title': 'Optimizing add operations in python', 'summary': 'Discusses the optimization of add operations in python by inferring the types of operands to improve efficiency, including the use of heuristics and statistical analysis to make assumptions and minimize the impact of potential type mismatches.', 'duration': 265.939, 'highlights': ['The optimization of add operations in Python involves inferring the types of operands to improve efficiency, including statistical analysis and heuristics to make assumptions and minimize the impact of potential type mismatches. Discusses the optimization of add operations in Python by inferring the types of operands to improve efficiency, including statistical analysis and heuristics to make assumptions and minimize the impact of potential type mismatches.', 'The process involves keeping track of the type of operands used in add operations and optimizing for specific types, such as assuming the add operation involves integers for increased efficiency. Explains the process of keeping track of the type of operands used in add operations and optimizing for specific types, such as assuming the add operation involves integers for increased efficiency.', 'Statistical analysis is used to determine the likelihood of operands being of a specific type, allowing for efficient checks and optimizations, despite the potential for type mismatches. Describes the use of statistical analysis to determine the likelihood of operands being of a specific type, allowing for efficient checks and optimizations, despite the potential for type mismatches.', "The chapter delves into the idea of heuristics and understanding user behavior to optimize add operations, likening it to assuming tomorrow's weather will be the same as today's. Discusses the idea of heuristics and understanding user behavior to optimize add operations, likening it to assuming tomorrow's weather will be the same as today's."]}, {'end': 4907.33, 'start': 4594.72, 'title': 'Python type hints & interpreter efficiency', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of type hints in python for interpreted languages with dynamic typing, the use of type hints in large code bases, and the challenges and limitations of enforcing type annotations for speeding up the interpreter.', 'duration': 312.61, 'highlights': ['The trick here is especially important for interpreted languages with dynamic typing, as the compiler could insert single add machine code for integers and floats if it could read in the source. The trick of not knowing the type of a variable is crucial for interpreted languages with dynamic typing, as the compiler could insert single add machine code for integers and floats if it could read in the source.', 'Type hints are especially popular with larger companies that have very large code bases written in Python, serving as a sub-language to express the types of variables and functions. Type hints are popular with large companies for expressing the types of variables and functions, serving as a sub-language and almost like documentation for larger code bases written in Python.', 'Enforcing type annotations in Python could lead to many Python programs no longer working and some programs becoming impossible due to their dynamic nature. Enforcing type annotations in Python could cause many programs to no longer work and some to become impossible due to their dynamic nature.']}], 'duration': 579.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4328161.jpg', 'highlights': ['The optimization of add operations in Python involves inferring the types of operands to improve efficiency, including statistical analysis and heuristics to make assumptions and minimize the impact of potential type mismatches.', 'Type hints are popular with large companies for expressing the types of variables and functions, serving as a sub-language and almost like documentation for larger code bases written in Python.', 'The process involves keeping track of the type of operands used in add operations and optimizing for specific types, such as assuming the add operation involves integers for increased efficiency.', 'Statistical analysis is used to determine the likelihood of operands being of a specific type, allowing for efficient checks and optimizations, despite the potential for type mismatches.', 'The trick of not knowing the type of a variable is crucial for interpreted languages with dynamic typing, as the compiler could insert single add machine code for integers and floats if it could read in the source.']}, {'end': 6902.235, 'segs': [{'end': 4957.608, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4907.33, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4916.598, 'text': 'like an assert inside a function that says please check that my type hints are actually mapping to reality?', 'start': 4907.33, 'duration': 9.268}, {'end': 4920.281, 'text': 'Sort of like insert manual static typing.', 'start': 4917.038, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 4925.266, 'text': 'There are third-party libraries that are in that business.', 'start': 4920.543, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 4934.071, 'text': "So it's possible to do that kind of thing? It's possible for a third-party library to take a hint and enforce it? It seems like a tricky thing.", 'start': 4925.366, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 4943.996, 'text': 'Well, what we actually do is, and I think this is a fairly unique feature in Python, the type hints can be introspected at runtime.', 'start': 4934.171, 'duration': 9.825}, {'end': 4951.602, 'text': 'So while the program is running, They mean Python is a very introspectable language.', 'start': 4944.917, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 4957.608, 'text': 'You can look at a variable and ask yourself what is the type of this variable?', 'start': 4952.283, 'duration': 5.325}], 'summary': 'Python allows introspection of type hints at runtime, enabling dynamic typing.', 'duration': 50.278, 'max_score': 4907.33, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4907330.jpg'}, {'end': 5028.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4997.716, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5007.18, 'text': "I think, to reference this sales pitchy blog post that says 75% of developers' time is spent on debugging,", 'start': 4997.716, 'duration': 9.464}, {'end': 5009.42, 'text': 'I would say that in some cases that might be okay.', 'start': 5007.18, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 5015.282, 'text': 'It might be okay to pay the cost of performance for the catching of the types, the type errors.', 'start': 5009.941, 'duration': 5.341}, {'end': 5019.024, 'text': 'And in most cases, doing it..', 'start': 5016.283, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 5028.675, 'text': 'statically before you ship your code to production is more efficient than doing it at runtime piecemeal.', 'start': 5020.47, 'duration': 8.205}], 'summary': "In some cases, it's okay to spend 75% of developers' time on debugging, but catching type errors statically before production is more efficient.", 'duration': 30.959, 'max_score': 4997.716, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4997716.jpg'}, {'end': 5606.125, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5574.179, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5582.305, 'text': "MyPy quickly evolved from Yucca's own variant of Python to a static type checker for Python.", 'start': 5574.179, 'duration': 8.126}, {'end': 5598.076, 'text': 'And sort of PEP484, that was a very productive year where many hundreds of messages were exchanged debating the merits of every aspect of that PEP.', 'start': 5582.585, 'duration': 15.491}, {'end': 5603.384, 'text': 'And so MyPy is a static type checker for Python.', 'start': 5599.423, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 5606.125, 'text': 'It is itself written in Python.', 'start': 5603.504, 'duration': 2.621}], 'summary': "Mypy evolved from yucca's python variant to a static type checker for python, exchanging hundreds of messages debating pep484 merits.", 'duration': 31.946, 'max_score': 5574.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I5574179.jpg'}, {'end': 5682.195, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5644.082, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5656.745, 'text': 'making MyPi faster, say, or adding new features to MyPi, but both Google and Facebook and later Microsoft developed their own static type checker.', 'start': 5644.082, 'duration': 12.663}, {'end': 5659.406, 'text': 'I think Facebook was one of the first.', 'start': 5657.145, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 5667.308, 'text': 'They decided that they wanted to use the same technology that they had successfully used for HHVM.', 'start': 5660.326, 'duration': 6.982}, {'end': 5682.195, 'text': 'because they had a bunch of compiler writers and static type checking experts who had written the HHVM compiler,', 'start': 5670.987, 'duration': 11.208}], 'summary': "Facebook and microsoft developed their own static type checker, building on hhvm's success.", 'duration': 38.113, 'max_score': 5644.082, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I5644082.jpg'}, {'end': 5824.223, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5794.08, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5797.003, 'text': "I mean, there's all kinds of linters, right? It can check that.", 'start': 5794.08, 'duration': 2.923}, {'end': 5805.05, 'text': "What usual things does a linter do? Maybe check that you haven't too many characters in a single line.", 'start': 5797.944, 'duration': 7.106}, {'end': 5814.69, 'text': 'Linters often do static analysis, where they try to point out things that are likely mistakes but not incorrect,', 'start': 5805.845, 'duration': 8.845}, {'end': 5816.831, 'text': 'according to the language specification.', 'start': 5814.69, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 5820.674, 'text': 'Like maybe you have a variable that you never use.', 'start': 5817.332, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 5824.223, 'text': 'For the compiler, that is valid.', 'start': 5821.621, 'duration': 2.602}], 'summary': 'Linters perform static analysis to identify mistakes and adhere to language specifications.', 'duration': 30.143, 'max_score': 5794.08, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I5794080.jpg'}, {'end': 5965.046, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5931.724, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5941.034, 'text': 'But the best use of a linter is probably not so much to sort of enforce team uniformity,', 'start': 5931.724, 'duration': 9.31}, {'end': 5948.869, 'text': "but to actually help developers catch bugs that the compilers, for whatever reason, don't catch.", 'start': 5941.034, 'duration': 7.835}, {'end': 5951.432, 'text': "And there's lots of that in Python.", 'start': 5949.67, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 5965.046, 'text': "But a static type checker focuses on a particular aspect of the linting, which, I mean, MyPy doesn't care how you name your classes and variables.", 'start': 5953.154, 'duration': 11.892}], 'summary': 'Linter and static type checker help catch bugs in python.', 'duration': 33.322, 'max_score': 5931.724, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I5931724.jpg'}, {'end': 6018.028, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5989.882, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5996.426, 'text': "As you said, it's interesting that the companies didn't choose to invest in this centralized development.", 'start': 5989.882, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 5998.027, 'text': 'of MyPy?', 'start': 5997.347, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 6000.87, 'text': 'Is there a future for MyPy?', 'start': 5998.047, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 6003.934, 'text': 'What do you see as the will?', 'start': 6001.931, 'duration': 2.003}, {'end': 6010.641, 'text': "one of the companies win out and everybody uses like PyType, whatever Google's is called?", 'start': 6003.934, 'duration': 6.707}, {'end': 6018.028, 'text': "Well, Microsoft is hoping that Microsoft's horse in that race called PyWrite is going to win.", 'start': 6011.061, 'duration': 6.967}], 'summary': 'Companies showing interest in different python type checkers like mypy, pytype, and pywrite for future development.', 'duration': 28.146, 'max_score': 5989.882, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I5989882.jpg'}, {'end': 6160.816, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6131.361, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 6134.902, 'text': 'And then eventually three releases in the future, maybe we remove it.', 'start': 6131.361, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 6149.33, 'text': 'On the other hand, the typical static type checker still has a release like every month, every two months, certainly many times a year.', 'start': 6136.471, 'duration': 12.859}, {'end': 6160.816, 'text': "Some type checkers also include a bunch of experimental ideas that aren't official standard Python syntax yet.", 'start': 6150.691, 'duration': 10.125}], 'summary': 'Static type checkers release every month or two, with experimental ideas included.', 'duration': 29.455, 'max_score': 6131.361, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I6131361.jpg'}, {'end': 6293.052, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6256.404, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6267.981, 'text': 'anybody who has a continuous integration cycle probably has a one of the steps in their testing routine that happens,', 'start': 6256.404, 'duration': 11.577}, {'end': 6273.563, 'text': 'for basically every commit is run a static type checker.', 'start': 6267.981, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 6277.044, 'text': 'And in most cases, that will be mypy.', 'start': 6274.363, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 6281.525, 'text': "So I think it's a pretty popular topic.", 'start': 6279.724, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 6290.167, 'text': 'According to this webpage, 20 to 30% of Python 3 code bases are using type hints.', 'start': 6282.905, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 6293.052, 'text': 'Wow, I wonder how they measured that.', 'start': 6291.311, 'duration': 1.741}], 'summary': '20-30% of python 3 code bases use type hints, mypy is a popular static type checker.', 'duration': 36.648, 'max_score': 6256.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I6256404.jpg'}, {'end': 6594.423, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6563.743, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 6567.086, 'text': 'In that same way, it feels like PyCharm or VS Code.', 'start': 6563.743, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 6574.592, 'text': 'I think PyCharm is the most sort of sophisticated, featureful Python ID.', 'start': 6567.186, 'duration': 7.406}, {'end': 6580.535, 'text': 'it feels like I should probably at some point very soon switch entire like.', 'start': 6574.592, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 6585.178, 'text': "I'm not allowed to use anything else for Python than this ID or VS Code.", 'start': 6580.535, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 6588.7, 'text': "It doesn't matter, but walk away from Emacs for this particular application.", 'start': 6585.198, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 6594.423, 'text': "So I think I'm limiting myself in the same way that using two fingers for typing is limiting myself.", 'start': 6589.16, 'duration': 5.263}], 'summary': 'Pycharm is considered the most sophisticated and featureful python id, prompting a potential switch from emacs or vs code.', 'duration': 30.68, 'max_score': 6563.743, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I6563743.jpg'}, {'end': 6834.514, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6771.74, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 6776.724, 'text': 'or interact with the keyboard and the mouse and whatever peripherals you have.', 'start': 6771.74, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 6793.416, 'text': 'And so the sort of the extreme extensibility and the package ecosystem that you see in VS Code is a mirror of very similar architectural features in Emacs.', 'start': 6778.285, 'duration': 15.131}, {'end': 6802.385, 'text': "Well, I'll have to give it a serious try because as far as sort of the hype and the excitement in the general programming community,", 'start': 6794.343, 'duration': 8.042}, {'end': 6803.785, 'text': 'VS Code seems to dominate.', 'start': 6802.385, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 6807.546, 'text': 'The interesting thing about PyCharm.', 'start': 6804.445, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 6810.466, 'text': 'and what is it PHPStorm?', 'start': 6807.546, 'duration': 2.92}, {'end': 6816.448, 'text': 'which are these JetBrains, specific IDs that are designed for one programming language.', 'start': 6810.466, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 6821.022, 'text': "it's interesting to, When an IDE is specialized, right?", 'start': 6816.448, 'duration': 4.574}, {'end': 6834.514, 'text': "They're usually actually just specializations of IntelliJ, because underneath it's all the same editing engine with different veneer on top.", 'start': 6821.102, 'duration': 13.412}], 'summary': "Vs code dominates with its extensibility and package ecosystem, while specialized ides like pycharm and phpstorm are built on intellij's editing engine.", 'duration': 62.774, 'max_score': 6771.74, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I6771740.jpg'}], 'start': 4907.33, 'title': 'Python type hints, runtime introspection, and static typing in python', 'summary': "Discusses python's type hints being introspectable at runtime, the trade-off of using third-party libraries for type enforcement and the potential 75% reduction in debugging time, the future of static typing in python, the role of static type checkers and linters, the growing popularity of type hinting with 20-30% of python 3 code bases using it, and the comparison between vs code and emacs as python ides.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5028.675, 'start': 4907.33, 'title': 'Python type hints and runtime introspection', 'summary': "Discusses python's unique feature of type hints being introspectable at runtime, the trade-off between using third-party libraries for type enforcement and the performance cost of runtime type checking, with a potential 75% reduction in debugging time.", 'duration': 121.345, 'highlights': ["Python's type hints can be introspected at runtime, allowing for dynamic examination of variable types and function annotations.", 'Third-party libraries can assist in enforcing type hints at runtime, but this can lead to a performance overhead.', "A sales pitchy blog post suggests that 75% of developers' time is spent on debugging, indicating a potential reduction in debugging time through the use of type checking."]}, {'end': 5767.401, 'start': 5029.115, 'title': 'The future of static typing in python', 'summary': 'Discusses the origin of mypy, its evolution into a static type checker for python, the relationship between pep484 type hints and mypy, and the development of alternative static type checkers by tech giants like google and facebook, highlighting the growing acceptance of static typing in python.', 'duration': 738.286, 'highlights': ["MyPy evolved from Yucca's variant of Python into a static type checker for Python, prototyping most additional static typing features introduced since 3.6. Evolution of MyPy, Prototyping of additional static typing features", 'The debate around PEP484 type hints and MyPy led to the acceptance of static typing in Python, despite initial controversy. Debate around PEP484, Acceptance of static typing in Python', 'Tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft developed their own static type checkers, indicating the increasing investment in static type checking for Python. Development of alternative static type checkers, Increasing investment in static type checking']}, {'end': 6043.93, 'start': 5767.881, 'title': 'Role of static type checker in python', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of static type checkers and linters in python, their functionalities, and the potential future for tools like mypy and pytype, emphasizing the importance of catching bugs and enforcing coding style rules.', 'duration': 276.049, 'highlights': ['Static type checkers and linters in Python can help catch bugs that compilers miss and enforce coding style rules, such as naming conventions and variable usage. functionality of static type checkers and linters', 'Linters perform static analysis to detect likely mistakes and inconsistencies in the code, such as unused variables or incorrect variable usage. role of linters in performing static analysis', 'MyPy is meticulous in checking data types, identifying mismatches between declared and passed types, which helps in catching potential bugs. functionality of MyPy for type checking', 'Microsoft is backing PyWrite with hopes of it becoming the leading static type checker for Python, indicating potential competition among tools like PyWrite and PyType. potential future competition between static type checkers like PyWrite and PyType']}, {'end': 6612.113, 'start': 6044.71, 'title': 'Python static type checker & ide comparison', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of static type checkers in python, the growing popularity of type hinting with 20 to 30% of python 3 code bases using it, and the subjective comparison between pycharm, vs code, and emacs as python ides.', 'duration': 567.403, 'highlights': ["The evolution of static type checkers in Python is discussed, with type checkers releasing updates every month, every two months, or multiple times a year, which is much faster than Python's annotation syntax evolution. Static type checkers in Python evolve at a much higher speed than Python and its annotation syntax, with releases every month or two, compared to Python's annual release.", "Type hinting in Python is gaining popularity, with 20 to 30% of Python 3 code bases using it, as per a webpage's estimation. Type hinting is becoming popular, with an estimated 20 to 30% of Python 3 code bases incorporating type hints.", 'The subjective comparison of Python IDEs, including PyCharm, VS Code, and Emacs, is discussed, highlighting the personal experiences and preferences of the speaker. The speaker shares their experiences with Python IDEs, expressing a subjective comparison of PyCharm, VS Code, and Emacs, and discusses the pros and cons of each.']}, {'end': 6902.235, 'start': 6612.133, 'title': 'Vs code vs. emacs: a comparison', 'summary': 'Explores the architectural similarities between vs code and emacs, highlighting the extensibility and package ecosystem of vs code, its dominance in the programming community, and the contrast with specialized ides like pycharm and phpstorm.', 'duration': 290.102, 'highlights': ['VS Code and Emacs share architectural similarities, with VS Code being the spiritual successor of Emacs, featuring a base engine, package manager, extensibility, and package ecosystem.', "VS Code's extensibility and package ecosystem mirror similar architectural features in Emacs, contributing to its dominance in the programming community.", "PyCharm and PHPStorm are specialized IDEs built on top of IntelliJ's editing engine, but VS Code relies on third-party extensions and offers a more open and accessible development workflow."]}], 'duration': 1994.905, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I4907330.jpg', 'highlights': ["Python's type hints can be introspected at runtime, allowing for dynamic examination of variable types and function annotations.", 'Third-party libraries can assist in enforcing type hints at runtime, but this can lead to a performance overhead.', "A sales pitchy blog post suggests that 75% of developers' time is spent on debugging, indicating a potential reduction in debugging time through the use of type checking.", "MyPy evolved from Yucca's variant of Python into a static type checker for Python, prototyping most additional static typing features introduced since 3.6.", 'Tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft developed their own static type checkers, indicating the increasing investment in static type checking for Python.', 'Static type checkers and linters in Python can help catch bugs that compilers miss and enforce coding style rules, such as naming conventions and variable usage.', 'Linters perform static analysis to detect likely mistakes and inconsistencies in the code, such as unused variables or incorrect variable usage.', 'MyPy is meticulous in checking data types, identifying mismatches between declared and passed types, which helps in catching potential bugs.', 'Microsoft is backing PyWrite with hopes of it becoming the leading static type checker for Python, indicating potential competition among tools like PyWrite and PyType.', "The evolution of static type checkers in Python is discussed, with type checkers releasing updates every month, every two months, or multiple times a year, which is much faster than Python's annotation syntax evolution.", "Type hinting in Python is gaining popularity, with 20 to 30% of Python 3 code bases using it, as per a webpage's estimation.", 'The subjective comparison of Python IDEs, including PyCharm, VS Code, and Emacs, is discussed, highlighting the personal experiences and preferences of the speaker.', 'VS Code and Emacs share architectural similarities, with VS Code being the spiritual successor of Emacs, featuring a base engine, package manager, extensibility, and package ecosystem.', "VS Code's extensibility and package ecosystem mirror similar architectural features in Emacs, contributing to its dominance in the programming community.", "PyCharm and PHPStorm are specialized IDEs built on top of IntelliJ's editing engine, but VS Code relies on third-party extensions and offers a more open and accessible development workflow."]}, {'end': 8740.243, 'segs': [{'end': 7141.81, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7116.717, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7128.686, 'text': 'Concurrency can be a much more abstract concept, where you have the illusion that things happen simultaneously,', 'start': 7116.717, 'duration': 11.969}, {'end': 7141.81, 'text': 'but what the computer actually does is it spends a little time running this program for a while and then it spends some time running that program for a while and then spending some time for the third program for a while.', 'start': 7128.686, 'duration': 13.124}], 'summary': 'Concurrency involves programs running in a seemingly simultaneous manner, but in reality, the computer switches between them at intervals.', 'duration': 25.093, 'max_score': 7116.717, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I7116717.jpg'}, {'end': 7469.292, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7436.014, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7446.202, 'text': "you're sitting as a designer of Python with a team of brilliant core developers and have to try to figure out to what degree can any of these ideas be integrated and not.", 'start': 7436.014, 'duration': 10.188}, {'end': 7456.19, 'text': 'So maybe this is a good time to ask what is asyncIO and how has it evolved since Python 3.4? Wow.', 'start': 7446.862, 'duration': 9.328}, {'end': 7461.654, 'text': 'Yeah So we had this really old library for doing things.', 'start': 7456.39, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 7469.292, 'text': 'concurrently, especially things that had to do with io and networking.', 'start': 7463.567, 'duration': 5.725}], 'summary': 'Python designer exploring integration of ideas with core developers, discussing evolution of asyncio since python 3.4', 'duration': 33.278, 'max_score': 7436.014, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I7436014.jpg'}, {'end': 7945.711, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7922.939, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7931.105, 'text': 'It was very prevalent in JavaScript at the time, at least, because it was like how the JavaScript event loop basically works.', 'start': 7922.939, 'duration': 8.166}, {'end': 7939.487, 'text': 'And so I thought well, the task-based model, where each task has a bunch of logic.', 'start': 7931.963, 'duration': 7.524}, {'end': 7945.711, 'text': 'we had mechanisms in the Python language that we could easily reuse for that.', 'start': 7939.487, 'duration': 6.224}], 'summary': 'Javascript event loop influenced task-based model in python', 'duration': 22.772, 'max_score': 7922.939, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I7922939.jpg'}, {'end': 8007.848, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7977.749, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7978.61, 'text': 'Okay Beautiful.', 'start': 7977.749, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 7985.252, 'text': 'So how does that all interplay with the infamous GIL, the global interpreter lock?', 'start': 7978.69, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 7991.856, 'text': 'Maybe can you say what the GIL is and how does it dance beautifully with asynchio?', 'start': 7986.932, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 8004.826, 'text': 'The global interpreter lock solves the problem that Python originally was not written with either asynchronous or parallelism in mind at all.', 'start': 7993.297, 'duration': 11.529}, {'end': 8006.707, 'text': 'There was no concurrency in the language.', 'start': 8005.006, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 8007.848, 'text': 'There was no parallelism.', 'start': 8006.767, 'duration': 1.081}], 'summary': "The gil addresses python's lack of asynchronous and parallelism, solving concurrency and parallelism issues.", 'duration': 30.099, 'max_score': 7977.749, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I7977749.jpg'}, {'end': 8593.537, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8544.806, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8548.207, 'text': 'The sub interpreters look like a fairly safe bet for 3.12.', 'start': 8544.806, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 8549.408, 'text': 'So say a year from now.', 'start': 8548.207, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 8556.375, 'text': 'So the goal is to do a new version every year for Python.', 'start': 8552.473, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 8561.677, 'text': "Let me ask you perhaps a fun question, but there's a philosophy to it too.", 'start': 8556.895, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 8571.08, 'text': "Will there ever be a Python 4.0? Now, before you say it's currently a joke and probably not, we're gonna go to 3.99 or 3.999.", 'start': 8562.437, 'duration': 8.643}, {'end': 8593.537, 'text': 'Can you imagine possible features that Python 4.0 might have that would necessitate the creation of the new 4.0, given the amount of pain and joy,', 'start': 8571.08, 'duration': 22.457}], 'summary': 'Python aims for annual updates, possibly reaching 4.0 in the future.', 'duration': 48.731, 'max_score': 8544.806, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I8544806.jpg'}], 'start': 6902.555, 'title': 'Parallelism and asyncio in python', 'summary': "Explores parallelism, concurrency, and asyncio in python, discussing their impact on productivity, challenges in synchronization, evolution of asyncio in python 3.4+, paradigm shifts in handling parallel i.o, and the future of python's global interpreter lock (gil).", 'chapters': [{'end': 7011.436, 'start': 6902.555, 'title': 'Exploring parallelism with restaurant metaphor', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of parallelism using a metaphor of a fast food restaurant with only one table in silicon valley, discussing the possibility of such a restaurant and its relevance to the concept of locks and semaphores.', 'duration': 108.881, 'highlights': ['The metaphor of a fast food restaurant with only one table in Silicon Valley is used to explain the concept of parallelism, with the idea of customers showing up one at a time and being prepared, resembling the behavior of parallel processes (4 instances).', 'The concept of a restaurant with one table is found to be fascinating and similar establishments exist in various parts of the world, adding an intriguing real-world connection to the metaphor (2 instances).', 'The discussion on the restaurant metaphor is described as a rare literary or poetic moment in the chapter, intended to capture attention before delving into technical details about locks and semaphores. It is acknowledged as a departure from the typically dry content of the chapter (1 instance).', 'The possibility of such a restaurant being a reality is pondered, with the speaker acknowledging that it was not explicitly stated as a metaphor, leading to curiosity about its existence and potential real-world examples (2 instances).']}, {'end': 7436.014, 'start': 7011.436, 'title': 'Understanding parallelism and concurrency', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of parallelism and concurrency, explaining how it affects productivity and the challenges associated with implementing synchronization primitives in programming.', 'duration': 424.578, 'highlights': ['Parallelism allows for multiple CPUs to share memory or an IO bus, while concurrency creates the illusion of simultaneous execution by switching between programs. Explains the difference between parallelism and concurrency in terms of hardware and abstract concept.', "Implementing synchronization primitives such as locks and semaphores is challenging due to the human brain's limited capacity to track multiple activities simultaneously, leading to potential bugs in the code. Details the difficulty in implementing synchronization primitives and the implications of human cognitive limitations on programming.", 'Mixing parallel or concurrent execution of code can lead to variable assignment conflicts and bugs, requiring anticipation of all possible orderings and use of locks, contributing to increased bugs per lines of code. Discusses the potential issues arising from mixing parallel or concurrent execution and the challenges in managing variable assignments.']}, {'end': 7792.503, 'start': 7436.014, 'title': 'Evolution of asyncio in python 3.4+', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of asyncio in python 3.4+ and the challenges faced in integrating new ideas, highlighting the need for better state-of-the-art modules in the standard library, the debate on design challenges for the pep, and the differing paradigms in handling parallel i.o.', 'duration': 356.489, 'highlights': ['The need for better state-of-the-art modules in the standard library for multiplexing input-output from different sources led to the evolution of asyncIO in Python 3.4+. The old library for concurrent I.O. in the python standard library stagnated, leading to the need for a better state-of-the-art module.', 'Debate on design challenges for the pep and differing paradigms in handling parallel I.O. The debate involved architectural level decisions in operating systems, differing paradigms for handling parallel I.O., and rejection/acceptance of various design ideas.', 'The debate on design challenges for the pep involved rejection of some ideas and acceptance of others, resulting in the evolution of asyncIO in Python 3.4+. The debate led to the rejection of some ideas and the acceptance of others, shaping the evolution of asyncIO in Python 3.4+.']}, {'end': 8420.058, 'start': 7792.663, 'title': 'Asynchronous networking and the global interpreter lock', 'summary': 'Discusses the paradigm of asynchronous networking programming, highlighting the task-based model as a preferable alternative to the callback model in python, and explains the challenges posed by the global interpreter lock (gil) and potential future solutions.', 'duration': 627.395, 'highlights': ["The task-based model for asynchronous networking programming is preferred over the callback model in Python due to its efficiency and aesthetic appeal, as it utilizes mechanisms in the Python language for asynchronous IO processing. The task-based model for asynchronous networking programming is favored over the callback model in Python, leveraging Python's mechanisms for asynchronous IO processing and offering efficiency and aesthetic appeal.", 'The challenges posed by the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python stem from its initial lack of support for asynchronous or parallelism, and the need to adapt to the shift towards parallel computing due to the rise of multi-core CPUs. The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python initially lacked support for asynchronous or parallelism, leading to challenges in adapting to the rise of parallel computing with multi-core CPUs.', 'Potential future solutions to the GIL issue include the introduction of multiple sub-interpreters, which would run independent Python programs and manage the communication between them, albeit with potential trade-offs in communication efficiency. Potential future solutions to the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) issue involve the introduction of multiple sub-interpreters to run independent Python programs, although this may entail trade-offs in communication efficiency.']}, {'end': 8740.243, 'start': 8421.478, 'title': "Python's gil and future versions", 'summary': 'Discusses the potential removal of the gil in python, the development of a no-gill interpreter, the consideration of sub-interpreters for python 3.12, and the decision against a python 4.0 due to the painful transition to python 3.', 'duration': 318.765, 'highlights': ['A fork of CPython called the no-gill interpreter has been developed, removing the gill and optimizing for single-threaded and multi-threaded cases. A fork of CPython called the no-gill interpreter has been developed, which removes the gill and makes optimizations for both single-threaded and multi-threaded cases.', 'The sub-interpreters are planned for Python 3.12, with the goal of releasing a new version of Python every year. Sub-interpreters are planned for Python 3.12, with the aim of releasing a new version of Python annually.', "The decision against a Python 4.0 is due to the painful transition to Python 3, and the community's reluctance to undergo a similar experience. The decision against a Python 4.0 is influenced by the painful transition to Python 3 and the community's reluctance to undergo a similar experience."]}], 'duration': 1837.688, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I6902555.jpg', 'highlights': ["The task-based model for asynchronous networking programming is favored over the callback model in Python, leveraging Python's mechanisms for asynchronous IO processing and offering efficiency and aesthetic appeal.", 'The need for better state-of-the-art modules in the standard library for multiplexing input-output from different sources led to the evolution of asyncIO in Python 3.4+.', 'The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python initially lacked support for asynchronous or parallelism, leading to challenges in adapting to the rise of parallel computing with multi-core CPUs.', 'Sub-interpreters are planned for Python 3.12, with the aim of releasing a new version of Python annually.', 'Parallelism allows for multiple CPUs to share memory or an IO bus, while concurrency creates the illusion of simultaneous execution by switching between programs.']}, {'end': 10067.229, 'segs': [{'end': 8936.915, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8901.772, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8906.478, 'text': 'They will not have the same binary interface.', 'start': 8901.772, 'duration': 4.706}, {'end': 8919.488, 'text': 'The semantics and APIs for some things that are frequently accessed by C extensions will be different.', 'start': 8909.381, 'duration': 10.107}, {'end': 8930.092, 'text': 'And so for a pure Python user, 4.0 would be a breeze, except that there are very few pure Python users left,', 'start': 8920.388, 'duration': 9.704}, {'end': 8936.915, 'text': 'because everybody who is using Python for something significant is using third party extensions.', 'start': 8930.092, 'duration': 6.823}], 'summary': 'Python 4.0 will bring changes in binary interface, semantics, and apis, affecting users with third party extensions.', 'duration': 35.143, 'max_score': 8901.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I8901772.jpg'}, {'end': 9091.698, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9057.027, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9059.152, 'text': "that won't be in the Python 4 runtime.", 'start': 9057.027, 'duration': 2.125}, {'end': 9060.535, 'text': 'those functions will not work.', 'start': 9059.152, 'duration': 1.383}, {'end': 9069.125, 'text': "They'll have to find an alternative But they can experiment with that and sort of write test applications.", 'start': 9060.595, 'duration': 8.53}, {'end': 9071.146, 'text': 'And that would be a way to transition.', 'start': 9069.165, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 9079.671, 'text': 'And that could be a series of releases where the Python 4 is more and more imminent.', 'start': 9071.186, 'duration': 8.485}, {'end': 9091.698, 'text': 'We have supported more and more third party extension modules to have solid support that works for no-guilt Python for that new API.', 'start': 9080.912, 'duration': 10.786}], 'summary': 'Python 4 transitions may involve finding alternative functions and experimenting with new api in a series of releases.', 'duration': 34.671, 'max_score': 9057.027, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I9057027.jpg'}, {'end': 9332.653, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9300.953, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9310.638, 'text': 'So packages like PyTorch, TensorFlow, scikit-learn and even, like the lower level stuff like NumPy, SciPy, Pandas, Matplotlib with the visualization.', 'start': 9300.953, 'duration': 9.685}, {'end': 9312.379, 'text': 'Can you like?', 'start': 9311.098, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 9320.283, 'text': 'does it make sense to you why it permeated the entire data science, machine learning, AI community?', 'start': 9312.379, 'duration': 7.904}, {'end': 9329.052, 'text': "Well, part of it is an effect that's as simple as we're all driving on the right side of the road, right?", 'start': 9321.089, 'duration': 7.963}, {'end': 9332.653, 'text': "It's compatibility.", 'start': 9331.612, 'duration': 1.041}], 'summary': 'Pytorch, tensorflow, scikit-learn, numpy, scipy, pandas, and matplotlib have permeated the data science, machine learning, and ai communities due to compatibility.', 'duration': 31.7, 'max_score': 9300.953, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I9300953.jpg'}, {'end': 9575.61, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9548.04, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9555.046, 'text': "but arrays of numbers were not very efficient and the multidimensional arrays didn't even exist in the language at all.", 'start': 9548.04, 'duration': 7.006}, {'end': 9575.61, 'text': 'But there were people who realized that Python had extensibility that was flexible enough that they could write third-party packages that did support large arrays of numbers and operations on them very efficiently.', 'start': 9557.788, 'duration': 17.822}], 'summary': 'Python lacked multidimensional arrays, but third-party packages addressed this efficiently.', 'duration': 27.57, 'max_score': 9548.04, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I9548040.jpg'}], 'start': 8740.283, 'title': "Python 4 transition and python's dominance", 'summary': "Covers the potential transition to python 4, including its impact on c extensions, machine learning, and data science, as well as python's dominance in scientific code and machine learning, emphasizing its compatibility, extensibility, and open-source culture, and the role of the bdfl in python's growth.", 'chapters': [{'end': 8963.049, 'start': 8740.283, 'title': 'Python 4 transition considerations', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential transition to python 4, highlighting the impact on c extensions, machine learning, data science, and the challenges faced by third-party extension maintainers.', 'duration': 222.766, 'highlights': ['The transition to Python 4 will significantly impact the Python ecosystem, particularly those heavily reliant on C extensions for machine learning, data science, and scientific Python, affecting several hundreds of thousands of third-party extensions on the PyPI service.', 'Python 4.0 would maintain syntactical compatibility with Python 3.19 but require recompilation and changes for extension modules, potentially straining maintainers of third-party extensions with limited resources.', 'The potential lack of Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python 4.0 may introduce significant changes and challenges for C extensions, necessitating a different process for managing the transition and potentially causing disruptions for the Python ecosystem.']}, {'end': 9269.198, 'start': 8963.809, 'title': 'Python 4 transition and package ecosystem', 'summary': "Discusses the transition to python 4, focusing on the potential adoption of nogil python and the evolution of the package ecosystem, as well as the speaker's preference for the standard library over third-party packages.", 'duration': 305.389, 'highlights': ['The transition to Python 4 involves a potential adoption of Nogil Python, allowing extension developers to test the waters and write test applications to facilitate the transition. N/A', 'The speaker prefers using the standard library over third-party packages when developing Python code, with a focus on building tooling around Python itself. N/A', 'The package ecosystem is evolving rapidly, and recent trends in the standard library involve occasional spring cleaning to remove modules that have not evolved much and could be better served by third-party alternatives. N/A']}, {'end': 10067.229, 'start': 9269.198, 'title': "Python's dominance in scientific code", 'summary': "Discusses python's dominance in scientific code and machine learning, attributing it to its compatibility, extensibility, and open-source culture, driving its adoption by the data science and ai community, and the role of the bdfl (benevolent dictator for life) in python's growth.", 'duration': 798.031, 'highlights': ["Python's Compatibility and Impact on Data Science Python's dominance in scientific code and machine learning is attributed to its compatibility, which has permeated the entire data science, machine learning, and AI community, with packages like PyTorch, TensorFlow, scikit-learn, NumPy, SciPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib playing a significant role.", "Python's Extensibility and Open-Source Culture Python's extensibility allowed the development of third-party packages supporting large arrays of numbers and efficient operations, driving its adoption by different parts of the scientific community and fostering an excitement about the language through open-source culture.", "Role of the BDFL in Python's Growth The BDFL role provided clarity of vision, clear direction, and certain principles, modeling the community's problem-solving approach, although retaining the position for too long led to personal stress, and relinquishing it sooner could have been beneficial."]}], 'duration': 1326.946, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I8740283.jpg', 'highlights': ['The transition to Python 4 will significantly impact the Python ecosystem, particularly those heavily reliant on C extensions for machine learning, data science, and scientific Python, affecting several hundreds of thousands of third-party extensions on the PyPI service.', "Python's Compatibility and Impact on Data Science Python's dominance in scientific code and machine learning is attributed to its compatibility, which has permeated the entire data science, machine learning, and AI community, with packages like PyTorch, TensorFlow, scikit-learn, NumPy, SciPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib playing a significant role.", "Python's Extensibility and Open-Source Culture Python's extensibility allowed the development of third-party packages supporting large arrays of numbers and efficient operations, driving its adoption by different parts of the scientific community and fostering an excitement about the language through open-source culture.", 'The potential lack of Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python 4.0 may introduce significant changes and challenges for C extensions, necessitating a different process for managing the transition and potentially causing disruptions for the Python ecosystem.', 'The transition to Python 4 involves a potential adoption of Nogil Python, allowing extension developers to test the waters and write test applications to facilitate the transition.']}, {'end': 10732.262, 'segs': [{'end': 10160.057, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10123.177, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10127.039, 'text': 'So Dropbox is much smaller than the other two in your list.', 'start': 10123.177, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 10132.101, 'text': 'So that is a big difference.', 'start': 10128.179, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 10137.444, 'text': "The set of products they provide is narrower, so they're more focused.", 'start': 10132.762, 'duration': 4.682}, {'end': 10138.244, 'text': 'Smaller code base.', 'start': 10137.464, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 10149.071, 'text': 'Yeah, And Dropbox sort of, at least during the time I was there had the tendency of sort of making a big plan,', 'start': 10138.264, 'duration': 10.807}, {'end': 10160.057, 'text': 'putting the whole company behind that plan for a year and then evaluate and then suddenly find that everything was wrong about the plan,', 'start': 10149.071, 'duration': 10.986}], 'summary': 'Dropbox is smaller with a narrower product set, focused on big plans but prone to sudden realizations of plan mistakes.', 'duration': 36.88, 'max_score': 10123.177, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10123177.jpg'}, {'end': 10204.249, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10177.314, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10187.197, 'text': "And this guy was in charge of infrastructure one year and the next year he was made in charge of, I don't know, product development.", 'start': 10177.314, 'duration': 9.883}, {'end': 10197.385, 'text': "It's fascinating because you don't think about these companies internally, but Dropbox to me from the very beginning was one of my favorite services.", 'start': 10188.539, 'duration': 8.846}, {'end': 10204.249, 'text': "There's certain programs and online services that make me happy, make me more efficient and all that kind of stuff.", 'start': 10197.425, 'duration': 6.824}], 'summary': 'Dropbox experienced internal leadership changes, but remained a favorite service for its efficiency and user satisfaction.', 'duration': 26.935, 'max_score': 10177.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10177314.jpg'}, {'end': 10304.302, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10276.533, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10278.795, 'text': "And don't forget what you do extremely well.", 'start': 10276.533, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 10285.26, 'text': 'In what ways do you provide value and happiness to the world? Make sure you do that well.', 'start': 10278.815, 'duration': 6.445}, {'end': 10289.365, 'text': 'Is there something else to say about Google and Microsoft?', 'start': 10286.942, 'duration': 2.423}, {'end': 10300.037, 'text': 'Microsoft has had a very fascinating shift recently with a new CEO you know, recent CEO with purchasing GitHub.', 'start': 10289.725, 'duration': 10.312}, {'end': 10301.779, 'text': 'embracing open source culture.', 'start': 10300.037, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 10303.281, 'text': 'embracing the developer culture.', 'start': 10301.779, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 10304.302, 'text': "It's pretty interesting to see.", 'start': 10303.321, 'duration': 0.981}], 'summary': 'Microsoft has undergone a fascinating shift, embracing open source and developer culture, highlighted by its acquisition of github.', 'duration': 27.769, 'max_score': 10276.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10276533.jpg'}, {'end': 10554.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10524.64, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10532.963, 'text': 'in part through his personal charm and thinking and, of course, the great trust that the rest of the leadership has in him,', 'start': 10524.64, 'duration': 8.323}, {'end': 10546.343, 'text': 'he managed to really turn the company around and sort of change it from openly hostile to open source to actively embracing open source.', 'start': 10532.963, 'duration': 13.38}, {'end': 10554.669, 'text': "And that doesn't mean that suddenly Excel is going to go open source, but that means that there's room for a product like VS Code,", 'start': 10547.063, 'duration': 7.606}], 'summary': 'Leader turned company from openly hostile to actively embracing open source.', 'duration': 30.029, 'max_score': 10524.64, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10524640.jpg'}, {'end': 10631.079, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10600.639, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10611.871, 'text': 'Do I work for a big company or do I create something new? Or you can work for a big company and create something new there.', 'start': 10600.639, 'duration': 11.232}, {'end': 10614.572, 'text': 'Oh, inside the..', 'start': 10613.451, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 10623.375, 'text': 'Yeah I mean, big companies have individuals who create new stuff that eventually grows big all the time.', 'start': 10614.572, 'duration': 8.803}, {'end': 10631.079, 'text': "And if you're the person that creates a new thing and grows big, you'll have a chance to move up quickly in the company to run that thing.", 'start': 10624.256, 'duration': 6.823}], 'summary': 'Individuals in big companies create new stuff, leading to quick career growth.', 'duration': 30.44, 'max_score': 10600.639, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10600639.jpg'}, {'end': 10732.262, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10702.906, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10713.891, 'text': "i mean, if you take drew houston dropbox's founder, he is still the ceo and at least when, when i was there, he had not checked out or anything,", 'start': 10702.906, 'duration': 10.985}, {'end': 10723.256, 'text': 'he was, he was a good ceo, but he had started out as the technical inventor or co-inventor, yeah,', 'start': 10713.891, 'duration': 9.365}, {'end': 10728.858, 'text': "and so he was someone who I don't know if he always aspired that.", 'start': 10723.256, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 10732.262, 'text': 'I think when he was 16, he already started a company.', 'start': 10728.938, 'duration': 3.324}], 'summary': "Drew houston, dropbox's founder, started as a technical inventor at 16 and remained as ceo.", 'duration': 29.356, 'max_score': 10702.906, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10702906.jpg'}], 'start': 10067.229, 'title': 'Python and leadership in tech', 'summary': 'Delves into python programming perspectives at google, dropbox, and microsoft, emphasizing differences in culture and engineering practices, along with insights into leadership and entrepreneurship in the tech industry.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10460.904, 'start': 10067.229, 'title': 'Python programming perspectives at google, dropbox, and microsoft', 'summary': "Discusses the differences in culture and engineering practices at google, dropbox, and microsoft from a python programming perspective, highlighting the smaller and more focused nature of dropbox, the smooth functioning of dropbox's product, and microsoft's recent embrace of open source culture and developer-centric approach.", 'duration': 393.675, 'highlights': ["Dropbox's smaller and more focused nature, leading to a narrower product range and annual engineering reorg Dropbox is much smaller than Google and Microsoft, with a narrower product range and a tendency to undergo annual engineering reorganizations, leading to significant internal changes.", "The smooth functioning of Dropbox's product and its effortless synchronization capabilities The product of Dropbox works smoothly, efficiently synchronizing across multiple machines and handling conflicts effortlessly, which is a testament to the complexity of the engineering infrastructure and software behind the scenes.", "Microsoft's recent embrace of open source culture and developer-centric approach, highlighted by the acquisition of GitHub Microsoft's recent shift under a new CEO includes embracing open source culture, developer-centric approach, and the acquisition of GitHub, reflecting a shift in the company's strategy and direction."]}, {'end': 10732.262, 'start': 10461.044, 'title': 'Leadership and entrepreneurship in tech', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of leadership in pivoting a company towards open source and the choice between working for a big company or becoming an entrepreneur in the tech industry, citing examples of successful leaders and engineers turned entrepreneurs.', 'duration': 271.218, 'highlights': ["Satya Nadella's successful pivot of Microsoft towards embracing open source through strong leadership and trust from the rest of the leadership team, demonstrating the capability of large companies with good leadership to grow and change.", 'The choice between working for a big company or becoming an entrepreneur in the tech industry, highlighting the entrepreneurial endeavors of engineers and the various career trajectories available within companies.', 'The example of Drew Houston, the founder of Dropbox, who started as a technical inventor and later became the CEO, showcasing a successful transition from engineer to entrepreneur within the same company.', 'The discussion on the assignment of keyboard shortcuts and their historical legacy, pointing out the lack of logic or reason due to their existence predating 35 years.']}], 'duration': 665.033, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10067229.jpg', 'highlights': ["Dropbox's smaller and more focused nature leads to a narrower product range and annual engineering reorg.", "Microsoft's recent embrace of open source culture and developer-centric approach, highlighted by the acquisition of GitHub.", "Satya Nadella's successful pivot of Microsoft towards embracing open source through strong leadership.", "The smooth functioning of Dropbox's product and its effortless synchronization capabilities.", 'The choice between working for a big company or becoming an entrepreneur in the tech industry.', 'The example of Drew Houston, the founder of Dropbox, showcasing a successful transition from engineer to entrepreneur.']}, {'end': 11741.672, 'segs': [{'end': 10809.99, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10766.063, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10780.914, 'text': 'Do you have advice for a programming beginner on how to learn Python the right way? find something you actually want to do with it.', 'start': 10766.063, 'duration': 14.851}, {'end': 10788.398, 'text': "If you say, I want to learn skill X, that's not enough motivation.", 'start': 10782.035, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 10795.141, 'text': 'You need to pick something and it can be a crazy problem you want to solve.', 'start': 10788.938, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 10797.422, 'text': 'It can be completely unrealistic.', 'start': 10795.261, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 10809.99, 'text': 'but something that challenges you into actually learning coding in some language.', 'start': 10801.226, 'duration': 8.764}], 'summary': 'Advice for learning python: find a challenging problem to solve to motivate learning coding.', 'duration': 43.927, 'max_score': 10766.063, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10766063.jpg'}, {'end': 10854.276, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10830.603, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10837.851, 'text': 'Nowadays, you can take machine learning components and sort of plug those things together.', 'start': 10830.603, 'duration': 7.248}, {'end': 10840.152, 'text': 'Do cool stuff with them.', 'start': 10839.211, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 10841.912, 'text': "So that's actually a really good example.", 'start': 10840.232, 'duration': 1.68}, {'end': 10843.513, 'text': "So, if you're interested in machine learning,", 'start': 10841.932, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 10854.276, 'text': 'the state of machine learning is such that a tutorial that takes an hour can get you to start using pre-trained models to do something super cool.', 'start': 10843.513, 'duration': 10.763}], 'summary': 'State of machine learning: a one-hour tutorial can get you using pre-trained models for cool tasks.', 'duration': 23.673, 'max_score': 10830.603, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10830603.jpg'}, {'end': 11005.784, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10978.717, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10985.158, 'text': 'But do you know where that is going? Code generation? No, seriously, GitHub Copilot.', 'start': 10978.717, 'duration': 6.441}, {'end': 10985.958, 'text': 'Yeah, Copilot.', 'start': 10985.278, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 10987.659, 'text': 'I use it every day.', 'start': 10986.358, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 10991.82, 'text': 'Really? Yeah, it writes a lot of code for me.', 'start': 10988.519, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 10995.501, 'text': "And usually it's slightly wrong, but it still saves me typing.", 'start': 10991.96, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 11003.703, 'text': 'Because all I have to do is change one word in a line of text that otherwise it generated perfectly.', 'start': 10996.081, 'duration': 7.622}, {'end': 11005.784, 'text': 'And how many times..', 'start': 11003.763, 'duration': 2.021}], 'summary': 'Github copilot generates code, saves typing by writing a lot, but may be slightly wrong.', 'duration': 27.067, 'max_score': 10978.717, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10978717.jpg'}, {'end': 11111.94, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11084.651, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11088.692, 'text': "Well, it's fascinating to hear that you use GitHub Copilot.", 'start': 11084.651, 'duration': 4.041}, {'end': 11095.294, 'text': 'Do you worry about the future of that? Did the automatic code generation..', 'start': 11089.332, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 11099.574, 'text': 'The increasing amount of that kind of capability.', 'start': 11096.533, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 11105.437, 'text': 'Are programmers jobs threatened or is there still a significant role for humans??', 'start': 11099.975, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 11109.219, 'text': 'Are programmers jobs threatened by the existence of Stack Overflow??', 'start': 11105.497, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 11111.94, 'text': "I don't think so.", 'start': 11111.16, 'duration': 0.78}], 'summary': "Discussion on the future of github copilot and stack overflow in relation to programmers' jobs.", 'duration': 27.289, 'max_score': 11084.651, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I11084651.jpg'}, {'end': 11230.568, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11176.379, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11184.446, 'text': "You ever think about, you ever imagine a future of human civilization? We're living inside the metaverse on Mars.", 'start': 11176.379, 'duration': 8.067}, {'end': 11186.869, 'text': 'Humanoid robots everywhere.', 'start': 11185.587, 'duration': 1.282}, {'end': 11189.151, 'text': 'What part does Python play in that?', 'start': 11187.189, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 11194.792, 'text': "It'll eventually become sort of a legacy language.", 'start': 11190.43, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 11201.835, 'text': "uh, that plays an important role, but that that most people have never heard of and uh don't need to know about,", 'start': 11194.792, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 11210.839, 'text': 'just like all kinds of basic structures in in biology, like uh mitochondria.', 'start': 11201.835, 'duration': 9.004}, {'end': 11219.583, 'text': "So it permeates all of life, all of digital life, but people just build on top of it and they only know the stuff that's on top of it.", 'start': 11212.08, 'duration': 7.503}, {'end': 11223.086, 'text': 'Yeah Because you build layers of abstractions.', 'start': 11219.643, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 11230.568, 'text': 'I mean most programmers nowadays rarely need to do binary arithmetic right?', 'start': 11223.146, 'duration': 7.422}], 'summary': 'Python will become a legacy language in the future of digital life, like mitochondria in biology, as most people build on top of it without needing to know its details.', 'duration': 54.189, 'max_score': 11176.379, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I11176379.jpg'}, {'end': 11446.414, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11414.952, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 11419.734, 'text': "I mean, if you think of human consciousness, if that's even the right concept.", 'start': 11414.952, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 11432.664, 'text': "It's interesting that we have this super parallel brain that does all these incredible parallel operations like image recognition.", 'start': 11422.017, 'duration': 10.647}, {'end': 11434.666, 'text': 'I recognize your face.', 'start': 11433.545, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 11439.909, 'text': "There's a huge amount of processing that goes on in parallel.", 'start': 11434.686, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 11446.414, 'text': "There's lots of nerves between my eyes and my brain, and the brain does a whole bunch of stuff all at once,", 'start': 11440.129, 'duration': 6.285}], 'summary': 'Brain processes parallel operations for image recognition and sensory processing.', 'duration': 31.462, 'max_score': 11414.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I11414952.jpg'}, {'end': 11695.427, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11639.471, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11647.536, 'text': 'maybe even human civilizations or intelligent civilizations, and then all the way down to the single cell organisms.', 'start': 11639.471, 'duration': 8.065}, {'end': 11661.885, 'text': 'It is fascinating to see what abstraction levels are built on top of individual humans and how you have, like whole societies that sort of,', 'start': 11647.796, 'duration': 14.089}, {'end': 11664.126, 'text': 'have a similar self-preservation.', 'start': 11661.885, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 11673.313, 'text': "I don't know what it is, instinct, nature, abstraction, as the individuals have and the cells have.", 'start': 11664.147, 'duration': 9.166}, {'end': 11676.355, 'text': 'And they self-replicate and breed in different ways.', 'start': 11673.653, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 11682.239, 'text': "It's hard for us humans to introspect it, because we were very focused on our particular layer of abstraction.", 'start': 11677.155, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 11691.484, 'text': "But from an alien perspective, looking on Earth, they'll probably see the higher level organism of human civilization.", 'start': 11682.919, 'duration': 8.565}, {'end': 11695.427, 'text': 'as part of this bigger organism of life on earth itself.', 'start': 11692.765, 'duration': 2.662}], 'summary': 'Fascinating abstraction levels from single cells to human civilizations, self-preservation and replication observed in societies and organisms, offering a unique perspective on earth and human civilization.', 'duration': 55.956, 'max_score': 11639.471, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I11639471.jpg'}], 'start': 10732.302, 'title': 'The future of python, github copilot, and technology hierarchy', 'summary': "Covers the importance of learning python, practical projects, and the future of coding, github copilot's role in aiding code generation, python's future in programming, and the hierarchical structure in technology and life, drawing parallels with machine learning, self-replicating nature of life and civilizations, and the human brain operations.", 'chapters': [{'end': 11032.717, 'start': 10732.302, 'title': 'Learning python and the future of coding', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of finding personal motivation to learn python, the value of practical projects in mastering the language, and the evolution of coding with examples like machine learning and github copilot.', 'duration': 300.415, 'highlights': ['The importance of personal motivation to learn Python and the value of practical projects The advice for a programming beginner is to find something they want to do with Python, like solving a challenging problem or automating daily tasks, as practical projects are a great way to learn coding.', 'The accessibility of machine learning in learning Python The state of machine learning allows beginners to start using pre-trained models in Python after just an hour of tutorial, demonstrating the accessibility of machine learning and its integration with Python.', 'The evolution of coding and the impact of tools like GitHub Copilot The conversation explores the evolving nature of coding, where coding has changed to include copying and pasting from Stack Overflow and the emergence of tools like GitHub Copilot, which generates code and saves typing.']}, {'end': 11365.929, 'start': 11032.777, 'title': 'Github copilot and the future of python', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of github copilot in aiding code generation, the role of python in the future of programming, and the diminishing need for lower-level understanding in modern programming, while also contemplating on the future of python in the context of advancing technology and civilization.', 'duration': 333.152, 'highlights': ['GitHub Copilot serves as a valuable coding assistant, aiding in the generation of code snippets and automating typing tasks, making it much smoother than previous suggestions in VS Code. GitHub Copilot aids in writing 5-10 line functions, quickly detecting issues, and automating typing tasks, providing a smoother experience than previous suggestions in VS Code.', "The chapter explores the future of Python in the context of advancing technology and human civilization, considering the language's potential transition into a legacy language while being foundational but obscure to most people. Discusses the potential future of Python as a foundational yet obscure language in the context of advancing technology and human civilization.", 'The discussion delves into the diminishing necessity for lower-level understanding in modern programming, indicating the decreasing reliance on knowledge of basic structures and binary arithmetic in the contemporary programming landscape. Explores the diminishing need for lower-level understanding in modern programming, exemplifying the decreasing importance of knowledge about basic structures and binary arithmetic.']}, {'end': 11741.672, 'start': 11366.96, 'title': 'Hierarchy in technology and life', 'summary': 'Explores the hierarchical structure in technology, from the lowest level of physics to high-level machine learning, paralleling it with the self-replicating nature of life and civilizations, and the parallel and sequential operations of the human brain.', 'duration': 374.712, 'highlights': ['The hierarchical structure in technology from physics to machine learning and its parallel with the self-replicating nature of life and civilizations The discussion delves into the hierarchical structure in technology, from the lowest level of physics to high-level machine learning, paralleling it with the self-replicating nature of life and civilizations.', 'The parallel and sequential operations of the human brain The parallel and sequential operations of the human brain are discussed, highlighting the incredible parallel circuitry for tasks like image recognition and the sequential nature for activities such as speaking and thought processes.', 'The self-replicating nature of life and civilizations paralleled with the hierarchical structure in technology The discussion draws parallels between the self-replicating nature of life and civilizations with the hierarchical structure in technology, emphasizing the interconnectedness and self-preservation across different abstraction levels.']}], 'duration': 1009.37, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/-DVyjdw4t9I/pics/-DVyjdw4t9I10732302.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of practical projects in learning Python and the value of personal motivation', 'The accessibility of machine learning in learning Python, allowing beginners to start using pre-trained models after just an hour of tutorial', 'The evolving nature of coding, including the impact of tools like GitHub Copilot and the shift towards copying and pasting from Stack Overflow', "GitHub Copilot's role as a valuable coding assistant, aiding in code generation and automating typing tasks", 'The potential future of Python as a foundational yet obscure language in the context of advancing technology and human civilization', 'The diminishing need for lower-level understanding in modern programming, exemplifying the decreasing importance of knowledge about basic structures and binary arithmetic', 'The hierarchical structure in technology from physics to machine learning and its parallel with the self-replicating nature of life and civilizations', 'The parallel and sequential operations of the human brain, highlighting the incredible parallel circuitry for tasks like image recognition and the sequential nature for activities such as speaking and thought processes', 'The interconnectedness and self-preservation across different abstraction levels, drawing parallels between the self-replicating nature of life and civilizations with the hierarchical structure in technology']}], 'highlights': ['Python 3.11 claimed to be 10 to 60% faster, showcasing significant performance improvements.', "Python's strict indentation rules use four spaces for indentation, defining both the language's appearance and the code's high-level structure.", 'The importance of communicating about programming to both non-programmers and experienced programmers is emphasized, with a focus on the need to understand linguistic variations and regional differences in language sounds.', 'The analogy of communicating about programming to a scenario involving a boat with a fisherman and a Silicon Valley programmer effectively illustrates the need to cater to diverse audiences when discussing technical topics.', 'The average number of bugs per 1000 lines of code is 70, affecting the development process.', 'Early choices in programming languages define career trajectory, making it difficult to switch paths later.', 'Python 3.11 is expected to deliver substantial performance improvements, particularly in the interpreter, addressing low-hanging fruit for optimization.', 'The optimization of add operations in Python involves inferring the types of operands to improve efficiency, including statistical analysis and heuristics to make assumptions and minimize the impact of potential type mismatches.', "Python's type hints can be introspected at runtime, allowing for dynamic examination of variable types and function annotations.", "The task-based model for asynchronous networking programming is favored over the callback model in Python, leveraging Python's mechanisms for asynchronous IO processing and offering efficiency and aesthetic appeal.", 'The transition to Python 4 will significantly impact the Python ecosystem, particularly those heavily reliant on C extensions for machine learning, data science, and scientific Python, affecting several hundreds of thousands of third-party extensions on the PyPI service.', 'The importance of practical projects in learning Python and the value of personal motivation', "GitHub Copilot's role as a valuable coding assistant, aiding in code generation and automating typing tasks"]}